NHD Bibliography Primary Sources Agence France-Presse. Comrade General Secretary. 1987. Photograph.

The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Gorbachev has just delivered an address to the Communist Party, and the photograph depicts him standing triumphantly, surrounded by smiling, applauding politicians. Given that he had just asked for the release of political dissidents, as well as a greater implementation of glasnost, the photo demonstrates the political support that Gorbachev enjoyed in this time period. Although he faced fierce political opposition, Gorbachevs savvy use of strategy and persuasion granted him success in his endeavors the image reflects just that. Armand, Vitaly. The Rise of Yeltsin. 1990. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Boris Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev are seen conferring in the picture; the two political opponents were both immensely influential, and would each have a turn leading the country. Given that Yeltsin defeated a Gorbachev-backed candidate to be the first president of the Russian Federation, the title of the photograph is quite apt. Baggins, Brian. Local Market. 1989. Photograph. Moscow. History Archive: A History of the Revolutionary Working Class. Web. 24 Dec. 2011. This photograph depicts women engaging in local commerce, selling cabbage and other food surplus. It indicated that citizens in that time period largely conducted economic activity both agriculturally and locally. Baggins, Brian. Workers on Break. 1989. Photograph. Moscow. History Archive: A History of the Revolutionary Working Class. Web. 24 Dec. 2011. Baggins photographs workers on a break from their factory jobs, purchasing tea in a grocery store. The store is located right outside the factory gates, making it convenient for workers to purchase goods. The photograph demonstrated commerce in the time of economic reform. Baggins, Brian. Shoe Line. 1989. Photograph. Moscow. History Archive: A History of the Revolutionary Working Class. Web. 24 Dec. 2011. In this photograph, a multitude of Moscow workers line up to buy high quality shoes. This demonstrated that the economic reform was allowing average citizens to purchase goods from abroad. It also depicted the demand for such items among the public.

Bettmann. Summitry. 1985. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow.Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Gorbachev and Reagan are pictured sitting together, addressing the media after their summit in Reykjavik. Gorbachevs open dialogue with the West was a signature feature of his leadership in the Soviet Union; this photo depicts that relationship. Most notably, Gorbachev was friendly with the U.S. and NATO, the leader of the former being pictured here. This specific summit had a special focus on the reduction of nuclear arsenals. Gorbachev, Mikhail. U.N. General Assembly. New York City, New York. 7 December 1998. Address. Mikhail Gorbachev delivered this address to the U.N. General Assembly on December 7, 1998. To an audience of representatives from every nation on earth, he described the cultural and political revolution that the Soviet Union was experiencing. He also discussed why the freedom of choice was an unalienable individual right that every citizen deserves. This speech gave insight into why Gorbachev enacted perestroika and how he wanted the world to perceive it. Gorbachev, Mikhail. Soviet Union. 25 December 2011. Broadcast. On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev stepped down as leader of the nation, which was the last step in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. His speech was solemn, but he emphasized the achievements of the past few years, including freedom of press and religion, and a multi-party political system that holds elections for a representative legislature. The speech made it clear what he thought of perestroika and its dramatic results, even though he never intended them to happen. Gorbachev, Mikhail. Letter to Ronald Reagan. 25 Mar. 1987. MS. George Washington University, Washington D.C. In this letter to U.S. President Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev tries to smooth out relations with the United States, calling for respect on both sides of the ocean for each others economic and social decisions. This letter offered me the ability to see the foundation of respect and peace that perestroika was built upon. Gorbachev, Mikhail. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday, 1996. Print. This book provided an account of Gorbachevs rise to power from his own perspective. He defends his actions and record in office, offering in-depth justifications that helped me understood his motives at the time. Gorbachev, Mikhail. Letter to Ronald Reagan. 10 June 1985. MS. George Washington University, Washington D.C.

