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) (

-
) ( :
.

.
.

. .

) ( :
.

-
) (

)( ..................
)(

)(

)(

)(

) ( ....................
)(

)(

)(

) ( .

)( ) (III

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...............................
)( )(II
)( )(III

)(
)( )(II

) ( .....................................
)( NO

)( NO2

) ( N2O

)( O2

) ( .
) (

) (

)(

:
][H+

] [OH+

pH

pOH

..................

...................

................

..................

- :
) ( - :
) ( ) ClO3 (OH PO(OH)3
) ( ) (3d10 ,4s1

29 Cu

) ( .
) (
.
) ( sp , sp C2H2

) ( :
2

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) ( .
) ( - -.
)(
I2 + H2

2HI

,
,

, /.

)( .
- :
) (

)( ) ( )(
)(

)(

)(

)(

)(

.I

) (

) (

.II .

) (

) (

. III

)(

)(

.IV

) (

. V

)( . )(II
Cu=63.5
)( :
) ( .
)( .
)( ) ( :
3

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2NO2

() N2 + O2

2Fe + 3CO2
o

() 3CO + Fe 2O3

- :
) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

) ( ) ( O2 . .
)( :
.

- :
) (

- :


.
)(
. .
][Na=23, Cl = 35.5 ,Ag=108
(

)( .

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)(
.

)( )(1

NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
Na2CO3 +CO2 + H2 O

NH3 + CO2 +H2O +NaCl

2NaHCO3

)(

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:
()
- ()

:( )

(III ) ( )

2Fe(OH) 3

Fe2O3 + 3H2O
O2 ()

2NaNO3

2NaNO2 +O2

()

( )( )

()
+

[OH ]

pOH

pH

[H ]

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)()(

) ( ) (3d ) ( 3d 10
) ( + d )( 3d 9
) (
N-O
C-O NN .
) (

) ( Sp SP
.
)( ) (1 :
II
Na2SO4 + Cu(OH)2

CuSO4 + NaOH

Cu(OH) 2
CuO + H2 O

Al(OH) 3 + 3NaCl
+ H2O

NaAl O2

AlCl3+ 3NaOH
Al(OH)3 +H2 O

) ( :
.
- - - .
7

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= 50

)( )Cd (OH)2 + 2Ni(OH

*, , . 0
J L.PPPPRT
= Kc
=
246 8 <@B D V.ZZZ Z ` .dddd

)(

Cd + 2 NiO(OH)+2H2 O

:
)( )/ (III /

) / ( IV/

)/(II /

)/ (/

) (
,
, X

)( :

.
:
.
.
. Fe3C

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) ( :




:
.

)()(

)(

:
)() ( :
.
) ( :
" "
)( :

.
9

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) ( :

% %
.
) ( = = x /
.
= . = . /
) (

)()(

)(

)(

10

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:
)(

)( NaNO3 + AgCL

NaCL + AgNO3

= . = .+
= . =.+
. .
)( . .
9,256 X 58,5

X .

= .

143,5

= %.
11

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()

()

12

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) (
.

) (

:
) ( ..............
)( .

)(

)( .

)( .

) ( ...................................
)( .

)(

)( .

)(

)( ..................
)( .

) (

)( .

)(

) ( ..............

)( .

)( .

)( .

)(

) ( ................
)()( 3d

)() .(4d

) ()( 5f

)( )(4F

)( ..........
)(
)( . .

)( .
)(
13

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) ( :
) (
) ( ) (III .
.
) ( :

) ( .
) ( .
)( ) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) (
.
) ( :
) ( .
) (

)(
) (

.
)( :
) ( .
) ( ) ( II )(III
) ( .
) ( 10-14 = [10-7] [10-7] = Kw
14

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) ( ) (N2 H4
][N=14, H=1
)( :
)(

)(

)(
CH 3

)(
COOH

HOOC

.
)( :
) ( () . .
) ( .

) (

) ( ) (Kp :
)2NO2(g
.

NO2

,O2,

)(g

+ 2O2

)(g

N2

N2 .
15

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)( :
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
.
) (

)( ) ( )(
)(
)(

) (
) (

)(
) (

)(

C6H5OH

.I

) (

. II .
.III

)( CH3 COONa

)(

.IV

)( .
- :
][Ag= 108

] Ag

+e

[ Ag

)( :
) ( .
) ( .
)( . CO2 .
16

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-
) ( .
) ( :
-
-

:
) (

) ( ).(II

)( :
) (
) ( .
)(
.

17

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)(
.

)(5F

..

)()(

)(

400-700C

2FeO + H2 O

Fe3O4 + H2
O2

2Fe2 O3

4FeO

18

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:
)(
.

