Asd Vs LRFD - Forwebsite

1
General Comparison between

AISC LRFD and ASD
Hamid Zand
GT STRUDL Users Group
Las Vegas, Nevada
June 22-25, 2005
2
AISC ASD and LRFD
AISC = American Institute of Steel

Construction
ASD = Allowable Stress Design

AISC Ninth Edition
LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Third Edition
3
AISC Steel Design Manuals
1963 AISC ASD 6

th
Edition
1969 AISC ASD 7

th
Edition
1978 AISC ASD 8

th
Edition
1989 AISC ASD 9

th
Edition
1986 AISC LRFD 1

st
Edition
1993 AISC LRFD 2

nd
Edition
1999 AISC LRFD 3

rd
Edition
4
ASD and LRFD
Major Differences
Load Combinations and load factors
ASD results are based on the stresses and

LRFD results are based on the forces and
moments capacity
Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but

nonlinear geometric analysis is required for
LRFD
Beams and flexural members

C
b
computation
5
ASD Load Combinations
1.0D + 1.0L
0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W
0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E

D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
6
ASD Load Combinations
Or you can use following load combinations with the
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load
1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E
PARAMETER$ ALSTRINC based on the % increase
ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3

7
LRFD Load Combinations
1.4D
1.2D + 1.6L
1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L
1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L
0.9D (1.6W or 1.0E)

D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
8
Deflection Load Combinations
for ASD and LRFD
1.0D + 1.0L
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E

D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
9
Forces and Stresses
ASD = actual stress values are

compared to the AISC
allowable stress values
LRFD = actual forces and moments

are compared to the AISC
limiting forces and moments
capacity
10
ASTM Steel Grade
Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9

th
Edition on
Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3
rd
Edition on
Page 2-24
A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD
A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD
A441 not available in LRFD
A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD
A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD
A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD

A992 (F
y
= 50, F
u
= 65) is new in LRFD (new standard)
A847 is new in LRFD

11
Slenderness Ratio
Compression
KL/r 200
Tension
L/r 300
12
Tension Members
Check L/r ratio
Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-

sections Gross Area
Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-

sections Net Area
13
Tension Members
ASD
f
t
= FX/A
g
F
t
Gross Area
f
t
= FX/A
e
F
t
Net Area
LRFD
P
u
= FX
t
P
n
=
t
A
g
F
y

t
= 0.9 for Gross
Area
P
u
= FX
t
P
n
=
t
A
e
F
u

t
= 0.75 for Net Area
14
Tension Members
ASD (ASD Section D1)
Gross Area F
t
= 0.6F
y
Net Area F
t
= 0.5F
u
LRFD (LRFD Section D1)
Gross Area
t
P
n
=
t
F
y
A
g

t
= 0.9
Net Area
t
P
n
=
t
F
u
A
e

t
= 0.75
15
Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD 1.0D + 1.0L
LRFD 1.2D + 1.6L
0.6F
y
(ASD) (1.5) = 0.9F
y
(LRFD)
0.5F
u
(ASD) (1.5) = 0.75F
u
(LRFD)
ASD (1.5) = LRFD
16
Tension Members
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-400.
o
17
Tension Members
Member is 15 feet long
Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
Loadings are:
Self weight
400 kips tension force at the free end
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD

codes
Steel grade is A992
Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

18
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
19
Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Area = 13.5 in.
2
FX = 400.688 kips Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.
2
FX = 640.881 kips Ratio = 0.989
20
Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) ASD
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD
LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.
2
A r e a f o r L R F D 1 3 5
6 4 0 8 8 1
4 0 0 6 8 8
1 0
1 5
0 9 8 9
0 9 8 9
1 4 3 9 5 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
21
Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips Ratio = 0.928
640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
LRFD W10x49 Ratio = 0.989
L R F D R a t i o c o m p u t e d f r o m A S D 0 9 2 8
6 4 0 8 8 1
4 0 0 7 3 4
1 0
1 5
0 9 8 9 .
.
.
.
.
.
22
Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
23
Compression Members
Check KL/r ratio
Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and

