UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

JOHN LIGUORI
CONSULTING ENGINEER MSEE, PE

PRESENTED TO THE IEEE LONG ISLAND CONSULTANTS NETWORK 9/6/06

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

THIS PRESENTATION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ALL INFORMATION REQUIRED, AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE USED FOR THE SPECIFICATION OR DESIGN OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES (UPS) OR UPS SYSTEMS.

UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION POWER DISTURBANCES UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES GENERAL DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES QUESTIONS

INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY? WHY USE A UPS?

PURPOSE
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION IS TO DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES AVAILABLE, WHAT THE UPS PROTECTS AGAINST, THE COMPONENTS OF A UPS, AND ISSUES REGARDING SELECTION AND SIZING. THE DIFFERENT TYPES AND CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ARE DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS WHAT THE POWER UTILITY, THE ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER, AND YOU, CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THEIR EFFECT.

WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY?

AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) IS A DEVICE THAT HAS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ENERGY THAT CAN PROVIDE POWER WHEN THE PRIMARY POWER SOURCE IS TEMPORARILY DISABLED THE SWITCHOVER TIME MUST BE SMALL ENOUGH TO NOT CAUSE A DISRUPTION IN THE OPERATION OF THE LOADS

WHY USE A UPS?

PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ONLY DEVICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGE OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINST EQUIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLY COMPUTER AND EQUIPMENT DAMAGE DATA LOSS TIME AND EXPENSE TO RECOVER BACK TO WHERE YOU WERE, IF EVEN POSSIBLE

POWER DISTURBANCES
CAUSES TYPES DURATION RESULTING PROBLEMS COMMENTS WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO WHAT THE ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER (OEM) CAN DO WHAT YOU CAN DO PROTECTIVE DEVICES

CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

STORM ACTIVITY LIGHTNING, WIND, ICE OBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH POWER LINE AND TRIPPING BREAKER TREE BRANCHES, ANIMALS, OTHER UTILITY FAULT CLEARING CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY ACCIDENTS MOTOR VEHICLE, OTHER EQUIPMENT FAILURE OVERLOADING LOAD SWITCHING NON-LINEAR LOADS POOR GROUNDING ESD

TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

INTERRUPTION SAG, UNDER VOLTAGE SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION FREQUENCY VARIATION SPIKES / TRANSIENTS
IMPULSIVE OSCILLATORY

WAVEFORM DISTORTION
DC OFFSET HARMONICS INTERHARMONICS NOTCHING NOISE

VOLTAGE IMBALANCE
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DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCES

INSTANTANEOUS MOMENTARY TEMPORARY SUSTAINED CYCLE (8 1/3 ms) OR LESS CYCLE TO 3 SEC 3 SEC TO 1 MIN GREATER THAN 1 MINUTE

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM POWER DISTURBANCES

DISRUPTIVE
EQUIPMENT DOES NOT OPERATE AS INTENDED

DISSIPATIVE
EQUIPMENT EXPERIENCES REPEATED STRESSES THAT LEAD TO FAILURE LATER FOR NO APPARENT REASON

DESTRUCTIVE
EQUIPMENT FAILS AT THE INSTANT THE DISTURBANCE OCCURS

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PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM POWER DISTURBANCES

DATA ERRORS DATA LOSS BLOWN FUSES TRIPPED BREAKERS INTERFERENCE WITH CONTROL OF LOADS OVERLOADED NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS MOTORS
HEATING SPEED VARIATION STALLING AUDIBLE NOISE VIBRATION

TRANSFORMERS
HEATING AUDIBLE NOISE VIBRATION

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POWER DISTURBANCES - COMMENTS

NOT ONLY IS MODERN EQUIPMENT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO POWER DISTURBANCES, BUT THE EQUIPMENT ITSELF GENERATES MORE DISTURBANCES ALL LOADS, FROM LARGE POWERFULL MOTORS AND INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT TO SMALL, SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, ARE CONNECTED TO THE SAME POWER GRID

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WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES
INSTALL STORM RESISTANT WIRING USE INFRA RED SCANNING TO DETECT WEAK SPOTS IN POWER LINES INSTALL REMOTE CONTROLLED RADIO SWITCHES TO RESTORE POWER QUICKLY CLEAR TREE LIMBS AWAY FROM POWER LINES

