TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

B MN CNG NGH PHN MM

BI TP LN
MN HC K NNG LP BO CO K THUT
V D N

TI TM HIU:

M Hnh Cocomo II v Cch c Lng D n

Ging Vin Hng Dn:

Sinh Vin Thc Hin:
M s sinh vin:
Lp sinh vin:
M hc phn:

Th.s L c Trung
Phm Hng Thnh
20082406
Cng ngh phn mm K53
IT4530

H Ni 4/2012

MC LC

LI M U.................................................................................................................4
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V C LNG D N..............................................5
1.1 Qu trnh thit lp phm vi d n .........................................................................5
1.2 Qu trnh xc nh o phn mm......................................................................6
1.3 Qu trnh phn r phn mm .................................................................................7
CHNG 2: M HNH COCOMO II...........................................................................7
2.1 M hnh Cocomo II cho cc khu vc th trng phn mm..................................7
2.2 c im c bn ca Cocomo II...........................................................................8
2.3 M hnh tng hp ng dng................................................................................10
2.3.1 Tip cn.........................................................................................................11
2.3.2 Th tc tnh im i tng..........................................................................11
2.4 M hnh thit k sm...........................................................................................13
2.5 M hnh hu kin trc..........................................................................................15
CHNG 3: C LNG D N S DNG COCOMO II................................15
3.1 M t v Project...................................................................................................15
3.2 S dng m hnh Cocomo II................................................................................16
3.2.1 m s dng lnh ca d n (SLOC)...........................................................16
3.2.2 Lng gi phn mm bng cng c CostStar...............................................17
3.3 Gii thiu mt s Tool.........................................................................................21
3.3.1 USC-Cocomo II.............................................................................................21
3.3.2 Cng c Costar..............................................................................................28
TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................30
2

DANH MC CC HNH TRONG BO CO

Hnh 1: Giao din USC-Cocomo II...............................................................................21

Hnh 2: Thng tin bn quyn USC-Cocomo II.............................................................22
Hnh 3: Chc nng trn giao din USC-Cocomo II......................................................22
Hnh 4: Trng SLOC trong USC-Cocomo II..............................................................23
Hnh 5: M hnh Function Point....................................................................................24
Hnh 6: Adaptation Adjustment Factor.........................................................................25
Hnh 7: Effort Adjustment Factor (EAF)......................................................................25
Hnh 8: Schedule Botton...............................................................................................26
Hnh 9: Scale Factor Button..........................................................................................26
Hnh 10: Model Selection Button..................................................................................27
Hnh 11: Risk Column...................................................................................................28
Hnh 12: Giao din Costar.............................................................................................29
Hnh 13: Giao din cng thc tnh Effort v Schedule.................................................30
Bng 1 : Bng phn lp i tng thc th..................................................................12
Bng 2: Bng trng s cc i tng............................................................................13
Bng 3: Bng t l hiu nng........................................................................................13
Bng 4: Bng tng hp s dng m c bng CodeCouter......................................17
Bng 5: Bng cc ch tiu v gi tr tham s.................................................................19
Bng 6: Bng cc nhn t c thit lp......................................................................19
Bng 7: Bng tng kt...................................................................................................20

LI M U

c lng d n l hot ng u tin trong qu trnh qun l cht lng

phn mm. y l vn khng mi nhng theo mt s nh gi l cn yu ca
cc cng ty phn mm Vit Nam. Mt s cng ty trong nc hin t cc
chun quc t CMM/CMMI trong nng cao nng lc v qun l cht lng phn
mm, song ch m c trn u ngn tay, v hin cng ch gi gn trong vi
cng ty gia cng cho th trng nc ngoi.
Lu nay, ni n c lng d n, khng t ngi ngh ngay n vn l xc
nh xem phn mm sn phm ca d n c "gi" khong bao nhiu ? v do
thng quy c lng d n v gi bn phn mm.
Tuy nhin theo quan im ca ngi pht trin phn mm, thc t cho thy
hot ng c lng d n l cc k quan trng, khng n thun ch l c
lng gi tr sn phm phn mm.c lng d n cn bao hm ngha rng hn
v nhiu mt nh c lng v nhn lc, thi gian, chi ph pht sinh Hot
ng c lng d n th hin tm nhn ca ngi qun l, l khu u tin
nhng c tnh quyt nh ti thnh cng ca d n.
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta s dng kinh nghim qu kh, theo ngha
nu d n mi rt ging v kch c v chc nng vi mt d n qu kh th rt
c th d n mi s i hi khi lng cng sc, thi gian v chi ph tng
ng d n c. Vy trong trng hp khng tm c d n c tng ng th
sao? R rng ch c lng bng kinh nghim khng cha .
C nhiu phng php c lng phn mm khc nhau, v d phng php
im chc nng, COCOMO..., chng u h tr tt cho hot ng c lng d
n phn mm. Trong phm vi bo co ny s ch tp trung tm hiu v m hnh
Cocomo II v cch s dng Cocomo II c lng d n phn mm.
Ni dung bo co bao gm:
Chng 1: Tng quan v c lng d n
Chng 2: M hnh Cocomo II
Chng 3: c lng d n s dng Cocomo II