) (

) (

) () - (

) ,(

) - (

19

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) ( - -

:
)() ( .
) ( Mn 2+ ) ( 3d
Mn3+
).( 3d
:

) (3d5

) ( 3d4
) ( .

) (
.
)(

N2 + 2H2O

N2H4 + O2

= ) =( x)+(x
= =x
= .

20

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)(
.

T.N.T

:
) ( :

) (

.
)( : .
) ( :
.
) ( :

.
)(

) ( ) (

)(

) (
) ( .

:
21

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) (

) / / ) ( IV/ /) (I /(III /

)( = =

= . = X.
)( )(
.
) (

)( CO2
= . = . .
:
) (

) ( .

) ( .
)()(

2KNO3 + H2 SO4

2HNO3 +K2 SO4


4NO2 + 2H2O +O2

)(

4HNO3

Fe + H2SO4

FeSO4 + H2

)( ) ( .
.
22

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.
) ( .
.
NaOH .

23

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) : (
-
)(
)(

:
............ .

)(
)(

) (

)(

............

) (

)(

)(
)(

) (

)(

...........
)( ) ( III

)( ) ( II

)( ) (II

)( ) ( III
)(

"".............
) (

)(

)(
)(
)(

...........

)() ( -
)(

) ()(+

)( )(+

)( ) ( -

.............

)(
)(

)(
)(
24

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)(

)(

)(

-
)( :
) ( ) ( f ) (f
) ( " " ). (n
) ( .
) (
.
) ( .
BaSO4

)(
:

/.

) ( :
)(

)(

-
)( :
) ( ) (II
25

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) ( .
) ( .
) ( .

) (
NaCl

][Cl=35.45

)( ) (.
)( :
) (
) - ( - - - - .
-
)( :

) (
) ( ) - (
) ( ) ( A ) (B
26

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) (
) ( :

) ( .
) ( )( .
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
)( .

) (

)(

)(

)(

) ( ) . (
)(
27

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) (
)( ) (III
% ). ( III
) (
][Fe=56 , O=16
-
)( :
" ) ( )(
".
)(

)( .

)(

)(.

)(

) (

) ( .
)(

) ( .
. .
) ( (Na=23, O=16, H=1) .
) ( II
) ( ) (Na +) (OH- II
)( :
)(

)(

)(

28

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:
()

( )

( )
( )

( ) ()
( )
( ) ( )

( )

29

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:
)(

) ( .

) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
)(.
)( [Ba2+][SO4 2-] =Ksp
= ] X.

[ ] X. = [- X.

)(

)(

.
)(
30

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:
) (

COO

FeO + CO + CO2

Fe

COO

absence of air

Na 2CO3 + H2O + CO 2

)(1

(2) 2NaHCO3

(3) CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

+ 4H2

Pt
CaO + CO2

(4) CaCO3

) ( = . = .
= . = .
= . =. .
= . = . .
)( ) ( .
: .
)(

.
31

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: . .
) (
)(

)(

:
)() ( ). (
)( .
) ( ) ( B )(

) ( .
) () ( .
] )
) ( [
)(
.
32

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)(

.
)(

) (.
)(

] [

)( : )
( .

.
:
)(

) - ( . - .
) - ( -.
) - ( . -

) (

33

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)( .
) ( .

) (

:
) ( )(
) ( .
)(

34

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) ( .
)( .= . = HCl
. =Na OH = ++ =Na OH
Na OH = . =.
= %= . .
) ( ) (II .
) ( ) ( OH- ) . (II
)( ) ( :

) ( :
.
) ( :
.

35

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): (
-
)( :
) ( .
) (
.
) (
.
)( .
) ( .
) ( ) ( .
) ( :
) ( ). ( II

) ( ). (II

) ( .

) ( .

-
) (

)( ---------.
)( .
) ( .

)( .
)( .

) ( --------
)(

)( .
36

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) ( .

)( .

) ( )- ( --------
) ( .

)( .

) ( .

)( .

) ( ----------
)( ) (II .

)( ) ( III .
)( .

) ( ) (III.

) ( ) (3d ------------
)( .

)( .

)( .

)( (

) ( --------------
)( ). (II

)( ). ( II
)( ). (III
)(

)( ). (III

) (.

)( .

)( .

)( .

)( :
) (.

)( .

-
)( :
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) ( .
) ( ) (AgCl

/.

37

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) ( :
)(

.)(

-
)( :
) ( :
)(

) (III .

)(

) ( .

)(

)(

)( .
)( /

-
)( ) ( )( :
)(
) (

)(
) (

) (

) (

) (

)(

)(I

)(II

)(III

) (

) (IV

) (

)(V

.
) (

38

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) ( . Na2SO4 .
)(Na=23, S=32, O=16
)( :
)(

2-

S2 O3

)(

KMnO4

)( :

-
)( ) ( :

- - - .%

- . )- .(II - . - . .

