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and Fr(nrRE [Thresholds democratisation party systems] 36. of

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CRITICALJUNCTURESAND CLEAVAGES
irst dichoton\: REFOR. MATION Scco^l dichobm\': DEMOCMTIC REVOLUTION Thitd dichotomt: INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

COALTTIONS AND OPPOSITIO N S

N's Commrh?n|s P s t?5pons. Count^

PARTYSYSEMS
Cl.'se st Enpiri. al Er.ttrles N ptltt\ 'P padies

(-]
Oflion Condition C I Option P-D U I C

Commitme to larded intereis Nnlional cnurcn domrnanl ro commitmenr urbanimerasil

Brilain CONS. LIB.: r's.

fringe I Celtic I Disenrers t Induslry

IAGRARIANS

II

P D L

v Scandi- CONS. s.

'LEFI'r

SLrte natronal

lcunlsrreNs
IRADICALS III C R nrons minonty R strons minorily IP, S U P r r . r : s r a C O N S v s / ?: R Re'ch P, -O-L II-R L P,-U I-rR P R-L
It y

to Commirmem Ianded inleress Roman lcatholicl m'nonty Conmirmenrlo urbninrrsts landedinrer\ls

IBAVARIANS l LIB I ZENTRUM Calvinists: CHU. AR { crholicsr t KVP lclalan /-UGA {Celisls CONS.-CATH.-CHF

IV

U L U

Nerher lnd Spain

l,lB. vs. LlB. vs. LIB /RAD vs

s
Stte allied o r
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Sulansing .evolul'on

VI

StJle ll,ed ro Roman Chrch

Commrtment ro lrded intre$s C"*",t,-". a urban inresrs

VII VIII

R R

P S U Austria
P L

CHR vs. LIB.:

IPd{ermans rlndustry Flemishspe!sts

Eelgium CHR-/LIB.vs.

FlcuRE42. lconfigurations ofcleavages, coalitions, and panies: a typological model]

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Teriloiially

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Slo!!dr\ruption

NO IC

D a n i s hc h u r r l i n f l u encern ca\t and cirics Diffusr Danish impcr on breucrrcy, prricirtc Frcnch speakingelire. Flemr-\hspcaking subjcct populrtion Major lanruage etoup\:

Cultural/ethnic

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