Primary Sources

Interviews Lyons, Luke M.Ed. AP Biology Teacher. Interviewed on March 12, 2012, Navasota TX. Lyons really gave an in depth look at the impact that antiseptics and aseptics had on the world and provided me with deeper explanations to explain the revolution that they created. Books Various Contributors. Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment. New York: Johnson and Johnson, 1891. The pamphlet is written collaboratedly by doctors who practiced antiseptic methods and gives their honest opinion and recognition of lister. It also contains the method that Lister used and shows the benefits that could arise from using them versus not using them. Articles Lister, Joseph. Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery. British Medical Journal, September 21, 1867 This paper is actually written by Joseph Lister himself and is about his findings in antiseptic techniques and how to use them to increase success rates

Secondary Sources
Books Ackerman, Jane. Louis Pasteur and the Founding of Microbiology. Greensboro, North Carolina: Morgan Reynolds publishing, Inc. , 2004. This book centered around Louis Pasteur and contained pages over his contributions to Joseph Lister and his success in antiseptic techniques. Birch, Beverly. People Who Helped the World: Louis Pasteur, the Scientist Who Found the Cause of Infectious Disease and Invented Pasteurization. Milwaukee, WI: Gareth Stevens, Inc. , 1989. This book gives an accurate timeline of Louis Pasteurs work and also calls the joint work of Lister and Pasteur a revolution which is part of our theme. Debre, Patrice. Louis Pasteur. Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press, 1998. This book gives knowledge into the time it took for people to accept the aseptic and antiseptic techniques and shows the unique position that Pasteur was in as a chemist among doctors.

Graham, Ian. Science Spotlight: Fighting Diseases. Austin, TX: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1995. Graham provides a fresh perspective to the idea of a life without antiseptics and gave me some useful excerpts to emphasize my main point. Millard, Candace. Destiny of the republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President. New York: Doubleday, 2011. This book is about president Garfield but it surprisingly dedicates an entire section to the debate between following the old surgical and health techniques and using Listers which ends in the presidents death but a small win for Listerism. Oxlade, Chris. The Top Ten: Scientific Discoveries that Changed the World. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc., 2010. Oxlades book is really helpful because it proves that my project relates to the NHD theme because its about discoveries that changed the world and two main concepts that are a part of my website are in the top ten. Adding to that is the way in which the author provided me with side stories and other discoveries that Lister and Pasteur made. Pollard, Michael. 100 Greatest: Men. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Educational, 1997. 100 Greatest Men provides accounts on both Lister and Pasteur and show both mens accomplishments in the medical field and how their separate theories went hand in hand to spark a revolution. Royston, Angela. 100 Greatest: Medical Discoveries. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Educational, 1997. Royston lists antiseptics as one of the greatest medical discoveries which shows the impact that they had and gives the story of how Lister came about his discovery.

Rutkow, Ira M., M.D., American Surgery: An Illustrated History. Washington Sq, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998. This book is all about surgery specifically in the civil war so it gave a picture of how surgery was practiced at that time period without the use of antiseptics or aseptic techniques. It also had historically accurate charts and tables that show just how bad the infection and mortality rates were during the war. Wilbur, C. Keith M.D. Civil War Medicine 1861-1865. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. Civil War Medicine gave plenty of citings of the thought process of individuals during the war like the beliefs on miasma and the role of germs in the healing process plus actual accounts of how the doctors reacted to the wounded and sick.

Woods, Michael, and Mary B. Ancient Medicine: From Sorcery to Surgery. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press, 2000. Ancient Medicine gave me information on Galen of Pergamum and also a good paragraph to quote over the chances of death in the 1800s. Various Contributors. Inventions and Discoveries: Medicine. Chicago, IL: World Book, Inc., 1997. My book was actually missing half of the article but I was able to gather up the amount of knowledge individuals in the 19th century knew and how different it was from Listers antiseptics and our modern techniques today. Newspaper and Articles Antiseptic and Aseptic Techniques are developed. Unknown publisher and date. Found at: bookrags.com The article gives details about the process of founding antiseptics along with the contributions of other individuals I needed to include. Lister and Surgery. The New York Times, 05 October 1913. Thorne, V.B. Thornes article gives the overall feel of how people accepted Listers work and highlights the real impact that he had on the medical field. Modern Wound Treatment. The New York Times. 10 June 1894. The article was written around the time Lister published his work so it gives some insight into the amount of time it took for them to become noticed and eventually accepted. Reference Works Hoyle, Brian. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science 1. The Gale group, 2008. Hoyles article focuses on antisepsis, what it means, and how it applies to medicine. Various Editors. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. McGraw- Hill Inc., 1992. Medicine, Nursing and Health Professions. 2006 This work gives a summary over antiseptics and lists different types and the different uses they have. Various Editors. Men and Women of Science 8. Chicago, Illinois: World Book Inc., 1989.

Uretsky, Samuel. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science 1. The Gale group, 2006.

Uretsky focuses on antiseptics and gives its definition and purpose. Various Editors. The New Book of Popular science 5. Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated, 1996. The work reflects the shift between the surgery of the 19th century and that of modern times revealing the changes that have occurred with the new number of more complicated surgeries and the small rate of infection. Various Editors. The Raintree Illustrated Science Encyclopedia 1. Steck- Vaughn Company, 1991. Videos J. Lee Sedwitz. Lord Lister. Digifonics Inc, 1999. Found on youtube: 12 March 2012 This video provided me with clips and quotes that could be used throughout the site for emphasis on the main ideas. BBC Four. History of Surgery part 5. Found on youtube: 23 March 2012. This part of the history of surgery focuses on sterilization and cleanliness in surgery showing the changes that occurred from the two. It contains interviews, demonstrations and credible sources. BBC Four. Surgery Semmelwies and Lister. Found on youtube: 22 March 2012. The BBC video revolves around just Lister and Semmelwies and shows how they both came to their conclusions about cleanliness and good hygiene. It is also full of interviews from other credible physicians and researchers. Medical Milestones. History of Surgery. Found on youtube: 23 March 2012. This video shows how far we have come from believing that evil spirits harmed us to a belief in germs, I used a clip from this to show the change. BMJmedia. Joseph Lister: Surgery Transformed. December 7, 2011. The BMJ video provided me with extra video footage to better clarify the points I was trying to get across.