15

(ubiquitous computing)
()
:
, , ,
, " " (ambient intelligence).
(intuitive user
interfaces),
.
, , ,
, .

,
.

Section Break (Continuous)
(ubiquitous computing
systems)

(ambient
(Smart
intelligence)
Artifacts)
(wireless
(social
technologies)
networks)
Section Break (Continuous)


.

"" . "
" , (.. middleware), ( - artifacts).
,
, .
(acceptability)
.
, , ,
.

15.1

. ,
"" ""
. ,

(
), ""
. Mark Weiser "
", "
" (Weiser, 1993).
Mark Weiser
,
(.. Tablet PCs).
,
, . ,
(ubiquitous
computing systems), (pervasive systems),
(disappearing computer),
(global computers), (autonomic computing), .

(ambient intelligence - AmI).
;
"" (Weiser, 1993):
" ",
-

 (mainframes).
, .
" "
-
(personal computers). ,
(
),
, , ,
.
" ",
,
,
.
,

.
(mobile learning),
: (learning experiences)
"" .
:
(
),
,
(, , ).
()
(),
. 15.3
,

.

, .

15.2

()

() ,

. ,
,
,
( 15.1).

15.1 (e-gadgets)
( Disappearing Computer e-gadgets)

ISTAG (Information Society

Technologies Advisory Group) () (ISTAG,
2001),

, :
"", ,
""
,
,
(, )
,
.


:
(intelligent intuitive interfaces),
.
, .

- .
,
(ISTAG, 2001)

15.3

(
) "" .
, ,
,
, . ,
,
.

" " (smart artifacts),
(.. ) "
" ( , , ,
, , ).

" ".
, (information appliances)
D. Norman (Norman, 1999), ,

,
(
15.2). : ,

, ,
.

 15.2 :

( )

D. Norman, (affordances) "...

,

" (Norman, 1999). ,
, :
:

:

,
(..
), ,
,
.


,
,
(Kameas, 2005) .

15.4

"
" (Alcaniz, 2005).
, "" ,
().
:
:
, ,
( )
,
:
,

.
,
(,
, ), .
,
, , ,
, .

"",
(
""
).
() ,
, .

, ,
, ,

.

 , ,
,
.

,
,
,
(Kameas, 2003)

(
),

.

15.5

,
,
, .
, ,

(, , , , , , , )
.
(middleware).
1980
.

.
, , .
,
.

. ,
.

.
, ,

 ,
, , .

, ,
.
,
"" (Christopoulou, 2005).

15.1.1

.
.
:
:


, ,
,
:
,
,
,
, ,
.
:
:
, , ,
(ad-hoc )
:
(
, , ),
(..

, ),
.

:

 802.11a: 1999.
54Mbps 10 50
200 .

802.11a
(AP)
.
5.2 GHz.,
.

.
802.11b: 802.11a
1999. 11Mbps
25 75 500
. 2.4
2.4835 GHz.
802.11g: 802.11b
2003.
, .

802.11b
2.4 GHz.
Bluetooth (802.15):
.
Bluetooth
.
.
, 15
721Kbps
WiMAX (802,16): 3,5
GHz, 70 Mbit/s 50 Km
.
5 8 Km.

15.6

:
" ",

 ,

. ,
: (context awareness),
, ,
, .
.

15.1.2

(smart dust)
, ,
, ,
-
.
( mote) ,
,
, (
15.3). (
1 cm3) . ,
, -
( ).

, , , ,
, , (.. )
, .

15.3 Smart Dust Mote,

15.1.3

Gordon Moore, Intel,

(PC) ""

,
.

(Norman, 1999). ,
, ,
,
. ,

(Philips, Siemens, HP, Nokia
).
,
.
, (
, , ). ,

, . ,
- (hyper-objects hyper-text)
,
,
(Mavrommati, 2003).
, ,
:
, , ,
(
), ,
, , ,
.
.
,
.
, .
,
,
,
, .
.

15.1.4

(wearable

computers), ,
,
, , ( 15.4).
:
(always on, always accessible).
,
, , . ,

.
.
,
,
.

15.4

( MIT Media Lab)

15.7

,
. ,
,
.

15.1.5

,
" ".

, , , , , .

(..
, , ).
,
, ,
, ( 15.5).

15.5

 , ,
, ( Siemens).

:
H
.
"" , "
...".
, "",
,

.
,
.
, ,
.

,
,
,
.
-,
: ""
(, , , , ),
.
:
,
, -.
(" ,
", )
, !
, ,
-,
"" .
. ,
,

. ,

"" ;

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.
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( ,
),
( :
). ""
, , 2-3
.

.
,
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.
:

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.
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) ,
, ""
,
,
.
,
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,

" ".
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" ,

 .
,

, ,
,
.

15.1.6

. .
,
,
.

, .
:
, , ""
. ,
"" . ,
, , ,
. ,
,
"", .
, (,
) .
( ),
(,
, ).
, -
,
(,
...).
.
,
,
.
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,

: ,
,
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12
. ,
.
-,
,
!
,
.
,
,
. ; 10
.
,
. ,

( ).
,
.
(
) ,
,
.
,
, .
,
,
12 (
).
"" .
, "" (
)
12. ,
.

 12
4. ,
.

,
.
,
. ,
.
.
,
( ) ,
.
.
.
,
. ,
(
, ),
.
,
, .

.

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,
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,
.
,

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.
,
. ,

 .
,
.

,

. ,
, .
, .
,
, ,
( )
, .
:

,
. ,
(personal digital
assistants PDAs).
PDAs,
(..
, , ).

(social intelligence)
,
, ,
.

. ,

. ,
,
, ,
, , ( 15.6).
,

(.. GPS , RFID ). ,
,

 .
, .

15.6 Classroom2000
(1)
(2) (Abowd, 1999)

15.1.7

(computer-mediated communication - CMC),

,
(awareness).
(pervasive awareness systems)
.

,
(..
),
-
ad-hoc
.
,

,
,
, , .
,


(Markopoulos, 2003).

15.8

" ",
" ".
:
,

.

15.1.8

,
.
,

.

.
,

.

,
(Mavrommati,
2004):
;

;
;

;

, ,
;

 ;

;

""
, .

, ,
.

,
(.. , )
( 15.7).

15.7 " " , ""

""! ; ,
. ,
.
: ,
,
,
.
!

15.1.9

""
,
. ,
,

 . (..
)
"" (..
).
:
:
,

:
,

,

:

: ,

15.1.10
:

,
.
. " ",
,
!
,
, ,
, . ,
,
, (..
). ,
"" ,
(
).
,

 ,

!
,
""
(Palen, 2003).

15.8

Altman (privacy)
, ""
, .

(territories) ,
" " (digital territories).
" " (virtual residence),
, ,
, ,
,
, , ,
,

(Beslay, 2005).
:
,

 ,



" " (digital bubble)
,
( 15.8)

, ,

. ,
. ,
.

Weiser,
- (human-computer interaction)
"" (dramatic machines):
,
.
"",
,
.
,
.
(, , )
. ,
.

-,
: ,
, .

1. .
2. .
3.
;
4.
;

5. ;
6. ;
;
7. 5 .
8. 10 .
9. ,
.
10.
;
11. ;
.
;
12.
.
13. .
.