Equivalent (KL/r)
e
Find Maximum of KL/r and (KL/r)
e
Compute Q
s
and Q
a
based on the b/t and h/t
w

ratios
Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable

stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
24
Compression Members
ASD
f
a
= FX/A
g
F
a
LRFD
P
u
= FX
c
P
n
=
c
A
g
F
cr
Where
c
= 0.85
25
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
b/t = h/t
w
=
LRFD
b/t = h/t
w
=
9 5 / F
y
0 5 6 . / E F
y
2 5 3 / F
y
1 4 9 . / E F
y
26
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
b/t = h/t
w
=
LRFD
b/t = h/t
w
=
9 5 / F
y
9 5 3 6 . / F
y
2 5 3 / F
y
2 5 3 7 4 . / F
y
27
Compression Members
ASD KL/r C
c
(ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)
LRFD (LRFD A-E3-2)
( )
( ) ( )
F
Q
K L r
C
F
K L r
C
K L r
C
a
c
y
c
c
1
]
1
1
+
1
2
5
3
3
8
8
2
2
3
3
/
/ /
( )
F Q F
c r
Q
y
c
0 6 5 8
2
.

W h e r e C
E
Q F
c
y
2
2
W h e r e
c
y
K L
r
F
E
c
Q 1 5 .
28
Compression Members
ASD KL/r > C
c
(ASD E2-2)
LRFD (LRFD A-E3-3)
( )
F
E
K L r
a

1 2
2 3
2
2
/
W h e r e C
E
Q F
c
y
2
2
c
Q > 1 5 .
F F
c r
c
y
1
]
1
0 8 7 7
2
.
W h e r e
c
y
K L
r
F
E
29
Compression Members
LRFD
F F
c r
c
y
1
]
1
0 8 7 7
2
.
W h e r e
c
y
K L
r
F
E
F
K L
r
F
E
F
c r
y
y
_
,
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
0 8 7 7
2
.
( )
F
E
K L r
c r

0 8 7 7
2
2
.
/
( )
F
E
K L r
c r

2 0 1 7 1
2 3
2
2
.
/
30
Compression Members
ASD LRFD
F
cr
/ F
a
= 1.681
LRFD F
cr
= ASD F
a
1.681
( )
F
E
K L r
a

1 2
2 3
2
2
/
( )
F
E
K Lr
c r

2 0 1 7 1
2 3
2
2
.
/
31
Compression Members
ASD
(ASD C-E2-2)
LRFD
c
= Maximum of (
cy
,
cz
,
e
)
K L r
K L
r
K L
r
K L
r
y Y
y
z z
z e
/ , ,

_
,
_
,
W h e r e
K L
r
E
F
e e
_
,

32
Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
c y
y y
y
y
K L
r
F
E
c z
z z
z
y
K L
r
F
E
e
y
e
F
F
33
Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
( )
F
E C
K L
G J
I I
e
w
x x
y z
+
1
]
1
1
+
2
2
1 0 .
34
Q
s
Computation
ASD
LRFD
W h e n 9 5 1 9 5 / / / / / F k b t F k
y c y c
< <
Q b t F k
s y c
1 2 9 3 0 0 0 3 0 9 . . ( / ) /
W h e n 0 5 6 1 0 3 . / / . / E F b t E F
y y
< <
Q b t F E
s y
1 4 1 5 0 7 4 . . ( / ) /
( )
k
h t
h t k
c c
>
4 0 5
7 0 1 0
0 . 4 6
.
/
/ , . i f o t h e r w i s e
35
Q
s
Computation
ASD
LRFD
W h e n 9 5 1 9 5 / / / / / F k b t F k
y c y c
< <
Q b t F k
s y c
1 2 9 3 0 0 0 3 0 9 . . ( / ) /
W h e n 9 5 3 6 1 7 5 4 . / / . / F b t F
y y
< <
Q b t F
s y
1 4 1 5 0 0 0 4 3 4 5 . . ( / )
36
Q
s
Computation
ASD
LRFD
W h e n b t F k
y c
/ / / 1 9 5
( )
[ ]
Q k F b t
s c y
2 6 2 0 0
2
/ /
W h e n b t E F
y
/ . / 1 0 3
( )
[ ]
Q E F b t
s y
0 6 9
2
. / /
37
Q
s
Computation
ASD
LRFD
W h e n b t F k
y c
/ / / 1 9 5
( )
[ ]
Q k F b t
s c y
2 6 2 0 0
2
/ /
W h e n b t F
y
/ . / 1 7 5 4
( )
[ ]
Q F b t
s y
2 0 0 1 0
2
/ /
38
Q
a
Computation
ASD
LRFD
b
t
f b t f
b
e

