,

,
.

.

( ),
,
, ,
,
.

.

:
( ) ..
, ,
.
,
,
.
: ""
. ""
, .

:
: ""
(..
15 ) , ,
(.. ).
( )
.

(.. ).
, ,
Poisson. ,
Poisson ,
.

,
Poisson 10 , =10
Poisson
. X
( ),
,
, x ( x ), :

P{X = x}=

e- x , x = 0,1,2,3,...
x!

, (=10 /
),
, 1/ (= 1/10
6 ).
:
(..
10 ,

), ,
.
,
, 1/. ,
15
, =15 /
1/= 1/15 (
1/=1/15 = 4 ).
,
t,
:

P(T t) =1e(-1/)t

.
:
(.. ,
, .).
. ,

,
(.. ).

 :
.

.
:
FIFO (First In First Out): .
LIFO (Last In First Out):
.
: .
: .

(..
, , )

. (,
) (
, ).
:
.
D. G. Kendall
A/B/s/k/N,
:

A: .
, Poisson.
G (General), D
,
(Deterministic).

B: .
A.

s: .

k: ,
. k
.

N: , .

 ,
Poisson ,

1/. ,
1/,
Poisson .
, ,
,
Poisson =20 . ,
1/ = 1/20
3 . ,
20 ,
3 .
! ,
3 ,
. ,
, ( ),
, 2 ,
. 1/=1/30
(=2 )
Poisson, =30 .
,
(steady state). ,

. , ,
,
.
,
, (transient
period, warm up period).
.

 //1

: Poisson
.
Poisson
. ,
1/. .
( ), FIFO,

.
, <.
//s

: Poisson
.
(s>1). O
,
. ,
(FIFO),

.
, <s.

/G/1

: Poisson
. . O

2

(1/) . ,
.
,
FIFO,
.
, <.
, , 1/
2

( ) .

 //1/k

: Poisson
. . O
1/,
( Poisson).
,
(FIFO),
k-1, k (
).
<.
.
//1//

: Poisson
. . O
(1/),
Poisson
. ( ),
FIFO
.

( )
, .
(.. Lq /
P0)

!
y

c u -tr a c k

.c

//1
Ls :

:

Lq:

L:
=E(n)
Wq:

=E(W)

W:
=E(T)

//s

Ls =

Ls =

Lq =

2
( )

L=

Lq =

L = Lq + Ls = Lq +

Wq =

( )

W=

L
1
1
W =
W = Wq +

Wq =

Lq

( ) s

( s 1)!( s ) 2

L = Lq + Ls = Lq +
Wq =
W=

P0

Lq

W = Wq +

29

.d o

.d o

lic

to

bu

bu

to

k
lic
C

PD

h a n g e Vi
e

XC

er

= , =
L
() .
: L=E(n)


-
13
-

O
W

F-

O
W

h a n g e Vi
e

PD

XC

er

F-

c u -tr a c k

.c

h a n g e Vi
e

O
W

XC

c u -tr a c k

N
y
bu
to
k
lic

//1 ()
P0:

P0 = 1

P0 =

Pw:

Pw =1-P0

Pn: n

Pn = P0

Pn>k:

Pn > k

1
s 1
( / ) ( / ) s

n! + s!
n =0

1
Pw =
s!

//s ()

k +1

P0
s

1 n
ns
P0 ,
n!
Pn =
1 n
n s P0 , n > s
s! s

Pn>k=1-(P0 +P1+ Pk)

30

.d o

.c

.d o

lic

to

bu

= , =
- 13
L
-
()
. :
L=E(n)

er

O
W

F-

PD

h a n g e Vi
e

XC

er

PD

F-

c u -tr a c k

.c

!
y
bu
to
k
lic

Ls :

:
( )

Ls =

Ls =

Lq =

2 2 +

Lq = L

21

L = Lq + Ls = Lq +

=E(n)

=E(W)

W:
=E(T)

Wq =
W=

Lq

Wq =

W=

W = Wq +

k +1

( k + 1)

