ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

vukSipkfjd@vlaxfBr {ks=k osQ m|e (Informal Sector Enterprises): futh

{ks=k osQ oSls m|e ftuesa etnwjh ikus okys Jfedksa dh la[;k lkekU;r% nl ls vfkd ugha gksrhA
vn`'; enas (Invisibles)% Hkqxrku larqyu osQ pkyw [kkrs dh ensa] ftuesa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh
n`'; oLrq, ugha gksrhA vn`'; ensa eq[;r% os lsok, gksrh gSa] tSls i;ZVu] tgktjkuh vkSj ok;q
ifjogu] chek vkSj cSafdx vkfn fokh; lsok,aA bUgha esa ge fons'kksa ls migkjksa osQ vknku&nku]
ku dk futh [kkrs ij varj.k] ljdkjh vuqnku vkSj C;kt] ykHk rFkk ykHkka'k vkfn dks Hkh
lfEefyr djrs gSaA
vukj{k.k (Dereservation)% fdlh O;fDr ;k m|ksx gh lewg dks mu oLrqvksa osQ
mRiknu djus dh NwV nsuk] ftUgsa igys dksbZ fo'ks"k O;fDr ;k m|eh cuk ldrs FksA Hkkjr esa
;g eq[;r% cM+s m|ksxksa }kjk mu oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu dh vuqefr ls tqM+k gS] ftudk mRiknu
igys osQoy y?kq m|ksx gh dj ldrs FksA
voewY;u (Devaluation)% fofue; nj esa fxjkoV ftlosQ dkj.k fons'kh eqnzkvksa dh
bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa vkarfjd eqnzk dh dher de gks tkrh gaSA
volj ykxr (Opportunity Cost)% ;g fdlh dk;Z ;k ewY;eku osQ lanHkZ esa
ifjHkkf"kr dh tkrh gS vkSj vLohdkj fd, x, fodYi osQ ewY; osQ leku gksrh gSA
vkdfLed fngkM+h etnwj (Casual Wage Labourer)% vU; yksxksa osQ [ksrksa ;k
mieksa esa nSfud fngkM+h osQ fy, dke djus okyk O;fDrA
vkarfjd vFkZO;oLFkk dk ,dhdj.k (Integration of Domestic Economy)%
ljdkjh uhfr;ksa }kjk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk Lora=k O;kikj vkSj fuos'k esa o`f] ftlls fd vkarfjd
vFkZO;LFkk vU; vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ lkFk oqQ'kyrk ,oa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk lfgr tqM+ losQA
vk;kr frLFkkiku (Import Substitution): ljdkj dh vkfFkZd fodkl dh ,slh
uhfr ftlesa vk;kr dh tk jgh oLrqvksa dk LFkku ns'k dh LofufeZr oLrq,a ys yssrh gSaA bl
uhfr esa vk;kr fu;a=k.k] vk;kr 'kqYd rFkk vU; fu;a=k.kksa dks viuk;k tkrk gSA bl uhfr osQ
;s; dh kfIr osQ fy, vkarfjd m|ksxksa dks vkRefuHkZjrk dh kfIr rFkk jkstxkj laokZu osQ
fy, ksRlfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
vk;kr 'kqYd (Tariff)% vk;kr ij og dj tks fr bdkbZ ;k ewY;kuqlkj fukkZfjr gks
204