1
]
1
1
2 5 3
1
4 4 3 .
( / )
b t
E
f b t
E
f
b
e

1
]
1
1 9 1 1
0 3 4
.
.
( / )
A s s u m e k s i E b
t
f b t f
e

1
]
1
1
2 9 0 0 0
3 2 5 2 6
1
5 7 9
,
. .
( / )
39
Compression Members
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-100.
o
40
Compression Members
Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
Loadings are:
Self weight
100 kips compression force at the free end

codes
Steel grade is A992

41
Compression Members
ASD
LRFD
42
Compression Members
ASD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.
2
FX = 100.734 kips Ratio = 0.941
LRFD
W10x54 Area = 15.8 in.
2
FX = 160.967 kips Ratio = 0.944
43
Compression Members
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
LRFD F
cr
= (1.681) ASD F
a
Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD
LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch
A r e a f o r L R F D 1 4 4
1 6 0 9 6 7
1 0 0 7 3 4
1 0
1 6 8 1
1 0
0 8 5
0 9 4 1
0 9 4 4
1 6 0 5 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
44
Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips Ratio = 0.845
160.967 / 100.806 = 1.597
1 6 0 9 6 7
1 0 0 8 0 6
1 0
1 6 8 1
1 0
0 8 5
0 9 4 4 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
45
Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
46
Flexural Members
Based on the b/t and h/t
w
ratios determine the compactness of
the cross-section
Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or Slender

When noncompact section in ASD, allowable stress F
b
is
computed based on the l/r
t
ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, C
b
has to be computed
When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB, and

WLB are checked
LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using L
b

and C
b
. L
b
is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange
47
Flexural Members
ASD
f
b
= MZ/S
Z
F
b
LRFD
M
u
= MZ
b
M
n
Where
b
= 0.9
48
ASD
LRFD
d t F
w y
/ / 6 4 0
b t E F
y
/ . / 0 3 8 h t E F
w y
/ . / 3 7 6
b t F
y
/ / 6 5
b t F
y
/ . / 6 4 7
h t F
w y
/ . / 6 4 0 3
49
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD (ASD F1-1)
F
b
= 0.66F
y
LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)

b
M
n
=
b
M
p
=
b
F
y
Z
Z
1.5F
y
S
Z
Where
b
= 0.9
50
Flexural Members
Compact Section
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-15.00
-15.00
o
o
FIXED JOINT
Braced at 1/3 Points
51
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Fixed at both ends of the member
Loadings are:
Self weight
15 kips/ft uniform load

codes
Steel grade is A992
Braced at the 1/3 Points

52
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
LRFD
53
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40 S
z
= 68.4 in.
3
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959
LRFD
W18x40 Z
z
= 78.4 in.
3
54
Flexural Members
Compact Section
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.66S
z
)(1.5989) / (0.9Z
z
) ASD
Z
z
LRFD W18x40 Z
z
= 78.4 in.
3
f o r L R F D 6 8 4
3 4 6 2 9 3 3
2 1 6 5 7 7 7
0 6 6
0 9
0 9 5 9
0 9 8 2
7 8 3 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
55
Flexural Members
Compact Section
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
3 4 6 2 9 3 3
2 1 6 5 7 7 7
0 6 6
0 9
6 8 4
7 8 4
0 9 8 1 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
56
Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
57
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Based on b/t, d/t
w
and h/t
w
determine if the section is
noncompact
Compute C
b
Compute Q
s
Based on the l/r
t
ratio, compute allowable stress F
b
Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)

has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section
58
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
f
b
= MZ/S
Z
F
b
LRFD
M
u
= MZ
b
M
n
Where
b
= 0.9
59
ASD
LRFD
6 5 9 5 F b t F
y y
<
d t F
w y
> 6 4 0
0 3 8 0 8 3 . / . E F b t E F
y L
<
3 7 6 5 7 . . E F h t E F
y w y
<
h t F
w b
7 6 0
60
ASD
LRFD
6 5 9 5 F b t F
y y
<
d t F
w y
> 6 4 0
6 4 7 1 4 1 3 . / / . / F b t F
y L
<
6 4 0 3 9 7 0 7 . / . / F h t F
y w y
<
h t F
w b
7 6 0
61
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
(ASD F1-3)
(ASD F1-2)
ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.
F F
b
t
F
b y
f
f
y

