Seeing

Reading of captions
Artist's name
Date of painting
Materials used
pencil
crayon
oil
paints
Wide range of surface effects(very smooth ,fine, thick texture)
slow to dry(gives time to the artiest to review his
work)
sometimes the artist use paints mixed with egg the white for the lighter colours and
transparent effects and the yolk used to add density and warmth
Surface of the
panel
paper= cheap
canvas or wood = expensive
Dimensions
Location paints are not intended to be stored in museums but in the dinning rooms and family room while
others religious paints may be hanged in churches
*Paints were to produced to be in the museums but may be in the dining room or in churches
Form and space in painting
Relationship between pictures and words
Pinter= writer
both use flat
surface
words refer to their objects by custom and convention rather than by being like them (the word cat
does not resemble real cat)
Pictures reflect the reality
words are ease to forget but not the
pictures
words are read difficulty by other generations and other cultures
one picture equals 1000 words
pictures enable the viewer to observe the relationship and variety simultaneously
words are the best to show the sequence events(NARATIVES AND REPORTS)
pictures show the qualities and relations, impressions and effects ,similarities and differences
Relationship between artist, spectator and paint
their should be a mutual understanding between the artist (who furnishes material for the exercise
of imagination and the spectator willing to undertake the relevant imaginative work via the paint
Tone (quantity of grayness or darkness) allows the two dimension plane to accommodate the sense of the
third dimension like the circle converted to ball or sphere
Perspective
A system of perspective is a consistent means of translating three dimensions in to two,
The vanishing point is a point on the horizon at which the receding parallel lines are met
The horizontal angle is defined by the height at which the horizon of the picture is set and it affects the sence
of distance and the imaginary mood of the scene.
Relation between lighting and modeling (giving form the appearance of three dimensionality or plasticity)
shading indicates the lighting source(it will appear lighter on the side from which the light is
coming)
The tonal range of a picture is the range between its lightest light and its darkest dark
narrow tone reduces the effects of modeling
wide tone(sharp light, dark contrasts) increase the sense of modeling
 A literal plane is the actual flat surface of a piece of paper or canvas (the surface you can touch)
The picture plane is a surface you can not touch
an illusionist plane is a part of the fictional scheme of the picture which may be implied by the relationship of
two or more objects in picture space
An angle of vision is the plane a long which a line of sight is projected into the space of the picture
the perspective of a picture is the compositional system which serves both to organize the spatial relations
between depicted forms and to define the angle of vision of the spectator so that this organization will make
sense

Two still lifes (1) need to be

summarized
Two still lifes (2) need to be
summarized
Iconography
Iconography is a study of symbolic meanings of the way in which they persist and change and develop
(pomegranate was the symbol of fertility of life and the rebirth of nature).
the viewer need to be aware of the meaning of the symbolic meanings which is used heavily to convey some
complex ideas

Adequacy and relevance

How much is enough
paying sufficient attention which depends on the work itself and not to the time available or
according to the priorities or the think of being enough
We should avoid attributing to the work of art properties that are not actually its own properties, like seeing a
landscape as cheerful just because it happened to resemble an actual place where he once had a good time.
We should approach the experience of art as a kind of responsive activity, allowing the individual work to
guide us in the exercise of our knowledge and imagination rather than treating it according to thoughts already
formed in our mind.
We should leave our perception and problems behind to to be open as possible to get as much promptings of
artistic form and composition

Composition and the work of the spectator

During painting analysis these thing must be observed (the type of light natural or artificial, the horizontal
angle, the vanishing point the horizon level)

Form and meaning in poetry

The Sonnet

Sonnet is a popular easy rhymed fourteen lines poem, originated in Italy in the thirteen century, and has
been used by writers in Britain for nearly five hundred years. it is normally divided in two parts the first part
is of eight lines and called Octave, and the second part is of six lines and called Sestet .Sometimes the
poem is divided into two sets of four lines each called Quatrains and two sets of three line each called
Tersest. Sonnet can accommodate elements of narrative or story and it can show a brief dramatic scenes,
dialogue, imaginary conversation in addition to philosophical reflections thoughts, ideas experiences and
feelings .It normally talks about love, beauty of nature, horrors of war, political struggle and religious
devotion.
The power of poetry
 the pleasurable energies of the words that caught the reader's attraction