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V C LNG D N

c lng l hot ng u tin trong tin trnh qun l d n bao gm:
c lng d n
Phn tch ri ro d n
Lp lch cho d n
Theo di v kim sot d n

Khi lp k hoch mt d n, ngi ta phi tr li cc cu hi:

Cn bao nhiu cng sc ngi-thng pht trin d n?
Thi gian thc hin d n theo thng ngy l bao nhiu?
Chi ph thc hin d n?
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta s dng kinh nghim qu kh, theo ngha nu
d n mi rt ging v kch c v chc nng vi mt d n qu kh th rt c th
d n mi s i hi khi lng cng sc, thi gian v chi ph tng ng d n
c. Vy trong trng hp khng tm c d n c tng ng th sao? R rng
ch c lng bng kinh nghim khng cha .
C nhiu phng php c lng phn mm khc nhau, v d phng php im
chc nng, COCOMO..., v chng u c cc c im chung nh sau:
Phi thit lp phm vi d n trc
Xc nh o phn mm tin hnh c lng
Phn r d n tin hnh o
1.1 Qu trnh thit lp phm vi d n
Thit lp phm vi d n (phm vi phn mm) l vic nh gi cc chc nng v
hiu sut ca phn mm cn t ti. nh gi phi d hiu, khng m h, theo
ngha cc d liu nh lng nh s ngi dng ng thi, kch c danh sch, thi
gian p ng... phi c thit lp tng minh, cc rng buc (v khng gian lu
tr, v b nh, v h iu hnh) phi c ghi li... Trong thit lp phm vi d n,
phi c c nhng c lng v ti nguyn cn cho vic hon thnh d n. Ti
nguyn bao gm con ngi, phn cng v phn mm.

Ti nguyn con ngi bao gm cc v tr cng tc, nng lc, s lng. Ti

nguyn phn cng l cc thit b phn cng c th s dng trong d n nh: C bao
nhiu my ch, my tnh c nhn, chy trn cc nn no... Ti nguyn phn mm
bao gm cc cng c h tr thit k, h tr qun l d n, h tr lp trnh...
1.2 Qu trnh xc nh o phn mm
C nhiu o khc nhau tu theo mc ch o. Cc o c th c chia
thnh: o k thut, o cht lng, o hiu nng, o hng kch c,
o hng chc nng v o hng con ngi. Tuy nhin, hai loi o thng
c s dng nhiu nht l o theo kch c v o theo chc nng.
o theo kch c thng ly l s dng m lnh (KLSOC) ca ton b phn
mm. y l cch o trc tip. S dng o ny, ta c cc c lng sau:
Hiu nng = KLSOC / ngi-thng
Cht lng = Kim khuyt / KLSOC
Chi ph = $ / KLSOC
T liu = s trang t liu / KLSOC
o theo kch c vn cn gy nhiu tranh ci. Ngi ng h cho rng s dng
lnh l d dng m c. Ngi phn i lp lun rng KSLOC ph thuc vo
ngn ng lp trnh. Tuy nhin o ny vn c dng ph bin, do tnh chnh xc
ca n.
o phn mm theo chc nng l cch o gin tip phn mm v tin trnh
pht trin ca n. Thay v m s dng m lnh, ngui ta tp trung vo chc nng
hay tin ch ca chng trnh. Phng php ny hot ng trn nguyn tc cho
im cc chc nng ca chng trnh. Cc chc nng c th l:
S u vo theo ngi dng
S u ra theo ngi dng
S cu hi ca ngi dng
S giao din ngoi
S cc tp
Ngi ta tnh im chc nng thoe cng thc:
FP = tng s m x [0.65 + 0.01 x SUM(Fi)]
6

