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BO QUN CAM MT BNG PHNG PHP MAP (MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING)

Nguyn Minh Thy v Nguyn Th M Tuyn1

ABSTRACT
For the purpose of prolonging the preservation of postharvest mt orange, the factors affecting their shelf-life was examined, including (i) treatments (ozone, KMnO4, Potassium Sorbate, vi); (ii) edible film (CMC, chitosan, pectin), (iii) packaging (PE, PP) and (iv) storage temperature (5-30oC) are interested in this research. The chemical compositions (Vitamin C, total soluble solids, acid content) along with the physical properties (color, shell thickness) and the weight loss have been analysed. Research results showed that the loss weight of orange can be reduced and their shelf-life can be extended to 9-week storage by ozone treatment in conjunction with CMC film (or pectin film) and stored in PE bag (or PP bag) at 10oC. Keywords: Sweet orange, treatment, edible film, bag, storage temperature Title: Application of MAP (Modified Atmosphere Packaging) to prolong the shelf-life of postharvest sweet orange

TM TT
Vi mc ch ko di thi gian bo qun tri Cam mt sau thu hoch, cc yu t nh hng n kh nng tn tr c kho st, bao gm (i) phng php x l (ozone, KMnO4, Sorbate kali, vi); (2) loi mng bao (CMC, chitosan, pectin); (3) loi bao b (PE, PP) v (4) nhit tn tr (5-30oC) c quan tm kho st trong nghin cu ny. Cc ch tiu ha hc ca cam mt (hm lng vitamin C, tng cht kh ha tan, hm lng acid) cng vi cc gi tr vt l (mu sc, dy v) v tn tht khi lng tri c phn tch. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy c th lm gim tn tht khi lng ca cam mt v ko di thi gian tn tr cam n 9 tun bng bin php x l ozone kt hp vi bao mng CMC (hoc mng pectin) v bo qun trong bao b PE (hoc PP) khng c l nhit 10oC. T kha: Cam mt, x l, mng, bao b, nhit tn tr

1 T VN Vng ng bng sng Cu Long t lu rt ni ting vi nhiu loi cy n tri phong ph, trong cam cng l loi qu h citrus ph bin. Do c tnh ca cy cam ch thch hp vi kh hu ca mt s vng ca nc ta, c tnh ma v m nhu cu s dng ca ngi dn th cao nn tri cam c vn chuyn i nhiu ni phn phi n tay ngi tiu dng. ko di thi gian bo qun v duy tr cht lng ca cam, m bo gi tr kinh t trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Trong iu kin kh hu nc ta, c th p dng phng php ci bin kh quyn tn tr MAP (Modified Atmosphere) kt hp vi vic bao mng mng trn b mt tri ko di thi gian bo qun thng qua s thay i thnh phn vi kh hu xung quanh tri. Mng polysacchride ang c ng dng rng ri nhm hn ch s thot hi
1

B mn Cng ngh thc phm, Khoa NN & SHD, Trng i hc Cn Th

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nc, ngn chn s pht trin ca nm mc v cc vi sinh vt khc. Bn cnh , hn ch vi sinh vt, lm chm qu trnh h hp ca tri, phng php bo qun nhit thp kt hp vi x l ha cht trn tri cng ang l mt vn quan tm. Trn c s mc tiu nghin cu l chn la phng php x l cam trc khi bao mng (chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose v pectin) kt hp vi bao b PE (hoc PP) v tn tr cc nhit khc nhau nhm duy tr cht lng v ko di thi gian tn tr cam sau thu hoch. 2 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP TH NGHIM 2.1 Th nghim 1: nh hng ca qu trnh x l v mng bao (CMC, pectin, chitosan) n kh nng tn tr cam mt - Cam mt c thu hoch cc vn (c nng sut n nh) thuc tnh Hu Giang. - Sau khi thu hoch, cam mt c phn loi v lm sch s b, thc hin cc bin php x l ha cht (kali sorbate 5%, KMnO4 0,5%), x l ozone, vi hoc khng x l. Cc mu sau x l c bao mng chitosan 1% (phn t lng thp hoc cao), CMC (Carboxymethyl cellulose) v mng pectin. 2.2 Th nghim 2: Hiu qu ca mng PP v PE (c l v khng c l) Chn nghim thc tt nht th nghim 1, cho tri cam mt vo cc dng bao b khc nhau: bao PE v PP (c l 0,3%; 0,5% v khng c l). Xc nh t l tn tht v kh nng tn tr ca cc loi nguyn liu ny cc nghim thc c b tr. 2.3 Th nghim 3: Kh nng tn tr lnh tri cam mt
Bng 1: Png php phn tch cc ch tiu cht lng

