--

2 0 0 9




.. , ..








www.phoenixbooks.ru
,K 37.0(075)
EEK 74.202a7
KTK 404
T87
Penensen+i.
M.B. 4untko, ox+op qnocoqcxnx nayx,
O.A. Honenkoea, xanna+ neaioinnecxnx nayx
Typnx H.A.
T87 Heaioinnecxne +exnooinn n +eopnn n npax+nxe .
ynenoe nocone / .A. Typnx, H.A. Ocnnona. Poc-
+on n/] . dennxc, 2009. 281, [1] c. . n. (Cepne
o+am e+ax).
ISBN 978-5-222-15906-4
B ynenox noconn npec+anena pe+pocnex+nna conpe-
xennix ax+nnnix n nn+epax+nnnix +exnooin. pasnn+ne
xpn+nnecxoio ximenna nepes n+enne n nncixo, ]ea+i,
Opas n xici, xena+exnooina, nop+qono, npoex+naa
+exnooina.
Texnooinn nmc+pnpym+ca xa+epnaaxn ypoxon, npo-
neennix ynn+eaxn, pao+ammnxn n nx paxxax.
Hocone apeconano ynn+eax mxo, npenoana+eax
nyson, c+yen+ax neaioinnecxnx nyson n ncex, x+o nn+epe-
cye+ca iqqex+nnnixn xe+oaxn npenoananna.
V]K 37.0(075)
BBK 74.202a7
ISBN 978-5-222-15906-4
Typnx .A., Ocnnona H.A., 2009
Oqopxenne, OOO dennxc, 2009
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3

Vnenoe nocone o+paae+ oni+ pao+i neaioion,
ncnoisymmnx ax+nnnie n nn+epax+nnnie xe+oi oyne-
nna. Kax noxasinae+ npax+nxa nocennx e+, ynamneca
o++opiam+ +pannnonnoe oynenne, ne nisinammee nn-
+epeca x ynee. Hnqopxannm onn nac+o noynam+ nepes
+eennenne, Hn+epne+, cnpanonnym n+epa+ypy, CMH.
H n xaox ns i+nx cynaen ynamneca sannxam+ naccnnnym
nosnnnm. Tpannnonni ypox c eio nesiexixn xanona-
xn (ynn+ei +panca+op snann) sa+pynae+ oynenne n
ycnoenne snann. B +axnx yconnax ynn+ei opnen+npye+ca
na cpeneio ynennxa, npn i+ox cnini ne noynae+ oc+a-
+onno naipysxn, a cai noome ne ycnannae+ xa+epna.
Hepe neaioiox nc+ae+ npoexa, cnasannaa c nepecxo+-
pox cnoe nosnnnn n ynenox nponecce. Bia ns pon
ynn+ea +panca+opa snann, neaioi pemae+ no-nonoxy
nei pa saan. xax ax+yansnpona+i ye nxemmneca y
ynennxa snanna, xax pacxpi+i eio ximenne, xax naynn+i
pasxima+i n anansnpona+i cno coc+nenni poc+, xax
noyn+i eio x caxoc+oa+einoxy oynennm n xax nipa+i
a i+oio iqqex+nnni cnoco. Ha i+n nonpoci n o+nenae+
npeaiaexoe ynenoe nocone.
B noconn onncani ypoxn n pasnnnix +exnooinax,
paspao+annie ynn+eaxn i. Taianpoia. An+opi nipaam+
aioapnoc+i ncex neaioiax, npeoc+annnmnx cnon paspa-
o+xn. E.A. An+onenxo, ].H. Eqnxnenxo, .B. Bapimono,
C.K. ncnne, H.K. Panenxo, H.A. B+ypnno.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
4
1
:
?
1.1. ,