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WHAT THE OEM CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES

BUILD EQUIPMENT CONTAINING ONE OR MORE INTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES
SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES LINE FILTERS ISOLATION TRANSFORMER BATTERY OR CAPACITOR BACK UP TO INCREASE RIDE THROUGH TIME

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WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES

BUY EQUIPMENT THAT HAS INTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES
FOR EXAMPLE, BATTERY BACK UP FOR ANY APPLIANCE THAT CONTAINS A CLOCK

USE ONE OR MORE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

SURGE PROTECTORS LINE FILTERS ISOLATION TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER UPS

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PROTECTIVE DEVICES OTHER THAN UPS

SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES SPDS
PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES OF LIMITED ENERGY METAL OXIDE VARISTORS MOV DIODES GAS TUBES LCR FILTERS HYBRIDS

LINE FILTERS
FILTERS OUT HARMONICS, TRANSIENTS AND NOISE

ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
ELIMINATES DC OFFSET AND NOISE

VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER

AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS FOR UNDER AND OVER VOLTAGES CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER - CVT MOTORIZED VARIAC
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POWER DISTURBANCES AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES

POWER DISTURBANCE SURGE PROTECTOR

PROTECTIVE DEVICE OFFER PROTECTION? LINE FILTER ISOLATION VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER YES YES YES

ON-LINE UPS

INTERRUPTION SAG, UNDER VOLTAGE SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION FREQUENCY VARIATION SPIKES / TRANSIENTS IMPULSIVE OSCILLATORY DC OFFSET HARMONICS INTERHARMONICS NOTCHING NOISE YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

WAVEFORM DISTORTION

YES

VOLTAGE IMBALANCE

YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

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UPS
ARCHITECTURES WAVEFORMS INVERTER TECHNOLOGY COMPONENTS SWITCHOVER TIME ADVANTAGES / DIS-ADVANTAGES SIZING BATTERY SAFETY

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UPS ARCHITECTURES
LINE INTERACTIVE ON-LINE

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BLOCK DIAGRAM LINE INTERACTIVE UPS

AC SUPPLY BATTERY CHARGER INVERTER DC TO AC

AUTOMATIC SWITCH

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

BATTERY

AC FAIL

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BLOCK DIAGRAM ON-LINE UPS

AC SUPPLY CONVERTER AC TO DC INVERTER DC TO AC

AUTOMATIC SWITCH

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

BATTERY

INVERTER FAIL

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BLOCK DIAGRAM LAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY

AC SUPPLY CONVERTER AC TO DC CONVERTER DC TO DC

CRITICAL LOAD (DC)

BATTERY

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UPS WAVEFORMS
TRUE SINEWAVE MODIFIED SINEWAVE SQUARE WAVE

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UPS WAVEFORMS
170

TRUE SINEWAVE MODIFIED SINEWAVE SQUARE WAVE

VOLTAGE

0 0 4 8 12 16 20

TIME (ms)

-170

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INVERTER TECHNOLOGY FOR TRUE SINEWAVE

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION - PWM LINEAR AMPLIFIER RESONANT INVERTER

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BLOCK DIAGRAM PWM INVERTER

DC POWER

HIGH FREQUENCY GENERATOR

PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR

BASE / GATE DRIVE

TRANSISTOR BRIDGE

TRANSFORMER

FILTER

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

REFERENCE SINEWAVE GENERATOR COMPARISON AMPLIFIER

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BLOCK DIAGRAM LINEAR AMPLIFER INVERTER

DC POWER

SINEWAVE OSCILLATOR

TRANSFORMER OSCILLATOR AMPLIFIER

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

COMPARISON AMPLIFIER

POWER AMPLIFIER

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BLOCK DIAGRAM RESONANT INVERTER

DC POWER

SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR

SWITCH DRIVE

TRANSISTOR SWITCHES

TRANSFORMER

LC RESONANT TANK FILTER (OR FERRORESONANT)

CRITICAL LOAD (AC)

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UPS COMPONENTS
CONVERTER - AC TO DC
SPD - PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND TRANSIENTS

