NHIM C HA CHT TRONG SN XUT

Trnh by c: 1. Cch phn loi cc cht c ha hc 2. Cc nguyn nhn gy nhim c trong sn xut 3. Cc ng xm nhp, chuyn ha, o thi ca cht c 4. Cc ch s nh gi nh hng ln cht c ca sc khe 5. Nguyn tc x tr nhim c ha cht 6. Cc bin php phng chng nhim c trong sn xut

1. i cng: 1.1. nh ngha Cht c l nhng cht khi xm nhp vo c th d vi mt lng nh cng gy bin i sinh l, sinh ha, ph v th cn bng sinh hc, gy ri lon chc nng sng bnh thng dn ti trng thi bnh l ca cc c quan, h thng v ton b c th

1.2. Phn loi cc cht c ha hc - Phn loi theo trng thi vt l: cht c c th dng hi, kh, rn v lng - Phn loi theo cu trc ha hc: cht v c, cht hu c (mch thng, mch vng, cc dn xut )

- Phn loi theo tnh cht tc dng c i vi c th: + Cht c tc dng chung, gm cc nhm cht sau: . Cht kch thnh : Aldehyd, bi kim, amoniac,Sulfure, Brom, Chlore, Cyanua fosgen . Cht gy ngt: Gy ngt n thun: CO2, CH4, N2 Gy ngt ha hc: CO, anilin

. . . .

Cht Cht Cht Cht

gy gy gy gy

m v gy t: etylen,etyl ete, ceton d ng: Cyanat ung th: amin t bin gen: cht phng x

- Theo mc tc dng sinh hc: . Loi A: c tip xc vi cht c nhng khng gy nh hng ti sc khe

. Loi B: c tip xc vi cht c, c th gy tc hi cho sc khe nhng hi phc c

. Loi C: c tip xc vi cht c, c th gy bnh nhng hi phc c . Loi D: c tip xc vi cht c, gy bnh v khng hi phc c hoc cht.

-Trong gim nh v sinh thng s dng phn loi theo nhm cc cht v theo nguy him ca chng (bng phn loi 4 lp, hoc bng phn loi 6 lp). S la m c dng lm k hiu biu hin cc mc nh sau: I. V cng nguy him II. Mc nguy him cao III. Mc nguy him trung bnh

IV. t nguy him

Bng phn loi mc nguy him ca cc hp cht ha hc cng nghip

Ch s o c cht hc
- Nng gii hn cho php ca cht c trong khng kh ni lm vic (mg/m3) - Liu gy cht 50% khi gy c theo ng tiu ha (mg/kg) - Liu gy cht 50% khi gy c qua da (mg/kg) - Nng cht 50% khi gy c qua ng h hp (mg/m3) - H s kh nng c th nhim c theo ng h hp - Vng tc ng cp tnh - Vng tc ng mn tnh

Tiu chun cho cc mc nguy him I II III IV < 0,1 0,1 1,0 1,1 10,0 >10

< 15 <100

15 150 100 500

151 5000 501 2500

> 5000 > 2500

<500 > 300 < 6,0 >10

500 5000 300 30 6,0 18,0 10,0 5,0

5002 50000 > 5000 29 3 18,1 54 4,9 2,5 <3 > 54 < 2,5

1.3 Ngun gc v nguyn nhn gy nhim c ngh nghip: 1.3.1. Ngun gc:

1.3.2. Nguyn nhn:

2. ng xm nhp, chuyn ha v o thi ca cht c

2.1. ng xm nhp 2.1.1. ng h hp:

2.1.2. ng da: 1) Da v cc mng kt hp ca m 2) Cht c phn ng vi b mt da gy vim da s pht 3) Cht c xm nhp qua da kt hp vi t chc protein gy cm ng da 4) Cht c xm nhp qua da i vo mu gy nhim c C 2 ng hp thu qua da: 1. Qua t bo da 2. Qua tuyn b v cc tuyn khc

2.1.3. ng tiu ha Cht c xm nhp qua ng tiu ha t hn so vi ng h hp, da v:

1) Nhng cht c th n phi rt t

2) Tn s v mc tip xc vi chng gii hn 3) Tnh c ca cc cht c khi qua ng tiu ha thp hn

2.2. S chuyn ha cc cht c trong c th: Ba trng hp c th xy ra sau qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht c - S to thnh mt cht chuyn ha khng c hoc km c hn cht ban u - S to thnh mt cht chuyn ha c c tnh ngang vi cht ban u. - S to thnh mt cht chuyn ha c c tnh c hn cht ban u V d: S chuyn ha ru metylic to thnh aldehyd formic hoc acid formic rt c hi i vi h thn kinh, c bit i vi dy thn kinh th gic

C nhiu cch kh c khc nhau xy ra trong c th, mt s cch thng gp: s oxy ha, kh oxy, thy phn, lin hp V d: . Ru etylic c oxy ha mt phn thnh CO2 v H2O ri theo khng kh th ra cng mt lng ru etylic . Cc Nitrit (c) b oxy ha thnh Nitrat (t c) . S lin hp vi lu hunh (S), trong acid cyanhydric v cc cyanure lin hp vi S ca Thiosulfat trong thuc gii c to thnh Thiocyanat khng c v phc cht ny c thi qua nc tiu

2.3. S o thi cht c: ng tit niu l ng o thi chnh Qua rut Qua mt

3. Hnh nh lm sng ca nhim c ngh nghip 3.1. Nhim c cp tnh Nhim c cp tnh xy ra khi tip xc trong thi gian ngn vi nng cht c ln. Qu trnh nhim c thng xy ra qua cc thi k sau:

- Thi k bnh
- Thi k tin bnh l - Thi k pht bnh - Thi k bnh phc

3.2. Nhim c mn tnh 3.3. Trng thi mang cht c:

4. Cc ch s nh gi nh hng ca cht c ha hc ln sc khe 4.1. Ch s gim st mi trng lao ng Vd: Cht lng khng kh Tiu chun kh thi Cng nghip i vi bi v cc cht v c TCVN 5939 : 2005 Gii hn ti a cho php ca bi v cc cht v c trong kh thi cng nghip n v miligam trn mt khi kh thi chun (mg/Nm3)

TT

Thng s

Gi tr gii hn A B 200 50 50 10 5 1000 10 50 20 7,5 500 580

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Bi khi Bi cha silic Amoniac v cc hp cht amoni Asen v hp cht, tnh theo As Ch v hp cht, tnh theo ch CO Cl HCl Flo, HF H2S SO2 NOx, tnh theo NO2

400 50 76 20 10 1000 32 200 50 7,5 1500 1000

Ch thch: - Mt khi kh thi chun : mt mt khi kh thi 0oC v p sut tuyt i 760 mm Hg - Kh thi cng nghip trong tiu chun ny gm : kh thi do con ngi to ra t qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v v cc hot ng khc

- A: p dng cho cc nh my, c s ang hot ng

- B: p dng cho cc nh my, c s xy dng mi

V d : 1. C s sn xut dc phm, ng dc, ha m phm: kh thi : bi, SO2 , CO, NOx 2. C s sn xut giy, cao su, v xe, my ko : kh thi : Bi, SOx, H2S, CO 3. Cng nghip thc phm (ng, ch bin thy sn, ln men bia, cn, ru, ) : Bi, mi hi, H2S, SO2 NOx, CO, CO2

4.2. Ch s gim st sinh hc: - Ch s tip xc:

- Ch s tc dng sinh hc

5. Nguyn tc x tr trng hp nhim c cp tnh

5.1. Nguyn tc chung

5.2. Cc bin php c th 5.2.1. Ngn khng cho cht c xm nhp tip vo c th:

- Nu cht c xm nhp bng ng h hp

- Cht c xm nhp theo ng da, nim mc - Cht c xm nhp qua ng tiu ha: ra d dy, gy nn bng cch kch thc c hc hoc dng apomorphin (0,5 % 1ml di da)

5.2.2. Dng thuc chng c c hiu Dng thuc gii c B.A.L trong iu tr ng c Asen - B.A.L : British anti Lewisite Tn khoa hc: 2-3 Dimecaptopropanol
B.A.L + phc cht L As phc cht B.A.L As + acid lipoic

H2CSH

H H

H2CS

HC SH

As C=C Cl

HCS

AsC=CCl H H

H2COH

H2COH

B.A.L

Phc cht L-As

phc cht B.A.L As

SH

SH

Acid Lipoic

5.2.3. Nhanh chng o thi cht c ra khi c th

5.2.4. iu tr triu chng :

6. Cc bin php phng chng nhim c ha cht trong sn xut 6.1. Vi cht c bit c tnh 6.2. Cht c mi cha r c tnh 6.3. Kim tra nh k v sinh an ton trong sn xut

6.4. Khi xy ra nhim c cp tnh:

6.5. Cc bin php c th

6.5.1. Bin php k thut cng ngh 6.5.2. Bin php k thut v sinh: 6.5.3. Bin php phng h c nhn 6.5.4. Bin php y t:

6.5.5. Bin php qun l vic bo qun, s dng ha cht c cng nghip - Hon chnh h thng php lut v php quy lm c s php l cho cng tc qun l, kim tra, thanh tra v ha cht. Cn phi quy nh c th, r rng trch nhim ca nhng ngi s dng ha cht - Phi c s phn cng r rng gia cc b qun l lnh vc v b qun l chuyn ngnh - Xy dng hon chnh thng quy k thut kim nghim cc ha cht c. - Xy dng quy trnh kim tra ha cht nhp khu v vic s dng

- Xy dng cc vn bn php quy k thut v quy trnh ly mu, lu mu kim nghim, qun l v thm nh h s v gim nh ha cht - Cng c h thng trang thit b kim nghim phc v cho cng tc thanh tra, kim tra - Xy dng h thng t chc, qun l v ha cht v thanh tra chuyn ngnh, hon chnh h thng thng tin bo co, h thng qun l v gim st cc v nhim c, v tai nn, bnh ngh nghip - o to i ng cn b qun l, thanh tra, kim nghim ha cht t Trung ng n a phng - Xy dng cc d n, ti nghin cu khoa hc, y mnh hot ng hp tc quc t trong lnh vc ha cht

6.5.6. Thc hin lut v sinh an ton lao ng Trong Ngh nh ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca b lut lao ng v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng ngy 20/01/1995: Chng II. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng (t iu 2 n iu 8) quy nh: - Phi c lun chng v cc bin php bo m an ton lao ng v v sinh lao ng (ATL VSL) khi xy dng mi, m rng hoc ci to cc cng trnh, c s sn xut: a im, quy m, khong cch t cng trnh n khu dn c v cc cng trnh khc

- Nhng yu t nguy him, c hi, s c c th pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng, cc gii php phng nga, x l.
- Phi xy dng quy trnh bo m ATL VSL cho tng loi mt, thit b, vt t v ni lm vic

- Phi o lng kim tra cc yu t c hi t nht mi nm mt ln. Khi c hin tng bt thng phi kim tra v c bin php x l ngay, lp h s lu gi v theo di ng quy nh

- Phi c trang thit b, phng tin k thut, y t thch hp nh thuc, bng, bng, bng ca, mt n phng chng c, xe cp cu, phi t chc i cp cu, phi c y trang thit b bo h lao ng (TTB - BHL) ng quy cch, m bo cht lng
- Phi khm sc khe cho ngi lao ng t nht mi nm mt ln. i vi ngi lm cng vic nng nhc, c hi th t nht 6 thng mt ln Ngi lao ng phi c hng dn v ATL VSL - Vic bi dng phi ng theo s lng, c cu. Bi dng ti ch theo ca, cm tr tin thay cho bi dng bng hin vt.