CMYK

CMYK

2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

kv{Xw t\-sc -a-dn-mWv. B-c-hn ]-h-X-\n-c-bpsS

kzm-[o-\-hpw eqn, N- \-Zn-Ifp-sS km-ao]yhpw Cu {]-tZi-s k-p--am-pp. cm-Pm-\n-se {][m-\ Imjn-Ihn-f-I-sfmw Cu `mK-p-\n-p sIm-bv-sX-Sp-p-p.
ssP-km-amdn-se Un-tk-v \m-j-\ ]m-v
]-cn-n-Xn k-p-en-Xm-h--bv-v \-sm-cp D-Zm-lc-W-amWv. tZim-S-\- -n-I-fp-sSbpw Xt-i ]-nI-fp-sSbpw kz-K`q-an-bm-Wn-hnSw. hn-hn-[-bn-\w hm-epI, ]-cp-pI Fn-h-sb-bpw a--t\-Iw
sN-dpXpw h-ep-Xpam-b ]-n-I-sfbpw C-hn-sS Ip-h-cpp. C-y-bn H--I-sf [m-cm-f-am-bn Ip-h-cp-Xpw Xm a-cp-`q-an- D-sm-p- cm-Pm-\n-em-Wv.
B-chn ]-h-X-\n-c-bv-p Xm-sg-bp sImbvem-tUm-Ku \m-j-\ ]mv, k-hm-bn-bn-se
ISp-h kw-c--W-tI{w Fn-h C-hnS-s ssPh-k--n-s D-Zm-l-c-W- am-{X-am-Wv.
B-chn ]-h-X Xm-gv-hmc-s au-v A-_p Cy-bn-se G-hpw an-I- kp-J-hm-k-tI-{--fn
H-m-Wv.

A-Snm-\ hnh-c

CMYK

N-ckn-n{Xw
p-\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-n-s `m-Kam-b Imfn-`w-K C-s cm-P-m-\n-em-bn-cpp. {Zm-hnUpw B-cy-ampw ti-jw im-I-amcpw c-P]p-{Xcpw Kp-mdpIfpw Pm-p-Ifpw B-[p-\n-I cm-Pm-s\ ]-Sp-p-b-p--Xn \n-Wm-b-I -]ph-ln-p.
{In.ti. 10mw \q-m-ph-sc Kp-m-dp-I-fp-sS iam-b `-c-W-nIo-gn-em-bn-cp-p cm-P-m.
I-\q-Pv B-m-\-am-n-bm-Wv A-h `-cn-Xv.
]n-o-Sv, cm-P-ms `-c-WN{Iw c-P-]p-{X-cp-sS
i-am-b ]n-Sn-bn-e-ap. tPm-[v-]q, _n-Iv-\o, DZ-bv-]q-cn-s ]-g-b- t]cm-b ao-hm, B-hm,
sPbvq Xp-S-n-b-h kp-{][m-\ c-P-]p-{X km-{amPy--fm-bn-cpp. F-m, A-Pvao t]m-ep- Nne -e--fn ap-kvenw`-c-Whpw Cme-p \ne-\n-n-cpp. i-amb ssk-\n-I-cp-m-bn-cp- cP-]p-{X-cm-Pm--m-v ap-K A-{Ia-stmepw
sN-dp-ptXm-n-m-\mbn. _m-_-s-Xn-tc dmWm kw-K-cm-Pm-hn-s t]m-cm-w F-Sp-p]-d-tb-
H-mWv. c-P-]p-{X- hw-i-P-\m-bn-cp- sl-ap ap-K`c-Ww C-S-bv--h-km-\n-n-v U-ln-bn ln-p
km-{amPyw ]p-\
-m-]n-m i-am-b {i-aw \Sn. F-nepw A-h-km-\w A-Iv-_-dp-sS X-{-n\p- ap-n ]-cm-P-b-s-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-p. 1556 ]m\n-v bp--n-em-bn-cpp Cu ]-cm-P-bw.
a-lm-dm-W -{]-Xm-]v-kn-Mv 1576 lm-UnK-nhv A-Iv-_ N-{I-h-n-bp-sS i-am-b ]-S-bp-ambn G-p-ap-n-. {]Xm-]v kn-Mn-s i-n a-\-n-emnb A-Iv-_, c-P-]p-{X- Xmh-fw ]n-Sn--S-m-\p- {iaw D-t]-n-p ]n-n-cn-tmSn. F-nepw {_n-ojp-Im-cp-sS B-[p-\n-I bp-k-m-l--p apn c-P-]p-{Xcpw Io-g-Sn. A-h-km-\w C-y
1947 kzm-X-{yw t\-Sn-b-ti-jw `m-jm-Sn-m-\n kw-m-\- cq-]wsIm--tm cm-Pm\pw B ]-n-I-bn h-p.

X-e-m-\w: P-bv-]q
Pn-I:
33
P-\-kw-Jy: 6.85 tImSn
ap-Jy-a-{n: A-tim-Iv K-lvtemv
tem-Iv-k-`: 25
\n-b-a-k-`:
200
km--cX: 68%
A-Xn-nI:
]-Sn-m-dv ]m-In-kv-Xm
In-g-v
a-[y-{]-tZ-iv
sX-v
Kp-P-dmv
h-S-v
l-cn-bm-\, D--{]-tZ-iv

`q-an-im-kv{Xw

kw-kv-Im-cw

C-y-bn-se G-I a-cp-`q-anbm-b Xm -a-cp-`q-an-bpsS 90 i-X-am-\hpw h-cp-Xv cm-P-m-s hS-p]Sn-mdp `m-K-mWv. Cu `m-Kw Ir-jn-v tbm-Kyam- a-W{]-tZ-i-amWv. C-y 1976epw 98epw
2001epw A-Wp-]-co-Ww \-S-nb-Xv Xm -a-cp-`qan-bn-se P-bv-kmao Pn-bn-se s]m-{Im-\n-emWv.
cm-P-m-\n G-hpw Ipdhv P-\-kw-Jy-bpw P\-km-{-X-bpapXv Cu `m-K-mWv. Xm a-cp-`q-anbn-se G-hpw hen-b ]-Ww _n-m-\o BWv.
Xm-dn-se Im-em-h- A-Xn-ITn-\-amWv. Nq-Sv 48 i-Xam-\w h-sc F-p-tm X-Wp-n ITn-\- X-Wp-\p-`-h-s-Sp-p.
F-m, sX-pIn-g- cm-P-m-s `q-an-im-

cm-P-m-s DZbv]q-cn-se Kp-a \r-hpw ssPkm-ao-dn-se I-_n-en-bm \r-hpw tem-Imw-KoIm-cw X-s t\-Sn-b-h-bmWv. h-Wm-`am-b Np-hNn-{X-I-e-bv-v t]-cp-tI- \m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv cm-Pm. cm-P-m-\n-se {][m-\ B-tLm-j--fmWv tlmfn, a-I-c-kw-{Im-n, P-m--an F-n-h. a-cp`q-an-bnepw {]-tXy-Iam-b B-tLm-j--fpv. XWp-pIme-v h-Wm-`am-b h-kv-{Xw [-cn-v -B-SpIbpw ]m-Sp-Ibpw sN-pp. ]p-jv-I-dn-se ]p-jvIta-f At\-Im-bn-cw t]-sc B-I-jn-pp. H-I---bmWv Cu ta-f-bp-sS G-hpw hen-b {]-tXyIX.
tijw t]-Pv G-gn

CMYK

-y-bn-se G-I a-cp-`q-ankw-m-\am-b cm-Pm cmPys G-hpw hen-b kw-m-\w

Iq-Sn-bmWv. sIm-m-c--fp-sSbpw tIm--I-fp-sSbpw
\m-Sv Fpw Cu kw-m\-s hn-ti-jn-npp. C-y-bn ]--mb-ocm-Pv kw-hn-[m-\-w
\n-e-hnh- B-Zy- kw-m-\w F- Jym-Xn t\Snb cmP-m, 1956 \-hw-_ H-n-\m-Wv \n-ehnh-Xv.