BATTERY
STORED ENERGY DEVICE - PROTECTS AGAINST INTERRUPTIONS

INVERTER DC TO AC
WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND INTERHARMONICS FILTER PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND NOISE VOLTAGE REGULATOR PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES AND FLUCTUATIONS

MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE

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SWITCHOVER TIME
A TYPICAL SWITCHOVER TIME
ONE QUARTER CYCLE OR LESS FOR SOME EQUIPMENT THIS IS NOT TOLERABLE

2 4 ms

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ADVANTAGES / DIS-ADVANTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT UPS ARCHITECTURES

LINE INTERACTIVE ADVANTAGES
AC TO DC CONVERTER / BATTERY CHARGER DOES NOT HAVE TO PROVIDE FULL LOAD POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER) LESS STRESS ON DC TO AC INVERTER SINCE IT RUNS AT NO LOAD UNTIL UPS SWITCHES TO BATTERY POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER)

ON-LINE ADVANTAGES
ZERO SWITCHOVER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTERY POWER ALWAYS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE MAIN LINE

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SIZING THE UPS

EQUIPMENT RATINGS FOR LOADS
OBTAIN RATINGS FROM NAMEPLATE OR SPEC SHEET ENERGY USAGE MAY BE SPECIFIED IN VOLT AMPS (VA) OR WATTS (W) AND IN VALUES THAT ARE EITHER MAXIMUM OR NOMINAL (VA) AND (W) ARE RELATED VIA THE POWER FACTOR

TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS VOLT AMP (VA) RATING TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS WATT (W) RATING

OVERSIZE / DERATE TO ADD LIFE

RUNTIME CHARTS
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UPS SIZING EXAMPLE SPREADSHEET

ITEM EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURER MODEL VOLT AMPS MAX (va) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PC MONITOR EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE 1 EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE 2 AUDIO SYSTEM PRINTER 1 PRINTER 2 CABLE MODEM LAPTOP / DOCKING STATION PHONE AND ANSWER MACHINE LAMP CLOCK TOTAL POWER MAX (w) NOTES

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BATTERY SAFETY
MAINTENANCE
INSPECT PERIODICALLY REPLACE AS NEEDED

RISKS
ACID ELECTRIC SHOCK BURN FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES) INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY PACKS

DISPOSAL
DISPOSE OF PROPERLY RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE

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GENERAL DISCUSSION
DOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION? DO YOU THINK POWER DISTURBANCES WONT HAPPEN TO YOU ? MISCELLANEOUS

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DOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION?

SOME POWER DISTURBANCES MAY EXCEED THE HANDLING CAPABILITY OF THE UPS UPS FAILURE

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DO YOU THINK POWER DISTURBANCES WONT HAPPEN TO YOU ?

POWER DISTURBANCES OCCUR FREQUENTLY, THOUGH MANY ARE SMALL AND WITHOUT CONSEQUENCE AN ON-LINE UPS CAN PROTECT AGAINST MORE SIGNIFICANT POWER DISTURBANCES WHEN THEY DO OCCUR THE COST OF NOT HAVING A UPS CAN EASILY EXCEED THE COST OF A UPS

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MISCELLANEOUS
MANY RETAIL UPS FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS ARE LINE INTERACTIVE MANUFACTURERS AND BUILDING CODES DO NOT ALLOW EXTENSION CORDS OR SURGE SUPPRESSORS TO BE USED WITH A UPS

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SUMMARY THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN SPECIFYING A UPS

POWER QUALITY
ARCHITECTURE - LINE INTERACTIVE OR ON-LINE WAVEFORM - SQUARE, MODIFIED SINE, TRUE SINE IMMUNITY TO DISTURBANCES OTHER THAN OUTAGE

RUN TIME WITH AN OUTAGE RELIABILITY AUDIBLE NOISE MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE
LOCAL / REMOTE CONTROL

INITIAL COST MAINTENANCE COST WARRANTY

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REFERENCES
IEEE STANDARD 1100-2005
RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR POWERING AND GROUNDING SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

IEEE STANDARD 1159-1995

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR MONITORING ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY

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QUESTIONS

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