CHNG 1: KIN TRC PHN TNG V M HNH OSI ......................

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1. Khi nim v mng my tnh.................................................................................3 1.1 Mt s loi mng my tnh ................................................................................4 1.2 Cc loi hnh trng mng....................................................................................6
1.2.1 Bus........................................................................................................................6 1.2.2 Ring......................................................................................................................6 1.2.3 Star........................................................................................................................7 1.2.4 Mesh.....................................................................................................................8

2. M hnh tham chiu m OSI.................................................................................8 2.1 Lch s ca OSI...................................................................................................8 2.2 ngha ca m hnh tham chiu m OSI...........................................................9 2.3 M hnh 7 tng OSI, chc nng ca tng tng..................................................10
2.3.1 Tng vt l (Physical).........................................................................................10 2.3.2 Tng lin kt d liu (Data Link)........................................................................11 2.3.3 Tng mng (NetWork)........................................................................................12 2.3.4 Tng vn chuyn (Transport)..............................................................................14 2.3.5 Tng phin (Session)...........................................................................................15 2.3.6 Tng trnh din (Presentation).............................................................................15 2.3.7 Tng ng dng (Application)..............................................................................16

2.4 Qu trnh ng gi d liu trong m hnh OSI ................................................16

CHNG 2 : CNG NGH ETHERNET ....................................................18

1. Gii thiu v Ethernet..........................................................................................18 2. Ethernet v m hnh OSI.....................................................................................19 3. Tng MAC v thut ton CSMA/CD:................................................................19 3.1 Tng cp nht mi trng truyn MAC:...........................................................19 3.2 Cc quy tc ca MAC v thut ton CSMA/CD...............................................20 4. Hot ng ca Repeater vHub .........................................................................22 4.1 Hot ng ca Repeater ...................................................................................23 4.2 Hot ng ca Hub ...........................................................................................24 5. Hot ng ca Bridge v Switch ........................................................................26 5.1 Khi nim Collision Domain v Broadcast Domain ........................................26 5.2 Hot ng ca Bridge........................................................................................28 5.3 Hot ng ca Switch ......................................................................................31

CHNG 3 : M HNH TCP/IP.....................................................................33

1. Lch s pht trin ca m hnh TCP/IP ............................................................33 2. Cc tng ca m hnh TCP/IP.............................................................................33 2.1 Tng ng dng ( Applucation layer) ................................................................33 2.2 Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer)..................................................................34
2.2.1 Giao thc TCP....................................................................................................35 2.2.2 Giao thc iu khin UDP..................................................................................37 2.2.3 Bt tay ba bc...................................................................................................37 2.2.4 Ca s trt........................................................................................................38 1

2.3 Ch s cng (port) ca TCP v UDP.................................................................39 2.4 Tng Internet (Internet Layer)...........................................................................40 2.5 Tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer)................................................42 3. Kin trc Internet.................................................................................................42 4. So snh gia m hnh tham chiu OSI v m hnh TCP/IP:............................43 5. Cc ng dng ti tng ng dng ca TCP/IP....................................................44

CHNG 1: KIN TRC PHN TNG V M HNH OSI

1. Khi nim v mng my tnh
Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi ng truyn theo mt cu trc no v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho nhau. ng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy hay khng dy dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. y ng truyn c kt ni c th l dy cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang, dy in thoi, sng v tuyn ... Cc ng truyn d liu to nn cu trc ca mng. Hai khi nim ng truyn v cu trc l nhng c trng c bn ca mng my tnh.

Hnh1.1. Mt m hnh lin kt cc my tnh trong mng Nhng u im khi kt ni cc my tnh thnh mt mng my tnh: + Nhiu ngi c th dng chung mt phn mm tin ch. + Trao i thng tin trong mt mng my tnh d dng 3

+ D liu c qun l tp trung nn an ton hn, trao i gia nhng ngi s dng thun li hn, nhanh chng hn. + C th dng chung thit b ngoi vi him, t tin (my in, my v,...). + Ngi s dng trao i vi nhau th tn (E-Mail), tin tc d dng. + Mt s ngi s dng khng cn phi trang b my tnh t tin (chi ph thp m chc nng li mnh). + Mng my tnh cung cp mi trng lm vic t xa (chnh ph in t, hi ngh t xa, elearning..). 1.1 Mt s loi mng my tnh + GAN (Global Area Network): Kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. + WAN (Wide Area Network): Mng din rng, WAN lin kt cc LAN v t cc LAN ny c th truy xut n cc my tnh hay cc file server ti cc v tr khc nhau. WAN c phm vi a l rng nn c kh nng cung cp thng tin c l xa cho doanh nghip.Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau to thnh GAN, hay bn thn n l GAN. WAN dng kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt quc gia hay mt chu lc. + MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50100 Mbit/s). Mt MAN thng bao gm hai hay nhiu LAN cng trong mt vng a l.

+ LAN (Local Area Networks): Mng cc b (LAN) l h truyn thng tc cao c thit k kt ni cc my tnh v cc thit b x l d liu khc cng hot ng vi nhau trong mt khu vc a l nh nh mt tng ca to nh, hoc trong mt to nh.... Mt s mng LAN c th kt ni li vi nhau trong mt khu lm vic. Mt mng LAN bao gm cc thnh phn sau: o My tnh. o Card giao tip mng. o Cc thit b ngoi vi, ng truyn thit lp mng. o Cc thit b mng.