STT

2 3 4 5 6

Phng php phn tch S dng cn k thut xc nh khi lng ban u ca mu v khi lng sau thi gian bo qun. Tn tht khi lng c tnh theo cng thc: Tn tht khi lng (%) % tn tht = (md mc)/md Trong : md: khi lng ban u ca mu (g) mc: khi lng sau thi gian bo qun (g) o mu bng my o mu (colorimeter) hiu Minolta Mu sc (L, a, b) CR-300, o ti 3 v tr khc nhau trn tri, gi tr mu sc c nh gi theo h thng CIE (L, a, b). Hm lng cht kh ha o bng chit quang k (Refractometer) tan (Brix) Hm lng acid tng s, Chun vi NaOH 0,1N theo acid citric (%) Hm lng vitamin C nh lng vitamin C theo phng php Muri. hun (mg%) vi thuc th 2,6dichlorophenol indophenol. dy v (mm) o bng thc kp Caliper

Ch tiu

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Chn kt qu t c t th nghim 1 v 2. Tn tr cam cc nhit thay i t 5, 10, 15, 25oC v so snh vi kh nng tn tr cam nhit phng. Cc ch tiu theo di: Mu sc (gi tr a v b trong h mu Lab), oBrix, hm lng vitamin C (mg%), hm lng acid (%), tn tht khi lng (%), dy v qu (mm). Phng php phn tch cc ch tiu c trnh by bng 1. 3 KT QU V THO LUN 3.1 nh hng ca phng php x l v hiu qu ca cc loi mng bao i vi tri cam mt trong qu trnh tn tr 3.1.1 Tn tht khi lng t nhin trong qu trnh bo qun Kt qu thu c cho thy cc mu bo qun u gim khi lng sau thi gian tn tr. Qu trnh h hp lm tn tht khi lng t nhin, gim gi tr dinh dng v gi tr thng phm ca tri. V cui qu trnh bo qun, s tn tht khi lng thng tng do tri b suy thoi, cht nn b tiu hao nhiu hn. ng thi giai on ny h keo ca t bo b lo ha cng lm gim tnh ho nc nn tc bay hi nc tng ln ng k. Tn tht khi lng ca tri khng khc nhau nhiu gia cc mu bao mng chitosan phn t thp v chitosan phn t cao nhng li c s khc bit r gia cc mu cam c bao cc loi mng khc nhau (Hnh 1). Cam c x l trong nc vi bo ha hoc ozone v bao mng pectin hoc CMC u cho gi tr cm quan cao v kh nng bo qun tt hn mng chitosan hoc khng bao mng (mu i chng).
18 15 TTKL (%) 12 9 6 3 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Thi gian tn tr (ngy) Mng pectin Mng CMC Mng chitosan C

Hnh 1: Tn tht khi lng (%) ca cam mt (x l ozone v cc mng bao khc nhau) bo qun nhit phng (28-30oC)

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Mng CMC c c tnh ngn chn tnh thm v chng mt m tt, do c kh nng lm chm qu trnh h hp, duy tr cc hot ng sng ca tri, lm chm thay i cc thnh phn ha hc v t l h hng ca tri l thp nht (Nguyn Minh Thy, 2000). Bao mng cn lm cho b mt qu ti sng v tng tnh hp dn v tn tht khi lng ca tri cng s thp hn so vi cc mu khng bao mng. Trn c s cc d liu thu thp c, tng quan gia tn tht khi lng tri cc iu kin x l v thi gian tn tr c thit lp. Cc phng trnh tng quan bc 2 (Y = ax2+bx+c) c xy dng vi h s tng quan R2 cao (R2 0,98) (Bng 2), do vy c th c s dng d on tn tht khi lng cam mt theo thi gian bo qun hoc c th phng on tn tht khi lng cam trong khong 30 ngy bo qun ( nhit phng 28-30oC) trong trng hp cam cn ni tn tr. Tn tht khi lng cn dn n s gim dy v tri trong sut qu trnh tn tr (t 5,75 mm n 2,68 mm).
Bng 2: Cc phng trnh tng quan gia tn tht khi lng v thi gian tn tr

