Power Transmission Lec 1

Insulators
Lecture No. 1
10/2/2006
Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
Insulators
L in e
F u s e c u to u t
S u rg e a rre s te r C a b le s
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Sub-transmission and Distribution line
Fuse and disconnector Distribution line 13.8 kV Distribution Cable 13.8 kV Transformer Telephone line
240/120V line Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
10/2/2006
How electricity gets to you
When electricity leaves a po wer plan t (1), its voltage is increased at a ste p-up substation (2). Next, the energ y trave ls along a transmi ssion line to the area where the p ower is neede d (3 ). Once th ere, the vo ltag e is decreased, or stepped -down, at a noth er substation (4), and a distribution power line (5) carries the electricity until it reaches a home or business (6).
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EEI, Getti ng Electri city Where Its Ne ede d, May 20 00
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Transmission Lines
Shield conductor Double circuit 69 kV line Distribution line 12.47kV
Wooden tower
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Power System
generation transmission distribution the network of electric power
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Transmission lines
Extra-high-voltage lines
Voltage: 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV Interconnection between systems
High-voltage lines
Voltage: 115 kV, 230 kV Interconnection between substations, power plants
Sub-transmission lines
Voltage: 46 kV, 69 kV Interconnection between substations and large industrial customers
Distribution lines
Voltage: 2.4 kV to 46 kV, with 15 kV being the most commonly used Supplies residential and commercial customers
High-voltage DC lines
Voltage: 120 kV to 600 kV Interconnection between regions (e.g., Oregon-California) Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif
10/2/2006
Insulators
Overhead transmission lines are supported on the towers. Since towers are at ground potential, the lines must be insulated with the tower structure. Insulators are used to insulate tower from the bare conductors.
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Ideal insulators Properties

There should not be any pores or air spaces. There should not be any impurities. There should be perfectly homogeneous material. Leakage current through insulators should be minimum. Insulators should be able to withstand overvoltage and normal working voltage. It should be mechanically strong to bear the conductor load.
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Material for Insulator

Porcelein Toughened glass Moulded material polymers Porcelein and toughned glass is used for high voltages where moulded materials are used for low voltages.
Porcelain
Should be thoroughly vitrified and glazed. Vitrification is very important because presence of pores and dirt particles reduces the di electric strength of the porcelain. Sealed in impurities reduces the dielectric strength and mechanical strenght too.
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Porcelain
Glazing is important to provide a surface which can be kept relatively fre from dirt and moisture.
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Porcelain
It should have the required electrical charecteristics as well as the strong mechanical strength because it will have to support the weight of the overhead line conductorsunder all conditions of wind and weather.
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Porcelain
Dielectric strength of the porcelain is of order of 12 to 28 kV/mm. Ultimate strength in compression is about 690 MN/sq.m And 48 MN/sq.m in tension
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Porcelain
Porcelain consists of 20% silica, 30% feldspar and 50% clay and having the dielectric strength of 120-280 kV/cm. Any impurity will reduce the dielectric strength of the insulator. It is difficult to manufacture perfectly homogenous porcelain in the thickness required and therefore, it is necessary to go for different pieces and cemented together.
Toughened glass
Toughened glass, which is normally having dielectric strength of 1200 kV/cm, is another material used for insulators. The glass is toughened to make skin more resistant to damage by chipping and arc.
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Advantages of Glass Insulators

High dielectric strength Longer life High thermal sock resistant thus reduced damage from the flashover Lower coefficient of thermal expansion Greater mechanical strength under the compression but in tension it is same as porcelain Fault can be easily seen from the naked eyes.
Disadvantages
Moistures are readily condensed on the surface. It is expensive than porcelain. Its resistance to continuous mechanical load and temperature changes is poor compared to porcelain and toughened glass.
Ratings
Insulators are rated by three voltages: working voltage (or rated voltage) puncture voltage flashover voltage.
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Working voltage
The working voltage rating is the voltage at which an insulator is designed to bear the steady state voltage stress. If the line voltage is VLL the working voltage will be
VLL / sqrt (3).
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Flashover voltage
The flashover voltage is the voltage at which flashover occurs through air surrounding the insulator
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Puncture voltage
The puncture voltage is the voltage at which the insulator breaks through between conductor and pin. It destroys the insulator. This rating is determined by applying the voltage while insulator is emerged in oil. This is done because before the puncture, there will be flashover.
Ratings
Flashover voltage is less than puncture voltage and higher than working voltage of insulators. A safety factor is defined relating the flashover and working voltages. Mathematically, it is written as Flashover voltage Safety factor = Working voltage
TYPES OF INSULATORS
There are four types of insulators which are used in overhead transmission lines:
Sackle type, Pin type, Suspension type Strain type.
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Shackle type
Sackle type insulators are normally
used in 230-440-V lines. A sackle insulator looks like a dumbly shape and is used in one unit.
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Pin type Insulator