Ch : Trong cc khi nim c bn ni nu trn th ch c LAN v WAN l hai khi nim hay c s dng nht. Ngoi ra cn c mt s mng sau : + SAN (Storage Area Network): L mt mng ring dng lu tr d liu, n thch hp vi cc h thng cn lu tr d liu d phng, di chuyn file, ti to d liu gia cc h thng.

+ VPN (Virtual Private Network): Mng dng ring o, l gii php s dng thit b phn cng hoc phn mm lin kt cc mng LAN ti cc c s khc nhau ca mt c quan thnh mt mng LAN ring bng cch s dng Internet lm backbone.

1.2 Cc loi hnh trng mng 1.2.1 Bus

Theo cch b tr hnh lang cc ng nh hnh v th my ch (host) cng nh tt c cc my tnh khc (workstation) hoc cc nt (node) u c ni v vi nhau trn mt trc ng dy cp chnh chuyn ti tn hiu. Tt c cc nt u s dng chung ng dy cp chnh ny. Pha hai u dy cp c bt bi mt thit b gi l terminator. Cc tn hiu v gi d liu (packet) khi di chuyn ln hoc xung trong dy cp u mang theo i ch ca ni n. Loi hnh mng ny dng dy cp t nht, d lp t. Tuy vy cng c nhng bt li l s c s n tc khi di chuyn d liu vi lu lng ln v khi c s hng hc on no th rt kh pht hin, mt s ngng trn ng dy sa cha s ngng ton b h thng. 1.2.2 Ring

Mng dng ny, b tr theo dng xoay vng, ng dy cp c thit k lm thnh mt vng khp kn, tn hiu chy quanh theo mt chiu no . Cc nt truyn tn hiu cho nhau mi thi im ch c mt nt m thi. D liu truyn i phi c km theo a ch c th ca mi trm tip nhn. Mng dng vng c thun li l c th ni rng ra xa, tng ng dy cn thit t hn so vi hai kiu trn. Nhc im l ng dy phi khp kn, nu b ngt mt ni no th ton b h thng cng b ngng. 1.2.3 Star

Kt ni tt c cc cp ti mt im trung tm. Nu s dng star m rng kt ni cc star li vi nhau thng qua HUB hoc SWITCH. Dng ny c th m rng phm vi v mc bao ph ca mng.

Star m rng

1.2.4 Mesh

Mi host trong mng c ng ni ring ti tt c cc host cn li. Tng kh nng trnh b gin on dch v khi mt my b hng. Ch : Nguyn nhn m m hnh mng LAN tr nn ph bin : V n cho php nhng ngi s dng (users) dng chung nhng ti nguyn quan trng nh: my in mu, a CD rom, cc phn mm ng dng v cc thng tin cn thit khc. Trc khi pht trin cng ngh LAN cc my tnh l c lp vi nhau, b hn ch bi s lng cc chng trnh tin ch, sau khi kt ni mng th r rng hiu qu ca chng tng ln gp bi. LAN l cu trc c bn hnh thnh v xy dng cc m hnh mng khc nh WAN, GAN,MAN.

2. M hnh tham chiu m OSI

2.1 Lch s ca OSI S pht trin ca cc mng thi k u khng c t chc v din ra theo nhiu cch. Nhng nm u thp nin 1980 chng kin s gia tng mnh m v s lng v kch thc ca cc mng. Khi cc cng ty bt u nhn thc c u im ca vic s dng cng ngh mng, cc mng c thm vo v c m rng nhanh chng khi cc cng ngh mng mi c gii thiu. Vo gia thp nin 1980, cc cng ty bt u vp phi cc kh khn bi s m rng nhanh chng. Cng ging nh con ngi bt ng ngn ng gp phi khi giao tip xc vi ngi khc, iu kh khn cho cc mng s dng cc c t v hin thc khc nhau mun trao i thng tin vi nhau. Vn kh khn tng t xy ra vi cc cng ty pht trin ring hay cc cng ngh c tnh s hu ring . S hu ring c ngha l mt hay mt nhm cc cng ty kim sot tt c vic s dng cng ngh ny.Cc cng ngh tun th nghim ngt cc quy nh ring c th khng thng tin c vi cc cng ngh tun th theo quy nh khc. gii quyt vn bt tng thch mng, t chc tiu chun ho quc t (ISO) nghin cu cc m hnh thit lp mng nh Digital Equipment Corporation Network 8

(DECnet), System Network Architecture(SNA) v TCP/IP tm ra mt s quy lut c th p dng mt cch tng qut cho tt c cc mng. S dng nghin cu ny, ISO to ra c mt m hnh mng, qua gip cc nh cung cp trang thit b to ra cc mng c th tng thch tt vi cc mng khc. M hnh tham chiu lin kt cc h thng m OSI (The OSI reference model) c cng b vo nm 1984, y l mt m hnh mng c tnh cht m t c to bi ISO. 2.2 ngha ca m hnh tham chiu m OSI ISO a ra m hnh 7 mc (layers, cn gi l lp hay tng) cho mng, gi l kiu h thng kt ni m hoc m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection). Vic ra i m hnh OSI h tr vic kt ni v chia s thng tin trn mng mt cch hiu qu:

+ Cung cp mt chun chung cc hng, nh pht trin pht trin cc ng dng ca mnh trn h thng mng my tnh. + Cho php nhiu kiu mng, phn cng, phn mm khc nhau c th giao tip c vi nhau. + Ngn chn cc thay i ti mt lp nh hng n cc lp khc. + Chia qu trnh truyn thng trn mng my tnh thnh nhng phn nh hn gip d hiu v d tip cn.