Phng php x l i chng Ozone + Mng chitosan Ozone + Mng CMC Ozone + Mng Pectin

Phng trnh tng quan Y = -0,0014x2 + 0,8408x - 0,2939 Y = 0,0027x + 0,5599x - 0,2313 Y = -0,0027x + 0,4945x - 0,6328 Y = 0,0004x + 0,3354x + 0,6455
2 2 2

H s tng quan R2 0,98 0,99 0,98 0,98

3.1.2 S thay i mu sc Nhn chung tt cc cc mu, i vi c mu v v mu tht qu th cc tr s a v b (trong h mu Lab) u tng theo thi gian bo qun do tri chuyn t mu xanh sang mu vng. Cc cht x l b mt c nh hng ln mu sc ca tri v khc bit ngha. cc mu khng x l ha cht, tri chuyn sang mu vng nhanh nht, k n l mu x l vi kali sorbate 5%. Mu x l vi KMnO4 0,5% gi c mu xanh ca v tt, c th do KMnO4 oxy ha vi ethylene sinh ra t qu trnh h hp ca tri v lm chm s chuyn mu ca v cam. Ngoi ra khi x l trong nc vi bo ha v ozone (nng khong 1,5 ppm) th qu trnh bin i mu ca v tri cng xy ra chm hn cc phng php x l khc. S chuyn mu t xanh sang vng sng cc mu bao mng chitosan phn t thp nhanh hn so vi cc mu bao mng phn t cao. Do mng phn t cao c nht cao nn kh O2 kh thm vo lm chm qu trnh oxy ha ca chlorophyll, bn cnh cng cn tr kh CO2 thot ra nn nng CO2 cao s c ch ethylene sinh ra. Cc nghin cu bo qun cam snh bng mng chitosan cng cho thy c th gi c mu xanh tt hn (Trn Thanh Tun, 2001; Tng Th nh Ngc, 2002). Tuy nhin, khi so snh vi mng CMC v pectin th li thy hiu qu ca mng CMC v pectin li cho kt qu tt hn so vi mng chitosan trong cng iu kin tn tr. Mu sc thay i theo hng chuyn t mu xanh sang mu vng sng do qu trnh phn gii chlorophyll di tc dng ca acid hu c, s oxy ha v enzyme chlorophyllase, trong gi tr L tng t 41,7268,5; gi tr a tng t 14,6220,53 v gi tr b tng t 19,8971,99, trong s tng r nt nht th hin gi tr b
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(mu vng) cho thy khuynh hng chuyn mu ca tri cam mt trong thi gian tn tr. 3.1.3 S thay i cc gi tr dinh dng Hm lng cht kh ha tan ca tri t cc iu kin x l dao ng trong khong 8,5-12,4Brix v bin i tng i phc tp. Hm lng vitamin C cng bin ng trong sut qu trnh tn tr v thay i trong khong 29,13-45,06 mg%. Hm lng acid thay i trong khong 0,8 n 1,8% v khng tun theo bt k quy lut no trong sut qu trnh tn tr. iu ny chnh l do hm lng acid trong bn thn tng tri cng c s khc bit ngay t thi im ban u sau qu trnh thu hoch. 3.1.4 Kh nng tn tr cam mt nhit phng T cc phng php thc hin, nh gi cm quan tri v ghi nhn kh nng tn tr c th hin bng 3.
Bng 3: Kh nng tn tr tri t cc iu kin x l v bo qun nhit phng (28-30oC)

Phng php x l Khng x l Sorbate kali + mng chitosan KMnO4 + mng Chitosan Vi + mng CMC Ozone + mng CMC Vi + mng Pectin Ozone + mng Pectin

Thi gian tn tr ti a (ngy) 13 22 20 25 28 28 30

Cc hin tng ghi nhn Tri chuyn sang mu vng, trng thi cm quan km do mt nc. Tri c hin tng b mc cung sau thi gian tn tr ny. Cc mu u c tn tht khi lng thp hn cc iu kin x l v bao mng khc. Mu sc v trng thi ca tri cng tt hn.