This letter from Gorbachev to Ronald Reagan underscores the tensions in U.S.-Soviet relations. Gorbachev is worried about the expansion of the U.S. military, and expresses his concerns to the U.S. president. This letter illustrated the need for perestroika, in that a new environment of trust was required to mitigate foreign hostilities. Guneyev, Sergei. Coup D'tat. 1991. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Angry protestors rally against Gorbachev in this striking photograph; scores of individuals carry posters and flags. Some of the posters have a picture of Gorbachev crossed out with a black marker other people hold up pictures of Yeltsin, showing their support for Gorbachevs chief political rival. The photograph demonstrates the great social unrest of the time period and the magnitude of disfavor directed at Gorbachev. Maas, Robert. Honored. 1990. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Here Gorbachev poses with a blown up copy of the TIME cover that features him as Man of the Decade. The same year as he was honored by TIME, 1990, he was also awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In the international community, he was venerated for helping end the Cold War and unite the East and West. Niedenthal, Chris. Berlin 1989. 1989. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Berlin. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Gorbachev addresses the German media in this picture on his visit to Berlin in 1989. Gorbachev was traveling to his allies of the Warsaw Pact, trying to convince them to implement the changes he was making in the Soviet Union. However, as he granted them greater freedoms, he also allowed for them to revolutionize and fight back. However, an unsuspecting Gorbachev is shown in the picture, unaware of the damage his policies were causing to Soviet dominance in East Europe. Nogues, Alain. Transition. 1985. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Nogues captures an especially vulnerable aspect of the Soviet political structure: it was run by sick, elderly, dying men. The photograph is of Secretary Chernenkos funeral pictured are his successors, Andropov, Brezhnev, and Gorbachev, looking on as the ornate coffin is marched by them. The first two look incredibly frail, while only Gorbachev look healthy and able-bodied. Given that Andropov and Brezhnev would die in quick succession, this photograph demonstrates an early indicator of this harsh reality. Proc. of Session of the Politburo of the CC CPSU, Moscow, Russia. National Security Archive. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. 3

In this Politboro session, Gorbachev rearranged the political structure of his party to remove individuals who would oppose perestroika. This showed how Gorbachev moved in a quick and efficient manner to make sure perestroika would be established without immediate resistance from his own party. Reuters. Mikhail and Raisa. 1989. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. This Reuters photograph shows Mikhail Gorbachev and his wife Raisa boarding a plane. What is remarkable about this photo is that Raisa appears very vibrant, smiling jovially and waving to the crowd below. Gorbachev himself seems to be deferring to his wife; given that the Soviet Empire had been demonized as the Evil Empire in the past, their relationship and public perception of Raisa contributed to the humanization of the country. This photo actually played a significant role internationally, as Raisa was now being noticed for her vivacious and dynamic personality; she was indeed a starkly different Russian First Lady than her predecessors, for they tended to be hidden from the public stage. Rybalkin, Victor. Letter to Leonid Ilich Brezhnev. 28 Feb. 1961. MS. Russian State Archive for Social and Political History, Moscow. This letter from a housing inspector to the leader of the Soviet Union indicates the state of affairs within the country. The inspector points out that many individuals are deceiving the government and using loopholes within the law to secure much larger residences while a plethora of other citizens suffer in incredibly small living areas. Rybalking pleads Brezhnev to revise the governments policy so that all citizens are treated fairly and receive fair amounts of living area. Stoddart, Tom. Fresh Face. 1979. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Moscow. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. A relatively young Mikhail Gorbachev is depicted in the picture, looking triumphant as the new leader of the Soviet Union. As the first USSR leader to be born after the Bolshevik Revolution, Gorbachev was indeed a fresh face to the nation this picture helped frame that fact. Trumbull, Bill. Arbat Street. Photograph. Bill Trumbulls Photo Gallery of the Soviet Union. West Virginia University, 1991. Web. 12 January 2012. Trumbulls photograph of Arbat Street is a perfect illustration of the implementation of perestroika. With the Law on Cooperatives, common citizens could open their own businesses and sell their own wares. This famous pedestrian mall could only have been constructed with the passage of that law.