2.3 M hnh 7 tng OSI, chc nng ca tng tng 2.3.1 Tng vt l (Physical)

Khi nim: Tng vt l lin quan n vic truyn cc dng bit gia cc my bng knh truyn thng vt l, khng quan tm n ngha v cu trc ca chng. Ngoi ra n cung cp cc chun v in, dy cp, u ni, k thut ni mch in, in p, tc cp truyn dn, giao din ni kt v cc mc ni kt. Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng di cng ca m hnh OSI cung cp cc c trng in ca cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n mt my khc ca mng, k thut ni mch in, tc cp truyn dn. Tng vt l khng qui nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn 0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI ngha ca cc bit c truyn tng vt l s c xc nh. Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c phn u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit. Mt giao thc tng vt l tn ti gia cc tng vt l quy nh v phng thc truyn (ng b, phi ng b), tc truyn. Cc giao thc c xy dng cho tng vt l c phn chia thnh phn chia thnh hai loi giao thc s dng phng thc truyn thng d b (asynchronous) v phng thc truyn thng ng b (synchronous). + Phng thc truyn d b: khng c mt tn hiu quy nh cho s ng b gia cc bit gia my gi v my nhn, trong qu trnh gi tn hiu my gi s dng cc bit c bit START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng d liu cn truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i bt k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc .

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+ Phng thc truyn ng b: s dng phng thc truyn cn c ng b gia my gi v my nhn, n chn cc k t c bit nh SYN (Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hay n gin hn, mt ci "c " (flag) gia cc d liu ca my gi bo hiu cho my nhn bit c d liu ang n hoc n. 2.3.2 Tng lin kt d liu (Data Link)

Khi nim: Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc, a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Cc nhim v chnh ca tng ny l: + Chia thng tin cn gi thnh cc frame, gi cc frame i mt cch tun t v x l cc frame bin nhn (ACK frame) do bn nhn gi v. Cc frame c kch thc c vi trm byte hoc vi nghn byte, u v cui frame c ghi thm cc nhm bit c bit lm ranh gii cho frame (tng ny nhn ra c ranh gii gia cc frame). + ng truyn vt l lun lun c th gy li nn tng ny phi gii quyt vn ny sinh khi bn tin b hng, b mt hoc b truyn lp. Tng ny cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. + Gi cho bn pht c tc khng gy lt d liu cho bn nhn. + Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm 2 loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t 11

ca giao thc (n v d liu, cc th tc.) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. 2.3.3 Tng mng (NetWork)

Khi nim: Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch. Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y: + Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh. 12

+ Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.

M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp trung v x l ti ch. + Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng. + Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic chn ng c thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im, mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt. Thng thng cc thng tin c o lng v s dng cho vic chn ng bao gm: + Trng thi ca ng truyn. + Thi gian tr khi truyn trn mi ng dn. + Mc lu thng trn mi ng. + Cc ti nguyn kh dng ca mng. Khi c s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc ca mng do s c ti mt vi nt, phc hi ca mt nt mng, ni thm mt nt mi... hoc thay i v mc lu thng) cc thng tin trn cn c cp nht vo cc c s d liu v trng thi ca mng. Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn bn, ho, hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cao nn vic pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm. 13

2.3.4 Tng vn chuyn (Transport)

Khi nim: C nhim v t chc cc knh trao i thng tin gia cc dch v tng ng ca hai my tnh tham gia truyn thng.

Cc vn ny sinh: Trong mt lc c th c nhiu dch v cng tham gia trao i thng tin vi cc my tnh khc nn tng giao vn phi c nhim v dn knh v phn knh. + Gii php t chc dn knh v phn knh tng giao vn l s dng socket. Mi dch v tng trn s tin hnh trao i thng qua cc cng logic gi l cng dch v, s hiu cng cng d liu c ng gi trong qu trnh dn knh. V d: - www: cng 80 - ftp: cng 21 - telnet: cng 23 14

Cc dch v tng trn chia thnh 2 loi v ng vi mi loi tng giao vn phi t chc truyn tin tng ng vi hai loi : + i hi tin cy + Chp nhn cc sai st, nhng thi gian truyn tin phi nhanh nht c th c 2.3.5 Tng phin (Session)

Khi nim: Thit lp, qun l, kt thc cc phin lm vic gia cc ng dng, m bo vic giao dch gia cc ng dng c qun l. 2.3.6 Tng trnh din (Presentation)

Khi nim: Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh din (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. 15

Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din cng c th dng cc k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u. 2.3.7 Tng ng dng (Application)