L=
k +1
1
1

(1 Pk )
Lq = L (1 P0 )

Wq:

//1//N

Ls =

Lq:

L:

//1/k

+
Lq = N
(1 P0 )

L = Lq + (1 P0 )

( k + 1) k +1
1 k +1

Lq

(1 Pk )
L
(1 Pk )

Wq = W

Wq =

Lq

( N L)

W = Wq +

31

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.c

M/G/1

O
W

PD

c u -tr a c k

h a n g e Vi
e

C
w

.d o

lic

to

bu

O
W

= , =
- 13
-

L
()
.
: L=E(n)

XC

er

F-

h a n g e Vi
e

PD

XC

er

F-

c u -tr a c k

.c

h a n g e Vi
e

c u -tr a c k

N
y
bu
to
k
lic

P0:

P0 = 1

//1/k ()

P0 =

k +1

1
=
1 k +1

Pw =1-P0

Pn: n

Pn = P0

1
N! n

n=0 (N n)!
N

Pw =1-P0
n

Pn>k:

P0 =

Pw =1-P0

Pw:

//1//N ()

Pn > k

k +1

Pn = (P0 ) = P0 n nk

N!
n N
Pn = (P0 )
(N n)!

Pn>k=1-(P0 +P1+ Pk) n

Pn>k=1-(P0 +P1+ Pk)

0 n

32

.d o

C
w

.c

M/G/1 ()

.d o

lic

to

bu

O
W

PD

XC

er

= , =
- 13
-
L
()
.
: L=E(n)

O
W

F-

h a n g e Vi
e

PD

XC

er

F-

c u -tr a c k

.c



.
,
.
(queueing
systems).
.

FIFO
(buffer) .
R bps.
,
, . ,
.
L bits L/ R .
, R = 1 Mbps 1000
bits, 1 ms.
1 ms ,
1 ms.
T,
bit + 1 ms.
,
.

1 ms.
, 0
0,4 ms.
. , bit
1 ms. ,
.
bit 2
ms. 0,4 ms,
1,6 ms. 0,6 ms,
(0,4 ms) ,
.
(queueing delay).

.

,
. ,

 .

:
.
,
. ,

.
(interarrival
times). .
,


.

M/M/1
.
0 < 1 < 2 < 3 <
,
(first come-first served),
S1, S2, S3, .
M/M/1 :

(interarrival times) T1, T2 T1, T3 T2,

P{Tn +1 Tn t} = exp{ t}, t 0.

(1)

,
> 0. {n}
Poisson .

{Sn}
. ,
R1 ( bits), R
( bits ). ,
P{S n t} = exp{ t}, t 0.

(2)

M/M/1, M
(memoryless)
. .
1 //1
(server).
//1, xt

 t > 0, ,
(statistical equilibrium),
P{xt = n} = n (1 ), n 0, :=

< 1.

(3)

.
.

. ,
.

.
, .
, .
< , (3)

L := E{xt } = nP{xt = n} =
n =0

.
=
1

(4)

(4), .
R = 1 Mbps.
Ln,
1 := 1000 bits.
Poisson = 800 /s.
,
.
(4)
Sn = Ln / R
1 = 1 ms/. ,
L

P{S n t} = P n t = P{Ln Rt} = exp{ Rt} = exp{ t}

R

= R = 103 106 = 103.

Ln .
(4)
L = / ( ) = 800 / (1000 800) = 4 .
(4)
(average delay) . T
Little (Littles result)

L = T .

(5)


T=

(6)

//1.
Little (5)
.

(first come-first served).
, , ,

, , . ,

. ,
, .
L . , L = .
(5) = 800
/s 1 = 1 ms/.
T=

1
1
=
= 5 ms/.
1000 800

4 , ,
1 ms .
Little
,
.
.

L .
, ,
, .
, ,
. (5).

//1

.
R. N
, , .

Poisson ( )
L.

R / N.
//1
:= R(LN)1 ( ).
(6):
T=

1
.

(7)

. .
( Poisson.)
//1
RL1 = N .

1
T
= .
N N N

(8)

,
1/
.
,
.
128 kbps. 10
1000 bits.
Poisson
10 . , 128
kbps 10 ,
12,8 kbps.
, 128 kbps.
(7) , ,
= 1 /( ) = (12,8 kbps) / (1000
bits/) = 12,8 /s = 10 /s. ,
T=

1
360 ms.
12,8 10

(8) ,
, /10 36 ms.

 //1
.


. 1.
.
Poisson
.

.
1
.

. ,
(5). , i = 1, 2, 3,
i , Li,
Li =

i
.
i i

(9)

, i
i. 1, 1 = 1 + 2, 2 = 1 + 2 + 3 3 = 1
+ 3.
Little
FIFO (first in - first out) .
,
L L = ,
.
1
L = L1 + L2 + L3 = 1 + 2 + 3 .

(10)

, 1 = 2 = 3 = 1000 /s 1 = 2
= 3 = 300 /s. (9)
L1 =

1
600
=
= 1,5 .
1 1 1000 600

, L2 = 9 L3 = 1,5 . ,
(10) L = 12 , L = ,
= L/ = 12 / (900 /s) 13,3 ms.

. (
) :
T=

j
1 J

j =1 j j

(11)

, j
j j
j.
j
.
(11) :
1.
Poisson.
2.
.
, 1 , 2.


. ,
(11)

.

M/G/1

.
. ,

. ,

.
//1
Sn
.
M/G/1. M/G/1,
,
, , Poisson. G

 . 1
.

T=

1 E{Sn2 } 1 ( 2 + 2 )
+
= +
2(1 )
2(1 )

(12)

1 , = / 2
. , 2 = {(Sn 1)2}. (12)
.
,
1, 2 = 2, (12) (6).
, , 2 = 0
(1 / 2)
//1.
, Sn

P ( S n = a ) = p = 1 P ( S n = b)
p (0, 1) 0 < a < b . ,
. , 1 = pa + (1 p)b
{ S n2 } = pa2 + (1 p)b2. ,

T=

1
( pa 2 + (1 p )b 2 )
.
+
pa + (1 p )b 2[1 ( pa + (1 p )b)]

, = 300 /s, p = 0,8, a = 0,8 ms b = 10 ms,

17,4 ms.

T (12)
.

.

.

. ,
1
1 < 1,
, .
, ,
, 1. (12),


.

, .
Poisson
. ,

.
,

.


.
,

. ,
Poisson .

.

. , M/G/1
.


.

M/G/1.

, .
,

.


T = T0 +

v
E{V 2 }
2

(13)

0 M/G/1 ,
V v1
.

 , ,
(13) = 0 + / 2.
. ,
,
/ 2, ,
.
,
, (13)
. (,
{V 2} > (E{V})2 = 2, > 0 + 1 / 2.) ,

.

,
.

: .
Poisson
1 2 .

S1

S2.
. ,
,
, ,
, .

11 + W1
21 + W2 , i1 = E{S i } i = 1, 2,
2

W1 =

E{S
i =1

2
i

2(1 1 )

W2 =

E{S
i =1

2
i

2(1 1 )(1 1 2 )

(14)

i := i i1 i = 1, 2.
, 1 = 300, 2 = 10, S1 2 ms S2
20 ms. { S 22 } = 8 104 s2.
(14) W1 = 11,5 ms W2 = 57,5 ms.
(14) ,
W1 = 28,75 ms W2 =

5,75 ms.

.

2.
Poisson .
S.

.
. .
4.3.
, ,
R.
2
.
R.

. E{S} + W = 1 + W,

W=

NE{S 2 } + R[1 + N 1 ]
.
2[1 R ]

(15)

, := N1.
R < 1 , .
R ( )

W=

NE{S 2 }
,
2(1 )

 /G/1.

M/G/1
.
, ,
Little, .
R < 1 E{NS + R} < 1.

,
E{NS + R}.
1 .