B 2000 n 2003 ioax Hpoipaxxo xeynapono onenxn
oynammnxca (PISA)
1
i nponeen Monn+opnni snann n
yxenn n nonox +icanee+nn a nianenna noxasa+ee
ipaxo+noc+n n pasnix c+panax. Ho ipaxo+noc+im n annox
cynae nopasyxenae+ca yxenne nonnxa+i +exc+i n ncnoi-
sona+i nx coepanne a oc+nenna coc+nennix nee,
yiyenna snann n pacmnpenna nosxonoc+e ax+nnnoio
ynac+na n nsnn omec+na. B npoipaxxe npnnaa ynac+ne
n Poccna. B 2000 ioy Poccna ia na 2729-x xec+e ns
32 c+pan. 3a ne oc+anci +oixo mxcexypi, Mexcnxa n
Bpasnna. Vnac+nnxn ncceonanna, na+nana+ne+nne yna-
mneca Poccnn, xoin na+n +oixo npoc+ym nnqopxannm
n o+ne+n+i na iexen+apnie nonpoci. B +ox cynae, xoia

1
Ho iino Opiannsannn ixonoxnnecxoio co+pynnnec+na n pas-
nn+na n neax nonimenna ixonoxnnecxo ax+nnnoc+n, ny+ex
opasona+einix nnnonann ia peansonana Hpoipaxxa xe-
ynapono onenxn oynammnxca (PISA). Monn+opnni snann
n yxenn n nonox +i canee+nn (Programme Ior International
Student Assessment. Monitoring Knowledge and Skills in the New
Millennium).
www.phoenixbooks.ru
5
ynamnxca npeaianci +exc+i, nxmnammne naipaxxi,
+anni, cxexi, pea+a sa+pynanci ae n ninonennn
saann penpoyx+nnnoio xapax+epa. na+n nnqopxannm,
annym n annox nne, coo+nec+n nnqopxannm ns pasnnnix
nc+onnnxon n oennn+i ee. B 2003 ioy Poccncxaa de-
epanna no cyxxapnix noxasa+eax sanaa 3234-e xec+a
ns 40. O+c+an o+ nac +axne c+pani, xax Tanan, Cepna,
Bpasnna, Mexcnxa, Hnonesna, Tynnc. Bce i+o yxasinae+
na +o, n+o cax nponecc oynenna n o+enec+nenno mxoe
neoc+a+onno npax+nxoopnen+nponan, xax i o+iopoen o+
pean oxpyamme nsnn
1
. Ceona+eino, +e xe+oi
n noxoi, xo+opie cymec+nym+ n namex opasonannn, n
anni xoxen+ xaoiqqex+nnni.
3+o no+nepae+ca n nainoc+nnecxnxn annixn,
nianennixn n xoe onpoca cpen c+apmexaccnnxon
911-x xaccon i. Taianpoia. Ha nonpoc. Hnmepecno :u
me6e na ypoke' o+ne +nn a 11%, ne+ 15, ne ncei-
a 74% . Oocnonanna o+ne+on in +axnxn. `uume:t
ne ecee0a nonu+aem yuenukoe, ne xouem npuc:ymueamtcn k
ux +nenum, Bo:tmuncmeo yuume:e npocmo uumamm no-
em +amepua: u: yue6nuka, Pe0ko 6meamm unmepecnme
:a0anun, 3acmae:nmm yuumt kyuy nenynoeo +amepua:a,
Hekomopme ypoku npoxo0nm o0noo6pa:no, +onomonno,
Hnmepecno, koe0a npoeo0nmcn na ypokax :anu+ame:tnme
+eponpunmun, Mne unmepecnm me+m, komopme o6cy0a-
mmcn na ypoke. Ha nonpoc. Fako ypok me6e unmepecen'
ns npeoennix qopx ypoxa c+apmexaccnnxn nipan
o+ne+i n ceymmex nopaxe.
2 nponoy aopa+opnie n ncceona+eicxne ixcne-
pnxen+i,
2 pao+am n ipynne c onoxaccnnxaxn,
2 pao+am c ynennxox,
2 ynac+nnx nn spn+ei nipi,