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

vk;kr 'kqYd ckkk, (Tariff Barriers): ljdkj }kjk vk;kr ij yxk, x, djA
vk;kr ykblsal (Import Licensing)% fdlh ns'k esa oLrq osQ vk;kr dh ljdkj ls
feyus okyh vuqefrA
vkfl;ku (Association of South East Asian Nations): nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
jk"Vksa dk jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd laxBuA blosQ lnL; gSa FkkbZySaM] baMksusf'k;k]
eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj] fiQfyihUl] czwuh] nk:Llykae] dacksfM;k] ykvksl] E;kaekj] fo;rukeA
mRikndrk (Productivity)% Je ;k iwth dh n{krk esa o`f ls mudh mRikndrk esa Hkh
o`f gksrh gSaA ;g 'kCn k;% Je osQ vkxr dh mRikndrk osQ lanHkZ esa ;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
mifuos'kokn (Colonialism)% ;q esa fo"k; ;k vU; fofk;ksa dk ;ksx dj fdlh nwljs
ns'k dks vius vkhu cukukA bl dkj] vius ns'k dh lhek ls ckgj Hkh vU; jk"Vksa osQ
jktuhfrd vkfFkZd thou ij fu;a=k.k dj fy;k tkrk FkkA mifuos'kokn dh lcls cM+h
fo'ks"krk vkhuLFk ns'kksa dk 'kks"k.k jgh gSA
miHkksx leqPp; (Consumption Basket)% fdlh ifjokj }kjk mi;qDr oLrqvksa&lsokvksa
dk lewg ftldk ;ksx turk osQ miHkksx osQ Lo:i dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA lkaf[;dh; laLFkku bldk fukkZj.k djrs gaSA Hkkjr esa jk"Vh; frn'kZ losZ{k.k laxBu miHkksx
leqPp; esa 19 oLrqvksa dks lfEefyr djrs gaSA os gSa% (v) vukt (c) nkysa vkSj nwk ls cuh
phtsa (l) [kk| rsy (n) lfCt;k (k) oL=k vkfnA
m|e (Enterprise)% fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg osQ LokfeRo okyk mie] tks eq[;r% fch
osQ ;s; ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu vkSj forj.k vkfn djrk gSA
tkZ n{krk C;wjks (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)% ;g ,d ljdkjh laLFkk gS
ftldk ms'; ,slh uhfr;ksa vkSj j.k uhfr;ksa dk fodkl djuk gS] ftuesa Lo&fu;eu rFkk
cktkj&flkarksa ij cy gksrk gSA ;g vFkZO;oLFkk osQ fofHkUu {ks=kdksa esa tkZ laj{k.k dks c<+kok
nsrk gS vkSj fo|qr osQ viO;; dks jksdus osQ mik; djrk gSA
,dkfkdkjh rFkk frcakdkjh O;kikj vfkfu;e (Monopolies and Restrictive
Trade Practices Act)% bl vfkfu;e dks O;kikfj;ksa dh ,dkfkdkjh rFkk vU; tufgr
ckkd O;kogkfjd fof"V;ksa dk fu;eu djus osQ fy, ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
vkSipkfjd@laxfBr {ks=k osQ fr"Bku (Formal Sector Establishments)% lHkh
lkoZtfud rFkk futh fr"Bku ftuesa nl ;k vfkd O;fDr etnwjh ij dke dj jgs gksAa
va'k@fgLls@bfDoVh (Equities)% fdlh oaQiuh dh pqdrk iwth osQ leku ewY;kkjh va'kA
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