trong tng s m l tng ca tt c cc mc chc nng, Fi l gi tr iu

chnh phc tp. c thm thng tin chi tit v cc o phn mm.
1.3 Qu trnh phn r phn mm
Phn r phn mm thnh cc phn nh hn, thu thp o v tin hnh tnh ton
c lng. Chng ta phi phn r bi v trong hu ht cc trng hp, d n cn
thc hin l qu ln c th xem xt trn mt n v. Chia nh d n s gip cho
nh gi c lng chnh xc hn.
tin hnh tnh ton c lng, ngi ta thng s dng m hnh c lng
kinh nghim hoc cc cng c c lng t ng. Trong m hnh c lng kinh
nghim, ti nguyn c tnh ton theo cng thc sau:
Ti nguyn = c11 e1 + c21 e2 + ...
trong : ei l c trng phn mm th i
ci1, ci2 l cc hng s suy dn t kinh nghim cho c trng th i.

CHNG 2: M HNH COCOMO II

Mt s cc m hnh thut ton c a ra nh l nn tng cho vic c lng
s c gng, lch trnh v chi ph cho d n. Chng da trn nhng khi nim tng
t nhng vi nhng gi tr tham s khc nhau. M hnh COCOMO l m hnh theo
kinh nghim nhn c t vic su tp d liu t mt lng ln cc d n phn
mn. Cc d liu ny c phn tch thu v cng thc tt nht ph hp vi cc
quan st. Cng thc lin kt kch thc ca h thng v sn phm, d n v cc
nhn t trong nhm pht trin h thng.
Bn c im chnh ca chin lc Cocomo II:

Bo ton tnh m i vi bn Cocomo gc

B sung c tnh mi hng cc khu vc th trng phn mm tng lai

Thm vo u vo v u ra ca cc m hnh con Cocomo II (submodel

Cocomo II) tng ng vi cp bc thng tin hin c.
Cho php cc m hnh con Cocomo II ph hp vi mt chin lc x l
c th ca mt d n no .

2.1 M hnh Cocomo II cho cc khu vc th trng phn mm

7

Lp trnh u cui khng cn mt m hnh COCOMO II.Thng thng, nhng

ng dng thuc khu vc ny c pht trin trong vng vi gi cho ti vi ngy, v
th ch cn mt c lng n gin da vo hot ng l .

M hnh Cocomo II cho khu vc tng hp ng dng da trn im i tng

(Object Point).im i tng l s cc mn hnh (Screen), bo co v m un
chng trnh thuc ngn ng th h th ba c pht trin cho ng dng.Mi i
tng c nh trong s tng ng vi ba mc phc tp (n gin, Trung
bnh, Kh).iu ny tng ng vi cp thng tin v mt sn phm tng hp ng
dng trong giai on lp k hoch, ng thi tng ng vi chnh xc cn thit
cho cc c lng chi ph phn mm (chng hn, nhng ng dng c pht trin
bi mt i nh trong vng vi tun ti vi thng).

Kh nng ca Cocomo II trong vic c lng chi ph thuc cc khu vc to ng

dng, tch hp h thng v kin trc nn tng ph thuc vo mt t l ph hp ca
m hnh tng hp ng dng (cho cc n lc lm bn mu) v hai m hnh c
lng chi tit cho cc giai on tip sau ca vng i phn mm: Thit k sm
(Early Design) v Hu kin trc (Post Architecture).

2.2 c im c bn ca Cocomo II
Th nht, khng ging nh m hnh COCOMO ban u c xut vo nhng
nm 70 ca th k trc ch h tr mt m hnh vng i pht trin phn mm n
l, ring bit, bn COCOMO II h tr nhng d n phn mm trong hin ti v
tng lai vi nhiu m hnh pht trin phn mm a dng hn. Trong cc d n
ny, mi quy trnh (process) s c gn vi mt hng dn quy trnh (process
driver). Nhng hng dn ny bao gm COTS (Commercial off-the-shelf) hoc tnh
sn c ca phn mm s dng li (reusable software availability); mc hiu bit
v kin trc v yu cu; cc rng buc v th trng v lch trnh; kch c; v s tin
cy cn thit.

Th hai, m hnh c lng chi ph phn mm s dng phi tng thch vi

thng tin sn c h tr cho vic c lng.Trong giai on u ca mt d n phn
mm, ch bit c rt t thng tin v kch c ca sn phm cn pht trin, v mi

trng trin khai (target platform), v nhn lc s tham gia vo d n hoc nhng
chi tit c th ca tin trnh s p dng. Khi vng i tin trin dn, hiu bit v bn
cht ca phn mm cng phm vi kch c ca n tng ln, lc ny, cc quyt nh
v c lng s chnh xc hn.