1
Mupcku J.M. Bicmee connaino-iyxann+apnoe opasonanne Poc-
cnn. cnc+exnie xapax+epnc+nxn pasnn+na. Bisoni nonoio nexa //
Hpenoananne connaino-iyxann+apnix ncnnnnn n nysax Poc-
cnn. M.. oioc, 2003. C. 2224.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
6
2 caxoc+oa+eino pao+am no saanno +exe,
Hcnoisym+ca xoxnim+epi, exonc+pnpym+ca yne-
nie qnixi,
Vnn+ei cnpamnnae+ npoenni xa+epna n oac-
nae+ noni.
Hpn o+ne+e na nonpoc. H+o i +i xo+e nsxenn+i n
nponeennn ypoxa? mxoinnxn yxasan na +axne neo-
c+a+xn conpexennix ypoxon, xax nenosxonoc+i nicxa-
sa+i cnom +onxy spenna, +ynoe cnncinanne c ynennxa,
oacnenne xa+epnaa es npopao+xn o coc+oanna nce
nona+no, o+cy+c+nne ipynnono pao+i, sannxa+ei-
nix saann, onoopasnaa qopxa nponepxn oxamneio
saanna, xnenna nexo+opix ynn+ee, xo+opie cnn+am+
+oixo cea npanixn Kax nn ocano nax, neaioiax,
o+ne+i o+paam+ neyone+nopennoc+i oimnnc+na c+ap-
mexaccnnxon oynennex. Bo+ nonexy ono ns nanemnx
saan conpexenno mxoi anae+ca cosanne yconn a
peansannn nosnana+einix n xoxxynnxa+nnnix sanpocon
ynameioca c neim iqqex+nnnoio pasnn+na nnnoc+n, ee
+nopnecxoio ximenna, qopxnponanna yxonnoio xnpa
neonexa, ipaannna.
Bce i+o c+ann+ xnoec+no npoex, pemenne xo+opix
+peye+ ne +oixo nonix xe+oon, no n nono xe+ooo-
innecxo npoipaxxi noio+onxn ynn+ee, naemmnx
conpexennixn neaioinnecxnxn +exnooinaxn, cnoconix
oynn+i mxoinnxon xe+oax noynenna n nepepao+xn
nnqopxannn, cnoconix x aexna+no +pancannn npax-
+nnecxnx pesyi+a+on n yneno ea+einoc+n. Mao +oio,
peann ioaino nsanxosanncnxoc+n n xyi+ypnoio
pasnoopasna name nane+i n XXI nexe onpeeam+ no-
+penoc+i n opasonannn n nocnn+annn noxoenna c nonix
+nnox ximenna, nonix o+nomennex x nsnn, noxoenna,
cnoconoio ycnemno caxoonpeen+ica n yconnax ic+po
xenammeioca xnpa
1
.

1
Fy:mmkun R.H., Cnacckan E.B. Ioainie opnen+npi n opasona-
nnn // Opasona+einie +exnooinn. Hs oni+a pasnn+na ioainoio
ximenna ynamnxca. CH.. Kapo, 2002. C. 8.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
7
Bo ncex nnnnnsonannox xnpe nponosiamena xonnen-
nna onepeammeio opasonanna, nponcxon+ cxena caxo
napanixi opasonanna, n nen+pe xo+opo +enepi c+oa+
oynaexi n eio no+penoc+n n opasonannn
1
.
Hcxoa ns i+oio ceye+ noc+pon+i oynenne +axnx opa-
sox, n+oi ynamneca cnc+exa+nnecxn npnope+an nanixn
anansa xyoec+nennoio, naynnoio, ynenoio +exc+on xax
ocnoni apiyxen+nponanno n omesnannxo nn+epnpe+annn
eio cxica, n+oi onn caxn c+anonnnci nononennixn
coan+opaxn opasona+einoio nponecca, omyman npnnac+-
noc+i x coc+nennoxy poc+y, nepepac+ammym n cosna+ei-
nym ea+einoc+i.
1.2. ,

Conpexennaa pasnnnammaa napanixa opasonanna,
xo+opym A.A. eon+ien n cnoe pao+e Bxoa 2100. Opa-
sona+einaa npoipaxxa n ny+n ee peansannn
2
oosnanae+
+axe xax napna+nnnym, iyxannc+nnecxym nn nnnoc-
+no-opnen+nponannym, nanpanena na pasnn+ne cyex+a
cnoe nsneea+einoc+n. A qopxnponanne cyex+a cnoe
nsneea+einoc+n nenosxono es cymec+nennix nsxene-
nn qopx ynenoio sana+na.
Onennno, n+o o xaxoio-+o yponna (npnxepno mec-
+oceixo xacci) n opasona+einox nponecce ona
npeoaa+i +pannnonnaa cnc+exa oynenna (qopxnpymmaa
napanixa), onaxo ona ona noc+enenno ni+ecna+ica