3.2 Hiu qu ca mng PP v PE (c l v khng c l) Cc mu cam mt c x l bng ozone v bao mng CMC (hoc mng pectin) c kh nng tn tr tt hn so vi cc iu kin kho st khc. Tri c tip tc tn tr trong cc dng bao b khc nhau xc nh hiu qu ca qu trnh tn tr. Kt qu cho thy cam mt c cho vo bao b PE khng c l th c tn tht khi lng thp hn rt nhiu so v mu bo qun trong bao b PE c l do t tip xc vi khng kh. Hn na trong bao b khng c l, do nng CO2 trong bao gi tng nn s c ch qu trnh h hp, lm cho cng h hp v qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht gim, v vy m hm lng chlorophyll chm bin i v v tri gi c mu xanh lu hn. Tuy nhin, thi gian tn tr ca tri rt ngn, ch khong 10-13 ngy. iu ny chnh l do bao b PE c thm hi nc (3 g/m2.24h 21oC) v thm oxy (1400 ml/m2.24h 21oC) u thp (Nguyn Minh Thy, 2010), tnh trng ng nc d xy ra trong bao b khng c l, to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt v tri b h hng nhanh hn so vi cam c tn tr trong bao b c c l.
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Khi s dng bao b PP khng c l th tnh trng ny c ci thin hn do bao PP c thm hi nc (35 g/m2.24h 21oC) v thm oxy (2900 ml/m2.24h 21oC) cao hn bao b PE. Tuy nhin, trong thi gian tip theo (sau khong 7 ngy) th tnh trng ng nc cng vn xy ra. Do vy c 2 dng bao b PE v PP khng c l s khng c s dng cho hu ht cc th nghim tip theo. Vi cc dng bao b PE v PP c l cc t l khc nhau, kt qu cho thy tn tht khi lng th hin s khc bit khng c ngha gia cc loi mng bao CMC hoc pectin. Tuy nhin, t l c l c nh hng n t l tn tht ca cam mt ngy tn tr th 20 (Bng 4). Cam c khuynh hng gim khi nhiu hn khi tn tr trong bao b c t l c l 0,5% so vi bao b c l 0,3% (so vi din tch bao b).
Bng 4: Tn tht khi lng (%) ca cam mt trong cc loi bao b c t l c l khc nhau nhit phng (28-30oC) sau 20 ngy tn tr

Ch bao gi Bao b PE 0,3% Bao b PE 0,5% Bao b PP 0,3% Bao b PP 0,5% Khng bao mng Trung bnh

Ch bao mng Bao mng pectin Bao mng CMC 7,18 7,28 7,34 7,21 7,34 16,1 9,04a 7,80 7,61 7,82 16,3 9,36a

Trung bnh 7,23a 7,57b 7,41ab 7,58b 16,20c 9,20

Ghi ch: Cc nghim thc c ch s m i km ging nhau (hng hoc ct) th hin khc bit khng c ngha mc ngha 5%

Bng 5: Tn tht khi lng ca cam mt trong cc loi bao b khc nhau nhit phng (28-30oC) sau 20 ngy tn tr

Bao b/Mng Bao b PP Bao b PE 30 m Bao b PE 40 m i chng (Khng bao gi) Trung bnh

Mng Pectin 7,43 7,18 7,5 16,31 9,60a

Mng CMC 7,85 7,8 7,8 16,27 9,91b

Trung bnh 7,64a 7,46a 7,63a 16,29b 9,75

Ghi ch: Cc nghim thc c ch s m i km ging nhau (hng hoc ct) th hin khc bit khng c ngha mc ngha 5%