The well constructed poem impacts the reader before having what is the meaning of its words
Poetry has a power of console as well as amuse the reader also it can disturb the attitudes and opinions of
some readers and transform the hearts and minds of others.
Summarizing or paraphrasing a poem spoiling the vivid meanings it contains
Glossary
Couplet-Pair of rhymed lines used to round off the sonnet
Elegy-poem of loss
Epigram-witty condensed expressions and usually used in the couplet
Iambic-repeated rhym where unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

Metaphor - one thing is substituted by another or the quality of an object is identified with another
Meter-the measure of a line length and the number of stresses
Pun-double meaning or ambiguity in a word
Rhyme-echo of similar word
Simile-image in which one thing is likened to another
Syllable-single unit of sound or pronunciation

Tomas Wyatt imported the Petrarchan sonnet into Britain and introduced the first formal changes to it

History part-1
What is history?
The human past is: what actually happened, existed, developed and changed appeared and disappeared
events( battles, assassinations, invasions general elections)societies and dynasties ideas and institutions
eating habits marital customs all aspects og human behavior matters large and small in the past and it is
independently of the activities of historians.

History is: the study of the past,it is an activity of the human beings and the products of that activity

Why study
it?
Socially to distinguish between the reliable knowledge and myth (It is distorted or exaggerated event or
character expoite for some specific reasons and sometimes to fool people)
Most of the problem today have their origins in the past
Our present environment is determined much by the past (politically, civic)
Historians want to have proof rather than assumption

Primary and Secondary sources

Primary sources are materials which came into existence within the actual period being studied(look at the
date)

give more direct and vivid understanding of particular society than any secondary sources
essential fir research and production of historical knowledge
Secondary sources are the materials written up later by historians drawings upon the primary sources
(textbooks depends on personal research, summarize others work, popular and nun academic history
books, encyclopedias)
develop your initial
strategy
vital in the teaching and learning history
The past has gone for good

Historians are not usually concern with single days rather than with decade, century ,generation or particular
topic or institution over a period of time such as industrialization or the family
there is no possibility to visit the past
we try to see people who lived in the past in terms of their own time and get away from expecting them to
think and behave in exactly the way we do
Searching out the sources and working out a strategy
For news paper: you need to go to a major library such as the British Library in London
For clothes you need to go to a fashion and design museum
relevant secondary sources derive a sense of what question need answering and at least a basic inventory
of the archives they will need to visit

The immense Varity of primary sources

Computer can be used to analyze and extend some of the historians topics
the strengths and weaknesses of the sources depend on:]
The contrast between public (intended to be seen or read by huge number of people)and private
(purely generated for personal use or certain specified people)
In general on sources are more reliable than other, but writing for personal use like diaries or to a
close friend like a letter there is no need for lie, unlike a poplic news paper which meant to mislead
the readers un less is it forced to be accurate especially if the report is written by a reputable
journalist

Documents of records: which by its very existence records that some event took place ,it is not
someone else's account, it embodies the event itself (Act of Parliament, peace treaties)
Discursive sources: somebody else's report that a meeting took place or description of the
signing a treaty, they are not direct sources for the events themselves.
There are three categories of
sources:
1-Bokks advising on social behavior and etiquette" conduct books" (not accurate)
2-Studies of customs and folklore (should be accurate)
3-Guides,handbooks,directories, references (most accurate)
We have to check whether sermons and treatises refer to things actually happened and not things
the authors devoutly wish would happen
Wills may be the best way of establishing how rich a person was, how much and how little affection
existed between married couples and between parents and children