1
]
1
1
0 7 9 0 0 0 2
2
. .
( )
I f m i n i m u mo r L L
b
F d A F
b c
f
y f y
>
_
,
7 6
2 0 0 0 0
62
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
When
(ASD F1-6)
1 0 2 1 0 5 1 0 1 0
3 3

C
F
l
r
C
F
b
y T
b
y
( )
F
F l r
C
F F Q
b
y T
b
y y s

1
]
1
1

2
3
1 5 3 0 1 0
0 6
2
3
/
.
63
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
When
(ASD F1-7)
l
r
C
F
T
b
y
5 1 0 1 0
3
( )
F
C
l r
F Q
b
b
T
y s
1 7 0 1 0
0 6
3
2
/
.
64
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
For any value of l/r
T
(ASD F1-8)
F
C
l d A
F Q
b
b
f
y s
1 2 1 0
0 6
3
/
.
65
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling
2. FLB, Flange Local Buckling
3. WLB, Web Local Buckling
66
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
LTB
Compute C
b
Based on the L
b
, compute limiting moment capacity. L
b
is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
= L
b
/r
y
L
b
has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
FLB
Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of

the flange, = b/t
WLB
Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/t
w
ratio
of the web, = h/t
w
67
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
For
p
<
r
(LRFD A-F1-2)
Where:
M
p
= F
y
Z
z
1.5F
y
S
z
M
r
= F
L
S
z
F
L
= Smaller of (F
yf
F
r
) or F
yw
= L
b
/r
y
p
=
( )
M C M M M M
n b p p r
p
r p
p

_
,
1
]
1
1

1 7 6 . E F
y f
68
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)
Where:
r
=
X
1
=
X
2
=
X
F
X F
L
L
1
2
2
1 1 + +
S
E G J A
z
2
4
2
C
I
S
G J
w
y
z
_
,
69
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD FLB (Table A-F1.1)
For
p
<
r
(LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
M
p
= F
y
Z
z
1.5F
y
S
z
M
r
= F
L
S
z
F
L
= Smaller of (F
yf
F
r
) or F
yw
= b/t
p
=
r
=
( )
M M M M
n p p r
p
r p

_
,
1
]
1
1

0 3 8 . E F
y
0 8 3 . E F
L
70
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
For
p
<
r
(LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
M
p
= F
y
Z
z
1.5F
y
S
z
M
r
= R
e
F
y
S
z
R
e
= 1.0 for non-hybrid girder
( )
M M M M
n p p r
p
r p

_
,
1
]
1
1

71
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)
= h/t
w
p
=
r
=
3 7 6 . E F
y
5 7 . E F
y
72
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
LRFD
( ) ( )
C M M M M
M M
M M M C
b
b
+ +
<
1 7 5 1 0 5 0 3 2 3
1 0
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
1 2
. . . .
, .
m a x
I f b e t w e e n a n d
C
M
M M M M
M
M
M
b
A B C
A
B
C
+ + +

1 2 5
2 5 3 4 3
.
.
m a x
m a x
a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f m o m e n t a t q u a r t e r p o i n t
a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f m o m e n t a t c e n t e r l i n e
a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f m o m e n t a t t h r e e q u a r t e r p o i n t
73
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
X
Y
Z
Roller
-12.00
-12.00
o
o
Pin
74
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
Pin at the start of the member
Roller at the end of the member
Cross-section is W12x65
Loadings are:
Self weight
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes

75
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65 C
b
= 1.0
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
W12x65 C
b
= 1.136
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Code check is controlled by FLB.
C
b
= 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
76
Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
77
Design for Shear
ASD
f
v
= FY/A
w
F
v
= 0.4F
y
(ASD F4-1)
LRFD
V
u
= FY
v
V
n
=
v
0.6F
yw
A
w
(LRFD F2-1)
Where
v
= 0.9
h t F
w y
/ 3 8 0
h t E F
w y w
/ . / 2 4 5
78
Design for Shear
ASD
f
v
= FY/A
w
F
v
= 0.4F
y
(ASD F4-1)
LRFD
V
u
= FY
v
V
n
=
v
0.6F
yw
A
w
(LRFD F2-1)
Where
v
= 0.9
h t F
w y
/ 3 8 0
h t F
w y w
/ . / 4 1 7 2
79
Design for Shear
ASD
f
v
= FY/A
y
(ASD F4-2)
LRFD
V
u
= FY
v
V
n
=
v
(LRFD F2-2)
Where
v
= 0.9
h t F
w y
/ > 3 8 0
2 4 5 3 0 7 . / / . / E F h t E F
y w w y w
<
( )
F
F
C F
v
y
v y

2 8 9
0 4
.
.
0 6
2 4 5
.
. /
/
F A
E F
h t
y w w
y w
w
_
,
80
Design for Shear
LRFD
V
u
= FY
v
V
n
=
v
(LRFD F2-3)
Where
v
= 0.9
3 0 7 2 6 0 . / / E F h t
y w w
<
( )
A
E
h t
w
w
4 5 2
2
.
/
1
]
1
1
81
Design for Shear
X
Y
Z
FIXED JOINT
-15.00
-15.00
o
o
FIXED JOINT
Braced at 1/3 Points
82
Design for Shear
Same as example # 3 which is used for design of flexural

member with compact section
Fixed at both ends of the member
Loadings are:
Self weight
Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
Steel grade is A992
Braced at the 1/3 Points

83
Design for Shear
ASD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation F4-1 Y)
LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation A-F2-1 Y)
84
Design for Shear
ASD
W18x40 A
y
= 5.638 in.
2
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
LRFD
W18x40 A
y
= 5.638 in.
2
FY = 144.289 kips Ratio = 0.948
85
Design for Shear
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) ASD
L R F D R a t i o c o m p u t e d f r o m A S D 0 8
1 4 4 2 8 9
9 0 2 4 1
0 4
0 6
1 0
0 9
0 9 4 8 .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
86
Design for Shear
ASD
Example # 1
LRFD
Example # 1
Example # 2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
87
Combined Forces
ASD f
a
/F
a
> 0.15
(ASD H1-1)
(ASD H1-2)
LRFD P
u
/P
n
0.2
(LRFD H1-1a)
f
F
C f
f
F
F
C f
f
F
a
a
m y b y
a
e y
b y
m z b z
a
e z
+
_
,
_
,
1
1
1 0 .
f
F
f
F
f
F
a
y
b y
b y
b z
b z
0 6
1 0
.
. + +
P
P
M
M
M
M
u
n
u y
b n y
u z
b n z

+ +
_
,

8
9
1 0 .
88
Combined Forces
ASD f
a
/F
a
0.15
(ASD H1-1)
LRFD P
u
/P
n
< 0.2
(LRFD H1-1a)
f
F
f
F
f
F
a
a
b y
b y
b z
b z
+ + 1 0 .
P
P
M
M
M
M
u
n
u y
b n y
u z
b n z
2
1 0

+ +
_
,
.
89
Combined Forces
X
Y
Z
90
Combined Forces
3D Simple Frame
3 Bays in X direction 3 @ 15 ft
2 Bays in Z direction 2 @ 30 ft
2 Floors in Y direction 2 @ 15 ft
Loadings
Self weight of the Steel
Self weight of the Slab 62.5 psf
Other dead loads 15.0 psf
Live load on second floor 50.0 psf
Live load on roof 20.0 psf
Wind load in the X direction 20.0 psf
Wind load in the Z direction 20.0 psf