Vi cc mng bao PE c dy khc nhau (30 m v 40 m) th khng th hin s khc bit ngha v tn tht khi lng (Bng 5). Kt qu ny tng hp vi kt qu c Ramin v Khoshbakhat (2008) cng b t qu trnh bo qun cc loi qu h citrus. 3.3 nh hng ca nhit tn tr n kh nng bo qun cam mt Cc mu cam mt c bo qun nhit thp (10oC) c thi gian bo qun di (hn 9 tun) so vi cam bo qun nhit phng (khong 28-30 ngy). C hai
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dng mng CMC v pectin p dng u th hin u th hn mu cam c bao mng chitosan v mu i chng (khng bao mng). Kt qu kho st cc nhit tn tr t 5oC n 25oC cho thy nhit cng thp, cng h hp cng gim lm chm qu trnh ph v cu trc ca chlorophyll, do mu xanh ca cam gi c lu hn. Qu trnh bin i mu xy ra chm trong 6 tun u vi gi tr a thay i t (-19-10), gi tr b (20-40). T tun th 7 n tun th 9, mu xanh gim v mu vng bt u xut hin nhanh, c th gi tr a (-1020) v gi tr b (4070) thay i r (Hnh 2). nhit phng (28-30oC), s bin i t mu xanh sang mu vng khng r do cc mu u b h trc khi chuyn mu.
24 Gi tr b (mu sc) 22 20 18 16 0 20 40 60 80 Thi gian tn tr (ngy) Nhit 28-30C Nhit 10-12C
Hnh 2: Thay i gi tr b (trong h mu Lab) ca cam mt cc nhit tn tr

Cam c bo qun nhit thp c thi gian bo qun di hn rt nhiu so vi cam bo qun nhit phng. Sau 30 ngy tn tr th cam mt bo qun nhit phng (28-30oC) b hng gn ht, trong khi bo qun nhit thp (10oC) th sau 50 ngy cht lng tri cam vn cn duy tr tt (hnh 3).

(a)

(b)

Hnh 3: Cam mt (a) sau khi x l ozone v bao mng CMC, (b) sau 50 ngy bo qun nhit 10oC

Tuy nhin, khi tn tr nhit thp, cc mu cam tn tr trong bao b PE v PP khng c l li th hin kh nng tn tr tt hn cam mt tn tr trong bao b c l, tn tht khi lng t hn (tn tht ch khong 1/6 so vi bao b c l) (Hnh 4). iu ny cng chnh l do hm lng oxy gim v CO2 tng do qu trnh h hp to ra lm gim qu trnh h hp. Do vy mc chp nhn cm quan sau
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1 tun bo qun nhit thp cho thy cam trong bao b c l gim 8% so vi bao b khng c l. Ngoi ra iu kin nhit cng thp, cam c bao mng c thi gian bo qun di hn so vi cam khng bao mng v gi tr cm quan ca tri cng tt hn. Tn tht khi lng thay i theo nhit tn tr, gi tr ny c khuynh hng tng khi nhit tn tr tng (Hnh 5).
10 8 TTKL (%) 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 TGTT (tun) 7 8 9 10

c l 0.3%

Khng c l

Hnh 4: Tn tht khi lng ca cam mt tn tr nhit 10oC sau 9 tun bo qun trong bao b PE c l (0,3%) v khng c l

12 10 TTKL (%) 8 6 4 2 0 0 30 40 50 60 Thi gian tn tr (ngy) Nhit 10C Nhit 15C Nhit 25C Nhit 28C 10 20 70

Hnh 5: Tn tht khi lng ca cam mt theo thi gian tn tr cc nhit khc nhau

tt c cc nhit kho st, nhit 10-12oC c xem l nhit tt cho qu trnh tn tr v c kh nng ko di thi gian bo qun ca cam mt n hn 9 tun v gi tr cm quan ca cam nhit ny cng th hin tt hn. nhit cao hn 10oC, cam chuyn sang mu vng sm hn mt t, kh nng chp nhn gim dn theo thi gian (d liu khng a ra y). Vi kh nng ny, khng cn thit a cam xung nhit tn tr thp hn 10oC. iu ny s gim hao tn
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chi ph cho qu trnh tn tr cam vi khi lng ln v khng cn nhiu kho lnh cho qu trnh tn tr. Hn na trong mt s trng hp, cam c bo qun nhit thp hn 10oC s c kh nng b tn thng lnh. Kt qu ny cng c cng b bi Ricardo Alfredo Kluge v cng s (2008). Tng t nh tho lun phn trc, s thay i ny tun theo m hnh bc 2 (y = ax2+bx+c) (Bng 6). Cc phng trnh u th hin R2 cao (R20,98). Do vy c th p dng phng trnh ny d on tn tht khi lng cam mt theo thi gian tn tr cc nhit tn tr khc nhau.
Bng 6: Cc phng trnh tng quan gia tn tht khi lng v thi gian tn tr