`q-cn-`m-Khpw C-y kw-m-\-sf t]m-se

X-s cm-P-m\pw H-cp Ir-jn- tI-{oIr-X kwm-\-amWv. tKm-Xpw _m-enbpw I-cnpw ]p-Ibn-ebpw ]-cp-nbp-sam-s-bm-Wv {]-[m-\ -IrjnI. C-y-bn G-hpw Iq-Sp-X I-n-fn Dm-Zn-n-p-Xv cm-P-m-\n-emWv. P-bv-]q I-nfn \-p-sS \m-n-tmepw hf-sc ]-cn-Nn-X-am-Wv.
cm-P-m-\n-se Ir-jn-bn-S--sfmw X-s ]m-_n-se k-Xve-Pv \-Zn-bn-se A-W-s-n\nv
C-n-cm-Km-n P-e-tk-N-\-]-Xn h-gn Ir-{Xn-a- I\m-en-eq-sS In-tem-ao--tdm-fw F-n-m-Wv \-\-bvp--Xv.
cm-P-m-\n Ir-jn-b\p-_ hy-h-km-bn ap-n-p\n-p-Xv Xp-Wn-an hy-h-km-bamWv. ]men, _n-lw Pn-I h-f-sc {]ikvXamWv. tIm--sb -Np-n-n \n-ch-[n cm-k-hy-h-km-b \n-e-\n-pp. C-y-bn am--_n- Izm-dnI-fp-sS D-d-hn-Sw cm-P-m-\n-se In-j-KUpw aIv\m-d-bp-amWv. hnhn-[ \n-d--fnepw B-Ir-Xn-bnepap- \n-ch-[n Izm-dn-I C-hn-sS Im-Wm-\m-hpw. hfsc {]-i-kv-Xam-b Xm-Pv-a-l \n-an-Xv cm-P-m\n-\np sIm-p-h- am-_n D-]-tbm-Kn-m-bncpp. kna v \n-am-W-nepw cm-P-m ap-nemWv.
Ip-m-Wv a-sm-cp h-cp-am-\-amKw. D-p-]m-dIs]m-n-v D-p-m-p- \n-ch-[n ]m-d-I \-ap-nhn-sS Im-Wm-\m-hpw. C-y-bn-se G-hpw hen-b
sN-v J-\-\hpw cm-P-m-\n-emWv. C-hnS-s
tJ{Xn sN-v J-\n tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-amWv. C-h Iq-SmsX P-bv-]q B-m-\-am-bn aq-hm-bn-c-tm-fw G e-v hnhn-[ sF.Sn- I-\n-I {]-h-np-p. C-t^m-knkv, hn-t{]m, C-]m-v Xp-Snb I--\n-I-fm-Wv C-hn-sS {]-h-n-p-Xv.

CMYK

]n.Sn. ap-kv-X^

km--n-Iw

2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

hn-h-c-km-t-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS Ip-Xn-p-I-b--n

"]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fnse Im-c-W-h' ]Sn-bn-d-pp

CMYK

cmP-m

2 2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

"]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fnse Im-c-W-h'
\hm-kv Ip-n-tmSv

hn

-h-c-km-t-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS Ip-Xn-p-I-b-n "]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fnse Im-c-W-h'

sj-^p-I-fn Hmabmhp-p. -tem-Isam-p-pw ]p-kv-X-I sj-^p-I-v B-Vy-Xz-taIn-bn-cp- Cw-o-jv `m-j-bn-se X-s G--hpw ]-g-ap- hn-m-\-tIm-i-am-b F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b
{_n-m-\n- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bp-sS A-h-km-\-hm-mbn-cp-p. 244 h-j-s ]m-c--cy-ap- Cu hn-Jym-X
d-^-d-kv {K--w 2012 am-v 14Hm-sS {]n v F-Unj \n-n-b-Xm-bn {]-Jym-]n-n-cn-p-p. 32 thmfy--fm-bn sse-{_-dn-I \nd-p-\n-n-cp d-^d-kv {K---fn-se Cu A-Xn-Im-b C-\n UnPn cq-]-n am{Xw.-

N-cn-{Xw
F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b {_n-m-\n- C-tIm-]td--Uv F- kz-Im-cym-]-\w {]-kn-o-I-cn-n-cp H-cp hn-iz-hn-m-\-tIm-i-am-Wv F-ssk-tm]o-Un-b {_n-m-\n-. F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b {_n-m\n- F-m "{_n-o-jv k-h-hn-m-\-tIm-iw'
F-m-Wv. kv-tIm-v-ep-Im-cm-b tIm-fn a-Iv-^mIz, B-{Uq s_, B-In-_m-Uv tIm-_v F-n-h tN-v 1768 kv-tIm-v-en-se FUn-_-tdm-bn-em-Wv F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b {_n-m\n- {]-kn-o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n--Xv. C-{X-bpw Im-e-L-n-\n-S-bv-v {_n-m-\n- F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-bbp-sS D-S-a-m-h-Im-iw ]-eX-h-W am-dn-bn-p-v. kzn-kv
tIm-So-iz-c-\pw \-S-\p-am-b Pm-n km-{^-bm-Wv Fssk-tm-]o-Un-b {_n-m-\n- C-tIm-]-td--Uv
F- m-]-\-n-s C-tm-g-s D-S-a-. {_nm-\n- F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b F-Un-_-tdm-bn
]n-d-hn-sb-Sp-p-tm bp-ss\--Uv kv-t-v-kv Hm-^v
A-ta-cn- (bp.-F-kv.-F) D-m-bn-cp-n-. ]n-o-Sv
1901 C-Xv A-ta-cn--bn-te-p am--s-p. A-Xp {_nm-\n--bp-sS N-cn-{X-n-se a-sm-cp \m-gn-I--mbn-cp-p. A-h-km-\h-j--fn jn-m-tKmbn\n-m-Wv C-Xp {]-kn-o-I-cn-n-cp--Xv. G--hpw
B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b hn-m-\-tIm-i-am-bn I-W-m-s-Sp- {_n-m-\n--bn te-J-\- X-m-dmp--Xv s\m-t_ tP-Xm- D-s-sS-bp- AX-Xp hn-j-b--fn-se hn-Z-Kv-[-cm-Wv. 100e-[n-Iw ncw F-Un--am-cpw 4000n-e-[n-Iw ]-n-X-m-cpw
D-s-Sp--Xm-Wv {_n-m-\n--bp-sS F-Un-tm-dnb t_m-Uv. A-pe--tm-fw te-J-\--fpw
\m-ep tIm-Sn-tbm-fw hm-p-I-fpw C-Xn-ep-v. aq-p
thm-fy-hp-am-bm-Wv {_n-m-\n- 1768 A--Sn- B-cw`n--Xv. F-m, 1801-1809 Im-e-v {_n-m-\n--bpsS thm-fy--fp-sS F-w 20 B-bn. 1984 A-Xv 30
B-bpw {]nn-Mv A-h-km-\n-n- 2010 A-Xv 32 thmfy-am-bpw h-[n-n-cp-p.aq-m-a-s-bpw A-m-a-s-bpw ]-Xn-p-I-v
H-n Iq-Sp-X thm-fy--fp- A-\p-_-- Dm-bn-cp-p. Cu hn-m-\-tIm-i-n-se G--hpw
{i-t-b-am-b c-v F-Un-j-\p-I-fm-Wv 1875 ]p-dn-d-n-b H--Xm-a-Xv ]-Xn-pw 1911 {]-kn-o-I-cn ]-Xn-s\m-m-a-Xv ]-Xn-pw. C-Xn ]-mw ]-Xn-v
H--Xmw ]-Xn-n-s-bpw ]-{-m-a-s-bpw ]-Xn-aqm-a-s-bpw ]-Xn-p-I ]-Xn-s\m-m-a-s ]-Xnn-s-bpw A-\p-_---fm-bn-cp-p. te-J-\--fpsS B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-bpw sI-p-d-p-am-Wv Cu F-Un-j\p-I-sf {i-t-b-am-n-b-Xv. c-ph-jw Iq-Sptm {]-kn-o-I-cn-p- {_n-m-\n--bp-sS ]-Xn-\-

m-a-Xv F-Un-j 32 thm-fy--fn 2010em-Wv A-hkm-\-am-bn {]-kn-o-I-cn--Xv.- A-h-km-\-an-d-n-b ]Xn-\-m-a-s F-Un-j hn-m-\-tIm-i-- {][m-\-am-bpw aq-p `m-K--fm-Wv.-

ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b (micropedia)
H-p ap-X 12 h-sc-bp- thm-fy--fm-Wv ssat{Im-]o-Un-b (Ready Reference). hm-b-\-m-c-s kuI-cym-Yw sN-dp-te-J-\--fm-bm-Wp ssa-t{Im-]oUn-b-bn hn-h-c- D-sm-n-n-cn-p--Xv. Hmtcm te-J-\n-epw 750 Ip-d- hm-p-I-fm-hpw Dm-bn-cn-p-I. s]-s-v hn-h-cw Xn-c-bp--Xn-\p thn-bpw am-t{Im-]o-Un-b-v H-cp am-K-Z-in-bp-am-bmWp ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b D-]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv.-

Wv.- {_n-m-\n--bp-sS hym-]v-Xn, B-gw, D--S--nse ssh-hn-[yw F-n-h-bm-Wv a-t-sXm-cp k-h hnm-\-tIm-i-t-m-fpw CXns\ ap-n \n-p-Xv.
H-cp k-h-hn-m-\ tIm-i-am-b {_n-m-\n- I-gnbp--{X hn-j-b--sf A-Xn-s ]-cn-[n-bn D-sSp-p-p-v.
{_n-m-\n--bp-sS knw-l`-- m-K-hpw `q-an-im-kv-{Xw
(26 i-X-am-\w), Po-h-N-cn-{Xw (14 i-X-am-\w), Po-h-imkv-{X-hpw ssh-Zy-im-kv-{X-hpw (11 i-X-am-\w), km-lnXyw (7 i-X-am-\w), Du-P-X-{-hpw tPym-Xn-im-kv-{Xhpw (6 i-X-am-\w), a-Xw (5 i-X-am-\w), I-e (4 i-X-am\w), ]m-m-Xy X-z-im-kv-{Xw (4 i-X-am-\w), \n-baw (3 i-X-am-\w) F-o hn-`m-K--fm-Wv.