205

buosQ kkjd gh daaiuh osQ okLrfod Lokeh ekus tkrs gaSA bUgsa daiuh esa erkfkdkj kIr gksrk
gS vkSj ;s ykHkka'k ikus osQ vfkdkjh gksrs gaSA
dj fr dj (Cascading Effect)% djksa osQ dkj.k oLrq dh dherksa esa vuqikr ls
vfkd o`fA ;s k; vusd pj.kksa esa yxus okys djksa dk ifj.kke gksrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ% mRiknu
'kqYd dh jkf'k dks oLrq dh mRiknu ykxr esa tksM+ dj ml ij fo; dj yxkukA bl dkj
mRiknu 'kqYd ij Hkh fo; dj yx tkrk gSA
f"k dk O;kolk;hdj.k (Commercialisation of Agriculture) % Lo&miHkksx
;k ikfjokfjd miHkksx ugha] cfYd eq[;r% ckkkj esa fch osQ O;kolk;hdj.k us oqQN vyx
gh :i kkj.k dj fy;k FkkA vaxsztksa us [kk| iQlyksa osQ LFkku ij udnh iQlyksa dh [ksrh dks
c<+kok nsus osQ fy, mudks mps dhersa nsuh kjaHk dj nhA mUgsa udnh iQlysa vius ns'k osQ m|ksxksa
osQ fy, dPps eky osQ :i esa pkfg, FkhaA
xSj&uohdj.kh; lalkku (Non Renewable Resources)% os kfrd lalkku
ftudk uohdj.k laHko ughaA mudk LVkWd o`gn gksrk gqvk Hkh lhfer gSA mnkgj.k] thok'e
mtkZ lalkku (rsy] dks;yk) vkSj yksgk] lhlk] ,Y;qehfu;e] ;wjsfu;e [kfut vkfnA
xSj 'kqYd ckkk, (Non-Tariff Barriers)% ljdkj }kjk vk;kr 'kqYd ls vyx yxk,
x, vk;kr frcakA buesa vk;kr osQ ifjek.k vkSj xq.kokk osQ frcak Hkh lfEefyr gksrs gSaA
?kkVs dh fok O;oLFkk (Deficit Financing)% ljdkj osQ O;; dk jktLo ls vfkd gksukA
tukafddh; lae.k (Demographic Transition)% tukafddhfon~ iQSa uksVsLVhu
}kjk 1945 esa fodflr vokkj.kkA ;g vkfFkZd fodkl ls tqM+h csgrj thou n'kkvksa osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i tUe vkSj e`R;qnjksa esa fxjkoV dh fo'ks"k o`fk;ksa dh O;k[;k djus okyh
vokkj.kk gSA uksVsLVhu us tukafddh; lae.k dh rhu voLFkkvksa dk friknu fd;k Fkk% iwoZ
vkS|ksfxd] fodkl'khy rFkk vkkqfud lektA ckn esa vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ mijkar dh voLFkk Hkh
blesa lfEefyr dj yh xbZA
tUe osQ le; thou&R;k'kk (Life expectancy at birth): tUe ds le;
fo|eku vk;q&fo'ks"k e`R;q nj ds iSVuZ ds thou Hkj fLFkj jgus ij] ml uotkr f'k'kq ds thfor
jgus dh R;k'kk (o"kks esa)A
th&8 (G-8)% vkB ns'kksa dk xqV% blesa dukMk] Qkal] teZuh] bVyh] tkiku fczVsu] mkjh
vk;jysaM] la-jk-vesfjdk] vkSj :lh egkla?k lfEefyr gaSA ;gk jkT;k;{kksa vkSj varjkZ"Vh;
vfkdkfj;ksa dk okf"kZd vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd f'k[kj lEesyu gksrk gSA ;gk vusd cSBosaQ rFkk
uhfrxr vuqlakku gksrs jgrs gaSA xqV dh v;{krk dh vofk ,d o"kZ gS tks ckjh&ckjh ls lnL;ksa
206

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

dks nku dh tkrh gSaA o"kZ 2006 dk v;{k :l gSA bl o"kZ dk f'k[kj lEesyu :l osQ lsaV
ihV~lZcxZ esa gksxkA
th&20 (G-20): fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa O;kikj vkSj f"k ls tqM+s 'uksa ij ;ku nsus osQ
fy, fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk lewgA blesa ;s ns'k lfEefyr gaS% vtsZVhuk] cksfyfo;k] czkthy]
fpyh] fopkbZy] phu] D;wok] feJ] XosVsekyk] Hkkjr] baMksusf'k;k] eSfDldksa] ukbZthfj;k]
ikfdLrku] ijkXos] fiQyhihUl] nf{k.k vQhdk] FkkbySaM] ratkfu;k] osustq,yk vkSj ftEckCosA
ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr (New Economic Policy)% Hkkjr esa o"kZ 1991 ls viukbZ tk jgh
uhfr;ksa osQ ukeA
fu;kZr&vk;kr uhfr@O;kikj uhfr (Export-Import Policy)% ljdkj dh os
vkfFkZd uhfr;k tks vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr O;kikj dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA
futh {ks=k osQ fr"Bku (Private Sector Establishment)% futh O;fDr;ksa
@lewgksa osQ LokfeRo vkSj fu;a=k.k okys fr"BkuA
uohdj.kh; lalkku (Renewable Resources)% os lalkku tks foosdiwoZd ;qDr
gksus ij kfrd f;kvksa osQ ek;e ls uohuhr gksrs jgrs gaSA ty] ou] i'kqku] eRL;
vkfn ,sls lalkku gaS fd ;fn budk vR;fkd fonksgu ugha gks] rks ;s fujarj cus jg ldrs gSaA
fu;kZr 'kqYd (Export Duties)% fdlh ns'k ls oLrqvksa osQ fu;kZr ij yxk;k x;k djA
fu;kZr laokZu (Export Promotion)% jktdh; vkSj O;kikfjd leFkZu lfgr os lHkh
uhfr;k ftUgsa ljdkj mPp vkfFkZd lao`f kIr djus vkSj vfkd fons'kh eqnzk dekus osQ ;s;
ls viukrh gSA bu uhfr;ksa ls fu;kZr ckkkvksa dks nwj fd;k tkrk gSA
fu;kstd jkstxkjnkrk (Employers)% os Lofu;kstd tks viuk dke Lo;a ;k oqQN
Hkkxhnkjksa dh lgk;rk ls pykrs gSa vkSj k;% Jfedkas dks ml m|e osQ lapkyu osQ fy, dke
ij j[krs gaSA
fu;fer os r u@ etnw j h ikus o kys Jfed (Regular Salaried/Wage
Employees)% vU; yksxksa osQ [ksrksa @ iQeks esa dke djus okys o Jfed deZpkjh ftUgsa
fu;fer :i ls osru ;k etnwjh (fngkM+h ;k le;&le; ij uohuhr vuqcakkuqlkj fu;r
Hkqxrku osQ :i esa) feyrh gSA buesa lHkh iw.kZ vkSj va'kdkfyd rFkk f'k{k.kkFkhZ deZpkjh Hkh
lfEefyr gksrs gaSA
ifjek.kkRed frcak (Quantitative Restrictions)% vkarfjd m|ksxksa osQ
laj{k.k vkSj Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ ?kkVs dks de djus osQ fy, ns'k esa vk;kr gksus okyh oLrqvksa dh
ek=kk fu;r djukA
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

