@ EDITORS; C N CANDLIN & HG WIDDOWSON @& [eg Peal dis Mee ed eal ee le am (PSN PAN Sata led (need kel Leen s\n). e | Speaking MARTIN BYGATE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSOxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP- Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sio Paulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto OXFORD and OXFORD ENGLISH are trade marks of Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 437134 4 © Oxford University Press 1987 First published 1987 Tenth impression 2003 No unauthorized photocopying All sights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be seat to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above ‘You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Any websites referred to in this publication are in the public domain and their addresses are provided by Oxford University Press for information only. Oxford University Press disclaims any responsibility for the content. ‘Typeset in Bristol by Wyvern Typesetting Ltd Printed in China Acknowledgements ‘The publisher would like to thank the following for their permission to reproduce material that falls within their copyright ‘The author for three extracts from Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends (1984) by Deborah Tannen. Cambridge University Press for five dialogues and a figure from Communicative Language Teaching (981) by William Littlewood. Longman UK Lid for ten activities from Challenges (1978) by Brian Abbs et al. and for an exercise from Progressive Picture Composition (1967) by Donn Byme. Methuen and Co. Ltd. for five extracts from The Birthday Party (1960, revised 1965) by Harolal Pinter. NFER/Nelson Publishing Company Ltd, for a figure from Simulations (1979) by D. Herbert and G. Sturtridge Unwin Hyman for an exercise from Tandem (published in 1981 by Evans Brothers) by Alan Matthews and Carol Read.3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 43 44 4.5 4.6 SA 5.2 5.3 Contents Theauthor and series editors Introduction Section One: Understanding speaking Speaking as a skill Knowledge and skill Oral skills and interaction Differences between speech and writing Introduction Processing conditions of speech and writing Reciprocity conditions of speech and writing Production skills Introduction Facilitation Compensation Conclusion Interaction skills Introduction Routines Negotiation skills Negotiation of meaning ‘Management of interaction Conclusion Leamer strategies of communication Introduction Achievement strategies Reduction strategies Achecklistof skills vi vii 42 42 44 47 49