Khi nim: Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng. 2.4 Qu trnh ng gi d liu trong m hnh OSI Trong m hnh tham chiu OSI d liu trc khi c gi i phi tin hnh ng gi, v khi nhn c d liu qu trnh m gi c din ra theo chiu ngc li. D liu c gi t tng ng dng i xung cc tng di ca m hnh OSI, mi tng c nhng nh ngha ring v dng d liu m n s dng. Ti ni gi, mi tng coi gi tin ca tng trn gi xung l d liu ca n v thm vo gi tin cc thng tin iu khin ca mnh sau chuyn tip xung tng di. Ti ni nhn, qu trnh din ra ngc li, mi tng li tch cc thng tin iu khin ca mnh ra v chuyn d liu ln tng trn . Hnh di y m t chi tit qu trnh ng gi d liu thng qua 7 tng ca m hnh OSI

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Vi 5 bc chuyn i ng gi d liu : 1. Xy dng d liu 2. ng gi d liu ti tng vn chuyn 3. B sung a ch IP vo header tng mng . 4. B sung header v trailer ti tng lin kt d liu . 5. Chuyn thnh cc bit truyn ti tng vt l .

Application Header + data

Tng ng dng

Tng chuyn vn

Tng mng Tng lin kt d liu

010010100100100100111010010001101000

Tng vt l

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CHNG 2 : CNG NGH ETHERNET

1. Gii thiu v Ethernet
Ethernet l mng cc b do ba cng ty Xerox, Intel v Digital equipment xy dng v pht trin. Ethernet l mng thng dng nht i vi cc mng nh hin nay (chim hn 90% th phn mng hin nay). Ethernet LAN c xy dng theo chun 7 lp trong cu trc mng ca m hnh tham chiu ISO, mng truyn s liu Ethernet cho php a vo mng cc loi my tnh khc nhau k c my tnh mini. Ethernet c cc c tnh k thut ch yu sau y: + C cu trc dng tuyn phn on, ng truyn dng cp ng trc, tn hiu truyn trn mng c m ho theo kiu ng b (Manchester), tc truyn d liu l 10 Mb/s. + Chiu di ti a ca mt on cp tuyn l 500m, cc on tuyn ny c th c kt ni li bng cch dng cc b chuyn tip v khong cch ln nht cho php gia 2 nt l 2,8 km. S dng tn hiu bng tn c bn, truy xut tuyn (bus access) hoc tuyn token (token bus), giao thc l CSMA/CD, d liu chuyn i trong cc gi. Gi (packet) thng tin dng trong mng c di t 64 n 1518 byte. Vi vic ra i Gigabit Ethernet, ban u nh l mt cng ngh LAN th gi y tr thnh mt chun MAN v WAN. Thnh cng ch yu ca Ethernet l do cc yu t sau: + n gin v d dng bo tr. + C kh nng phi hp vi cc cng ngh khc. + Tin cy. + Chi ph lp t v nng cp thp. Tt c cc chun pht trin sau ny v c bn u tng thch vi chun gc. Mt frame ca Ethernet xut pht t mt NIC 10 Mbps cp ng trc loi c trong mt my PC, t ln lin kt Ethernet quang tc 10 Gbps v kt thc ti mt NIC 100 Mbps. Cc gi trn mt mng Ethernet khng b thay i. Ethernet da trn topo dng bus:

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2. Ethernet v m hnh OSI

Ethernet hot ng hai tng ca m hnh OSI, na bn di ca tng lin kt d liu (Data Link) c gi l lp MAC v tng vt l.

di chuyn s liu gia hai trm Ethernet, s liu thng c chuyn qua repeater. Cc chun m bo bng thng ti thiu v hot ng c qua c t ch ra s trm ti a trn mt segment, chiu di ti a ca mt segment, s lng repeater ti a gia cc trm

3. Tng MAC v thut ton CSMA/CD:

3.1 Tng cp nht mi trng truyn MAC: Tng ny lm nhim v xc nh xc nh my no trong mng c truyn d liu trn ng cp chung. MAC v LLC cu thnh phin bn IEEE ca tng 2 (lin kt d liu) ca m hnh OSI.

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Khi c ci t vo trong mng, cc my trm phi tun theo nhng quy tc nh trc c th s dng ng truyn, l phng thc truy nhp. Phng thc truy nhp c nh ngha l cc th tc iu hng trm lm vic lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi hay nhn cc gi thng tin. C 3 phng thc c bn: + CSMA/CD + Giao giao thc dng th bi ( Token Ring ) + Giao thc FDDI 3.2 Cc quy tc ca MAC v thut ton CSMA/CD Giao thc CSMA/CD( Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Giao thc ny thng s dng cho mng c cu trc bus.