91
Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 >
< W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
92
Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 >
< W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 >
< W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 >
< W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
93
Combined Forces
ASD
WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
LRFD
94
Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W14x43 1.4400E+03 1.8144E+04 5.1402E+00 4 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
95
Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W10x49 1.4400E+03 2.0736E+04 5.8745E+00 8 >
< W10x54 7.2000E+02 1.1376E+04 3.2228E+00 4 >
< W12x40 1.4400E+03 1.6992E+04 4.8138E+00 4 >
< W14x43 2.8800E+03 3.6288E+04 1.0280E+01 8 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
96
Deflection Design
ASD
LRFD
97
Compare Design without and with
Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
LRFD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
98
Design same example based on
C
b
= 1.0
Code and deflection design with C
b
= 1.0
ASD
Compute C
b
Specify C
b
= 1.0 WEIGHT = 51.752 kips
LRFD
Compute C
b
Specify C
b
= 1.0 WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
99
Design Similar example based on
C
b
= 1.0 and LL5
b
= 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 5.
Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.

ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips
LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips
Difference = 3.041 kips
100
Design Similar example based on
C
b
= 1.0 and LL10
b
= 1.0 and increase the live
load by a factor of 10.
Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
Also change the 2 bays in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.

ASD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips
LRFD WEIGHT = 29.051 kips
Difference = 1.971 kips
101
Stiffness Analysis
versus
Nonlinear Analysis
Stiffness Analysis Load Combinations or Form

Loads can be used.
Nonlinear Analysis Form Loads must be used. Load

Combinations are not valid.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify type of Nonlinearity.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify Maximum Number of

Cycles.
Nonlinear Analysis Specify Convergence Tolerance.

102
Nonlinear Analysis
Commands
NONLINEAR EFFECT
TENSION ONLY
COMPRESSION ONLY
GEOMETRY AXIAL
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
103
Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 1
1. Geometry, Material Type, Properties,
2. Loading SW, LL, and WL
3. FORM LOAD A FROM SW 1.4
4. FORM LOAD B FROM SW 1.2 LL 1.6
5. FORM LOAD C FROM SW 1.2 WL 1.6 LL 0.5
6. FORM LOAD D FROM SW 0.9 WL 1.6
7. DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS
8. PARAMETERS
9. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
10. LOAD LIST A B C D $ Activate only the FORM loads
11. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
12. SAVE
104
Input File # 2
1. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST A B C D
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS A B C D
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
12. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
13. CHECK MEMBERS
14. STEEL TAKE OFF
15. SAVE
105
Input File # 3
1. RESTORE
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS A B C D
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
106
Input File # 3 (continue)
1. NONLINEAR EFFECT
2. GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
4. CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT
6. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
7. CHECK MEMBERS
8. STEEL TAKE OFF
9. SAVE
107
General Comparison between AISC
LRFD and ASD
Questions

Asd Vs LRFD - Forwebsite

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1

General Comparison between

AISC = American Institute of Steel

ASD = Allowable Stress Design

LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

1963 AISC ASD 6

1969 AISC ASD 7

1978 AISC ASD 8

1989 AISC ASD 9

1986 AISC LRFD 1

1993 AISC LRFD 2

1999 AISC LRFD 3

Load Combinations and load factors

ASD results are based on the stresses and

Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but

Beams and flexural members

0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75W

0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E

PARAMETER$ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

ALSTRINC 33.333 LOADINGS 2 3

1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L

1.2D 1.0E + 0.5L

0.9D (1.6W or 1.0E)

1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W

1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E

ASD = actual stress values are

LRFD = actual forces and moments

Comparison is between Table 1 of the AISC ASD 9

A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD

A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD

A441 not available in LRFD

A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD

A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD

A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD

A847 is new in LRFD

Check L/r ratio

Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-

Check Tensile Strength based on the cross-

Member is 15 feet long

Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom

400 kips tension force at the free end

Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD

Steel grade is A992

Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

Check KL/r ratio

Compute Flexural-Torsional Buckling and

Based on the KL/r ratio, compute allowable

Member is 15 feet long

Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top

100 kips compression force at the free end

Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD

Steel grade is A992

Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

Classify flexural members as Compact, Noncompact, or Slender

When noncompact or slender section in LRFD, LTB, FLB, and

Member is 12 feet long

Fixed at both ends of the member

15 kips/ft uniform load

Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD

Steel grade is A992

Braced at the 1/3 Points

Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes