I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHI N KHOA VT L B MN VT L NG DNG

SEMINAR: QUANG PH DAO NG HNG NGOI

GVHD:PGS-TS DNG I PHNG TS NGUYN VN NH SVTH: TRNG VN THNH MSSV:0413018 THNH PH H CH MINH 4/2007

1.CC VNG CA HNG NGOI :

Cn hng ngoi : 0.8 2.5 m

12500 4000 cm 1 E 36 143kcal / mol Hng ngoi : 2.5 16 m 4000 600 cm 1 E 143 1.8kcal / mol Vin hng ngoi : 15 200 m 600 E 1.8 50cm 1 1kcal / mol

2.PH HNG NGOI :

Ph hng ngoi c c do dao ng cc ni khi phn t hp thu tia hng ngoi t 2.5 25m(4000 400cm-1). Nhn xt : - Hu ht cc vt cht u hp thu bc x hng ngoi . - Ch c nhng dao ng lm thay i moment lng cc mi to ra s hp thu hng ngoi . ( E) - Khi hp thu bc x hng ngoi , phn t hp cht hp thu nng lng v bin dao ng tng v khi phn t phng thch nng lng di dng nhit nng n s tr li trng thi c bn .

3.CHUN B MU O V GHI PH :
Vt liu quang hc Cc vt liu quang hc dng trong ph t ngoi v kh kin th khng th dng trong ph hng ngoi , tr trng hp hng ngoi gn . Cc vt liu thch hp cho hng ngoi thng dng l NaCl , LiF ,CaF 2 ,KBr , CsBr , ngoi ra cn dng KRS5 v AgCl ph hp cho nhng dung dch cha nc . Thch anh nng chy thch hp cho ph hng ngoi gn . truyn qua ca cc vt liu quang hc c tnh bng cng thc :

D=(1-p2)e-kd
Trong :pl h s phn x ,k l h s hp thu , d l dy truyn qua ph thuc vo bc x (s sng) , khi truyn qua 1 tm dy 2mm th D gim i 1/10 , truyn qua my tm dy 5mm th D gim i 50%. Ngoi ra cn dng khong s sng thc t m ta c th dng vt liu ph hp .

(n2 n1 ) 2 (n2 n1 ) 2 Khi dng cc vt liu quang hc , ta cn ch n tc dng ca nc , v nc tc dng hng lot n cc vt liu . Nhng vt liu thng dng nht nh NaCl , KBr rt d ht m , do cc sn phm c ch to t chng phi ch chng m . S tn hao do phn x c biu din bng : p Chun b mu o: Vic chun b mu o bng phng php ph hng ngoi cn c phn tch k :ch trong nhit bnh thng (nhit phng ) mu o trng thi g (kh ,lng ,rn) hoc l trong iu kin nghin c ca ta th cn ghi ph trng thi no . Trn c s cc iu kin , ngi ta s chn phng php chun b mu thch hp . Ni chung cc phng php ghi ph th phn my hu nh khng thay i trong sut qu trnh o , ta phi dng cuvt hoc mu o thch hp . a.Mu o trng thi kh Mt cuvt n gin cho cght kh (hnh 1 ) , n c th tho ri ra v ci ca s ca n c th lm t LiF , NaCl , NaBR ,KBr hay KRS5 . Ngi ta bm kh vo cuvt , theo yu cu ngi ta c th lm long cht kh bng mt cht kh trung ho . Trc ht ngi ta ht sch kh trong cuvt , sau bm cht kh vo vi p sut no . Phng php nghin cu l : tm cc vt kh trong hn hp v nghin cu cc m hp thu c h s tt b , hoc cn phi nghin cu quang ph ca hi cc cht c p sut nh ngi ta phi cu trc cuvt sao cho chm tia i qua cuvt (tt nhin truyn qua kh) nhiu ln . Nu lng cht kh nghin cu t , v d nh kh rt ra t cc phn on sc k , th cn cuvt kh cc nh . Bn cnh nhng cuvt thng dng ngi ta cn ch to nhng cuvt dng p sut cao . Khi phn tch cc cht kh , khng ch c p sut ring phn m c p sut ton phn ng vai tr to ln . Do trong khi phn tch nh lng ta cn phi tin hnh p sut ton phn bng nhau . b. Mu o dng cht lng: Cht lng tinh khit tu theo mc ch ghi ph m ngi ta c th dng cc loi cuvt thch hp . C cc loi cuvt sau y :cuvt c th tho ri v cuvt khng th tho ri c gi l cuvt c nh (hnh 2). Cuvt c th tho ri :loi n gin nht gm 2 ca s t vt liu quang hc quang hc thch hp v l mt ci gi p cc cc ca s li vi nhau . Cuvt t vo my quang ph nh gi . Cc ca s rt d v nn khi xit c cn ch , lun xit cht c cho gc nhau cng mt lc -nh tay . Ngi ta nh vi git cht lng gia 2 ca s v p li ,ta c mng mao qun mng (cn gi l mng mng hay phim). Nu mun nghin cu ph ca cc lp dung dch dy hn , ngi ta t gia 2 ca s mng ngn cch bng giy kim loi (nhm) c dy t 0,01-0,1mm(hoc ln hn) , mng ngn cch c l hng gi cha cht lng , bng