Cc trm my cng chia s mt knh truyn chung, cc trm u c c hi thm nhp ng truyn nh nhau (Multiple Access). Tuy nhin ti mt thi im th ch c mt trm c truyn d liu m thi. Trc khi truyn d liu, mi trm phi lng nghe ng truyn chc chn ng truyn ri (Carrier Sence). Trong trng hp hai trm cng truyn d liu ng thi, xung t d liu xy ra, cc trm tham gia phi pht hin c xung t v thng bo ti cc trm khc gy ra xung t (Collision Detection), ng thi cc trm phi ngng thm nhp, ch i ln sau trong khong thi gian ngu nhin no ri mi tip tc truyn .Khi lu lng cc gi d liu cn di chuyn trn mng qu cao, th vic xung t c tht xy ra vi s lng ln dn n lm chm tc truyn tin ca h thng. Giao thc ny thuc cng ngh Ethernet. Cc quy tc ca MAC v thut ton CSMA/CD: Ethernet l cng ngh qung b trn mi trng chia s. Phng ph truy cp CSMA/CD c dng trong Ethernet thc hin ba chc nng sau: + Truyn v nhn cc gi d liu + Gii m cc gi d liu v kim tra cc a ch hp l trc khi chuyn chng n cc tng cao hn trong m hnh OSI . + Pht hin li trong cc gi d liu hay trn mng. Ni dung chnh ca phng php ny l khi mt node trn mng mun truyn tin n phi lng nghe xem mng (cp) c bn khng, nu khng bn th s truyn thng tin. 20

Khi ng xy ra s lm bin giao ng ca cc tn hiu tng t ngt, cc thit b mng c th cm nhn c xung t ny v s khng truyn tn hiu, khi thut ton vn hi c s dng, sau mt khong thi gian th cc thit b c th truyn d liu v vic truyn d liu l bnh ng i vi mi thit b.

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Vi kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao c bit t l cc gi tin broadcast trong mng theo chun Ethernet l rt ln vic xy ra xung t lm gim hiu nng ca mng. Khi thit k cc mng LAN theo chun Ethernet cng phi tnh n tr thi gian ca tn hiu khi i qua cc thit b mng ( hub, repeater) tr ny nu xy ra qu gii hn cho php cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra cc xung t trn mng, gy ra hin tng nghn mng. Cc thit b nh Hub, repeater lm vic tng vt l khng nhn ra a ch MAC nn mi khi chng nhn c mt tn hiu t mt cng n s pht tin ra tt c cc cng cn li, v vy hnh thnh nn cc min xung t .

gii hn tr cc min xung t do Hub gy ra, ngi ta s dng lut 5-4-3 . Lut ny quy inh gia hai node bt k trn mng ch c th c ti a 5 on mng, kt ni thng qua 4 repeater v ch c 3 trong tng s 5 on mng c my tnh kt ni mng .

4. Hot ng ca Repeater vHub

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4.1 Hot ng ca Repeater Khi nim : Repeater l mt lai thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI . Repeater dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc cc phn ca mt mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi repeater nhn c mt tn hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng .

M hnh lin kt mng ca Repeater Repeater khng c kh nng x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khuych i cc tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng .

Hot ng ca Repeater trong m hnh OSI Vic s dng Repeater khng lm thay i ni dung cc tn hiu i qua n nn ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng ( nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token Ring ) nhng li khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau ( nh mt mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring ) . Thm na Repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca mng Khi la chn loi Repeater cn ch la chn loi c tc chuyn vn ph hp vi tc ca mng . 23

C hai loi Repeater: + Repeater in: ni vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n nhn tn hiu in t mt pha v pht v pha kia .Khi mt mng s dng repeater in ni cc phn ca mng li th c th lm tng khong cch ca mng, nhng khong cch lun b hn ch bi mt khong cch ti a do tr ca tn hiu.V d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th khong cch ti a l 2.8 km, khong cch khng th ko di thm cho d c s dng thm repeater. + Repeater in quang: lin kt vi mt u cp quang v mt u cp in, n chuyn mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s dng repeater cng lamg tng chiu di ca mng.

4.2 Hot ng ca Hub Khi nim : Hub thc cht l mt Repeater c nhiu cng hot ng tng vt l (khuych i tn hiu).

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Hot ng ca Hub trong m hnh OSI Hub l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca LAN, y l im kt ni dy trung tm ca mng, tt c cc trm trn mng LAN u c kt ni thng qua Hub. Hub thng c dng ni mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin kt cc my tnh di dng hnh sao. Mt hub thng thng c nhiu cng ni vi ngi s dng ( t 4 n 24 cng ) gn my tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi. Mi xng h tr mt b kt ni dng cp dy xon 10 BaseT t mi trm ca mng. Khi tn hiu c truyn t mt trm ti hub, n c lp li trn cc cng khc ca hub. Cc hub thng minh c th nh dng, kim tra, cho php hoc khng cho php bi ngi iu hnh mng t trung tm qun l hub . Hub xut hin ba loi c bn : + Th ng ( Passive) Mt passive hub phc v ch vi vai tr l mt im kt ni vt l. N khng thao tc hay nhn bit lu lng i qua n. N khnng khuych i hay lm sch tn hiu ny. Mt passive hub ch c dng chia s ng truyn vt l. Nh vy, passive hub khng cn ngun cung cp in. + Tch cc(Active) : Mt active hub phi c cung cp ngun in bi n cn nng lng khuych i tn hiu n trc khi chuyn ra cc port khc. + Thng minh (Intelligent) : Cc hub thng minh i khi cn gi l smart hub. Cc thit b ny c chc nng c bn nh cc active hub, ngoi ra chng cn bao gm mt chip vi x l v cc kh nng chun on.Cc hub thng minh t tin hn cc active hub nhng hiu qu hn trong cc tnh hung sa cha . 25

Qu trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th c tng ln. V c bn, trong mng Ethernet hub hot ng nh mt Repeater nhiu cng .