Th ba, COCOMO II cho php cung cp thng tin th v hng dn chi ph

(y l cc thng tin nh hng ti chi ph nh yu cu v mc tin cy ca sn
phm, cc rng buc v thi gian, nhn lc ...) trong giai on u ca d n, v
nhng thng tin tinh trong giai on sau ca d n. Do , COCOMO II khng
to ra im nh gi chnh xc cho chi ph v n lc cn thit xy dng d n
phn mm, m to ra min gi tr im nh gi tng ng vi mc xc nh
ca u vo cho vic c lng.

M hnh Tng hp ng dng bao gm cc n lc lm bn mu pht hin v

hn ch nhng ri ro tim nng nh giao din ngi dng, tng tc gia phn
mm v mi trng trin khai, hiu nng, v s pht trin ca cng ngh.

M hnh Thit k sm (Early Design Model) bao gm vic tm hiu cc kin trc
phn mm/h thng khc nhau v cc khi nim v nghip v.Trong giai on ny,
khng c thng tin h tr vic c lng chnh xc chi ph.Chc nng tng
ng vi giai on ny trong m hnh COCOMO II bao gm vic s dng im chc
nng v mt tp hp gm 7 hng dn chi ph.

M hnh Hu kin trc (Post-Architecture) bao gm vic xy dng v bo tr mt

sn phm phn mm thc s (khng cn nm trn thit k na).Trong giai on
ny, s tit kim c chi ph nu mt kin trc vng i phn mm c xy dng
t trc, ph hp vi nhim v ca h thng v thao tc thc hin, lng trc ri
ro; v kin trc ny c thit lp nh l mt khung lm vic cho sn phm.M
hnh COCOMO II tng ng vi giai on ny cng tng t nh m hnh
COCOMO gc v Ada COCOMO. N s dng cc hng dn ngun (Source
Instruction) v/hoc im chc nng; mt tp gm 17 hng dn chi ph; mt tp
gm 5 nhn t xc nh s m t l ca d n.Nhng nhn t ny thay th cho cc
phng thc pht trin trong m hnh COCOMO gc, cng nh 4 nhn t ca m
hnh Ada COCOMO.

Tm li, COCOMO II cung cp mt chui ba giai on cc m hnh c lng

cho cc d n phn mm v to ng dng, tch hp h thng v kin trc nn tng.

V chin lc x l, nhng d n phn mm thuc khu vc To ng dng, Tch

hp h thng v Kin trc nn tng s bao gm s kt hp ca ba m hnh x l
chnh.M hnh ph hp s ph thuc vo tng ng dng c th.

Pha u tin bao gm vic lm bn mu, s dng cc kh nng ca m hnh tng

hp ng dng. M hnh tng hp ng dng trong COCOMO II h tr cc pha ny,
cng nh tt c cc hot ng lm bn mu xy ra sau trong vng i pht trin
phn mm.

Pha tip theo bao gm vic tm hiu cc kh nng la chn v kin trc hoc cc
chin lc pht trin tng dn (incremental development strategies). h tr cc
hot ng ny, COCOMO II cung cp m hnh c lng sm gi l m hnh thit
k sm.Mc chi tit trong m hnh ny tng ng vi mc chung ca thng
tin sn c v chnh xc c lng cn thit trong giai on ny.

Khi d n chun b xy dng v trin khai trong mt h thng, n phi c

mt kin trc v vng i, cung cp nhng thng tin chnh xc hn v u vo
hng dn chi ph, t cho php tin hnh c lng chnh xc hn. h tr
giai on ny, COCOMO II cung cp m hnh Hu kin trc.

Ni dung va trnh by trn ch l nhng khi nim chung nht lin quan n
COCOMO II.Nhng thng tin phi c xem xt li da trn vic phn tch d
liu tip sau.Qu trnh phn tch d liu cho php xc nh r hn gia im i
tng, im chc nng, v dng m cho cc ngn ng khc nhau v cc h thng
tng hp, t h tr vic iu chnh cc tham s.
2.3 M hnh tng hp ng dng
M hnh ny tp trung cho cc ng dng c tnh a dng ha cao khng th thit
lp c bng mt cng c c th no.C th ly v d nh cc ng dng giao din
ha GUI, qun l i tng hay c s d liu, cc chng trnh trung gian

10

trong cng vic x l phn tn, x l giao dch, nhng cng c tm kim thng
minh, v cn phi k n cc ng dng qun l ti chnh, cng nghip, y t...
2.3.1 Tip cn
c lng im i tng l mt phng php tng i mi nhm c th tip
cn ti kch thc ca phn mm.Nhng n c thc nghim cho thy rng kh
ph hp cho lnh vc tng hp ng dng.N c coi l c hiu qu ngang vi c
lng im chc nng khi s dng cho mt tp khng tm thng (nhng vn phi
c gii hn) cc ng dng.