cch thay mng ngn cch c dy khc nhau m ngi ta nhn c cc cuvt c dy mu phn tch khc nhau . Cuvt khng th tho ri : loi cuvt c th tho ri thng khng kn , v do khng thch hp cho cc cht d bay hi . Cho nn khi phn tch cc cht d bay hi ngi ta dng cuvt khng tho ri c (hnh 3). Cuvt nh vy c th lp t mt cuvt c th tho ri . Cc ca s c ch to nh m t. Ngi ta t mng ngn cch v mng ng kn ca ca s c cc l h pha trn , pha trn c mt tm gi phng v c lm sch , n c th c trng ln mt lp axit axetic . Sau nhng vo mt chn thu ngn , khi tip xc vi Hg cc mng c ph ln mt lp amalgan (hn hp : hp kim ca kim loi vi thu ngn). Sau khi ly ra khi chn th n rt sch s .Khi lp ghp cuvt th ngi ta cng t mt mng ch khng b almalgan ho bn di ca s . Do p li vi nhau nn dy ca cuvt lun nh hn dy ban u ca mng ngn mot6 t . Cht lng c rt vo cuvt qua l h trong phn ngn cch bng kim loi , ta dng mt ng tim bm cht lng . Sau khi ghi ph , cht lng c ly ra v cuvt c ra nhiu ln bng cc dung mi thch hp . Cuvt thng c sy kh bng bng cch ht chn khng . Khi mun gim nhu cu v mu o , ngi ta ch to cc microcuvet , th tch gia cc ca s v mng ngn cch gim xung cc tiu . Dung dch. Cc mu phn tch c bit l cc cht rn c ho tan ghi ph . i khi mu phn tch khng c ho tan trong cc dung mi thng dng , lc ny ta phi tri qua mt bc trung gian-chuyn thnh cht khc v sau s c ho tan . Trong phng php ny th ngi phn tch phi la chn nng thch hp . V cc dung mi ho tan thng d bay hi . nn ta phi trnh nhng thay i nng cht phn tch do qu trnh bay hi . Do ngi ta dng nhng cuvt hon ton kn , khng tho ri c , sau khi rt cht nghin cu vo , cuvt phi ng kn ming li . cc dung dch , dung dch c th thay i c bng cch thay i dy ca cuvt hoc thay i nng ca cht nghin cu . Cuvt thng dng c dy 0,1-1mm. i vi php phn tch nh lng ta cn chn nng ,cng nh dy cuvt thch hp , sao cho hp th ca cc m c trng c th thay i gia 20% v 80% . Thng ta dng nhng b cuvt c dy 0,02 ; 0,05 ; 0,1 ; 0,2 ; 0,5 ;1,0 ; 2,0 mm. cc my quang ph 2 chm tai , ngi ta cn dng thm mt cuvt so snh . Cc loi dung mi dng trong ph hng ngoi : Dung mi dng trong ph hng ngoi phi tho mn nhng nhu cu sau y :khng tc dng ln vt liu lm ca s cuvt , khng phn ng vi cht nghin cu , cn trong sut trong vng sng nht nh , ph ca cc dung mi khng trng ln vi ph ca cht nghin cu (hnh 6), phi c tinh khit cao khng ln vi tp cht . Ph nhn c trong dung dch cho ta nhng s liu quan trng v tn s v cng , v rng phn t ca cht ho tan d t hoc nhiu u b phn t dung mi bao quanh , hn na s bao quanh ny hu nh ging nhau i vi tt c cc cht ho tan trong dung