M hnh hub c 8 cng Lu : Cc thit b nh Hub hay cc Repeater lm vic tng vt l nn khng nhn ra a ch MAC nn mi khi chng nhn c mt tn hiu t mt cng n s pht tin ra tt c cc cng cn li, v vy hnh thnh ln cc vung xung t .

hn ch cc min xung t do vic s dng cc hub hay repeater gy ra s dng lut 5-4-3 . Lut ny quy inh gia hai node bt k trn mng hc c th c ti a 5 on mng, kt ni thng qua 4 Repeater, v ch c 3 trong tng s 5 on mng c my tnh kt ni mng .

5. Hot ng ca Bridge v Switch

5.1 Khi nim Collision Domain v Broadcast Domain 26

Collision Domain (min xung t): Min xung t c nh ngha l vng mng m trong cc khung pht ra c th gy xung t vi nhau. Cng nhiu trm trong cng mt min xung t th s lm tng s xung t v lm gim tc truyn, v th m min xung t c th gi l min bng thng( cc trm trong cng min ny s chia s bng thng ca min) mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh lm cho hot ng ca mng khng hiu qu . Mi khi mt ng xy ra trn mt mng, tt c cc hot ng truyn dng li trong mt khong thi gian. Khong thi gian ngng tt c cc hot ng truyn ny thay i v c xc nh bng thut ton vn hi ( backoff) trong mi thit b mng.

Khi tin hnh s dng Hub, Repeater cn ch n lut 5-4-3-2-1 hn ch min xung t . + Nm on mng hnh thnh mi trng truyn ton mng . + B Repeater hay Hub. + Ba on mng c cha cc host tham gia truyn thng . + Hai on mng khng cha host + Mt min xung t ln. Broadcast Doamin (Min qung b): Min qung b c nh ngha l tp hp cc thit b m trong khi mt thit b pht i mt frame qung b ( khung broadcast) th tt c cc thit b cn li u nhn c. Khi s dng cc thit b ni khc nhau, ta s phn chia mng thnh cc min xung t v min qung b khc nhau. Min qung b l mt nhm cc min collision domain c kt ni bi cc thit b lp 2, v vy cc thit b lp 2 khng th nhn din cc frame broadcast v vic to ra cc min 27

qung b lm gim hiu nng ca mng, hn ch n cn ni cc min qung b bi cc thit b lp 3 (router).

Min qung b

S dng router phn chia min qung b 5.2 Hot ng ca Bridge Khi nim: L thit b lm vic n tng lin kt d liu, nhn tn hiu vt l t mt cng, nhn dng dataframe, phn tch a ch my ch( a ch MAC: a ch vt l s hiu NIC). Bridge l mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn chng i hay khng .

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Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI Khi mt bridge nhn c mt frame, n d a ch MAC vi bng quyt nh lc, truyn hay sao chp frame ny ln on mng khc. C ch hot ng: + Nu a ch my nhn v my gi cung nm trn mt on mng th cu chn li khng cho chuyn qua. + Nu l khc on mng th cu cho chuyn qua. + Nu cu khng xc nh c a ch ch, n chuyn frame d liu ti tt c cc on mng tr on mng ngun. + Vic s dng cu lm tng hiu qu ca mng.

Bridge phn chia mt mng thnh cc phn on mng. V d: 29

My A truyn cho my B, qua Bridge, n so snh vi bng a ch MAC thy a ch ngun v a ch ch cng chung cng 1 vy n s khng pht tin qua cng 2, hn ch cc gi tin d tha. Cc loi Bridge : C hai loi Bridge dng ni cc on mng vi nhau ty theo mc ch s dng. + Bridge vn chuyn: dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau.Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v vn chuyn gi tin i. + Bridge bin dch: dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua. Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet vi mt mng Token Ring. Khi Bridge thc hin nh mt nt trn mng token ring trn mng Token ring v mt nt ethernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th thc hin truyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Ethernet sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token Ring. Tuy nhin ch y l vic cu ni khng th phn chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phi gii hn kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng trn. V d: Kch thc ca gi tin trn mng Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng Token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th i qua cu ni s lng byte d s b ct b.

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5.3 Hot ng ca Switch Khi nim: Switch c coi nh cu nhiu cng, l thit b lm vic n tng lin kt d liu . Mt Switch c nhiu port vi nhiu on mng ni n chng .

Hot ng ca Switch trong m hnh OSI C ch hot ng: Switch c hai c ch hot ng c bn: + Hot ng th nht c gi l chuyn mch frame d liu . L qu trnh m qua mt frame c tip nhn t u vo v c truyn i trn mt u ra. + Hot ng th hai l h tr hot ng chuyn mch, Switch duy tr cc bng chuyn mch v tm kim. Switch c hai nguyn tc hot ng gi l : + Store and Forward: nhn data frame th pht tn hiu qua, nu cha nhn th lu li cho n khi nhn , nu data frame li th khng tin hnh pht. + Cut- Though: Nhn ra a ch MAC th tin hnh pht tn hiu lun, khng cn ch cho frame d liu .

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+ Bridge v Switch c s dng khi cn chia mt mng LAN ln thnh cc phn nh hn. iu ny lm gim lu lng trn mt LAN n v c th m rng phm vi a l m mt LAN c th h tr. Bridge v Switch c dng ni cc on mng vi nhau v chng cng hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu (tng 2- Data link) trong m hnh OSI .

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CHNG 3 : M HNH TCP/IP

1. Lch s pht trin ca m hnh TCP/IP
Vo cui nhng nm 1960 v u 1970, Trung tm nghin cu cp cao ( Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA) thuc b quc phng M (Department of Defense DoD) c giao trch nhim pht trin mng ARPANET bao gm mng ca nhng t chc qun i, cc trng i hc v cc t chc nghin cu n c dng h tr cho cc d n nguyn cu khoa hc v qun i. Bi h mun thit k mt mng c th tn ti di bt c hon cnh no, ngay c mt cuc chin tranh ht nhn. Trong mt th gii c kt ni bng cc ng truyn khc nhau nh cp ng, sng vi ba, cp si quang v cc lin kt v tinh, DoD mun truyn dn cc gi vo mi lc di bt k iu kin no . u nhng nm 1980, mt b giao thc mi c a ra lm giao thc chun cho mng ARPANET v cc mng ca DoD mang tn DARPA Internet Protocol Suit, thng c gi l b giao thc TCP/IP hay cn gi tt l TCP/IP( Tranmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) .B giao thc ny cng c s dng cho cc h thng s dng Unix.

2. Cc tng ca m hnh TCP/IP

2.1 Tng ng dng ( Applucation layer)

Tng ng dng ca m hnh TCP/IP kim sot cc giao thc lp cao, cc ch v trnh by, biu din thng tin, m kho, iu khin hp thoi. Ti tng ng dng ca m hnh c cc giao thc h tr sau : + FTP (File Transfer Protocol): l dch v truyn file gia cc h thng c h tr FTP. N h tr truyn file nh phn hai chiu v ti cc file ASCII. + TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): l dch v khng to cu ni dng UDP. 33

+ NFS (Network File System): l mt b giao thc h thng file phn tn cho php truy xut file n cc thit b lu tr xa nh l mt a cng qua mng. + SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): qun l hot ng truyn mail qua mng my tnh. D liu di dng plaintext. + Telnet (Terminal emulation): cung cp kh nng truy nhp t xa vo my tnh khc. + SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): l giao thc cung cp mt phng php gim st v iu khin cc thit b mng v qun l cc cu hnh, thu thp thng k, hiu sut v bo mt. + DNS (Domain Name System): dng thng dch tn ca cc min v cc nt mng c qung b cng khai sang cc a ch IP. 2.2 Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer) Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn v thit lp cc cu ni gia cc host trong mng. Tng vn chuyn nh ra s kt ni xuyn sut gia cc ng dng ca host. Cc dch v vn chuyn bao gm cc dch v c bn sau: + S phn on d liu ng dng lp trn. + Thit lp cc hot ng xuyn sut t im ny n im kia. + Vn chuyn cc phn on d liu (data segment) t mt host n mt host khc. + iu khin lung c thc hin thng qua ca s trt (Sliding Windows). + Tnh tin cy nh vo nh ch s tun t v bo nhn.

Tng vn chuyn s dng hai giao thc truyn tin l TCP hng kt ni v UDP khng hng kt ni. Ni dung c th tng phn c trnh by chi tit di y.

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2.2.1 Giao thc TCP L giao thc hng kt ni, n cung cp mt hot ng truyn tin tin cy. TCP chu trch nhim phn chia d liu gi thnh cc segment ti my gi v lp gp cc segment li ti my ch, trong qu trnh truyn c th truyn li bt c segment no nu my ch cha nhn c. Gi tin TCP c dng sau:

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Gi tin TCP + Source port: S hiu ca cng gi (16 bits) . + Destination Port : S hiu ca cng ch(16 bits) + Sequence Number: Cha s m bo tun t chnh xc ca d liu n, ging nh s th t (32 bits) + Acknowledgment Number (ACK): dng trong cc gi d liu hi p ca my nhn cho my gi, bo hiu my gi bit lng d liu m my nhn nhn c v yu cu gi d liu tip theo (32 bits) + Header Length: S lng cc t 32 bit trong header (32 bits) + Reserved : Set thnh zero (6 bits) + Code Bits: Cc chc nng iu khin nh l thit lp v kt thc mt phin, n ging nh c gm 6 bits. 1. C URG. 2. C ACK dng xc nhn. 3. C PSH (push) yu cu xa vng m. 4. C RST(Reset) ti thit lp. 5. C SYN (Synchronic) ng b. 6. C FIN (finsh) Kt thc, s dng khi mun hy kt ni. + Window: ghi kch thc ca s ca my gi bo cho my nhn bit c gi tn hiu tr li th khng c vt qu kch thc ny(16 bits) + Checksum: tnh t header v cc trng d liu(16 bits) + Urgent: Ch ra im kt thc ca d liu chun(16 bits) + Options: Mt ty chn nh ra kch thc ti a hin hnh ca gi TCP. + Data: D liu giao thc ca lp trn. 36

2.2.2 Giao thc iu khin UDP UDP l giao thc khng hng kt ni trong giao thc TCP/IP. UDP l giao thc n gin dng trao i cc datagram ma khng c bo nhn cng nh s m bo gi tin n ch. x l li v truyn li c giao ph cho giao thc mc cao hn. c dng trong trng hp khng cn t cc segment theo th t.