:
) ( .

) (.

) ( :
) ( .
) ( .
)( .
) ( .
)( :
)(

)(

.
39

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:
) (

) ( ) ( .

)( .
) ( .
) ( ) (.
) ( .
) ( .
)( )

)(

)(

)(

:
) (

) (

) ( .

) (.

) ( .

) (.

) ( ) .(III
40

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) ( ) ( : .

) ( : .
) ( : .
) ( : .
)( ) ( : . C10H8:

)( : C3H6 :

)(

:
) ( .

) (

) ( ) (
) (
.
) ( .
) ( .
) (

41

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)(
)(

) ( :

:
) (


.
( ) : .

) ( .

: .
42

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) (
)(

)(
)(

)(

)(

) ( .

) ( .

) ( .

) ( .

) ( .

) ( .
)( .
:
) (

)/ / ) (III/ / ) ( II /(IV /

) (

= ) ( X) + (X ) + (X
=
= . = .

43

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.
= . =. X

= . .

)(

) ( )(+

)(

) ( ) (.

= .

) ( )(+
) ( .


) ( )(

)(

) ( ) ( : U
.
)( : .
) ( : .
) ( :

.
)(

) ( : .
44

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) ( :
. %

45

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:
:
............................

II

) (.........................

.........................

......................

III

) ( ......................

Xe54 6s2 5d3 4f14 .............................



46

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:
-

:
) ( ) ( :





) ( ) ( CaCl2.xH2 O .
.
) H=1, O=16, Ca=40, Cl=35.5

) ( :


:
) ( :
II


II III
) ( ) ( H=1,C=12
47

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) (
) ( :


) (
:
) ( :


) (CH2
) ( .
) (

) (

:
) ( A B
B C B
D
:
:
B
48

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D
A
C

) (
) ( Na =23, CI=35.5
) ( II III
) ( .....



:
) (



) ( . HCN
.= Ka

) (


III

49

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:
) (-

) - ( II

) - (
) - (
) - (
) - (
) - (
)(
)(1

2- propanol

2-bromo propane

CH3

COOH

+ 2 H2 O

V2 O 5

400 C

3 O2

)(2
2

50

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:
) - (- .
-
- .
) (

= . =.- .

. .
( = ) =+ ( .

) CaCl2
.


) ( =

.
) =( )+ = ( H2O

51

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)( -

:
- ll
ll
-

) (d,s
- .
-
) (
52

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) ( Fe3+

2+

Fe

- = =-
= =
=
C4H10
:
H

CH3 H

- -
-
- C2H4 (OH)2
) = C2 + ( +
) - = (C
:
-

-
OH

NO2

CH 2
C

(CHOH)3

Cl

CH 2OH

53

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- =
= .
) (=) .=( ) ( .
- - :

) ( .
- :
.
- :
S P
6

. ) nP

nS


)(

54

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) : ( -
-

Cl

Cl

H
H

H Cl

Cl

Cl

+H

SO 3H


H2 O

C aCN 2

conc.

H 2SO 4

elec tric

s park

N2

C aC 2

- ) (
)( =.=+ .
= =.

= =

= .

)( :
ll ll
lll lll
) ( - :

- :
- ..
55

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:
:

O
OH

OH

C H 3C O O H

H2 O

+
OH

CH3

- :

-
O H

O H
2

3 H

N O

O
4

S O

co n c.

3 H N O

N O

CN

H 3O +

H2 O

HCN

Ka = 2 x C
7.2 x 10 -10 = 2 x 0.1

2 = 7.2 x 10 -10 0.1 =72 x 10 -10


= 8.5 x 10 -5
_

+ 4 H2 O

Fe 2(So 4)3

FeSO 4

conc.

4 H 2 SO 4

Fe 3O 4

- ) (

56

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FeCl3 + 3NH4SCN

Fe(SCN)3 + 3NH4Cl

NH3 +CO +H O NaCl


2
2 +

NaHCO3 + NH4Cl

57

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- :
)( :
- 5f
-

- KClO4
(+) -

(- ) -

(- ) -

(+) -

-
2Fe2 O3 .3H2O-

2FeO.3H2 O -

2Fe3O4.3H2 O -

3Fe2O3.2H2O -

- .
-

- NH4Cl :
-

- :
-

) ( :
-

- :
)( :
- .
58

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-
-

-
- .
) ( KO2
. , KO2

) (K=39 , O=16

)( :
H
- COO H

- C

HO - C - COOH
- CO OH

CaCO3 .MgCO3-

- C

- - :
-
-

) ( B,A , , .
-

-
-

)( - :
- -
-

)( - :
-

59

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- :
) ( :
-

-
) ( :
-

)( .
. :
0

+ 3e- -------------- Al

)(Al= 27

3+

Al

- :
)( :
-

) ( :
-
-
- ) ( II ) (III

)( ) ( H3 O+ .