mi y . Vic ghi ph ca nhng cht khc nhau trong cng mt dung mi c th so snh trc tip c . T ph cc dung mi, ta nhn thy cc dung mi u hp th t mt vng no trong ph hng ngoi . Ta quan st ph 3 dung mi quan trng CCl4 , CS2 v CHCl3 .Dung mi CCl4 gm nhng phn t i xng cao (Td ) , trong hu ht vng ph bnh thng n hp th rt yu , duy ch c vn ph v(C-Cl) :770cm -1 l hp th kh mnh . Khi phn tch ph , s hp th ca cc lp dung mi nh nhau ( cuvt phn tch v cuvt so snh) v b b tr ln nhau , nhng cng c trng hp xut hin cc vn ph .S d chng xut hin c l do s khuych i ca my khng bnh thng hoc do thng ging no m khng c ngha vt l vt l no ht . loi tr cn tr ny ngi ta ghi ph vng ny trong CS 2 (c dy cuvt 0.5mm) v CS2 khng hp th trong vng y m c tc dng i vi cht ho tan trong dung mi ging nh CCl4 . Nh vy , nh cc i ca vn ph t nhiu tr nn tng ng . Phn t CHCl3 i xng thp hn (C3v) phn cc nhiu hn , hp th c bit mnh vi v tr ca ph . Mc d vng khng hp th c CHCl3 t hn so vi CCL4 nhng CHCl3 l mt dung mi tt nn ta c th dng nghin cu ph c bit trong cuvt c dy nh (hnh 5 ,6). C. Cht rn. Vin p kaliumbromid: Cc mu dng rn nhit bnh thng , c th c chun b theo nhiu phng php khc nhau . Bn cnh vic ho tan mu nghin cu , hoc lm nng chy 9 phng php ny t dng ) c bit thng dng phng php mu p hay vin p kaliumbromid . Ngoi ra ngi ta cn ch to cc mng hoc ngi ta c th p mu vo gia hai tm phng . Vin p t KBr c ng dng rt nhiu . ngi ta li dng tnh do ca halogenide kim loi kim p sut cao . Kaliumbromid l mt halogenide thng dng nht . V nguyn tc vin p t bt ca n l khng trong sut v gy nn tn hao tia ln trong vng hng ngoi qua vng tn sc . Nhng nu trc khi p ngi ta loi tr khng kh bng cch ht chn khng th c th c mt vin p trong sut , tt nhin theo thi gian ( lu trong khng kh th n mt dn tnh trong sut . tinh khit ca kaliumbromid c s dng l rt quan trng ch cn ln tp cht th gy ra s tn x tia sng khi i qua vin p , v nh hng n vic phn tch ph ca mu . KBr tinh khit cho ph hp th 3420cm -1 vin p dy 1mm v mt m hp th yu 1630cm -1 . KBr khng tinh khit cho nhiu m hp th ng vi cc tp cht khc nhau . Vi phng php ny , ngi ta thng trn u 1mg cht nghin cu vi 300mg kaliumbromid . Mt phng php thch hp khc ngin cu mu vt th rn l nghin nh vi miligam mu (vt rn ) v trn vi vi git parafin y hc (nuol) sau p cht va thu c gia 2 ca s ca cuvt . Nuol s gim s tn x nh sng do nhng ht rn gy ra , cn ph ca bn thn n nhn c tng i d dng v n gin bng cch b tr i ph va thu c .

 khc phc nhng kh khn do dy ca lp dung dch (khi ho tan) v do s tn x nh sng ,ngi ta lm chy cht o gia 2 ca s cuvt , sau khi ngui cht nng chy ta s thu c lp tinh th mng . Phn t trong lp ny thng c nh hng so vi chiu tia sng .

4. NG DNG
nh tnh : -Nhn danh cc hp cht nh so vi ph chun -D on cc nhm chc c trong c trong mu -Kho st cc phc , cc c ch phn ng . nh lng : -Xc nh hm lng ca cc cht cha trong mu nh cc mi hp thu c trng . S dng nh lut Beer A=abc Trong : c:hm lng ca cht hp th . b: chiu dy ca cht hp th . a: h s hp th .