Trumbull, Bill. Lubyanka Square. Photograph. Bill Trumbulls Photo Gallery of the Soviet Union. West Virginia University, 1991. Web. 12 January 2012. One of the most famous scenes of the fall of the Soviet Union was the statue of Felix Dzerzhinsky, located at KGB headquarters, being pulled down by citizens. Dzerzhinsky was the founder of the Checka, the first communist secret police. This photograph shows a square now void of the statue that so many dreaded. Trumbull, Bill. St. Basils Cathedral. Photograph. Bill Trumbulls Photo Gallery of the Soviet Union. West Virginia University, 1991. Web. 12 January 2012. St. Basils Cathedral is an interesting landmark in Moscow because during the Communist regime, religion was not allowed. The photograph lends interesting insight into how the country has changed now. Trumbull, Bill. The Grand Kremlin Palace. Photograph. Bill Trumbulls Photo Gallery of the Soviet Union. West Virginia University, 1991. Web. 12 January 2012. Bill Trumbull visited the Soviet Union in 1991 on a research mission and watched the nation collapse and reform. His photographs detail the changes and the layovers from the old to the new in the country. This picture shows the grandeur of the palace being preserved in the new Russian Federation, even though its function will change. Trumbull, Bill. The Patriarchs Chapel. Photograph. Bill Trumbulls Photo Gallery of the Soviet Union. West Virginia University, 1991. Web. 12 January 2012. With the fall of the Soviet Union, religion could be freely practiced. The Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, whose main chapel is shown in this photograph, was then fully able to resume his duties once again and legally practice his religion. Utekhin, Ilya. In Iraida Yakovlevnas Room. Photograph. Communal Living in Russia. European University, December 1998. Web. 5 January 2012. This photograph of an apartment in the new Russia shows religious items decorating the walls. This only was permissible after the Soviet Union ended and religious was sanctioned once again. Samokhotsky, V. Chernobyl. 1989. Photograph. The Rise and Fall of Mikhail Gorbachev, Chernobyl. Time Photos. TIME. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. Gorbachev is shown visiting Chernobyl with this wife Raina in 1989. This personal visit indicated his commitment to glasnost he was determined to augment government transparency, and the fact that he allowed photographers and the media into the site indicates that. Chernobyl was the site of a massive nuclear reactor explosion, one of the countrys worst environmental disasters in all of history. 5

Yurievna, Rosalya. Switching Oranges. Communal Living in Russia. Web. European University, 6 December 1997. Web. 5 January 2012. This interview was conducted with a woman who was a co-tenant in a communal apartment, known as the kommenalka, in the Soviet Union. She describes what it was like to live in such proximity to other Soviet citizens. She specifically speaks of many instances where the co-tenants in her apartment would steal things from each other. Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich. Against the Grain. New York: Summit, 1990. Print. Boris Yeltsin was an initial supporter of Gorbachev, but became his fierce political opponent when perestroika was in full force. His autobiography assisted me understanding why people opposed the dramatic reforms that were taking place. Yeltsin provides a detailed account of what occurred during those years, as well as his own opinion of Gorbachevs policies. Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich, and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The Struggle for Russia. New York: Belka Publications, 1994. Print. Yeltsin offers an explicit account of rise to power, giving details on his rivalry with Gorbachev. The book gives a first-hand account of the debate that surrounded perestroika on the political level. This was critical in understanding just how controversial this policy was.

Secondary Sources Barner-Barry, Carol, and Cynthia Ann Hody. The Politics of Change: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Union. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. Print. This books spotlight on the agents of change within the ailing Soviet Union was critical in understanding the dynamics of the time period. Not only do Barner-Barry and Hody describe the reforms that took place, but they also detail the politics of the matter: analysis of the intense debates that took place in the highest echelons of Soviet government was one of the most helpful features of this book. It was very effective in helping me comprehend how perestroika played out at the statecraft level. Coleman, Fred. The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Forty Years That Shook the World, from Stalin to Yeltsin. New York: St. Martin's, 1996. Print. This book provided historical context for the policy of perestroika; it helped me understand the history of communism in the Soviet Union. Its specific focus on the General-Secretaries and leaders of the USSR was beneficial in understanding why the country resulted in failure. 6

