Emotions as Response Patterns Fear Medial nucleus A group of subnuclei of the amygdala that receives sensory input, including

ing information about the presence of odors and pheromones, and relays it to the medial basal forebrain and hypothalamus. Lateral nucleus (LA) A nucleus of the amygdala that receives sensory information from the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus and sends projections to the ventral striatum, the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, and the central nucleus. Central nucleus (CE) The region of the amygdala that receives information from the basolateral division and sends projections to a wide variety of regions in the brain; involved in emotional responses. Conditioned emotional response A classically conditioned response that occurs when a neutral stimulus is followed by an aversive stimulus.

Anger and aggression Threat behavior A stereotypical behavior that warns another animal that it may be attacked if it does not flee or show submissive behavior. Defensive behavior A behavior by which an animal defends itself against the threat of another animal. Submissive behavior A stereotypical behavior shown by an animal in response to threat. Predation Attack of one animal directed at an individual of another species on which the attacking animal normally preys. Role of the Prefrontal Cortex Orbitofrontal cortex The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes.

Communication of Emotions Neural basis of communication of emotions Volitional facial paresis Difficulty moving the facial muscles voluntarily; caused by damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex. Emotional facial paresis Lack of movement of facial muscles in response to emotions in people who have no difficulty moving these muscles voluntarily, caused by damage to the insular prefrontal cortex.

Feelings of Emotions James-Lange Theory A theory of emotion that suggests that behaviors and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviors and responses.