F-Un-j k--dn
F-Un-j

h-jw

1
2
3
4
5
5 A-\p-_-w
6
7
8
9
10 A-\p-_-w 9
11
12 A-\p-_-w 11
13 A-\p-_-w 12
14
14 ]cn-jvI-cn-Xv
15
15

1768 1771
1777 1784
17881797
18011809
1817
1816 1824
18201823
18301842
18531860
18751889
19021903
19101911
19211922
1926
19291933
1933 1973
1974 1984
1985 2010

thm-fyw
3
10
18
20
20
6
20
21
21
24
6
28
3
3
24
24
30
32

am-t{Im-]o-Un-b (Macropedia)
13 ap-X 29 h-sc-bp- 17 thm-fy--fm-Wv am-t{Im]o-Un-b (Knowledge in Depth). G--hpw ssZ-Ly-ta-dnb te-J-\- D-sm-p--Xv am-t{Im-]o-Un-bbn-em-Wv. c-p t]-Pp-- te-J-\- ap-X 310 t]Pp-I h-sc-bp--h- C-Xn-ep-sm-p-p.-

s{]m-]o-Un-b (Propedia)
Cu hn-m-\-tIm-i-n-s 30m-a-s thm-fy-amWv s{]m-]o-Un-b. C-Xn-se G--hpw {]-[m-\ `m-Kw outline of knowledge B-Wv. {_n-m-\n--bn-se te-J-\-fp-sS hn-j-b-kq-Nn-I-bpw C-Xn D-sm-p-p. am{X-a-, {_n-m-\n- hn-m-\-tIm-i-n te-J-\w
F-gp-Xp--h, D-]-tZ-i-I k-an-Xn Aw-K- F-nh-cpw A-h-sc kw-_-n-p- a-p hn-h-c--fpw
s{]m-]o-Un-b-bn-em-Wv D-sm-n-n-cn-p--Xv. amt{Im-]o-Un-b-sbp-dn-pw ssa-t{Im-]o-Un-b-sb-pdn-pw D- hn-i-Z-hn-h-c-n-\pw te-J-\--fp-sS hn-iZ-hn-h-c--fpw a-pw A-dn-bp--Xn-\pw s{]m-]o-Un-b
k-lm-bn-pw.
{_n-m-\n--bp-sS 31, 32 thm-fy- C-U-Iv-km-

j-am-bn Xp-S--bm-bn c-ph-j-n-sem-cn-

{]n v sN-bv-Xn-cp- {_n-m-\n- C-\n ]p-kv-X-I-cq-]n {]n- v sN-n-. C-\n- ap-X hn-h-c- tX-Sp-h-v {_n-m-\n--bp-sS `o-a thm-fy--fn-se s\Sp- te-J-\- ]-c-Xn ap-jn-tb--Xp-an-. \n-an-j-p-n B-h-iy-ap- hn-h-c- h-f-sc Ir-Xyam-bn hm-b-\-m-c-s hn-c-p-n-se-pwhn-[w
Hm-sse--Un-Pn- F-Un-j-\n-te-v {_n-m-\n-
F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b am-dn--gn-p.
{]n v F-Un-j Xp-S-cp-tm- X-s 1970em-Wp
{_n-m-\n--bp-sS Un-Pn- cq-]w B-Zy-am-bn ]p-d-nd-n-b-Xv. Iw-]yq--dp-I-fn-se kn-Un/Un-hn- ss{U-hp-Ifn C-tk-v sN-bv-Xv hn-h-c- Nn-I-bm-hp- knUn/Un-hn-Un cq-]-n-em-bn-cp-p {_n-m-\n--bp-sS
B-Zy Un-Pn- cq-]w. 1981Hm-sS I-w-]yq--dp-I-fn Cm sN-m-hp- tkm-^v-v-sh-b-dp-I-fm-bn C-Xn-\v -cq]-am-w kw-`-hn-p. Cu tkm-^v-v-sh-b-dp-I-fn\n-v
B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww hn-h-c- Xn-c-bm-\pw B-h-iyam-b-h {]n v sN-p-I-tbm tk-hv sN-p-I-tbm sN-m\pw km-[y-am-bn-cp-p. ]n-o-Sv Hm-sse- Un-Pn-
I-p-I-fp-sS {]m-[m-\yw h-[n--tXm-sS 1994 {_nm-\n- F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b-bp-sS C-s\-v cq-]w
]p-d-n-d-n. C-Xn-s h-cn-m-cm-hp--h-v http://www.britannica.com F- A-{U-n tem-I-ns G-Xp `m-K-p\n-pw kzoI-cn-m sN-m km[n-pw. A-Uzm-kv-Uv sk-n-Mv kw-hn-[m-\w D-]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p- Cu sh-_v-ssk-v h-f-sc th-Kn Ir-Xy-am-b hn-h-c--fn-te-v F-m km-[npw. Hm-tcm te-J-\-ns\m--hpw A-Xp-am-bn _-s- C-ta-Pv, ho-Un-tbm, Hm-Un-tbm ^-b-ep-I-fn-te-p kq-N-\-I-fp-ap-m-hpw. A-Xn-\p ]p-d-sa D-]-t`mm-hn-\v Cu te-J-\--fp-sS k-dn tkm-jy s\v-h-n-Mv ssk-p-I-fn-te-v sj-b sN-mw. sh-_vssk-n-se te-J-\- hm-b-\-m-c-s B-h-iym-Yw {]n v sN-p-I-tbm tk-hv sN-bv-Xp kq-n-p-Itbm B-hmw. te-J-\--fp-am-bn _--s- hm-b-\-

sa-cn-bmw-sh-_v- \n-L-p-hpw Cu ssk-n e`y-am-Wv . Cu sh-_v-ssk-n-\n-v 1395 tUm-f (GXm-v 65,000 cq-]) hn-e-bv-v 32 thm-fy-ap- {_n-m-\n-bp-sS H-cp sk-v e-`n-pw. 32 thm-fy-ap- {_n-m-\n-bp-sS {]n v F-Un-j-\v 45,000 cq-]-bm-bn-cp-p hn-e.
{]n v F-Un-j-\n ]p-Xn-b ]-Xn-p-I-fn-d-p--Xv sNe-th-dn-b-Xm-bXn-\m ]-e-tm-gpw hn-h-c- A-]vtU-v sN-bv-Xp ]p-Xn-b ]-Xn-n-d-m h-en-b C-S-th-fbp-m-hpw. F-m, H-cp Hm-sse hn-m-\tIm-i-s Xp-S--bm-bn A-]v-tU-v sN-m-\m-hpw F-XpsIm-v D-]-t`m-m-hn-\v F-tm-gpw h-f-sc IrXy-am-b hn-h-c--fm-Wp e-`n-p-I F- {]-tXy-I-Xbpw C-Xn-\p-v. ipod, iphone-\p-I-fn-epw {_n-m-\n--bpsS Hm-sse cq-]w e-`y-am-hpw. "B-kv-Iv- an
\u'(Askme now)F- sam-ss_ t^m sk-v I-\n-bp-am-bn k-l-I-cn-v sam-ss_ hn-m-\-tImi-hpw hn-I-kn-n-p-p-v. D-]-t`m-m-hv sN-dp-kt-i-am-bn A-b-p- kw-i-b--v D--c-hpw sNdp k-t-i--fm-bn X-s e-`y-am-hpw F--Xm-Wn-Xns {]-tXy-I-X.

A-hm-Up-I

m-c-s A-`n-{]m-b--fpw \n-tZ-i--fpw tc-J-s-Spm-\p- kw-hn-[m-\-hpw {_n-m-\n- H-cp-n-bn-pv. C-Xn-\p- ]p-d-sa Hm-tcm Zn-h-k-hpw A--s {]-k-am-b hn-j-b--fpw A-]v-tU-j-\p-I-fpw Hm-tcm D-]t`m-m-hn\pw F-n-psIm-Sp-pw. F-ssk-tm]o-Un-b {_n-m-\n- C-tIm-]-td--Uv {]-kn-o-I-cn-

Collective names of animals

{_n-m-\n- a-e-bm-f-n

V. P Natraj

A Dule of Doves

A Band of Gorillas

-cpIq-w ]-n-Isftbm
ar-K-sftbm ]-cm-ain-p-tm {i-n-t- {]tbm-K--fm-Wv C-h. `m-jm-]c-ambn Collective names\v \
{]m-[m\yw I-n--s-Spp.

Easy
English

A Clutch of Eggs

{_n-m-\n- Un-Pn- cq-]-n

Hm-sse -Un-Pn- hn-h-c-ti-J-c--fp-sS {]m[m-\yw h-[n-p--Xv I-W-n-se-Sp-p {_n-m-\n F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b-bpw am---p hn-t[-bam-hm \n-_-n-X-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. I-gn- 244 h--

(A-\--c-^-ew)
''The Aftermath of Tsunami was
terrible''

A Brood of Hens

13) Asylum - Shelter

(A-`-b-tI-{w)
''That night, I sought asylum in a
car shelter''
14) Auxiliary- Supplementary

(k-l-I-m-cn-bmb)
7) Annul - Make null and void

A Leap of Leopards

(d-p-sN-p-I)

''He kept an auxiliary set of keys in

his suitcase''

''The pact was later annulled''

Vocabulary
(]qWX)
A Litter of Pigs
A Swarm of Rats
A Muster of Peacocks
A Company of Parrots

An Army of Ants

'' A Rolls Royce is considered the

acme of automobile excellence''
2) Adamant - not relenting

(imTy-ap)

A Sleuth of Bears
A Swarm of Bees

3) Adnauseam

(a-Sp-v D-f-hm-p)

A Herd of Buffalo

''At the dedication dinner, speeches

went on Adnauseam ''

A Kine of Cows
A Knots of Toads
A Bale of Turtles

4) Affiance - To promise in marriage

A Herd of Rhinos

(hnhm-l\n-bw sNp-I)

A Nest of Snakes
A Troop of Monkeys
A Skulk of Foxes

8) Apropos -Suited to time and

place (k--`m-\p-k-cWw)
''Apropos the current political situation''
9) Arcane - Secret hidden

'' They urged John to remain in office

but he was adamant''

A Culture of Bacteria

A Pack of Dogs

a-\p-jy-s A-dn-hn-s\ Np-cp-n--d-v P-\-Io-b

_-lp-a-Xn t\-Sn-b Cu "]p-kv-X-I-im-e-I-fp-sS Im-c-Wh' [m-cm-fw A-hm-Up-I-fpw t\-Sn-bn-p-v. {_n-m-\n-bp-sS kn-Un/Un-hn-Un-v 2004-se A-tkm-kn-tbj Hm-^v F-Pyq-t-j-\ ]-n-tj-gv-kn-s A-ohv-sa v A-hm-Upw 2001-se-bpw 2002-se-bpw tIm-Un
(Codie)A-hm-Up-I-fpw e-`n-n-cp-p. tkm-^v-v-sh-b
B v C-^-ta-j C-U-kv-{Sn A-tkm-kn-tbj h-jm-h-jw tkm-^v-v-sh-b-dn-se hn-hn-[ hn-`mK--fn-se an-I--h-bv-p \-Ip- A-hm-Um-Wv
tIm-Un A-hm-Uv. an-I- Hm-sse D-]-t`m-r hnh-ctk-h-\-n-\p- tIm-Un (codie) A-hm-Uv 2005
Hm-sse {_n-m-\n--bv-p e-`n-n-cp-p.-

6) Albeit- (F-nepw)
''She tried Albeit in Vain''

1) ACME - highest point

C-y {]m-tZ-in-I`m-j-I-fn B-Zy-am-bn {_n-m\n- F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b hn-h--\w sN-bv-X-Xv

a-e-bm-f-n-te-m-bn-cp-p. aq-p thm-fy--fm-bn ae-bm-f-n-se {]-ap-J ]p-kv-X-I-{]-km-[-I-cm-b Un.kn _p-Iv-km-Wv C-Xn-s {]-kn-o-I-c-Ww \-S-nbn-cn-p--Xv. Xn-c-s-Sp- 28,000 hn-j-b--sfp-dn-p- hn-i-Zmw-i- D-s-Sp-n-bn-p-
Cu a-e-bm-fw F-Un-j-\n 10,000 hn-j-b--fpw tIc-f-s-p-dn-pw C-y-sb-p-dn-p-ap--Xm-Wv. Fm, h-f-sc-tb-sd hn-a-i-\- t\-cn-tS-n-h-
Cu a-e-bm-fw F-Un-j-\v sX-p-I-fp-sS B-[n-Iyw aqew tIm--bw D-]-t`m-r tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS \n-tcm-[-\s-bpw t\-cn-tS-nh-n-cp-p. C-tXm-sS a-e-bm-fw
F-Un-j-\pw {]-kn-o-I-c-Ww A-h-km-\n-n-p-Ibm-bn-cp-p.-

''Ramu is affianced to the girl he had

known since childhood''

16) Audacious - Bold

([n-m-c-ap)
''His audacious behavior offended the visitors''

(\n-Kq-V-am-b)
''The origin of rain was arcane to
early Indians''

17) Assuage -To make less harsh

(eLq-I-cn-pI)
''Time will assuage her grief''

10) Arduous- hard

'' Davids arduous efforts has finally delivered''

18) Aspersion - A false remark

(A-[n-t]w)
''Dont cast aspersion on her name''

11) Arrears -being in debt (_mn)

'' He was in arrears with his payments on the car''

19) Ascribe -Assign

''I can ascribe no motive for his
deeds''

12) Assail - to assault

(A-k-ly-s-Sp-pI)
''Doubts assailed him''

5) Aftermath - Result

15) Azure- Sky blue

''Azure sky indicates good weather''

20) Affluence -Abundant wealth

(k-arn)
''Ganga is an affluent river''

CMYK

CMYK

4 2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

hn-fm--gw

am-

im-kv-{X-ob\m-aw : Limonia acidissima

Ip-Spw-_w:
Rutaceae
C-tm-\o-ky-bm-Wv C-Xn-s P-tZ-iw. Iq-h-f-tm-Sp km-Zr-iy-ap-,
ap-p-I-fp- C-h Ip-n-s-Sn-bm-bpw ac-am-bpw h-f-cp--h-bm-Wv. C-h-bp-sS
Im-b-v Hm-d-n-t\m-fw h-ep--ap-v.
X-an-gv-\m-Sv, B-{, I-Wm-S-I F-nhn-S--fn tXm--w A-Sn-m-\-n
h-f-p- C-h hn-f-m-bv F-pw Adn-b-s-Sp-p.

im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw: Mangifera indica

Ip-Spw-_w:
Anacardiaceae
]-g--fn-se cm-Pm-hm-Wp am-. am-I-fn-se X-s G--hpw {]-kn--amb-Xp In-Mv A-t^m-tkm am--g-amWv. G-jy cm-Py--fn-em-Wp am-hv
km-[m-c-W-bm-bn Im-W-s-Sp--Xv. Cy-bn-em-Wp tem-I-v G--hpw Iq-SpX am-hv Ir-jn -sN-p--Xv. tem-I-nse DjvW-D]taJem Im-em-h-bp an cmPyfnepw C-v amhvIrjn sNppv. C-y-bp-sS tZ-iob^-e-am-Wp am-. am--bp-sS ]p-dwtXm-Sv \m-cp-I- \n-d--Xm-Wv. C-Xn-\v
12 an.-ao. I-\w D-m-bn-cn-pw. ]-gp-
am--bp-sS \n-dw a-- I-e- ]-bpw Np-h-p-I-e- Hm-d-p-am-Wv. Cu
\n-d- C-\-n-\-\p-k-cn-p hy-Xymk-s-n-cn-pw. Iq-Sp-X \n-dw e-`n-p-Xv sh-bn sIm-p--n-S-pw \n-dw
Ip-d-hv X-W-te-p- `m-K-p-am-bncn-pw. am--bp-sS amw-k-f-am-b `m-Kn-\p-n-em-bn Ip-cp Im-W-s-Sp-p.
A-n ]-c-v X-In-Sv cq-]-n-em-Wp ImWp-I. C-Xn-s\ (Endocarp) kv-tm Fm-Wp ]-d-bp--Xv.
Bbp-thZ {K-amb NcIkwlnXbnepw kp-{ipXkwlnXbnepw amhns Hu-j[KpWsn {]-Xn]mZnn-cnp-p.

sN-dn
imkv{Xob \maw: Prunus avium
Ip-Spw-_w:
Rosaceae
amw-k-f-am-b H-cp ^-e-am-Wp sN-dn.
ImTn-\y-ap- H-cp hn-v am-{X-ta C-Xnep-q. CXn-s ]p-dwtXm-Sn-\v ISpwNphpw {_uWpw I-e \n-d-amWv.sNdn F hmv hXv {^v
]Zamb sksdkv F ]Zn
\nmWv-.

X-m-fn
im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw: Solanum lycopersicum
Ip-Spw-_w:
Solanaceae
X-m-fn b-Ym-Y-n H-cp ]-g-amWv. tem-I-p km-[m-c-W-m-c-\p -Xm-

]gh-K

p-I-fpw A-h-sb s]m-Xn-n-cn-p amw-k-f-`m-K-n-s\m-w Xn-mw. hnp-I-fn [m-cm-fw sIm-gp-p-v.

hn-hn-[-bn-\w hm-g-I: I-Z-fn, sN-Z-fn, tX-m-fn, ]-S-n, sam- I-,

Iq-n-m--, I-q-c-h-n, ]m-fbw-tIm-S, ]q-h, sN-q-h, Rm-enq-h, a-e-q-h, ssa-kq, Nm-c-, t\-{, (G-), s\-Sp-t\{, tdm-_-m-kv, (]- Nn-), Gd-\m-S hm-g.-

p.- ]-ss F- t{]m-n-b-kv- Fssk-an-\m k-ar--am-Wv- ]- ]-mb. t{i-jvT-am-b Bn Hm-Iv-ko-I-cWKp-W-m tcm-K-{]-Xn-tcm-[-tijn th--hn-[w \n-e-\n-m-\pw I-cfn-s {]-h--\w Xz-cnX-s-Sp-m\pw I-gn-hp--Xm-sW-v I-s-n-bnp-v . t]m-fn-Iv B-kn-Up-I,-B
-
- tem-bn-Up-I, ss-tm-kv-s-UpI, ssh--an k
--- n, ssh--an- F, C-cpv, Im-kyw, X-bm-an, \n-bm-kn,
s]m-m-kyw ap-X-em-b-h-bpw ]-m-bbn Iq-Sp-X A-S-n-bn-cn-p-p.-

ap-kw-_n

Hm-d-v
imkv{Xob \maw:Citrus sinensis
Ip-Spw-_w:
Rutaceae
kn-{S-kv h-K-n-s- H-cp k-kyhpw A-Xn-s ^-e-hp-am-Wv Hm-d-v AY-hm a-[p-c-\m-c-. s]m-an-sem, Sm Kdo F-o k-ky--fp-sS k--c-am-Wv
Hm-d-v F-p I-cp-X-s-Sp-p. 10 ao-
h-sc D-b-c-n h-f-cp- Cu \n-Xy-lcn-X k-ky-n-s C-e-I-p \m-ep
ap-X 10 sk.-ao. h-sc \o-f-ap-m-hpw.
^-e-n-s sXm-en-bp-sS \n-d-n\nm-Wv Hm-d-v F- t]-cp e-`n--Xv.
sX-p In-g- G-jy-bn-em-Wv C-Xns D-Zv-`-hw.

km-tm
im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw: Sandoricum koetjape
Ip-Spw-_w:
Meliaceae
H-cp \n-Xy-l-cn-Xhr--am-Wp kmtm. C-e-I-p a-n-b ]--\n-d-amWv. th-\-m-e-m-Wp ]q-p--Xv.
im-J-I-fn sN-dp-Ip-e-I-fm-bn ]q-
hn-cn-bp-p. ]q--v C-fwa- \n-dam-Wv. H-cp Ip-e-bn aq-pw \m-epw Imbv-I ho-Xw D-m-hm-dp-v. Pq-ssebn Im-bv ]-gp-pXp-S-pw. ]-g-n-s
D-n-se A-n-bm-Wv `--W-tbm-Ky-amb-Xv. a--\n-d-n-ep- ]-g-n-\p \ a-[p-c-am-Wv.

im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw: Citrus paradisi

Ip-Spw-_w:
Rutaceae
C-y-bn h-f-sc-tb-sd {]-Nm-c-ap H-cp ]-g-h-K k-ky-am-Wv ap-kw-_n.
Zm-l-i-a-\n-m-bp- Pyq-kp-I-fp-mm-\m-Wv C-Xp km-[m-c-W-bm-bn D-]tbm-Kn-p--Xv. C-Xn-\v ]p-fn-bpw N-hpw tN- cp-Nn-bm-W.v Cu ]-g-ns ]p-dw Np-h-v I-e- a--bm-Wv.
A-I-m-v Np-h--Xpw sh-fp--Xp-amb C-\--fp-v. i-cm-i-cn H-cp Hm-d-ns h-ep-ap-m-hpw ap-kw-_n \m-c-bvv. C-Xn ssh--an kn [m-cm-f-ambn A-S-n-bn-cn-p-p. ap-kw-_n-bp-sS
D-]-tbm-Kw sIm-f-kv-t{Sm Ip-d-bvm k-lm-bn-p-p.

hm-g--gw

kq-cn-\mw sN-dn

{Um-K]gw/]nXmb

im-kv-{X-\m-aw : Eugenia uniflora

Ip-Spw-_w:
Myrtaceae
Z-n-tW-y sN-dn, {_-ko-en-b
sN-dn F-o t]-cp-I-fn A-dn-b-s-Sp-Xpw Nm--bp-sS _-p-hp-am-b H-cp
k-ky-am-Wv- kq-cn-\mw sN-dn. kq-cn-\mw,
K-bm-\ F-o {]-tZ-i--fn D-m-bncp- Cu k-kyw t]m-p-Ko-kp-Im-cmWv- Cybn F-n--Xv. Cu sN-dn-bpsS Im-b-Iv ]p-fn-s\-n--tbm-Sv
kmZr-iyapv. ]--m-b-I hn-fp ]-gp-p-tm Np-h- Xn-f--ap \n-d-n Im-W-s-Sp-p. ]-g-ns sXm-en-v Xo-sc I-\w Ip-d-hm-Wv-.
]-g-n-s D-h-iw t\-cn-b ]p-fn-bpw a[p-c-hpw I-e- kzm-Zm-Wp--Xv. kh-km-[m-c-W-am-bn Im-W-s-Sp- Xn-fp- Np-h-v \n-d-ap--Xpw I-cnw-Np-hv \n-d-ap--Xpw a-[p-cw Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-b
c-n-\w kq-cn-\mw sN-dn-I-fp-v.

im-kv-{X-\m-aw: Hylocereus undatus

Ip-Spw-_w:
Cactaceae
I-n-s-Sn h-K-ns H-cp-Iqw k-ky--fp-sS ^-e--p-
s]m-Xp-\m-a-am-Wv {Um-K ]-gw A-sn ]n-Xm-b. ssl-tem-ko-d-kv P-\pns- a-[p-c-n-Xm-b B-Wv Chbn {]-[m-\w. ku-ay-cp-Nn-bm-Wv
{Um-K ]-g-n-\p--Xv.-]-gw Xnm D-n-ep- amw-k-f-`m-Kw Im-Wm\m-hpwhn-[w A-Xn-s\ \-Sp-sh sh-n-apdn-p-I-bm-Wp sN-m-dv. am-X-f\m-c-In-s A-tX \n-d-n ]p-d-sa {UmK-s\tm-se i---fp- ]-gw ap-dnpI-gn-m D-n \- sh- \n-dam-Wv. I-dp- X-cn-X-cn-p- hn-pI A-S-p- D-`m-Kw In-hn--g-s
A-\p-kv-a-cn-n-p--Xm-Wv. amw-k-f-`mKw ]--bvp Xn-mw. C-fw a-[p-c-ap-Xpw I-tem-dn Ip-d--Xp-am-W-Xv. hn-

im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw:Musa acuminata
Ip-Spw-_w:
Musaceae
`-y-tbm-Ky-am-b ^-ew X-cp--Xpw
km-[m-c-W-bm-bn I-p-h-cp--Xp-am-b
H-cp k-ky-am-Wp hm-g. hm-g-bp-sS F-m
-`m-K--fpw D-]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-Wv. hm-gbp-sS ]m-I-am-hm- ]-\n-d-n ImW-s-Sp- ^-ew Im-bv F-pw ]-gp-v
a--\n-d-n Im-Wp- ^-ew ]-gw
F-pw km-[m-c-W A-dn-b-s-Sp-p.
sX-pIn-g- G-jy-bm-Wv hm-g-bpsS P-a-tZ-iw. D-jv-W-ta-J-em {]-tZ-i-fn [m-cm-fw hm-g Ir-jn sN-bv-Xp-hcp-p. hm-g-bp-sS ]m-I-am-b ^-e-s
hm-g--gw F-p hn-fn-p-p. km-[m-cW-bm-bn a-\n-d-n-ep- B-h-cW-am-b hm-g-sm-en-bm s]m-Xnm-Wv Im-W-s-Sp--Xv. Nn-e-bn-\-fn X-hn-p \n-d-n-epw ]m-S-e \n-dn-epw Im-W-s-Sp-p. hm-g--gw Po-hIw F, Po-h-Iw _n-6 Po-h-Iw kn, amwkyw F-n-h-bm k-ar--am-Wv. hm-g-g-n-\p-n- Im-W-s-Sp- I-dp X-cn-I hm-g-bp-sS hn-v F--dnb-s-Sp-p.

w
im-kv-{X-\m-aw: Prunus mume
Ip-Spw-_w:
Rosaceae
tdm-km-ko Ip-Spw-_-ns CXn-s im-kv-{X-\m-aw {]q-Wp-kv F-mWv. \n-dw, h-ep-w F-n-h-sb A-Snm-\-am-n ]-e-X-cw w \n-e-hn-epv. C-y-bn P-p-I-iv-ao, ln-amN {]-tZ-iv, D---{]-tZ-iv F-n-hn-S-fn C-h-bp-sS Ir-jn-bp-v. H-cp
io-XIm-e ]-g-hK-am-Wp w. ]-gp-p
]m-I-am-b ]-g-n-s ]p-dw-tXm-Sn-\v \c- I-Spw\o-e- \n-d-hp-w Np-h- \n-dn-epw km-[m-c-W -Im-Wp-p. hn-fp ]m-I-am-b ]-g-n-s ]p-dw-sXmen-v s]m-Sn-t]m-ep- sh-fp- B-hc-Ww D-m-bn-cn-pw. C-Xv ]-g-n-\v
C-cp- iym-a-h-Ww \-Ip-p. ]-gn-s ]p-dw-sXm-en-bp-sS B-h-c-Ww
sa-gp-Ip-t]m-ep- H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-\m
\n-an--s-n-cn-p-p C-Xv ]-g-n\p Xn-f-w \-Ip-p. Cu ]-g-n-\v
km-[m-c-W-bm-bn ]p-fn-bpw a-[p-c-hpw
tN- cp-Nn-bm-Wp--Xv. C-Xn-s ]pdw-sXm-en A-[n-Iw I-\-an-m--XmWv. sXm-p-Xm-sg amw-k-f-am-b `m-Kw
Im-W-s-Sp-p. C-Xn-s \-Sp-hn-em-bn
Ip-cp- Im-W-s-Sp-p.

m B-n
im-kv-{X-\m-aw : Chrysophyllum cainito
Ip-Spw-_w:
Sapotaceae
k-tm- h-K-n-s- H-cp ^-ehr--am-Wv m B-n A-Y-hm
"ssI-\n-tm'. D-cp-v sR-n-t\m-Sp tNcp- `m-K-v ]--\n-d-ap--h-bm-Wv. Dn-se amw-k-f-`m-K-v H-cp \--{X-cq]w Im-Wmw. Nn-e-bn-\--fn ]-g-fp-sS \n-dw ]- I-e- sh-fp-tm a-tbm B-hmw. ]-g-sm-en Np-\ \nd--Xm-Wv. Np-\-bpw sXm-en-bpw `-W-tbm-Ky-a-. ]-c-v I-\-p-d-hp-
hn-p-I-v C-fw X-hn-p\n-d-am-Wv.
G-gmw h-jw ap-X B-v ap-gp-h
Cu a-c-n ^-ew D-m-hpw.-

andm-n {^qv

]-m-b A-Y-h Hm-a-m-bv

im-kv-{X-\m-aw: Carica papaya
Ip-Spw-_w:
Caricaceae
tI-c-f-n km-[m-c-W Im-W-sSp- H-cp k-ky-am-Wv ]-m-b-. a-e-bm-fn--s I--f-, Hm-a-bv-, I-m, sIm--m, I-aq-km F-n-s\ ]-e- t]-cp-I-fn Cu sN-dp-hr-hpw A-Xn-s ^-e-hpw Adn-b-s-Sp-

im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw:Synsepalum dulcificum

Ip-Spw-_w: Sapotaceae
H-cp B-{^n- ]-g-s-Sn-bm-Wv andm-n {^q-v. sN-dp-im-J-I-tfm-Spw Ce-I-tfm-Spw Iq-Sn h-f-cp- Cu sN-dp kky-n-s H-cp ]-gw I-gn-m, tijw
c-p a-Wn-q I-gn-p- `--Whpw sh--hp-sa-mw a-[p-c-X-c-am-bn A\p-`-h-s-Sp-p. an-dm-n {^q-n AS-n-b "an-dm-p-en' F- t{]m-o
L-S-Iw \m-hn-se c-k-ap-Ip-f--sf DW-n ]p-fn, I-bv-]v cp-Nn-I-p ]-Icw Xm-m-en-I-am-bn a-[p-cw A-\p-`h-s-Sp-p--Xn-\m-em-WnXv.

CMYK

im-kv-{Xo-b \m-aw: Psidium guajava

Ip-Spw-_w:
Myrtaceae
kn-Un-bw P-\p-n-s- k-ky-sf-bm-Wp t]-c F-p ]-d-bp--Xv. `y-tbm-Ky-am-b C-Xn-s ^-ew t]-c, sIm-m- F-o t]-cp-I-fn Adn-b-s-Sp-p. t]m-p-Ko-kv ]-Z-am-b
t]-c (pera) F-- ]-Z-n\n-m-Wv CXp cq-]-sa-Sp--Xv. ssh--an F, _n,
kn F-n-h-bpw C-cp-v, t^m-kv-^-dkv, Im-kyw F-n-h-bpw A-S-n-bncn-p-p. t]-c- Z-l-t\-{n-b-pw lr-Z-b-n-\pw \--Xm-Wv.-

CMYK

CMYK

im-kv-{Xo-b\m-aw: Punica granatum

Ip-Spw-_w:
Punicaceae
Cw-o-jn Pomegranate F-m-Wv.
dp-am ]-gw F-pw t]-cp-v (D-dp--am-gw). a-lm-cm-{-bn-epw Kp-P-dm-nepw D--{]-tZ-in-epw hm-Wn-Py-hn-fbm-bn Ir-jn sN-bv-Xph-cp-p. tI-c-fn am-X-fw h-jw ap-gp-h ]q-mdp-s-n-epw km-[m-c-W h-j-Im-em-Wp Iq-Sp-X ]q-p--Xv. a-p ]-g-sf A-t]-n-p am-X-fw h-f-sc-mew tI-Sp-Iq-Sm-sX-bn-cn-p- H-m-Wv.
ln-n-bn A-\m F-pw A-dn-b-sSp-p. A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Xm, ]m-In-kvXm, C-dm F-o cm-Py- D-sSp- ta-J-e-bm-Wp am-X-f-n-s P-a--ew.
am-X-fw X-hn-p I-e- Np-h- \n-dn-em-bn-cn-pw. am-X-f--g-n-\p XpI-t]m-se I-n-bp- sXm-en-bm-Wp-Xv. ^-e-n-\p-n hn-p-I \nd-n-cn-p-p. hn-p-I c-k-I-c-amb ]-p-sIm-v aq-Sn-bn-cn-pw. Cu
]-m-Wv B-lm-c-tbm-Ky-am-b `m-Kw.
Hu-j-[-k-ar--hpw t]m-j-I-k-p-hp-am-b H-cp ^-e-am-Wv am-X-fw.
B-bp-th-Z B-Nm-cy-am am-X-fs lr-Z-b-s D-t-Pn-n-p- ^e-am-bn hn-ti-jn-n-p-p. am-X-fw ico-cw \-m-bn X-Wp-n-pw. am-X-f-nep- \o-tcm-Iv-ko-Im-cn-I tIm-i-fp-sS \-io-I-c-Ww X-S-bp-I-bpw tcm-K{]-Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn h-[n-n-p-I-bpw
sN-p-p.

t]-c-

m-hp--Xpw C--s--Xp-am-b ]-g-amWp X-m-fn. {In.-ti. 700 B-Zy-am-bn

Ir-jn sN-bv-X-Xv C-I-I-fpw B-kv-sSp-I-fp-am-Wv.
{^-p-Im Cu ]-g-s kv-t\-ln-s B-n F-p hn-fn-p-p. Pa-Im X-m-fn-sb "kz-K-n-se Bn' F-p hn-ti-jn-n-p-p. X-mfn Po-h-Iw F, Po-h-Iw kn, \m-cp-I
F-n-h-bm k-p--am-Wv. sIm-gp-n-Xm-\pw. Lycopene entIm-]n F- hkv-Xp-hm-Wv X-m-fn-v Np-h-v \n-dw
\-Ip--Xv. tkm-f-t\-Un-b k-ky-IpSpw-_-n--s- _-lp-h-j -k-ky-amWv.
C-y-bn B-Zy-am-bn X-m-fn sImp-h--Xpw {]-N-cn-n--Xpw t]m-pKo-kp-Im-cm-bn-cp-p. ssN-\, bp.-F-kv.F, S-n, C-y, Cu-Pn-]v-Xv F-o cmPy--fm-Wv X-m-fn-bp-m-Z-\-n
ap-n-p\n-p--Xv. X-m-fn H-cp D-jvW-Im-e k-ky-am-Wv. X-m-fn ]-g-n\v h-W-t`-Zw \-Ip--Xv I-tcm-n,
sse-tm s]-kn-Un F-o h-W-fp-sS hy-Xy-kv-X km-{-X-bn-ep-
km-n-[y-am-Wv. hn-p-I ]-c--Xpw
C-fw X-hn-p \n-d-ap--Xpam-Wv.

CMYK

D-dp-am--gw

2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

6 2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

2 G-{]n 2012 Xn

-fn-semm-b C-Xv. H-tm-_ cn\v \yq-tbmIv sl-dm-Uv ss{S-_yqWns Rm-b-dmgv-N ]-Xnn t^mtm m-\w ]n-Snp. shdpw Iu-Xp-I-

sXm-gn ]Tn-mw,

n-s\-Sp- Cu t^m-tm-sb tX-Sn ]-e A-hmUp-I-fpw F-n-b-tm-gWv Cu Nn-{X-n-s

hne Fs_-vkv a-\-n-em-nbXv.

sXm-gn-se-Sp-mw...

C. ap-l-Zv Zm-hq-Zv

B v F.-kn sa-m-\n-Iv, hm-v B v

tm-v sa-m-\n-Iv, ^n-, S-W,
hn-ssd-v sa-m-\n-Iv, sa-jn-\n-v Fn-h.
{Xn-h-k-c F--Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv sa-{SnIv tIm-gv-kp-I-fn Sq B v ssU ta (Pn-Kv-kv B v ^n-Iv-tN-kv), Sq
B v ssU -ta- (ssSw-kv B vtam-Uv-kv) F-n-h D-s-Sp-p.
sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn-se t\m F--Pn\o-b-dn-Mv H-cp h-j sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kpI-fm-Wv kv-s-t\m-{Km-^ (Cw-o-jv,
ln-n), sk-{I-t-dn-b {]m-o-kv, {Ukv ta-n-Mv, sl-b B v kv-In sIb F-n-h. C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX ]-mw
m-kv tXm--h-pw [m-cm-fw tIm-gvkp-I sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn e-`y-am-Wv.
G-gpw F-pw m-kv P-bn--h-p-

sa v, C-^-ta-j sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn,
Hm-tm-sam-_o, sI-an- F--Pn\o-b-dn-Mv, C-e-t{m-Wn-Iv-kv I-yq-Wnt-j, s{]m-U-Iv-j sS-Iv-t\m-fPn, _-tbm-sa-Un- F--Pn-\o-b-dnMv, C-e-t{m-Wn-Iv-kv B v C-kv-{Spsa-t-j, C-kv-{Sp-sa v sS-Iv-t\m-fPn, Sq B v ssU ta-n-Mv, {]nn-Mv
sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn, hp-Uv B v t]- sS-Ivt\m-f-Pn F-n-h t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-Iv Untm-a-I-fn D-s-Sp-p. km-[m-c-W
aq-p-h-j-am-Wv tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-sS Imem-h-[n. C-Xp Iq-Sm-sX Iw-]yq- Hm-]td- B v t{]m-{Km-an-Mv A-kn-kv v, U-kv-Iv tSm-v ]-n-jn-Mv Hm-]-td D-s-sS-bp- k-n-^n--v tImgv-kp-I-fpw t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-p-I-fn e`y-am-Wv.

Hu-]-Nm-cn-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-n-s ]c-a-am-b e-y--fn-sem-v sXm-gnk-m-Z-\w X-s-bm-Wv. F-n ]ns Ip-td-m-ew Un-{Kn-bpw ]n.-Pn-bpw
]Tn-p--Xn-\p ]-I-cw s]-s-p Xs sXm-gn-en G-s-Sp--X-t \-Xv. A--c-m-p- H-cp Ip-dp-ph-gn-bm-Wv sXm-gn-e-[n-jvTn-X tIm-gv-kpI. H-cp F-fp--h-gn-bm-b-Xp-sIm-p
X-s [m-cm-fw N-Xn-p-gn-I-fp-ap- Hcp ta-J-e-bm-Wn-Xv. \-ap-n-W-n-b,
\- km-[y-X-bp- tIm-gv-kv \- m]-\-n-\n-p ]Tn--Ww. F-kv.-Fkv.-F.-kn-pw -kv-Sp-hn-\pw ti-jw
_-lp-`q-cn-]-w t]-cpw Xn-c-s-Spp- H-cp ta-J-e-bm-b-Xp-sIm-v Xs K-h-sa v h-I [m-cm-fw m-]\- Cu ta-J-e-bn ]T-\-hpw ]-cnio-e-\-hpw \-Ip-p-v.

sF.-Sn.-sF-I
{]-[m-\-am-bpw ]-mw-X-cw ]m-kmb-h-p--Xm-Wv sF.-Sn.-sF tIm-gvkp-I. ap--tXm-fw km-t-Xn-I tImgv-kp-I-fpw ]-tm-fw km-t-Xn-tI-Xc tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-am-Wv sF.-Sn.-sF-Ifn \-Ip--Xv. k-m--kz-Im-cy
ta-J-e-I-fn-epw hn-tZ-i-pw \- i-f-n tPm-en-t\-Sm D-X-Ip--XmWv Cu tIm-gv-kp-I.
sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn-se H-cp h-j F-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv
sa-m-\n-Iv, t^m-P B v lo-v {So, m-n-Iv s{]m-k-kn-Mv Hm-]-td-,
jo-v sa- h-, sh-U, Ims]- Xp-S-n-b-h. F-kv.-F-kv.-F.kn-v Cw-o-jv, I-W-v, k-b-kv hnj-b--p e-`n- am-n-s A-Snm-\-n-em-Wv tIm-gv-kp-I-fn {]th-i-\w.
sF.-Sn.-sF-I-fn-se c-p-h-j F-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv sa-{Sn-Iv tIm-gv-kp-I-fmWv {Um-^v-v-kv-am (kn-hn, sa-m\n-Iv), k-th-b, C-e-{o-jy, tdUn-tbm B v Sn.-hn sa-m-\n-Iv, C-et{m-Wn-Iv-kv sa-m-\n-Iv, C-kv-{Spsa v sa-m-\n-Iv, d-{^n-P-td-j

sI.-Pn.-Sn.-C, sI.-Pn.-kn.-C k-n-^n-v tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw sF.-Sn.-sF-I \-Ip-p-v. kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e-bn sF.Sn.-sF-I-fp-sS X-p-ey m-]-\-amWv sF.-Sn.-kn-I.

t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-p-I
sF.-Sn.-sF-I-sf-m-fpw A--w IqSn hn-e-a-Xn-p--Xm-Wv t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\np-I-fn-se tIm-gv-kp-I. F-kv.-F-kv.F.-kn X-s-bm-Wv tbm-Ky-X. hn-hn[ hn-j-b--fn Un-tm-am tIm-gv-kpI-fm-Wv t]m-fn-sS-Iv-\n-p-I-fn-ep-Xv. Iw-]yq- F--Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv, C-et{m-Wn-Iv-kv, C-e-{n-, sa-m-\n, kn-hn F--Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv, t]mfn-a sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn, Iw-]yq- lm-Uvsh-b sa-bn-\-kv, Iw-]yq- Bn-t-j B v _n-kn-\-kv am-t\-Pv-

F.-Sn.-Sn.-F-^v
{Km-ao-W-ta-J-e-bn-se bp-h-P-\-v hy-m-h-km-bn-I-ta-J-e-bn ]cn-io-e-\w \-Ip--Xn-\m-bn C-tm-kzn-kv s{]m-P-Iv-n-\p Io-gn m-]nX-am-b-Xm-Wv s\-q sS-Iv-\n- s{Sbv-\n-Mv ^u-t-j (F.-Sn.-Sn.-F^v). 1959 X-e-t-cn-bn cq-]w-sIm Cu m-]-\-n-\v \n-e-hn tI-cf-n-\p ]p-d-sa I-Wm-S-I, X-an-gv-\mSv, B-{-{]-tZ-iv F-n-hn-S--fn-epw
tI-{--fp-v. ]-{-p {]-[m-\ Untm-a, t]m-kv-v Un-tm-a, k-n-^n-v tIm-gv-kp-I-fm-Wv F.-Sn.-Sn.-F-^n
\-S-p--Xv. Nn-e tIm-gv-kp-I-v
F-{S-kv ]-co- h-gn-bm-Wp {]-thi-\w.
sh-_v hn-em-kw: nttfdtc.com.

Akm A-cn{]

Aw-_-c-Npw-_n-I-p
ap-I-fn-sem-cp D--`-Ww
(Lunch Atop a Skyscraper)

Ah[nm-e
sF.Sn tIm-gv-kv
F-._n.F-kv sk -t^m kb-kv B v sSIv-t\m-f-Pn-bp-sS
Xn-cp-h-\--]p-cw slUv Hm-^nknepw sImw, I-f-a-t-cn, Xriq, tIm-gn-tmSv, I-q, F-o
taJ-emtI-{--fnepw A-mewaqSv, \n-e-ta, A-Sq, ]m-mSn,
B-e-p-g, G-p-am-\q, Kp-cp-hmbq, Ip-w-Ip-fw, ]m-e-m-Sv, Be-q, a-tcn, \m-Zm-]pcw, IWn-bm-, ]--q Iq-p-]-dv,
Im--mSv, Im-k-tm-Uv Fo D-]-tI-{--fnepw A-h-[nme sF.Sn tIm-gv-kp-I B-cw-`npw.
4,5,6 F-o m-kp-I-fn ]co F-gpXn-b hn-Zym-Yn-I-m-bn
F-sS-bn-sa v {Xq Iw-]yq-t-gvkv h-Ivtjm-]v Hm Iw-]yq-
^--sa-kv Fo tIm-gv-kp-Ifpw 7,8,9 F-o m-kp-I-fn-se ]co F-gpXn-b hn-Zym-Yn-Iv
hIvv-tjm]v Hm F-sS-bnsa v Ce-t{m-Wn-Iv-kv, hIvtjm]v Hm Pq-\n-b {Km-^n-Iv-kv
Un-ssk-\ F-o tIm-gv-kp-I-fpw
10, 11 F-o m-kp-I-fn-se ]co-
F-gpXn-b hn-Zym-Yn-I-v hIvvtjm-]v Hm t{]m-{Km-an-Mv ^-sa-kv , h-Ivtjm]v Hm
C-s\-v ^--sa-kv F-o
tIm-gv-kp-I-fp-am-Wv \-S-p-Xv.
hn-h-c--v AX-Xp ta-J-e tI{--fp-am-bn _--s-tS
t^m \--dp-I Xn-cp-h-\--]pcw: 0471 2324396, 2324364, 2560332,
sIm-evm-ew 0474 2764654, I-f-a-tcn: 0484 2541520, 2551466, Xr-iq:
0487 2250657, 2250751, tIm-gn-tm-Sv
: 0495 2720250, I-q: 0497 270281

\yq-tbm-v \-K-cnse RCA Building

( ]noS-Xv GE Building Fv t]-cv am-n) \n-am-Wsm-gn-em-fn-I sI-nS-n-\v ap-I-fn \n-an C-cp-p Z-n C-cpp D--`-Ww I-gnp- A-Xn-a-t\m-lcam-b Nn-{Xw. H-tc kabw Im-gv-N-m-cn IuXp-I-hpw A-c-pw P\n-n-p- hy-Xy-kv-Xam-b H-cp n-v.
Nmkv Fs_-vkv
1932 k-]v -Xw-_ 29\v
sI-n-S-n-s 69mw \n-e-bn \nv Nmkv Fs_vkv ]-I-n-b-Xm-Wv temI-s hn-e-IqSn-b Nn-{X-

t]-Pv Fv Xp-S:

`mj

K-XmK-Xw

cm-P-m-\n- `m-j-bm-Wp {]-[m-\-ambpw P-\- D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv. k-m Hm-^n-kp-I-fnepw apw Cwo-jv `m-j-bmWv Hu-tZym-Kn-I-`m-j. cm-P-m-\n Iq-SmsX ln-nbpw ]-m-_nbpw [m-cm-f-am-bn kw-km-cn-pp.

K-Xm-K-X-cwK-v tdm-Uv am-K-am-Wv F-Sp-p]-dtb-Xv. cm-P-m-\n-se {][m\ tIm-f-Pp-Isf-sbms sd-bn aptJ-\ _-n-n-pp. cm-P-m-\n
{]-[m-\-ambpw aq-p hn-am-\-m-h-f--fm-Wp-Xv. Pb-v]q, tPm-[v-]q, D-Z-bv-]q F-n-h-bm-Wn-h. C-hbn A--tZio-b ]Z-hn P-bv-]q hn-am-\-m-h-fn-\p am-{X-ta-bp-q.

Sq-dn-kw
A-Xn-\m X-s Im-gv-N-I \n-c-h-[n-bm-Wn-hn-sS.
Im-gv-N-I-fn H-m-a X-e-m-\am-b P-bv-]q

hn-Zym-`ym-kw
cm-P-m-s G-hpw hen-b shp-hn-fn- \n-c--c-Xbm-Wv. kzm-X-{ym\--c C-y-bn G-hpw Ipd-hv
km-c-X D-m-bn-cp- kw-m-\--fn H-m-bncp-p cm-P-m.
F-m, K-h-sap-I-fp-sSbpw hnhn-[ kw-L-S\-I-fp-sSbpw {i-a-^-e-ambn Cu co-Xn-bn hen-b apt-w \-S-m cm-P-m-\m-bn. 1991 37 i-X-am-\w
am-{X-ap-m-bn-cp- C-hn-S-s km--c-X 2011 B-hptm-tg-pw 68 i-X-am-\-n-se-n-m I-gn-Xv
A-Xn-\p h-en-b-sX-fn-hmWv. F-m, kv{Xokm--cX-bn-se ]n-m-m-h- cm-P-m-\v Cpw hen-b Xe-th-Z-\-X-s-bmWv. C-tmgpw ]-Ip-Xn kv-{Xo-I A-cm-`ym-k-anm--h-cm-sW--Xm-Wp bm-Ym-Yyw.
C-v H-Xv bq-\n-th-gv-kn-n-Ifpw 200-cw tIm-f-PpI-fpw 41 F-Pn-\o-b-dn-Mv tIm-f-Pp-I-fpw 23 t]m-fn-sS-Iv\n-p-Ifpw cm-P-m-\n {]-h--n-p-p-v.

a-Xw
89 i-X-am-\w hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ssl--h-cmWv. _mn-h-cp--h-cn F-pi-X-am-\w ap-kv-enw-I-fp-amWv.
kn-Jp-aXnepw ssP-\a-Xnepw -s]--hcpw hf-sc
sN-dn-b-tXm-Xn-ep-v.

Xs. C-Xn-s\ ]n-vkn-n Fpw hn-fn-m-dpv. ]-gb sI-n-S--f-[n-Ihpw ]n-v \n-d-n-ep- C-n-I-Ifm \n-an--Xm-sWXpX-s Im-cWw. a-lm-cm-Pm
P-bnw-kn-Mv c-m-a 1728 \n-an- tPym-Xn \n-co-Wme-bw C-hnS-s {][m-\ B-I-j-W-amWv. G{]n, sa-bv am-k--fn \-S-p- K-tPmk-hw At\-Im-bn-cw t]-sc B-I-jn-pp. H--I-h-n-I Chn-sS ]-Xn-hpIm-gv-N-bm-Wv.
l-hm-a-l a-lm-cm-Pm k-hm-bv- am-kn-Mv 1799
\n-an sIm-m-c-am-WnXv. A-p-\n-e-bn ]n-v
aW-sIm-m-Wv C-Xn-s \n-an-Xn.
kn-n- ]me-kv lr-Z-b-\-K-c-n n-Xn-sN-p-
Cu sIm-m-c-n-\v Nppw D-Zym-\-fpw sI-n-S--fpamWv. cm-P-m-\nap-K in--I-e-bp-sS H-cp k--c
C-\-am-Wn-Xn-s \n-an-Xn. C-h-Iq-Sm-sX ssS-K
t^mv, P-bv-K t^m-v, kn-tm-Un-b dm-Wn ]me-kv
F-n-h-bm-Wv P-bv-]q-cn-se a-v B-I-j-W. `-c-Xvv]q ]-n-k-t-X-am-Wp a-sm-cnSw. P-bv-]q-cn\n-p
150 In.ao-dpw B-{K-bn \n-v 56Intemao--dpw A-Ise-bm-Wv `-c-Xv-]q. D-Z-b-kq-cy-s \K-cw F--dnbs-Sp- D-Z-bv-]q-cm-Wv a-sm-cnSw. 1567 a-lmdm-W D-Zb-kn-Mv BWv Cu \-K-c-n-s inn.
cm-P-m-\n-se G-hpw henb sIm-m-cam-b kn-n]m-e-km-Wv G-hpw hen-b B-I-j-Ww-. sIm-m-cn-\p-Np-p-ap- ]q-tm-hpw X-Sm-Ihpw k--i-Iv lr-Zym-\p-`-h-am-Wv. h-S-t C-y-bn-se X-s Ghpw {][m-\ kp-Jhm-ktI-{-am-Wv au-v A_p. cmP-m-s G-I -ln-t-j-\m-WnXv. \n-ch-[n t{X-fpw C-hn-sS-bp-v. Jm-Pm- ap-Cu-\p-o Nn-kv-Xnbp-sS J-_-dn-Sw \n-e-sIm-p- A-Pv-ao {][m-\ Xom-S-\ tI{w F--Xn-ep]-cn H-cp Sq-dn-v tI-{w IqSn-bmWv. ap-K- `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I \n-an- ]-n-Ifpw ayq-kn-b-fpw P-\-sf B-I-jn-p-p.
tPm-[v-]q, ssP-km-an, _n-m-\n-dn-se Pp-\-K
sIm-mcw, ]p-jv-I-dn-se ta-f-I F-n-hbpw H--t\Iw t]-sc cm-P-m-\n-se-n-p-p.