They are used for medium voltage. Small in size. Simple construction. Low price
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Pin Type Insulator

Groove for condutor
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Pin Type Insulator

Pin bolt is used to clamp the insulator to cross arm on the pole. There should be sufficient thickness of porcelain between line conductor and the insulator pin to give a safety factor of 10 against puncture. The groove at the top of insulator is used for conductor placing. The insulator and pin must have a sufficient mechanical strength to bear the weight of conductor, wind pressure and ice loading .
Pin type Insulator

The cost of such insulators increases if the voltage rating increased. Pin type insulators are uneconomical for higher voltage. They are used upto 33 kV. Safety factor for 11 kV line is 8.2 in dry condition and 5 in wet condition. They are now availabe upto 50 kV. Repalcement is not easy.
Pin type Insulator
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String type Insulators

Also called suspension type insulator. As the voltage increases cost of pin type insulator increases so string type insulators are used. It is hung from cross-arm and carrying power conductor at the lowest extremity. It is free to swing and therefore larger cross-arm is required, than the pin type insulators.
String type Insulator
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Locking Key Insulator's Head Expansion Layer Im bedded Sand
Iron Cap Ball Socket Com pression Loading Cem ent Insulating G lass or Porcelain
Skirt Petticoats Corrosion Sleeve for DCInsulators

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Steel Pin Ball

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Suspension type Insulator

Number of Insulators per String Line Voltage 69 kV 115 kV 138 kV 230 kV 345 kV 500 kV 765 kV 46 79 810 12 18 24 3035
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Advantages of String type Insulator

Economical for voltage above 33 kV. Each insulator is designed for 11 kV and hence for any operating voltage, a string can be made. Failure of any unit can be replaced without changing the whole string.
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Advantages
Since it is allowed to swing in the air, mechanical stress at a point of attachment is reduced. Flexible in extension of voltage rating by adding more units. Since the conductors lay below the cross-arm, the line outages due to lightening strokes are reduced.
String Insulators
S h ie ld c o n d u c to r I n su lato r P h a se c o n d u c to r
T ow er
69kV L in e
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Line post-composite Insulator

(1) is the clevis ball, (2) is the socket for the clevis, (3) is the yoke plate, and (4) is the suspension clamp. (Source: Sediver)
Line post-composite Insulator

S h ie ld c o n d u c to r C o m p o s it e in s u la to r S te e l to w e r
C r o s s a r m T w o c o n d u c to r b u n d le
C o m p o s ite In s u la to r
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Hewlett type Insulator
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Strain insulators
Strain insulators are similar to suspension type insulators in shape but they are used in vertical plane rather than horizontal plane as suspension type of insulators are used. Strain insulators are used at dead ends or at anchor towers. When the tension in the conductor is very high, two or more insulators are used in parallel.
Electrical Equivalent
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VOLTAGE DISTRIBUTION
Normally, the string units are similar in shape and size, the capacitance of each unit can be taken as the same. The capacitance between metal part and structure (at the earth potential) is formed which is not negligible because the cross-arms are not longer. If the cross-arm length is long enough, the capacitance between the metal structure and the earth (tower) can be neglected.
Under this condition, the current flows in each string will be the same and the potential distribution will also be the same in each insulator. But this assumption is not true and the current in lower string is larger than the topmost string and this uneven distribution of current causes the different voltage across the string.
Let the capacitance of each unit (also called mutual capacitance) is mC and defined a ratio m as
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Let us calculate the voltage across each string (unit). In is current through capacitance between nth pin to the earth and in is current through nth string. Vn is the voltage across nth string and vn is the voltage between nth pin to the earth.
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Voltage distribution
If m=5 voltage across each unit in terms of the voltage of the top String is V2= 1.2 V1 V3= 1.64V1 V4=2.408V1 This shows that the voltage across the unit nearest to the conductor is the highest and therefore the unit near to the conductor is highly stressed and the topmost string is less utilized.
Electrical Equivalent
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String Efficiency
Normally, efficiency is defined as a ratio of output to input. However, string efficiency is a measure of utilization of material in the string. If the number of units used in the string is n, the string efficiency is defined as
String Efficiency
From this definition, if the voltage distribution is same across each unit, the string efficiency will be 100%.
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Problem
A string insulator has 4 units and each unit is having capacitance C. The pinto-earth capacitance is C/10; find the voltages across each unit of the string, and the string efficiency.
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METHODS TO IMPROVE STRING EFFICIENCY
String efficiency can be improved by the following four ways:

Increasing the value of m Grading of units Static shielding Conducting glazes
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Increasing value of m .
If the value of m is increased, which can be achieved by increasing the cross-arm length so that the capacitance between pin to earth is decreased, the voltage distribution across the unit can be improved and thus higher efficiency can be achieved. However, increasing the cross-arm length after certain value will not be economical. Mathematically, we can achieve 100% efficiency (equal voltage across each unit), .if the value of m is infinity. It is found that the value of m greater than 10 is not economical
Grading of units
Since the current in each unit is different which is not possible to eliminate, voltages across each unit can be equalized using the different capacity units. As the current in the lowest string is highest, the low-impedance unit (or high-capacitance unit) near to the conductor will improve the string efficiency. This shows that if discs are arranged in decreasing order of capacitance from bottom (near to the conductor) to top, the voltage across each unit can be equalized. In other words, if the product of a capacitive reactance to the current flowing through discs is the same, the voltage across each unit will be the same. This is possible only if the capacitance of the upper unit is less than that of the lower unit.
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Capacitance Grading
Grading of units is also called capacitance grading. This method of improving the efficiency will result in the need for large stock of different sizes of units, which outweighs the advantages of string insulators. Good results can be obtained by using insulators of one size for most of the units and larger units for the one or two adjacent to the line. In practice this method is used for very high voltage lines.
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Grading of unit
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Grading of units
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Static shielding.
In this method, current from pin to earth is equalized by injecting current from the line to the pin, as shown in Figure, so that equal current flows through the unit and therefore the voltage across each unit can be the same. This is achieved by the employment of a grading or guard ring, which usually takes the form of a large metal ring surrounding the bottom unit, and connected to the line. Due to this arrangement, capacitances between line to pin of the units are formed.
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Guard Ring
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Static Shielding
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Conducting glazes.
Since there are uneven voltages in each unit due to unsymmetrical current, each mutual capacitance (also called self-capacitances) could be shunted by a resistor of such a magnitude that the capacitance currents were swamped by the effect of the leakage current through the resistors. Then a more uniform voltage division can be obtained. This can be achieved by coating insulators with a conducting glaze. This method is practically impossible due to difficulty of producing glaze for long time.
TESTING OF INSULATORS
Three type of tests are performed on the insulators.
Flashover tests, Sample tests and routine tests.
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Flashover tests
Flashover tests are a design test made on three insulators, only to prove the correctness of the design.
50% dry impulse flashover test. Impulse withstand test. Dry flashover and dry one-minute test. Wet flashover and one-minute rain test.
Sample Tests
Sample tests are to prove the quality of manufacture and are made on 50% of the insulators supplied.
Temperature cycle test. Mechanical test . Electro-mechanical test. Puncture test. Porosity test.
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Routine tests
Routine tests are carried out on all insulators.
Electrical routine tests. Mechanical routine tests.
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Note
See the details of the test from your text book
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Impulse Ratio
Insulator must be tested under two different voltage conditions, namely impulse and power frequency, and that the required impulse withstand level is much greater than the power frequency value.
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Impulse Ratio
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Problem
A suspension type insulator is having 5 units and the value of pin-to-earth capacitance is C. Find the line-to-pin capacitances to equalize the voltage across each unit.
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Solution
The line-to-pin capacitances S\, S2, 53 and S4 as shown in Figure can be obtained by using Equation. However, here the same is calculated with basic principle. Let potential across each disc is V. The line voltage will be 5 V. Potential of point A will be V. For equal voltages across each unit, the current through each disc having same capacitance will be same. Therefore, the current through S1 will be same as current through pin-to earth capacitance. Hence
Solution
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Solution
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References
The Transmission and Distribution of Electrical Energy by H. Cotton. Power Transmission and Distribution Systems by S.M. Singh Power Transmission and Distribution by J.B Gupta
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Power Transmission Lec 1

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Insulators

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Sub-transmission and Distribution line

240/120V line Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

How electricity gets to you

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

EEI, Getti ng Electri city Where Its Ne ede d, May 20 00

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Ideal insulators Properties

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Material for Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Advantages of Glass Insulators

VLL / sqrt (3).

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Pin type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Pin Type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Pin Type Insulator

Pin type Insulator

Pin type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

String type Insulators

String type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Locking Key Insulator's Head Expansion Layer Im bedded Sand

Skirt Petticoats Corrosion Sleeve for DCInsulators

Steel Pin Ball

Suspension type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Advantages of String type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Line post-composite Insulator

Line post-composite Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Hewlett type Insulator

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

METHODS TO IMPROVE STRING EFFICIENCY

String efficiency can be improved by the following four ways:

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif

Lec# 1 Syed Abdul Rahman Kashif