..

.~.~.~.~. ~.~.~.~.~.~.~
.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~;.
.~.~.~.~.~.~ .~.~.~.~.~.
.~.~.~.~.~.~ .~.~.~.~.~.
.~.~.~. ~.~.~. ~.~.~.~.~
.~.~.~. ~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~..
.~.~. ~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.

considered
.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~
.
as:
.~.~.~.~. ~.~.~.~.~.~.~.
.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~
..-.-.-.-.
.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~. ~.~.~
.

'~f

:Ma~O

-- ---- -_u--- --nn--n-uun

,--n__- -- __n__- -- -- n- -- n

V
Vw

Mw

=::::_~!~~~~-_n _u u - - u-- -p
u w~:~
- u-

Mt=Mw+Ms

.
.~.~.~.~. ~.~.~.~. ~.~.~
.~.~.~.~.~ .~.~.~.~.~.~..
.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.

Gas

Va

~.~.~

Ms

Vs

.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~
.
~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~.~

1
Volumes

Masses

Soil Structure

EQUATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

Specific gravity of solids

Gs

Void ratio

Porosity

n=Vy/Vt=e/(l+e)

Water content

w = (Mw / Ms) = S e / Gs

Degree of saturation

S=Vw/Vv

Density (or Wet Density) of soil

P = Mt / Vt = ( Gs
1 ++ S
e e ) Pw

Buoyant Density

p' = P - Pw

Unit weight of soil

'Y= Wt / Vt = ( Gs
1 ++ Se e ) 'Yw

Buoyant unit weight

y = 'Y - 'Yw

Dry unit weight,

'Yd=Ws/Vt=

= Ps/Pw

(Usually, Gs

= 2.6

- 2.8 )

= V y / Vs = n / (l-n)

=(wGs/e)x

100%

Gs
1 + e 'Yw-(1

'1
+ w)

CONSTANTS
Unit weight of water

'Yw= 9.81 kN/m3 = 62.4lb/ft3

Density of water

Pw = 1 Mg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slugs/ft3

Acceleration due to earth's. gravity

g = 9.81 mls2 = 32.2 ft/s2 = 'Y/ P = W / M

Typical Densities of Saturated and Moist Soils:

P = 1.5- 2.5 Mg/m3 -- 2 Pw

Typical Bouyant Densities of SaturatedSoils:

p' = 0.8 - 1.5Mg/m3 -- 1 Pw