207

ifjokj (Household)% lkekU;r% ,d lkFk jgus vkSj ,d jlksbZ esa Hkkstu djus okys
O;fDr;ksa dk lewgA lkekU;r% dk vFkZ gS fd buosQ esgeku ifjokj dk vax ugha gkasxsA blh
dkj buesa ls ;fn dksbZ vLFkk;h :i ls ckgj x;k gks] rks ml dh ifjokj dh lnL;rk lekIr
ugha gksxhA
ikfjokfjd Je@Jfed ifjokj osQ [ksr (Family Labour/Worker): m|ksx ;k
m|e vkfn esa udn ;k oLrq Lo:i etnwjh ikus dh bPNk osQ fcuk dke djus okyk O;fDrA
isa'ku (Pension)% lsok fuo`k Jfed dks feyus okyh ekfld fuokZg jkf'kA
fr"Bku (Establishment)% ,sls m|e ftuesa o"kZ dh vfkdka'k vofk esa ifjJfed
ikus okyk Jfed vo'; dk;Z djrk gSA
izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k (Foreign Direct Investment)% fdlh ns'k dh vkarfjd
lajpukvksa] la;=kksa vkSj laLFkkvksa esa fons'kh ifjlaifk;ksa dk fuos'kA blesa 'ks;j ckkkj esa yxh
fons'kh iwth 'kkfey ugha dh tkrhA izR;{k fons'kh fuos'k dks 'ks;j cktkj osQ ek;e ls Lons'kh
daifu;ksa esa fuos'k ls csgrj ekuk tkrk gSA izk;% ;g kkj.kk jgrh gS fd 'ks;j ckkkj esa yxk
ku rks vfLFkj gS & tks vYidkfyd l^s ckth osQ fy, vk;k gS &vkSj dHkh Hkh lekIr gks
ldrk gSA blosQ foijhr izR;{k fuos'k pkgs vPNk gks ;k cqjk] nksuksa gh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ns'k esa
dke vkrk gh jgsxkA
frO;fDr vk; (Per Capita Income)% fdlh vofk fo'ks"k esa jk"Vh; vk; vkSj
jk"Vh; tula[;k dk vuqikrA
os'k vojksk (Barriers to Entry)% os dkjd tks fdlh m|ksx esa os'k dks bPNqd
iQeksaZ dk vkxeu dfBu cuk nsrs gSaA ;s vojksk ml m|ksx esa yxh iqjkuh iQeksZa dks Hkkfor
ugha djrs] osQoy ubZ iQeksZa ij gh ykxw gksrs gaSA
lo@ ekr`Ro e`R;q nj (Maternal Mortality Rate): ;g lo dky esa ekrkvksa
dh e`R;q vkSj ltho tUeksa dk vuqikr gSA dbZ ckj ltho tUeksa osQ lkFk xHkZikr dk Hkh ;ksx
cu tkrk gSA vuqikr dh x.kuk ,d o"kZ dh vofk osQ fy, dh tkrh gSA
ctV ?kkVk (Budgetary Deficit)% ljdkj dh vk; vkSj dj jktLo }kjk mlosQ O;;
dk iwjk u gks ikukA
cgqi{kh; O;kikj lafk;k (Multilateral Trade Agreements): fdlh ns'k }kjk
nks ;k vfkd ns'kksa osQ chp oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ vknku&nku lacakh O;kikj le>kSrsA
csgrj vuqikyu (Better Compliance)% lkekU; :i ls dj Hkqxrku vkfn osQ lanHkZ
esa ;qDr ljdkjh vuqns'kksa dk ikyuA
208