1
Iap+am C.A. Hpnxenenne xoxnim+epnix +exnooin n ynenox
nponecce c neim qopxnponanna +eope+nxo-n+epa+ypnix nona-
+n // Pyccxoe n+epa+yponeenne n nonox +icanee+nn. T. I.
M.. Taianxa, 2003. C. 367.
2
Heonmtee A.A. Bxoa 2100. Opasona+einaa npoipaxxa n ny+n ee
peansannn. M., 2000.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
14
2
-



2.1.


2.1.1.
Tepxnn xpn+nnecxoe ximenne (o+ ipen. Kri/ike
onenxa, pasop, ocyenne) nsnec+en oneni anno ns pao+
+axnx nsnec+nix ncnxooion, xax 2. Hnae, ]. Bpynep,
.C. Biio+cxn, ]. ]imn
1
. Ha ocnone pao+ i+nx ynenix
H. Texn, K. Mepen+, ]. C+n, C. Vo+ep paspao+a-
n npoex+ H+enne n nncixo a pasnn+na xpn+nnecxoio
ximenna. ]annaa +exnooina n Poccnn c+aa nsnec+na
c 1997 i.
2
1
Xpec+oxa+na no ome ncnxooinn. Hcnxooina ximenna.
M., 1981. C. 82.
2
Hpoex+ pasnnnae+ca n oee nex 30 c+panax xnpa n no xnoinx poc-
cncxnx iopoax. Canx+-He+epypie, Mocxne, Caxape, Hnnex
Honiopoe, Honocnnpcxe n p.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
15
Kpn+nnecxoe ximenne o+ipannneno o+ nona+na
+nopnecxoe ximenne. B 1960 ioax I. nnce, K.
Xa, P. Toxncon, pacxpinaa nona+na meopueckoe n
kpumuueckoe ximenne, onpeenn nx +ax. Tnopne-
cxoe ximenne i+o ximenne, pesyi+a+ox xo+opoio
anae+ca o+xpi+ne npnnnnnnaino nonoio nn yconepmenc-
+nonannoio pemenna +o nn nno saann. Kpn+nnecxoe
ximenne npec+anae+ coo nponepxy npeoennix
pemenn c neim onpeee nna oac+n nx nosxonoio
npnxenenna
1
. C yne+ox annoio onpeeenna nnno, n+o
n npnpoe xpn+nnecxoio ximenna saoena no+penoc+i
npnnnxa+i, nepepaa+ina+i n npnxena+i npeoennie
snanna. ]pyinxn conaxn, ynennx c pasnn+ix xpn+nnecxnx
ximennex n o+nnne o+ ynennxa c nepasnn+ix xpn+nnec-
xnx ximennex npec+anae+ coo caxopeansymmymca
n caxoopasoninammymca nnnoc+i.
]a +oio n+oi oni+ noonoio ximenna npnope+a-
ca n naxannnaca, nponecc xpn+nnecxoio anansa oen
i+i cnc+exa+nnecxnx, n+o n npenoaiae+ca opasona+ei-
no +exnooine Pasnn+ne xpn+nnecxoio ximenna nepes
n+enne n nncixo.
Ionopa o xpn+nnecxox ximennn, nac+o eam+ omnxy.
eio npnnnxam+ sa npexe+, xo+opi oen npenoa-
na+ica. Hn sa naop nanixon, xo+opie xono nipao+a+i
n npnxenn+i. i+o n
. Kax nponecc +exnooina npenoaiae+ cosanne
a+xocqepi co+pynnnec+na n cnc+exe ynn+eiynennx
xacc n nipao+xy ocosnannoio o+nomenna xo ncex acnex+ax
nnnnnyaino n ipynnono pao+i. Kax pesyi+a+ +exno-
oina ae+ nosxonoc+i c+ann+i ne+xne opasona+einie n
nocnn+a+einie saann n onennna+i no xonxpe+nix xpn+e-
pnax iqqex+nnnoc+i pao+i.
Texnooina pasnn+na xpn+nnecxoio ximenna nepes
n+enne n nncixo (n ainemex +exnooina pasnn+na
xpn+nnecxoio ximenna) qopxnpye+ +onxy onopi a
1
Honyapnsanna xpn+nnecxoio ximenna / coc+. ]. C+n, K. Me-
pnn+, H. Texn, C. Vo+ep. M., 1997.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
16
ximenna neonexa, npeoc+anae+ ec+ec+nenni cno-
co nsanxoe c+nna c neaxn n nnqopxanne. 3nanna
saxpenam+ca, no onn onnpam+ca na oni+ ynamnxca.
A pesyi+a+i oc+niam+ca ynamnxnca ny+ex cnoonoio,
nosn+nnnoio, ax+nnnoio ocnoenna nxn nnqopxannn, ee
cnn+esa n npncnoenna.
He:t 0anno o6pa:oeame:tno mexno:oeuu pasnn+ne
xicn+einix nanixon ynamnxca, neoxonxix ne +oixo
npn nsynennn ynenix npexe+on, no n n oinno nsnn
(yxenne npnnnxa+i nsnemennie pemenna, pao+a+i c nnqop-
xanne, anansnpona+i pasnnnie c+oponi anenn n p.).
Texnooina npenoaiae+ ne +oixo noynenne io+onix
snann xax neoxonxoe yconne ycnemno xapiepi, no n
aan+annm x xenammnxca yconnax omenna, pao+i n na-
oie, noynenne snann caxoc+oa+eino, o+ne+c+nennoc+n
sa npnope+enne snann n +enenne nce nsnn.
2.1.2.