Recording people memories before they die is a very useful source but most of it is recently done
and must be recorded in his own lifetime other wise it is considered to be secondary source
Accurate statistics can be extracted from parish registers census returns estate records
government reports and processed by the computer to get useful data
Film ,archaeology, history in the ground (surviving building streets),posters and furniture are very
useful means for history researches
Poems paintings novels work of music tell us much about attitudes values standards of taste and
cultural achievements in spite of the much imaginations they have

The fragmentary and opaque character of primary sources (need to be summarized)

Subjectivity in history
Subjective is opposite of objective which means unbiased ,strictly in accordance with the evidence and
uninfluenced by any social or personal factors or prejudices
 History should be more subjective than most of the natural sciences, because of the intractable and
imperfect nature of the sources the evidence is often not in itself conclusive
History is unlike science concerned with human actions, human beliefs, human values. Thus some kind of
personal or political engagement is practically impossible to avoid .Much depends on the particular topic
being studied
It would be wrong to think that there will be one particular approach to historical issues
Works of historians even the most famous are merely contributions to knowledge and are subject to debate
among professional colleagues and the qualification and correction and constantly being revised modified
updated
Readers do not have to believe everything they read in a history books

Is history culturally determined?

Historians recognize that we are all culturally influenced but deny that their work is culturally determined.
Historians think that they are well qualified to understand the influences operating on them and know how to
escape because they study the past societies and the way in which people were affected by the culture in
which they lived
Historians recognize that they can never escape from these entirely but believe that they are well equipped
to make a good try

Historians have principles and methods by which they can produce knowledge which has an objective basis

The places of controversy in history

Historians disagree with each other because many matters are not firmly fixed or conclusively settled

Controversy and debate if treated in an open valuable purposes in the advance of historical knowledge
Controversy can open up new lines of enquiry
Controversy can lead to new synthesis that is a combination of the best from two or more opposing
interpretations
The total sum of historical knowledge may be increased considerably

Technical terms ,conceptual terms, collective nouns and clichés

History is unlike novel and poem must be written precisely , explicit and clear
Technical terms

Some technical terms belong to the past societies we are studing while some are coined later by historians .
In writing about past societies there are times when we simply cannot avoid using the terms people in the
past used,even if these terms no longer exist today .and if they no longer mean anything to us today we
have to be very exact in knowing what they meant to people in the past
Conceptual terms
Conceptual terms must be treated cautiously by well understanding of the terms (Islam means a group of
people or thought and belief )
Collective terms

One of the most difficult tasks facing historians is mapping out past societies into such groups(bourgeoisie,
working class etc) should one try to use the terms people in the past themselves used,
Clichés
We should all try to avoid slipping into less obvious clichés

The family from Roman Britain to the present Myths sources and issues (need to be
summarized)
 Reasoning
What is Philosophy?
Philosophy: s love of wisdom, and a subject at the core of most of humanities courses it focuses on
abstract questions

Argument structure
Argument
Provides reasons or evidence in support of conclusion
Assertion: is an unsupported declaration of one person's belief
Prejudice: a view the speaker has arrived at with out bothering to consider reasons or evidence for or
against it
The statement that lacks evidence is unstated or
implicit
The statement has evidence is stated or explicit
Premise is a statement from which the conclusion is derived
When analyzing the structure of an argument concentrate on question of whether or not the conclusion
really follows from the premises given
The conclusion may come at the and place in the structure of the argument (beginning, middle, end)

Conclusion mostly starts with (therefore, so ,

Some times one premise is omitted because it is well known (human talks with his tongue)
Truth and validity
The argument could be valid or not valid but not true nor false
Statement, conclusion, assertion, assumption, and premise may be true or false

A valid argument has a structure the guarantees a true conclusion provided you feed in true premises
You contradict yourself if you assume premises which are all true and a false conclusion
Validity is about the form of the argument
The truth of premises and conclusion is about its content
Formal fallacy

Fallacy is invalid argument has a false conclusion(all human talk , parrot talks, so parrot is a human)
Deduction and induction

Deductive arguments are so constructed that if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true
Inductive arguments are usually based on evidence which by its nature cannot be conclusive