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk fodkl

czawVysaM deh'ku (Brundtland Commission)% la;qDr jk"V }kjk 1983 esa fo'o
dh i;kZoj.k leL;kvksa osQ v;;u osQ fy, fu;qDr vk;ksxA blus ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj dh Fkh]
ftlesa ^kkj.kh; fodkl* dh ifjHkk"kk osQ cM+s O;kid :i ls mj.k fn, x,A
csjkstxkjh (Unemployment)% os lHkh O;fDr tks dke osQ vHkko osQ dkj.k csdkj cSBs
gSa] ij jkstxkj dk;kZy;ksa] e;LFkksa] fe=kksa] lacafk;ksa osQ ek;e ls vFkok laHkkfor jkstxkj
nkrkvksa dks vkosnu ns dj jkstxkj osQ fy, viuh miyCkrk lwfpr dj jgs gksaA bUgsa dk;Z dh
orZeku n'kkvksa vkSj pfyr ikfjJfed njksa ij dke djus osQ fy, rRij gksuk pkfg,A
Hkqxrku larqyu (Balance of Payments)% fdlh ns'k osQ o"kZ Hkj dh vofk esa 'ks"k
fo'o ls pkyw vkSj iwthxr [kkrksa ij gq, leLr ysu&nsu dk lkaf[;dh; lkjA bl [kkrs esa
vofk Hkj osQ lHkh nkkf;Roksa vkSj ifjlaifk;ksa dk C;kSjk gksrk gSA blfy, ;g lnSo larqyu
esa jgrk gSA
Hkwfe@jktLo cankscLr (Land/Revenue settlement): ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa
vxzsth 'kklu dh LFkkiuk osQ ckn muosQ 'kklu dk xBu djus osQ fy, ,d losZ{k.k fd;k
x;kA ljdkj osQ fgr dh n`f"V ls R;sd Hkw[kaM es mxk, tkus okys jktLo dk fukkZj.k djus
dk fu.kZ; fy;k x;kA ;g Hkw[kaM pkgs fdlh fdlku osQ vfkdkj esa ;k egy vFkok ^jktLo
xzke* ;k fiQj fdlh tehankj osQ vfkdkj esa jgk gksA ;g vfkdkj pkgs LokfeRokfkdkj jgk
gks ;k fiQj d"kZ.k vfkdkj gh gksA blh vfkdkj osQ vkkkj ij jktLofukkZj.k dks Hkw jktLo
O;oLFkk dk cankscLr dgk x;k gSA Hkkjr esa rhu dkj dh jktLo O;oLFkk, ykxw dh xbZ Fkha
(d) LFkk;h cankscLr ;k tehankjh O;oLFkk ([k) fdlkuksa osQ lkFk O;fDrxr vkkkj ij jktLo
fukkZj.k jS;rokM+h O;oLFkk vkSj (x) iwjs jktLo xzke ls jktLo O;oLFkk (egyokM+h
O;oLFkk)A
Hkfo"; fufk (Provident Fund)% deZpkfj;ksa osQ fgrkFkZ lapkfyr dks"k& blesa deZpkjh
vkSj jkstxkjnkrk nksuksa gh va'knku tek djrs gSaA bldk lapkyu ljdkj djrh gS rFkk bloQh
lafpr jkf'k lsokfuo`fk osQ le; deZpkjh dks ns nh tkrh gSA
e`R;q nj (Mortality Rate): ;g 'kCn ^e`R;q* ij gh vkkkfjr gSA bls o"kZ Hkj esa fr
gtkj tula[;k esa gqbZ e`R;q dh la[;kvksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g e`R;q lkekU; gks
;k jksx vkfn osQ dkj.k] nksuksa gh dkjksa dks x.kuk esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g #X.krk nj ls fHkUu
gSA #X.krk nj rks chekjh osQ dkj.k dke u dj ikuk n'kkZrh gSA
eqkLiQhfr (Inflation): lkekU; dher Lrj esa fujarj o`fA
;kstuk vk;ksx (Planning Commission)% Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk xfBr ,d laxBuA ;g
ns'k osQ lHkh lalkkuksa osQ vfkdre larqfyr vkSj ;qfDr;qDr ;ksx dh ;kstuk, cukus dk dk;Z
djrk gSA bls ns'k osQ fodkl iFk dh ojh;rk, Hkh fukkZfjr djuh gksrh gSA
ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