anno neaioinnecxo +exnooinn c+pona

n oinnna, +ax xax ee i+ani coo+ne+c+nym+ saxonoxepnix
i+anax xoinn+nnno ea+einoc+n nnnoc+n.
noc+poenne ypoxa no onpeeen-
noxy aiopn+xy noceona+eino, n coo+ne+c+nnn c +pexa
qasaxn. nison, ocxicenne n peqexcna.
Texnooina noc+poena na peqexcnn n ononpexenno
oecnennnae+ ee pasnn+ne. Onennen +o+ qax+, n+o napymenne
c+an moio +exnooinnecxoio nponecca ne ac+ iapan+n-
ponannoio pesyi+a+a. Ceona+eino, +oixo co menne
+exnooinnecxnx c+an cnococ+nye+ oc+nennm eae-
xoio pesyi+a+a. Hcnoisonanne e +ex nn nnix xe+oon
n npnexon +exnooinn es c+poioio ceonanna +exnooin-
necxnx c+anax, xonenno e, ac+ onpeeenni iqqex+
+oixo na ypoxe. Basonaa xoei +exnooinn pasnn+na
xpn+nnecxoio ximenna, coc+oamaa ns +pex c+an, saae+
www.phoenixbooks.ru
17
ne +oixo onpeeennym oinxy n noceona+einoc+i noc+-
poenna ypoxa, cnocoi cone+anna xonxpe+nix xe+onnecxnx
npnexon, no onycxae+ n nx mnpoxym +pancqopxannm n
ae nsope+enne nonix.
H+ax, asonaa xoei +pex c+an.
() . Hepe ynn+e-
ex c+on+ saana ne +oixo ax+nnnsnpona+i, sann+epecona+i
ynameioca, xo+nnnpona+i eio na ainemym pao+y, no n
nisna+i ye nxemmneca snanna no cosa+i acconnannn
no nsynaexoxy nonpocy. Ha i+o c+ann eam+ca npoinosi,
onpeeam+ca nen n+enna nn ncceonanna.
() (peansanna
cxica). Ha i+o c+ann ne+ nenocpec+nennaa pao+a
c nnqopxanne, npnnex npnexi n xe+oi xpn+nnecxoio
ximenna nosnoam+ coxpann+i ax+nnnoc+i ynennxa, ce-
a+i n+enne nn cymanne ocxicennix a oc+nenna
nonoio nonnxanna.
() (pasximenne).
Ha i+o c+ann nnqopxanna anansnpye+ca, nn+epnpe+npy-
e+ca, +nopnecxn nepepaa+inae+ca. C+ana peqexcnn ae+
ynamnxca nanixn anansa, +nopnecxoio nepeocxicenna
nnqopxannn, anae+ca nanoee snannxo a nocnponsne-
enna nceio +pexqasonoio nnxa. 3+a c+ana pasximenna
(peqexcnn) xapax+epnsye+ca ceymmnxn ocnonnixn
saanaxn.
neoc+noe ocxicenne, npncnoenne n oomenne
noynenno nnqopxannn,
nipao+xa coc+nennoio o+nomenna x nsynaexoxy
xa+epnay,
nianenne eme ne nosnannoio (noni nison),
anans coc+nennoio xicn+einoio ny+n n coc+nen-
nix ec+nn n nponecce ypoxa,
anans opasona+einoio nponecca n neox.
Bce +pn +exnooinnecxne c+ann nenpexenno oni
i+i.
cucme+amu:upoeanm, n+oi ynamneca cxoin nona+i
n noceona+eino npnxena+i annym +exnooinm,
www.phoenixbooks.ru
279

