PLASTIC DEFORMATION

Dislocations and their role in plastic deformation

What are dislocations?

Dislocations are line defects that exist in metals There are two types of dislocations: edge and screw The symbol for a dislocation is The dislocation density in annealed metals is normally r = 106/cm2

Types of dislocations
Screw

Edge

Dislocation motionplastic deformation

Note: Dislocations normally move under a shear stress

How does a dislocation move?

Stress field of a dislocation

Analog to an electric charge

Modes of deformation

Slip
Twinning Shear band formation

Slip

Dislocations move on a certain crystallographic plane: slip plane Dislocations move in a certain crystallographic direction: slip direction The combination of slip direction and slip plane is called a slip system

Slip..

Slip planes are normally close-packed planes Slip directions are normally close-packed directions

Recall for fcc close-packed planes are {111} Close-packed directions are <110>

Slip systems
Crystal system Slip plane Slip direction Total number of slip systems 12 3 48 Active slip systems 5 2/3 2

fcc hcp bcc

{111} {0001} {110} {100}

<110> <2110> <111>

Dislocation interaction
Positive Positive

Positive

Negative

Repulsion

Attraction & Annihilation

Note: More positive-positive interactions in reality

Positive-positive dislocation interaction

Results in more stress to move dislocations (or cause plastic deformation):called work hardening This type of interaction also leads to dislocation multiplication which leads to more interactions and more work hardening

Twinning

Common in hcp and bcc structures

Limited deformation but help in plastic deformation in hcp and bcc crystals

Occurs on specific twinning planes and twinning directions

Compare slip and twinning

SLIP
HOMOGENEOUS COMMON IN FCC

TWINNING
LOCALIZED COMMON IN HCP & BCC OCCURS UNDER SHOCK LOADING

OCCURS UNDER STATIC LOADING

Shear band formation

Limited non-homogeneous deformation Very large localized strain e~1 or 100% Occurs especially under high strain rates Mechanism of deformation still unclear

Plastic deformation movement of dislocations

Strengthening methods

Cold working

Deformation at temperatures below 0.4 Tm Dislocation density increases from 106/cm2 to 1010-12/cm2 High dislocation density results in a large number of dislocation interactions which results in high strength and hardness

Solid solution strengthening

Interaction between stress fields of alloy atoms and dislocations This is the purpose of alloying

Grain size refinement

Small grains result in higher strength

Small grains is equivalent to a large number of grain boundaries in the same volume Grain boundaries act as barriers to dislocation motion

Mechanism

Strength is inversely proportional to grain size s = s0 + kyd-1/2 Hall-Petch equation Smaller grains have more boundary area and hence more barriers to dislocation motion

Precipitation hardening

Precipitates are second-phase particles

Hard precipitates act as barriers to dislocation motion

Applicable only to some alloy systems