209

;wjksih; la?k (European Union)% ;wjksi egk}hi esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
lg;ksx c<+kus osQ ;s; ls ogk osQ 25 Lora=k ns'kksa }kjk xfBr ^egkla?k*A blosQ lnL; ns'k gaS&
vkfLV;k] csfYt;e] lkbl] pSd&x.kjkT;] gaxjh] vk;jySaM] bVyh] ykrhfo;k] fyFkqvkfu;k]
yDlseoxZ] uhnjySaM] iqrZxky] Lisu] LohMu] ;qukbVsM&fdaxMe] ekYVk] iksysaM] Lyksokfd;k
vkSj Lyksosfu;kA
jkT; fo|qr cksMZ (State Electricity Boards)% ;s jkT; 'kklu osQ ,sls vax gSa tks
fo|qr mRiknu] laogu vkSj forj.k osQ dk;Z djrs gSaA
jk"Vh; mRikn@ vk; (National Product/Income): fdlh ns'k esa mRikfnr
oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa osQ ewY;ksa vkSj fons'kksa ls kIr vk; dk ;ksxiQyA
#X.krk (Morbidity): chekj iM+us dh o`fkA ;g vLFkk;h viaxrk }kjk dke dks
nq"Hkkfor djrh gSA fujarj #X.krk varr% e`R;q dk :i Hkh kkj.k dj ldrh gSaA gekjs ns'k esa
:X.krk osQ nks eq[k dkj.k gSa] Hkh"k.k 'okl lae.k vkSj Mk;fj;kA
ogu {kerk@kkj.k {kerk (Carrying Capacity)% ,d ?kuRo fo'ks"k ij tula[;k dks
kkj.k djus dh fdlh ifjos'k dh {kerkA bldh vfkd rduhdh ifjHkk"kk bl dkj gS%
?kUkRo vkkkfjr tula[;k dk og vfkdre vkdkj] tgk igqpdj bldh o`f #d tkrh gSA
vr% ml vfkd lhek rd tula[;ka esa o`f gksrh jgrh gSA ;fn tula[;k kkj.k {kerk ls
vfkd gks tk, rks vi;kZIr LFkku] [kk| vkfn osQ dkj.k fuokZg ls tqM+h dfBukbZ;ksa osQ dkj.k
tuu f;k ckfkr gksus yxrh gSA fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh kkj.k {kerk,a ifjos'kkuqlkj fHkUu gks
ldrh gaAS vusd dkj.kksa ls le; osQ lkFk blesa ifjorZu Hkh laHko gSA ;s dkj.k gSa] [kk| lqyHkrk]
i;kZoj.k LFkku vkfnA
O;kikjh cSad (Merchant Bankers)% oaQifu;ksa dks lykg nsus] muosQ va'k vkSj ;s
.k fuxZeu dk cak djus okys cSad] fokh; laLFkku ;k fuos'k cSadA
O;fre@pwd (Default)% fu;r frfFk ij .k vkSj C;kt dk Hkqxrku ugha dj ikukA
.k ;s fdlh vrajkZ"Vh; fokh; laLFkku ls ljdkj }kjk fy, x, .k Hkh gks ldrs gaSA bl
dkj .kh dh fo'oluh;rk ;k ^lk[k* ij vkp vkrh gSA
fokh; laLFkku (Financial Institution)% cprksa osQ laxzg vkSj iz;kstu ;k vkcaVu
ls tqMs+ laLFkkuA buesa O;kolkf;d] lgdkjh vkSj fodkl cSd
a rFkk fuos'k laLFkku lfEefyr gSAa
fokh; uhfr (Fiscal Policy)% vkfFkZd xfrfofk;ksa osQ fu;eu osQ fy, djksa rFkk
ljdkjh O;; dk iz;ksxA

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fons'kh fofue; @fons'kh eqk (Foreign Exchange)% vU; ns'kksa dh eqk ;k ckM
;k vU; fokh; ifjlaifk;ksa osQ ek;e ls vk;k fons'kh fuos'kA bl dkj osQ fuos'k osQ lkFk
fdlh iQeZ osQ cak vkSj fu;a=k.k esa fuos'kd iQeks@O;fDr;ksa dk dksbZ gLr{ksi ugha gks ikrkA
fons'kh fofue; eqnzk ckkkj (Foreign Exchange Market)% ,slk ckkkj tgk
vkt dh fu;r njksa ij eqnzkvksa dh [kjhn fch gksrh gS & ij ml [kjhnh&csph xbZ ek=kk dk
okLrfod gLrkarj.k Hkfo"; dh fdlh fu;r frfFk dks gh fd;k tkrk gSA
fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k (Special Economic Zones)% ,sls HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ftuesa
fons'kh fuos'k dks c<+kok nsus osQ ;s; ls ns'k osQ lkekU; vkfFkZd dkuwuksa dks iw.kZr% ykxw ugha
fd;k tkrkA fo'ks"k :i ls cuk, x, vkfFkZd {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir gks pqosQ gSaA ;s ns'k gSa& tuoknh
phu] Hkkjr] tkMZu] iksySMa ] dtkfdLrku] fiQyhihUl :l vkfnA
fofuos'k (Disinvestment)% fdlh daiuh dh iwth osQ ,d va'k dks tku&cw> dj
cspukA bl dkj ku tqVkus osQ lkFk&lkFk ml daiuh dh fgLlsnkjh] jpuk ;k caku ;k nksuksa]
esa cnyko Hkh fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
oSkkfud rjyrk vuqikr (Statutory Liquidity Ratio)% fjtoZ cSad osQ vkns'kkuqlkj
cSadksa }kjk oqQy tekvksa vkSj lqjf{kr fufk;ksa dk rjy :i esa j[kk tkus okyk va'kA udn
tek vuqikr osQ lkFk&lkFk bl oSkkfud rjyrk vuqikr dk vuqikyu djuk cSdksa osQ fy,
vfuok;Z gksrk gSA
lgHkkfxrk (Communes)% tu lgHkkfxrk ;k phuh Hkk"kk esa jksfUeu xksax'ksA ;g phu esa
1958 ls 1985 dh vofk esa xzkeh.k 'kklu osQ rhu Lrjksa esa ls lcls mPpre Lrj FkkA bl
vofk (1982-85) esa bldk LFkku uxj 'kklu us ys fy;kA fo'kkyre lkeqnkf;d bdkb;ksa
(dE;wuksa) dk foHkktu dj mUgsa mRiknu okfgfu;ksa rFkk mRikn nyksa esa iquxZfBr dj fn;k x;kA
mu tu lgHkkfxrkvksa osQ 'kkldh;] jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd dk;Z gksrs FksA
laLFkkxr fons'kh fuos'kd (Foreign Institutional Investors): vU; ns'kksas esa
vkkkj okys cSad vkSj xSj&cSad laLFkkuA buesa fons'kh O;kolkf;d cSad] fuos'k cSad] E;qpq;y
iQaM] isa'ku dks"k tSlh fuos'kd laLFkk, lfEefyr gksrh gaSA (Li"Vr% ;s laLFkk, ns'k dh viuh
bl dkj dh laLFkkvksa ls vyx gksrh gSa)A 'ks;j] ckaM vkfn esa LVkWd ,Dlpsat osQ ek;e ls
buosQ fuos'k dk ns'k dh vkfFkZd O;kikfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij xgu Hkko iM+rk gSA
lkoZQ (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC)% nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ {ks=kh; lg;ksx la?k bl {ks=k osQ vkB ns'kksa dk la?k gSA ;s ns'k gSa%
Hkkjr] HkwVku ckaXykns'k] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku] Jhyadk vkSj viQxkfuLrkuA lkoZQ nf{k.k

ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh

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,f'k;kbZ tuleqnk;ksa dks eS=kh] fo'okl vkSj lw>cw> osQ vkkkj ij feytqy dj dk;Z djus dk
,d eap nku djrk gSA bldk ;s; lnL; ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd lkekftd fodkl dk laokZu gSA
lkekftd lqj{kk (Social Security)% o`] viaxksa] vlgk;ksa] fokokvksa vkSj cPpksa osQ
fgrkFkZ LFkkfir@lapkfyr futh vkSj lkoZtfud isa'ku laLFkk,aA buesa isa'ku] lsokuqnku] Hkfo";
fufk] ekr`Ro ykHk] LokLF; lsok vkfn lfEefyr gksrs gaSA
Lofu;ksftr (Self-Employed)% vius [ksr@ O;olk; vkfn dk Lora=k :i ls lapkyu
djus okys O;fDrA buosQ oqQN lgk;d gks ldrs gaSA dc] dgk mRiknu ;k fo; djsa vFkok
oSQls dk;Z dk laiknu djsa] bu ckrksa osQ fo"k; esa fu.kZ; dh bUgsa Lora=krk jgrh gSA budh vk;
eq[;r% vius mRiknu osQ fo; ;k ykHk ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA
fLFkjhdj.k mik; (Stabilisation Measures)% Hkqxrku 'ks"k osQ mrkj&p<+ko vkSj
mPp LiQhfr nj osQ fu;eu osQ fy, viuk, x, fokh;] jktdks"kh; rFkk ekSfd uhfrxr mik;A
lsokuqnku (Gratuity): deZpkjh osQ lsokeqDr gksus ij mls mldh lsokvksa osQ fy, fu;kskQk
ls feyus okyh ,deq'r ekukFkZ jkf'kA
LVkWd ,Dlpsat (Stock Exchange): ,slk 'ks;j ckkkj tgk ljdkjksa vkSj lkoZtfud
daifu;ksa dh frHkwfr;ksa dk ;&fo; gksrk gSA ;gk nykyksa dks daifu;ksa osQ va'ki=kksa rFkk
vU; frHkwfr;ksa osQ O;kikj dh lqfokk, miyCk jgrh gSA
'kgjhdj.k (Urbanisation)% fdlh egkuxjh; {ks=k dk lkj] 'kgjh {ks=kksa dh tula[;k
;k muosQ {ks=kiQy dk foLrkj ;k muosQ vuqikr esa le;kuqlkj o`fA blosQ frfufk&Lo:i
'kgjksa esa clh tula[;k dk vuqikr ;k bl vuqikr dh o`f nj dk ;ksx gks ldrk gSA bu
nksuksa dks gh tux.kuk fr'kr esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifjorZu vofk okf"kZd] n'kdh;
;k fiQj dksbZ vraorhZ vofk gks ldrh gSA
'ks;j ckkkj (Stock Market)% 'ks;j vkfn osQ O;kikj osQ fy, laLFkkuA
f'k'kq eqR;q nj (Infant Mortality Rate)% ,d o"kZ dh vk;q ls iwoZ gh e`r f'k'kqvksa
dh la[;k rFkk ml o"kZ esa tUesa f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k dk vuqikr xq.kk 1000A
Jfed la?k (Trade Union)% etnwjh dh njksa] ykHkksa vkSj dk;Z djus dh n'kkvksa dks
ysdj vius lnL;ksa osQ fgrksa osQ j{kkFkZ etnwjksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ laLFkkA
Jfed tula[;k vuqikr (Worker Population Ratio)% Jfedksa dh oqQy la[;k
dk ns'k dh tula[;k esa vuqikrA bls fr'kr esa vfHkO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
Je dkuwu (Labour Laws)% ljdkj }kjk Jfedksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk osQ fy, cuk, x, fu;eA
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