Nhit tn tr (oC) 10 15 25 30

Phng trnh tng quan y = -0,0006x2 + 0,372x + 0,4203 y = -0,0008x + 0,3259x + 0,2053 y = -0,0015x + 0,2616x + 0,1437 y = -0,0002x + 0,1546x + 0,008
2 2 2

H s tng quan R2 0,99 0,99 0,99 0,98

8 dy v (mm) 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Thi gian tn tr (ngy) 60 70

Nhit 10-12C

Nhit 28-30C

Hnh 6: S khc bit v dy v qu cam mt theo thi gian tn tr cc nhit khc nhau (cam c x l bng ozone v bao mng pectin)

Cam mt c bo qun trong iu kin nhit lnh th dy v cng gim chm do cng h hp v kh nng mt nc gim. Kt qu l dy v ch gim t 5,75 mm n 4,31 mm sau 9 tun bo qun, trong khi dy v cam mt gim t 5,75 mm n 3,12 mm ch trong thi gian 20 ngy nhit phng (28-30oC) (Hnh 6). Quy lut tng gim brix ca cam mt cng khng r rng. Tuy nhin, nhit thp hn 25oC, brix ca cam dao ng rt t (gi tr t c trong khong 10oBrix). Hm lng vitamin C thay i trong khong 33-44 mg% trong 9 tun bo qun.

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Gi tr b thay i chm v bt u th hin cao t tun th 6 hoc tun th 7 (khi mu vng bt u xut hin r trn v tri). Tuy nhin, thi im ny cht lng ca cam mt vn cn tt v vn cn kh nng chp nhn cm quan khong 85%. 4 KT LUN - Trong iu kin tn tr nhit phng (28-30oC), tri cam mt c x l s b trong nc ozone (hoc nc vi) v bao mng CMC (hoc mng pectin) cho tn tht khi lng thp nht v ko di thi gian tn tr n 28-30 ngy. - Tn tht khi lng thp khi cam mt c tn tr trong bao b PE khng c l v tn tr nhit thp (10oC). Khng th hin s khc bit c ngha v dy bao PE s dng cho qu trnh tn tr. - Cam mt c bo qun nhit thp (10oC) c thi gian bo qun di (hn 9 tun) so vi cam bo qun nhit phng (khong 28-30 ngy). C hai dng mng CMC v pectin p dng u th hin u th hn mu cam c bao mng chitosan v mu i chng (khng bao mng) vi s dao ng nh v cht lng. TI LIU THAM KHO
Nguyn Minh Thy. 2000. Nghin cu cc phng php to mng (Edible film) v p dng chng trong x l nguyn liu v bo qun thc phm. Nguyn Minh Thu. 2010. K thut sau thu hoch rau qu. Nh xut bn Nng Nghp. Tp H Ch Minh. Ramin A. A. and Khoshbakhat D. 2008. Effects of Microperforated Polyethylene Bags and Temperatures on the Storage Quality of Acid Lime Fruits. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (4): 590-594. Ricardo Alfredo Kluge; Maria Luiza Lye Jomori; Angelo Pedro Jacomino; Maria Carolina Dario Vitti; Daniela Cristina Clemente Vitti. 2003. Intermittent warming of tahiti lime to prevent chilling injury during cold storage. Scientia Agricola, v.60, n.4, p.729-734, Oct./Dec. Tng Th nh Ngc. 2002. nh hng ca nhit n kh nng bo qun cam bao mng Chitosan. Lun vn tt nghip k s ngnh Cng Ngh Thc phm. Khoa Nng Nghip v SHD. Trng i hc Cn Th. Trn Thanh Tun. 2001. Nghin cu bo qun cam Snh bng mng Chitosan v Zein. Lun vn tt nghip k s ngnh Cng Ngh Thc phm. Khoa Nng Nghip v SHD. Trng i hc Cn Th.

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