Mt nghin cu so snh c lng im i tng v c lng im chc nng

c tin hnh, ly mu 19 d n phn mm ngn hng cho cng mt t chc, s
dng ICASE, vi ngun nhn lc bin thin t 4.7 ti 71.9 ngi-thng. Kt qu
cho thy: Tip cn c lng im i tng nhn nh 73% thay i trong lng
ngi-thng ni trn c iu chnh ti s dng, vi tip cn c lng chc
nng con s ny l 76%.

Sau mt nghin cu mang tnh thng k v hai phng thc c lng im

cho thy rng: Hai cch c lng cho cng mt chnh xc nh nhau v mt
thng k.Nhng c lng im i tng li ch cn mt khong thi gian 47% so
vi c lng im chc nng (tnh trung bnh).V nhiu ngi qun l cng pht
biu h cm thy c lng im i tng d dng s dng hn.
2.3.2 Th tc tnh im i tng
Trc tin cn nu ra mt s thut ng:

NOP: New Object Points - Nhng im i tng mi

SRVR: S lng cc bng d liu trn my ch kt hp vi screen hay

report
CLNT: S lng cc bng d liu trn my khch kt hp vi Screen
hay Report.

%REUSE: T l phn trm ca cc Screen, Report, M un 3GL c

ti s dng t phin bn trc ca ng dng.

Cc bc tin hnh:

11

c nh s lng i tng: c lng s lng cc screen, report,

thnh phn 3GL ca ng dng.S dng chun ca cc i tng trn vo mi
trng ICASE.

Phn lp tng i tng thc th vo 3 mc phc tp: n gin,

trung bnh v kh, da trn nhng gi tr trn nhng chiu tiu biu. S dng bng
sau:

Bng 1 : Bng phn lp i tng thc th

Cho cc Screen

Cho cc Report

S lng v ngun cc
S
Lng
Khung
Nhn

<3

S lng v ngun cc

hng d liu

bng d liu

Tng <

Tng < 8Tng 8+ ( Lng Tng < Tng < 8Tng 8+

(2/3 srvr,
(2/3srvr,
4(<2srvr,
> 3 srvr,
4(<2srvr,
(>3 srvr,
Mc
3-5 clnt)
3-5 clnt)
<3 clnt)
< 5 clnt)
<3 clnt)
< 5 clnt)
n

Trung

Trung

gin

Gin

bnh

hoc

gin

gin

bnh

Trung

Kh

hoc

gin

bnh

Trung

Kh

37

Trung

gin

bnh

Kh

>8

Trung
bnh

Kh

Kh

4+

Kh

bnh

t trng s cho cc i tng, vi gi tr nm trong bng di y.

Trng s ny phn nh mt cch tng i n lc phi b ra hon thnh cng
vic.

12

Bng 2: Bng trng s cc i tng

phc tp Trng s
Loi i tng

n gin

Trung bnh

Kh

Screen

Report

Thnh phn 3GL

10

Quyt nh im i tng: Tnh tng tt c trng s ca nhng th hin

vo mt con s, l s m im i tng.

nh gi t l phn trm ti s dng mong i c th t c. Tnh

lng NOP c pht trin, vi OP l im i tng:

NOP =

(OP) * (100 %reuse)

100

Quyt nh t l hiu nng, PROD = NOP / ngi-thng, vi lc :

Bng 3: Bng t l hiu nng

Kh nng & kinh nghim ca
ngi pht trin, kh nng v s
pht trin ca ICASE
PROD

Rt
Thp

Thp

nh gi nhn lc. PM l lng ngi-thng:

PM =
2.4 M hnh thit k sm
13

NOP
PROD

Danh
ngha
13

Cao
25

Rt
Cao
50

M hnh ny s dng im chc nng khng hiu chnh (Unadjusted Function

Points - UFP) lm s o kch thc. Ta dng m hnh ny giai on sm ca d
n, khi bit rt t v kch thc ca sn phm pht trin, nn tng mc tiu, nhng
ngi tham gia d n, chi tit nhng tin trnhM hnh ny c th c ng dng
Khi to ng dng, Tch hp h thng hay Pht trin h tng.
S dng khi:

Yu cu tng i n nh

Kin trc cn bn c xc lp

n v o l im chc nng v KLOC

Cc chc nng:

Nhp vo

Xut ra

Tp logic trong, tp giao tip ngoi

Truy vn ngoi

i FP thnh KLOC: 1 im chc nng tng ng vi bao nhiu dng lnh

Size tnh theo KLOC
c lng:

Da vo 7 hng dn chi ph (Cost driver)

PM =Ax[Size]BX xEM +PMM

Size= Size x (1 +BRAK/100)

BRAK: lng m phi loi b do thay i yu cu

C tnh n thay i yu cu

EM Effort Mutiplier

7 hng dn chi ph

PERS Personnel Capability

RCPX Product Reliability and Complexity

14

RUSE Required Reuse

RDIF Platform Difficulty

PREX Personnel Experience

FCIL Facilities

SCED - Schedule

2.5 M hnh hu kin trc

S dng trong qu trnh xy dng phn mm
Dng s dng m, im chc nng, cng 17 hng dn chi ph
Tng t nh m hnh thit k sm nhng m c th v chnh xc hn

CHNG 3: C LNG D N S DNG COCOMO II

Phn ny trnh by mt v d c lng mt d n theo m hnh COCOMO II,
trong c cc ch tiu m nh qun tr d n cn nh gi v cc cng c c th s
dng.
3.1 M t v Project
Mt cng ty phn mm, h tr cho vic khai thc thng tin (data mining) vi mc
ch l xy dng cc thuc tnh ca ng dng phn tch v truyn tin trong mt
mng biological. Nh l mt phn ca d n ny, database provider s th hin mt
giao din n gin vi ngi lp trnh v du i s phc tp ca cc lp d liu s
c xy dng.

Cng ty ny hon thnh pha u tin, gm cc ti liu, chng trnh th m t

v t tng ca d n. Khch hng c th c c cc kh nng sau:

Chuyn i mt c s d liu c sn SQL Server (~1GB) trn nn

Windows sang d liu dng ProtgreSQL trn nn Linux.

Cc phn xy dng s dng ngn ng lp trnh Java, phn chnh ca

chng trnh l phn database provider.

15

Khi m mi xy dng d n, th mt bn tho t m (chi tit thit k cho

tng pha) l cha sn sng.

D n c thi gian xc nh.

3.2 S dng m hnh Cocomo II

COCOMO II lng gi phn mm da trn cng sc ca con ngi/ thng.C
th hn l kch thc vt l tng th ca cc tp trong d n, chnh l hng ngn
m lnh (KSLOC). Vi cc d n cha hon thin nh v d, ta s phi chn m
hnh COCOMOII Early Design
3.2.1 m s dng lnh ca d n (SLOC)
n gin nht l m s dng lnh da trn s dng hin ln trn status bar khi
m mt file.Phc tp hn bn cn tch bit cc ghi ch v dng rng. Lm nh trn
cng c th l mt cch nh gi s qua v d n, c bit l cc d n nh
nhng thc ra mt d n ln li c nhiu file vi hng ngn cu lnh.S la chn
bt buc phi l mt cng c t ng m s dng lnh SLOC vi cc tu chn
thch hp.

Mt chng trnh loi c gii thiu y l chng trnh CodeCounter vi

giao din thn thin c th m SLOC ca nhiu ngn ng lp trnh nh Java, C/C+
+, SQL, HTML v XML. Chng trnh ny c th download v s dng th nghim
trong 30 ngy theo a ch: http://www.investph.com/ geronesoft/

Trong trng hp c th ca v d ny, chng trnh ngun gm 4 phn hon

thnh

Create PostgreSQL database, indexes, write pgSQL (close to PL/SQL)

stored procedures.

Xy dng cc thnh phn Java gm c s l gc ca ng dng, v phn

phc v l database provider.

Xy dng servlet, mt thnh phn c lp cho php gi nhanh cc yu

cu t giao din ngi dng UI n nhn cc thnh phn Java.

Mt trang HTML th nghim kim tra database provider.

Chng trnh ngun v d y gm c 4 thnh phn c vit t 4 ngn ng

khc nhau t SQL, Java v HTML/ XML.Rt tin li v n c sp xp vo 4
16

folder ring bit nn d dng cho vic m s dng. Bng tng hp v s dng m
c trong cc folder bng CodeCouter:

Bng 4: Bng tng hp s dng m c bng CodeCouter

No.