Bxec+o npenconna ................................................ 3

Inana 1
POK: TPA,HHHOHHLH HHH AKTHBHLH? .......4
1.1. Pasximenna o +ox, nonexy e+n ne xo+a+
ynn+ica ......................................................... 4
1.2. Tpannnonni, ax+nnni n nn+epax+nnni
ypoxn ........................................................... 7
1.3. Cnocoi opiannsannn opasona+eino
ea+einoc+n ............................................... 10
Inana 2
HHHHOCTHO-OPHEHTHPOBAHHLE
TEXHOHOIHH B TEOPHH H HPAKTHKE ............. 14
2.1. TEXHOOIH2 PA3BHTH2 KPHTHHECKOIO
MBBEHH2 HEPE3 HTEHHE H HHCBMO ..... 14
2.1.1. Cy+i +exnooinn .................................. 14
2.1.2. C+pyx+ypa ypoxa n paxxax +exnooinn ...... 16
2.1.3. Texnooinnecxne npnexi ....................... 24
2.1.4. Vpoxn n paxxax +exnooinn .................... 53
`pok no pa:eumum peuu e 7-+ k:acce............... 53
`pok :umepamypm e 5-+ k:acce ..................... 63
`pok-o6o6menue no pyccko+y n:mky
e 5-+ k:acce .............................................. 66
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280
Hnmeepupoeannm ypok no pyccko+y n:mky
u +ame+amuke e 5-+ k:acce .......................... 70
`pok +ame+amuku ...................................... 78
`pok :umepamypm e 6-+ k:acce ..................... 81
`pok :umepamypm e 9-+ k:acce ..................... 82
`pok :umepamypm e 9-+ k:acce ..................... 85
`pok :umepamypm e 10-+ k:acce .................... 88
2.2. TEXHOOIH2 ]EBATB ............................ 90
2.2.1. Cy+i +exnooinn .................................. 90
2.2.2. Texnooinnecxne npnexi ....................... 97
2.2.3. C+pyx+ypa ypoxa n paxxax +exnooinn .....105
2.2.4. Vpox n paxxax +exnooinn ....................107
`pok u:uku e 7-+ k:acce ............................ 107
Memo0uueckue coeemm no ek:muenum
,e6amoe e ypoku :umepamypm ................... 109
,e6amm e ca+ocmonme:tno pa6ome
yuameeocn ................................................. 112
,e6amm eo eneypouno 0enme:tnocmu ......... 114
]nax+nnecxn xa+epna x ypoxy n+epa+ypi
n 9-x xacce ................................................117
Me+onnecxne pexoxenannn x ypoxy
n+epa+ypi n 10-x xacce ..............................121
Me+onnecxne pexoxenannn x ypoxy
n+epa+ypi n 10-x xacce ..............................127
2.3. ME]HAOBPA3OBATEBHA2
TEXHOOIH2 ........................................... 129
2.3.1. Cy+i +exnooinn .................................129
2.3.2. Texnooinnecxne npnexi n saanna
c ncnoisonannex xena+exc+a .......................132
2.3.3. C+pyx+ypa ypoxa ..................................135
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281
2.3.4. Vpox n paxxax +exnooinn ....................137
`pok no pa:eumum peuu e 7-+ k:acce.............. 137
`pok :umepamypm e 811-x k:accax ............... 141
2.4. TEXHOOIH2 OBPA3 H MBCB ............... 158
