CONCLUSION:

Saving of power is of main concern in the 21st century as that of water.Instead of searching for more power generation,we should try to avoid its wastage.This project helps to achieve it automatically whenever human errors are possible to occur. This project detect the prescence of human in the room and automatically on the room appliances and swiches off.Whenever there is no presence of person in the room automatically the appliances are off. Hence it saves power and reduces the wastage and contributes to the future generation.This project is very helpful for domestic appliance and also industries.

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) An LDR is an input transducer (sensor) which converts brightness (light) to resistance. It is made from cadmium sulphide (CdS) and the resistance decreases as the brightness of light falling on the LDR increases.

A multimeter can be used to find the resistance in darkness and bright light, these are the typical results for a standard LDR:

Darkness: maximum resistance, about 1M . Very bright light: minimum resistance, about 100 .

For many years the standard LDR has been the ORP12, now the NORPS12, which is about 13mm diameter. Miniature LDRs are also available and their diameter is about 5mm. An LDR may be connected either way round and no special precautions are required when soldering.

circuit symbol

LED
Circuit symbol:
Function LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them. Connecting and soldering LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).

LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for soldering most LEDs.

Testing an LED Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply! It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass through and burn it out.

LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value, for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the correct way round! For an accurate value please see Calculating an LED resistor value below.