Folder

Total SLOC

SQL Files

414

Java DB Provider Files

345

Java Servlet

156

Web Files

113

3.2.2 Lng gi phn mm bng cng c CostStar

Bn hon ton c th s dng m hnh COCOMO II nh sau: chn m hnh,
cng thc, xc nh cc gi tr cho cc tham s v t tnh gi ca d n. Ti tin chc
rng s l mt vn , bn s thch lm g hn: in vo cc form trng c sn
ging nh dng my tnh hay s dng cc cng c phn mm khc.Hn l bn s
thch hn s la chn sau v nu nh vy ti xin gii thiu mt cng c chuyn
dng lm vic vi m hnh COCOMO II v c cc phin bn c ca
COCOMO.

chnh l cng c CostStar 7.0 vi giao din rt thun tin cng vi ti liu tr
gip ngn gn v y .Chng trnh c s dng bi hng triu khch
hng.Bn CostStar 7.0 demo hay mi hn c th tm thy a ch
http://www.softstarsystems.com/

Thng thng, bn to mt thnh phn chnh v cc thnh phn con xc nh bi

cc phn tng ng ca d n ca bn.Thnh phn chnh ny c coi nh gc ca
cc thnh phn khc, n s l ni tng kt tt c cc nh gi. Bn cn phi to ra
cc thnh phn con cho tt c cc phn cng vic, v nhp s dng SLOC vo da
trn kt qu ca chng trnh m s dng ni trn

trong d n v d, ti to thnh phn chnh (gc) v 4 thnh phn con:

17

db_provider

servlet

database_scripts

ui_web_testing

V sau khi cc thnh phn ban u ca CostStar c xc lp th chng ta c

th bt u thc hin vic lng gi bng m hnh COCOMO II. Mc d l c s
ca php nh gi theo m hnh COCOMO II da trn s lng SLOC, s iu
chnh cc tham s c th lm thay i gi tr ca mt phn mm hng trm ln. Nh
cp trn, tn ti hai tp cc tham s gip cho php lng gi COCOMO II
chnh xc hn.Tp th nht gm 17 ch tiu phn ln c tha hng t m hnh
COCOMO 81, tp th hai thm vao 5 ch tiu mi dng trong COCOMO II.
Cch thit lp cc ch tiu kh n gin. Vi vai tr nh l mt nh qun l d
n, bn cn cc thng tin v nhng mt quan trng nht trong d n nh cc c
trng ca sn phm, cc yu cu v cc bng tng kt, cc yu cu v cht lng
sn phm, kinh nghim v kh nng ca nhm lm d n, c s vt cht c sn v
k hn phi hon thnh.Sau l mt phn rt nhy cm to ra cc gi tr gi
nh chp nhn c cho cc tham s trong phn ly thng tin.
Sau y l phn nhp tham s cho d n ta ang nghin cu, gi tr mc nh
trong CostStar cho cc tham s l 1(nominal):
iu chnh cc nhn t v c trng ca sn phm:

Pha ban u hon thnh xong s thiu st v khng c cc ti liu v

kin trc khin cho d n b coi nh l rt nh v pha lm nh cha c lp. Dn
n ch tiu RESL b nh gi rt thp (very low).

i ng pht trin phn mm quen thuc vi khi nim ca cng

ngh phn mm xong phn mm x l vn ch mc CMM (nhn t PMAT mc
low)

Kch thc database ln (~1GB) vi 20 bng v 100 ch s. Ch tiu

DATA c nh gi l High.
Nhn t con ngi:

Thnh vin ca nhm lp trnh mc trung bnh ca C/C++ xong mi

ch bt u vi Java. Dn n PCAP, kh nng lp trnh mc cao High nhng
LTEX, kinh nghim s dng ngn ng hay cng c lp trnh ch mc thp Low.

18


Thnh vin ca nhm lp trnh c kinh nghim kh khi lm vic trong
mi trng Windows nhng vi nn Linux th khng. PLEX mc thp Low.

Khng c vai tr c bit ca phn tch nn kh nng phn tch ACAP

ch mc thp.

Ch tiu SCED c nh gi cao High v k hoch d n kh c th vi

vic c nh thi gian lm vic ca thnh vin d n mi vi vic ho nhp vi mi
trng v cng vic.
Bng 5: Bng cc ch tiu v gi tr tham s
STT

Hng dn chi ph

Gi tr gi nh

DATA

high

CPLX

nominal

TIME

nominal

STOR

nominal

RUSE

nominal

DOCU

nominal

PVOL

nominal

SCED

very high

RELY

nominal

10

TOOL

nominal

11

APEX

nominal

12

ACAP

low

13

PCAP

high

14

PLEX

low

15

LTEX

low

16

PCON

nominal

17

SITE

nominal

Bng 6: Bng cc nhn t c thit lp

19

STT

Yu t quy m

Gi tr gi nh

PREC

nominal

PMAT

TEAM

Nominal

FLEX

Norminal

RESL

Little (20%)