2.4.1. Cy+i +exnooinn .................................158
2.4.2. Texnooinnecxne npnexi ......................159
2.4.3. C+pyx+ypa ypoxa ..................................161
2.4.4. Vpox n paxxax +exnooinn
Opas n xici ..........................................161
`pok no pa:eumum peuu e 8-+ k:acce.............. 161
2.5. HPOEKTHA2 TEXHOOIH2 ........................ 171
2.5.1. Cy+i +exnooinn .................................171
2.5.2. C+pyx+ypa npoex+a ...............................176
2.5.3. Texnooinnecxne npnexi ......................178
2.5.4. Vpox n paxxax +exnooinn ....................183
2.5.5. Hpoex+naa ea+einoc+i nne ypoxa ..........187
Hcc:e0oeame:tckan pa6oma no me+e:
Hcno:t:oeanue c:oe co :nauenue+ ueema
e noeecmu A.H. Hexoea Cment ................... 188
`pok no u:ukexu+uu e 5-+ k:acce .............. 201
2.6. TEXHOOIH2 COCTABEHH2
HOPTdOHO ............................................. 212
2.6.1. Cy+i +exnooinn nop+qono ..................212
2.6.2. Tnnooina nop+qono ..........................216
2.6.3. Texnooinnecxne npnexi ......................225
2.6.4. Vpox no +exnooinn nop+qono .............227
`pok Hopmo:uo .................................... 227
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HPHHOEHHR .................................................231
Hpu:oe nue 1. O cvmcnax nonavna
vonepanvnocvn ..................................................232
Hpu:oe nue 2. uenaa nporpavva cnenxypca
Heparornuecxne vexnonornn: veopna n npaxvnxa .......235
Copepanne vopyne ........................................... 240
Mo0y:t 1. Heaioinnecxne +exnooinn ...................240
Mo0y:t 2. Texnooina pasnn+na xpn+nnecxoio
ximenna nepes n+enne n nncixo ..........244
Mo0y:t 3. Texnooina n nipa ]ea+i ..................250
Mo0y:t 4. Menaopasona+einaa +exnooina .........256
Mo0y:t 5. Opas n xici, nn C+pa+eina
nnsyainoio ximenna .......................262
Mo0y:t 6. Texnooina coc+anenna
nop+qono .........................................264
Mo0y:t 7. Hpoex+naa +exnooina ..........................271
Bnp ovuevnocvn no cnenxypcy Heparornuecxne
vexnonornn: veopna n npaxvnxa ............................. 274
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Cepna Cepne o+am e+ax
Typnx Hmpvnna Anppeenna,
Ocnnona Havanna Anavonnennaa
HE,AIOIHHECKHE TEXHOHOIHH
B TEOPHH H HPAKTHKE:
Vnenoe nocone
O+ne+c+nenni peax+op H. Xu:nkoe
Texnnnecxn peax+op H. Baepnnueea
Xyonnx A. Bapmanoe
Koppex+opi B. Reo6amnn, E. Foeenukoea
Honncano n ne na+i 14.08.09.
dopxa+ 84108/32. Byx. +nn N 2.
Iapnn+ypa CG Times. Hena+i oqce+naa. Vc. n. . 13,4.
Tnpa 2500 ixs. 3ax. N
OOO dennxc
344082, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, nep. Xa+ypnncxn, 80.
O+nena+ano c io+onix nanosn+nnon n 3AO Knnia
344019, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, y. Cone+cxaa, 57.
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