) ( - .

60

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- :
) (
) ( :

) Mg12 (
)( O8
) (

)( :
) (
) (

61

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:
- :
) - ( )(

) - ( )(+

) - (

2Fe2O3 .3H2O -

) - (

) - (

-
)(

)(

62

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- :

-

-
2K2 CO3 + 3O2
.

4KO2 +2CO2
(+ )

= . = . .

- -
-
:
-


63

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-
A+2 Ao
-

B +2

Bo

. . =
= . ) = ( .

. .

- :
-
3Mg(OH)2 +2NH3

Mg3N2 + 6H2 O

2Fe + 3Cl2

2FeCl3
-

- :
64

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SP3 SP2

:
:
-

3d,4s

-NO2

- Fe3C
-

65

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- =
= .
= = =

= . =
=
= .= .
:
- -
H2SO4

CH3COOC2H5 +H2 O

CH3 COOH + C2H5OH

- 2

-
66

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-
-
- NaOH

-

-

67

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: -

:
-


-

:
- :
-

: ) (
68

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) ( : -
- :
) ( :
) ( :
) (

) (

) (

) (

_ :
) (

) (

) (

) (

- :
- -

- :
-

NO2

NH3

NO2 -

NO

- :
-

- ) ( ( ) () :
- )( -

- )(

- ) ( +

- ) (

)( :-
-
-

69

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: -) ( : -

-
-
-
-
-
-
)( ): (
-
-
-

H H
|

H C4- C3 C2 C1 H
|
H

|
H

- ) (
- )(
-
70

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- : -
) ( :
- Zn 30
-
-
- .

) (
O=16 C=12) .

(Ca=40

)( )( ) (
) (.

:
- ) ( ) - - (
- ) ( ) - (
- ) ( ) - (
- :-
) ( . :-
-
-
-
71

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) ( 0.2 )(HCN 25
Ka=7.2x10-10 -
)( :-
- .

- :-
) ( :
- Ca

20

19

- . Mn+2 (Mn25) Mn+3


- .
- .
) ( :-
- .
- .
)( ...
.
- :
)(
- .
72

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- .
- .
- .
- .
) (
) 2HI(g

)H2(g) + I2 (g

KC 850 = 448=
_
)( :-
- II
-
-

73

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:
) ( ) ( ""
) ( ""o
) ( " "
) ( " " NH3
) ( " "
) ( " " +
) ( )(

CH3COOH + NaHCO3

CH3 COONa + CO2 + H2 O

CH4+ Na 2CO3

NaOH , CaO

CH3COONa

)(

:
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (

) (
) (
) (

74

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)( ) (

5KNO2 +2KMnO4+3H2 SO4

5KNO3+K2SO4 +2MnSO4+3H2 O

) (

H - C = C - H

K M nO

a lk . m e d i u m
O H

O H

= C H

H 2C

e th y n e

e th y le n e
g ly c o le


)( ) ( SP
)109 28 (

) (
:
) ( ) (

30Zn

(d10) d

+ +
) (
) (
(NH4) 2SO4

conc

2NH3 + H2 SO4

75

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) ( ) ( Cl
)(NH4 +
NH4OH + H+ + Cl-

NH4Cl + H2O

) (


:

2PbSO4 + 2H2O

)(

CaO
+ CO2
)( +

CaCO3
+ +

Pb + PbO2 + 4H+ + 2SO42-


CaO + CO2
.

CaCO3

= .

)( )(
76

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)(
)(
:
-

3Fe + 4H2 O

500 0 c

Fe3 O4 + 4H2
-

SO3 + H2O

H2SO4

-
Na2O+H2O

2NaOH
-

Ca (OH) 2 + H C C H

CaC2 + 2H.OH

-
HCN

H 3O +

H2 O

CN

Ka = 2 x C
7.2 x 10 -10 = 2 x 0.2
""

$ &(

= 6 x 10 -5

77

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:
.

:
.
H

-H

-H + H B r

H - C - C - C
Br H

H - C = C - C
H
1 -p ro p a n e

2 -p ro p a n e

:

.

:
.

:
. -
.
.

2
5
25Mn: [Ar]18,4S ,3d

Mn+2 3d 5
Mn+3 .
.
FeCl2 + H2

dil

Fe + 2HCl

78

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.
+

H3 O
-
- HNO3
H3 PO4
- : .
:

.
) (

:

.
Co2

79

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:
. :
.

. .
.

.
.
. .
)( 2HI

dil

H2 + I2

.
) (
. ) (
.
.

80

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