Brown, Archie. The Rise and Fall of Communism. New York: Ecco, 2009. Print. Archie Brown is a renowned historian who is currently the Emeritus Professor of Politics at Oxford University, and more importantly, is an expert analyst when it comes to governments and political structures. His book gave a detailed analysis of the leaders behind the communist movement, the governments internal workings themselves, and the events that led to the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union. It was perhaps one of the most valuable secondary resources that I utilized. Brown, Archie. The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford, England: Oxford UP, 1996. Print. Brown focused an entire book on Mikhail Gorbachev, and his critical mind analyzed the leader from all perspectives. The most helpful sections of the book detailed Gorbachevs ability to manipulate the government and employ brilliant political strategy to achieve his objectives. Laqueur, Walter. The Dream That Failed: Reflections on the Soviet Union. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. Print. Oxford University professor Walter Laqueur provided his own insight into the perestroika ordeal in this book, framing the issue in the lenses of his perspective. The book is comprised of various reflections the author had on the collapse of the Soviet Union, and the many factors that contributed to it. The author does a good job of balancing his viewpoint with objectivity, allowing the reader to come to his or her own conclusion. Laqueurs scholarly take on perestroika was both comprehensive and unique its approach, helping me understand the policy in a new context and perspective. Lewin, Moshe. The Gorbachev Phenomenon: A Historical Interpretation. Berkeley: University of California, 1988. Print. Gorbachevs leadership is put under the microscope in this book, as Moshe Lewin gives a comprehensive analysis of the Soviet leader. The most useful parts of the book described the strategies that Gorbachev used to implement perestroika in the rigidly communist state. Just as the title puts it, Lewin helped me understand just how much of a phenomenon perestroika was, especially in the context of the time period. Matlock, Jack F. Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended. New York: Random House, 2004. Print. Matlock's analysis gave insight into the interactions between the two hegemons of the time period: the U.S. and the Soviet Union. However, this book also depicted the internal workings of the Soviet government and how they played a role in the dissolution of the Union.

O'Clery, Conor. Moscow, December 25, 1991: The Last Day of the Soviet Union. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011. Print. The Soviet Unions dramatic and rapid dissolution is sometimes misunderstood by those who have not studied the event in depth. OClery explains that it was more of a dismantling then an accidental breakup of the Soviet republics. This analysis was key to framing the event within the project. Oppenhiem, I. D., and I. M. Davies. Gorbachev - The Rise and Fall of a Hero. Shoreham: Century (Sussex), 1991. Print. Gorbachevs success as leader of the Soviet Union is debated among historians and analysts, and Oppenhiem and Davies present the discourse of this argument to the reader. This book was helpful in understanding the nature of Gorbachevs rule and how it is perceived by a variety of experts. Additionally, the authors depicted Gorbachev as a master tactician and political strategist, characterizations which are evident in the project. Tarasulo, Isaac J. Perils of Perestroika: Viewpoints of the Soviet Press, 1989-1991. Wilimington, DE: SR, 1992. Print. Isaac Tarasula gives a good account of the presss reaction to perestroika. This was especially enlightening, given that perestroika granted great freedoms to the press. Furtado, Charles F., and Andrea M. Chandler. Perestroika in the Soviet Republics: Documents on the National Question. Boulder: Westview, 1992. Print. This book provided different accounts of perestroika and informed me of the policy affected different segments of the population. The book offered first-hand documents that detailed various individuals; view of perestroika; the variety gave a great and new perspective of perestroika. Gibbs, Joseph. Gorbachev's Glasnost: the Soviet Media in the First Phase of Perestroika. College Station: Texas A & M UP, 1999. Print. Joseph Gibbs detailed the initial stages of perestroika, and helped me understand how the allowance of government criticism and the new age of press freedom affected the progression of perestroika. Roeder, Philip G. Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1993. Print. This books specific focus on the reasons for the Soviet demise was useful in determining what exactly perestroikas role in the matter was. Given that some historians disagree that perestroika caused the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Roeders book helped clarify whether or not my NHD project should follow that trajectory. Roeder was especially 8

effective at condensing and clarifying the various factors that were part of the Soviet collapse. Walker, Rachel. Six Years That Shook the World. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1993. Print. Walkers account of Gorbachevs six years as head of the USSR was objective in its approach. The book was very detailed in its explanations and analysis of perestroika, as well as the repercussions of the policy. As the title indicates, the book also devoted chapters to analysis how Gorbachev and his reforms affected the region and the world. Its dichotomous focus on both the domestic and foreign aspects to perestroika was very useful in understanding its magnitude and scope. White, Stephen. After Gorbachev. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. While this book did offer some scrutiny of perestroika itself, its usefulness derived from its focus on the aftershocks of Gorbachevs rule. The book provides an interesting take on the USSR leader, giving accounts of both sides of the debate, as well as the authors own input on the matter. Given that a large part of my final product is analyzing how perestroika affected world, this book assisted in helping shape this aspect of my project. Zubok, V. M. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2007. Print. This book chronicled the drastic changes in leadership from the beginning of the Soviet Union to its end. Stalin and Gorbachev, and every leader in between, had differing visions for the Soviet Union. Zubok demonstrates how Gorbachev and the Communist stalwarts stood at opposite ends of the political and belief spectrum.