CMM Level I (upper)

Cc cng thc c s dng s c CostStar trnh by nh sau:

Effort = 2.9400 * EAF * ( KSLOC )1.1312

EAF = 1.4184
Effort: Effort in Person-Months

Schedule = 3.6700 * 1.600 * ( Effort ) 0.3242

Based on effort with SCED = Nominal
Duration in Months

Bng 7: Bng tng kt

Effort in
Level Component

Developed

Person
Months

Cost

Increment

Name

Size

main

1028

4.6

23.0

Database - scripts

414

1.9

9.3

Servlet

156

0.7

3.5

Ui_web_testing

113

0.5

2.5

Db_provider

345

1.5

7.7

20

(k $)

Bng trn cho thy gi tr ca d n l 23.000$ v thi gian d n l 4.6 thng

cng vi gi v thi gian ca cc khu con trong d n.
3.3 Gii thiu mt s Tool
3.3.1 USC-Cocomo II

Hnh 1: Giao din USC-Cocomo II

21

Hnh 2: Thng tin bn quyn USC-Cocomo II

Hnh 3: Chc nng trn giao din USC-Cocomo II

Gii thch:

22

1.
Main Menu bar vng ny cha cc thc n la trn ca hm chnh
ca Cocomo, c nhiu la chn l File, View, Edit, Parameters , Calibrate , Phase
Distribution v Help
Tool Bar: y l vng cha cc nt nh nh l ca s ng dng cho New
Project, Open Project, Save Project, Delete Module, Copy & Paste, Insert clipboard
content, Insert a module v About functions.
2.

Project Name: y l trng c th sa i hin th tn ca d n hin ti

sa tn cn kch p vo trng ny v thc hin vic sa tn.
3.

4.

X: y l ct c c dnh ring cho ng nht mt m un

5.
Module Name Colume : hin th tn ca Project hin ti trong vng
Module c th c thay i
Module Size (SLOC) Column: y l ct c s dng lu tr SLOC
ca mi m un trong vng mun. Gi tr cho SLOC c th c tch mt trong ba
cch sau:
6.

Th nht, gi tr c th c nhp trc tip trong trng SLOC

Hnh 4: Trng SLOC trong USC-Cocomo II

23

Th 2 s dng m hnh Function Point

Hnh 5: M hnh Function Point

Th 3 l s dng Adaptation Adjustment Factor

24

Hnh 6: Adaptation Adjustment Factor

Labor Rate Column: ct ny cha khi lng tin m mt nh pht trin

ang lm vic trn mt m un ring bit c tr theo thng. Gi tr c th c
sa i, gi tr t 0$ n 99999$
7.

Effort Adjustment Factor (EAF) Column: hin thi sn phm ca hng

dn chi ph cho mi m un r rng. Cc Cost Drivers chi thnh cc nhm : Product,
Platform, Personel v Project
8.

nh gi cui cng c tnh bng:

Final rating = (Next cost driver rating - Current cost driver rating) * Current inter
cost driver / 100

Hnh 7: Effort Adjustment Factor (EAF)

Total Area: hin th kt qu tnh ton ca tt c cc m un cha trong

project. Tng s dng m
9.

10.

Status Bar: ca s ny hin th nhng nh ngha ngn ca tiu ca

cc ct.
11.

Schedule Button: hin th thng bo lch lm vic

25

Hnh 8: Schedule Botton

12.

Scale Factor Button : Hin th Scale Factor

Hnh 9: Scale Factor Button

26

13.
trc

Model Selection button : la chn m hnh thit k sm hoc hu kin

Hnh 10: Model Selection Button

14.

Risk Column : cha cc cp nguy c ca m un ring l

27

Hnh 11: Risk Column

15.

Staff (FSWP) Column

16.

Instruction Cost Column

17.

Cost Column

18.

Productivity (PROD) Column

19.

Estimated Person-Month (EST PM) Column

20.

Nominal Person-Month (NOM PM) Column

21.

Languages

3.3.2 Cng c Costar

28

Hnh 12: Giao din Costar

29

Hnh 13: Giao din cng thc tnh Effort v Schedule

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] http://www.codeproject.com/KB/architecture/cocomo2.aspx#app1
[2].University of Southern California.COCOMO II Mode Definition Manual
2000.
[3] http://www.softstarsystems.com/
[4] http://csse.usc.edu/csse/research/COCOMOII/cocomo_downloads.htm

30