Gi tin UDP + Source port: s hiu ca cng gi. + Destination port: s hiu ca cng ch. + Length: s byte trong header v trng d liu. + Data: d liu ca giao thc lp trn. + Checksum: c tnh t header v cc trng d liu. 2.2.3 Bt tay ba bc TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni, khi hai host c nhu cu trao i thng tin, mt knh thng tin c thit lp. Hai host phi ng b cc ch s tun t ban u. _ISNs (initial sequence Numbers). S ng b yu cu mi pha truyn ch s tun t ban u ca mnh v c xc nhn bng mt bo nhn ACK t pha kia.

1. A -> B: SYN s tun t ban u ca A l X (l s ngu nhin do A sinh ra). ACK l 0. c SYN c thit lp l 1, c ACK l 0. 37

2. B ->A :ACK s tun t ca A l X+1, s tun t ban u ca B l Y, c SYN l 1, c ACK l 1. B nhn c cc gi tin c s th t l X v yu cu gi tin th X+1. ng thi B thit lp s th t l Y. 3. A - >B: Xc nhn nhn c s tun t ca B l ACK= Y. V yu cu mt phn hi ACK=Y+1. 2.2.4 Ca s trt Cc gi d liu phi c truyn i n ch theo mt th t ging nh khi chng c truyn i c c mt hot ng truyn d liu ch thc theo hng tin cy. Qu trnh truyn tin c th tht bi nu mt gi tin khng n ch. Cc giao thc cho php my gi truyn cng lc nhiu gi tin. S lng gi d liu m my pht c php truyn m cha nhn c bo nhn c gi l kch thc ca s, hay gi l ca s.

Gi s trong trng hp kch thc ca s bng 3 tc l thit b ngun c th truyn ba gi n ch mt cch lin tc. Sau thit b ngun phi i bo nhn. Nu ch nhn c ba gi ny, n s gi mt bo nhn n ngun, lc ny ngun li gi tip ba gi. Nu ch khng nhn c n s c thng bo li cho pha ngun.

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2.3 Ch s cng (port) ca TCP v UDP C hai giao thc TCP v UDP u dng ch s cng (port) chuyn thng tin t tng vn chuyn ln tng ng dng pha trn (qu trnh phn knh) v ng gi d liu c chuyn n t tng ng dng (qu trnh dn knh).

Da vo s hiu cng c gi km vi gi tin m ti tng vn chuyn s nhn bit c cn chuyn gi tin n ng dng no tng trn.

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2.4 Tng Internet (Internet Layer) Mc ch ca tng ny l tm ng i tt nht ti ch cho gi tin trong qu trnh truyn trn mng. Giao thc chnh ca tng ny l giao thc IP (Internet Protocol). S dn ng v chuyn mch gi din ra tng ny. Cc giao thc hot ng ti tng ny l: + IP (Internet Protocol): cung cp nh tuyn ng i ca gi tin mt cch tt nht, IP khng quan tm n ni dung ca cc gi tin m ch quan tm tm kim ng dn cho cc gi ti ch. + ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Cung cp kh nng iu khin v chuyn thng ip. Cc thng ip ca ICMP c km theo gi IP v c s dng gi cc thng ip li v iu khin. Cc kiu thng ip: 1. Destination Unreachable : ch khng thy 2. Time Exceeded : Vt qu thi gian 3. Parameter Problem : Vn v tham s 4. Subnet Mask Request : Yu cu Subnet Mask 5. Redirect : Chuyn hng 6. Echo : Bo hiu 7. Echo Reply : Bo hiu li 8. Time stamp : 9. Timestamp Reply 10. Information Request 11. Information Reply 40

12. 13.

Address Request Address Reply

+ ARP(Address Resolution Protocol): xc nh a ch lp lin kt s hiu (a ch MAC) khi bit trc a ch IP. Khi cha bit a ch MAC, n s gi mt thng ip cho ton mng.

My no c a ch nh trn s gi phn hi li.

+ RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): xc nh cc a ch IP khi bit trc a ch MAC.

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2.5 Tng truy nhp mng (Network Access Layer) Tng ny nh ra cc th tc giao tip vi phn cng mng v truy nhp mi trng truyn. Cc chc nng ca tng ny bao gm nh x a ch IP sang a ch vt l v gi (encapsulation) cc gi IP thnh cc frame. Cn c vo dng phn cng v giao tip mng, tng truy nhp mng s xc lp kt ni vi ng truyn vt l ca mng. Mt v d v cu hnh tng ny l ci c Card mng. Nu c h tr bi h iu hnh Windows th vic nhn card mng s c t cp nht, nu cha c h tr th phi ci driver ca card mng .

3. Kin trc Internet

Internet s dng nguyn l kt ni tng mng. Dng m hnh OSI lm m hnh xy dng cc mul c lp. iu ny dn n tng lin mng (internetworking) mng ca cc mng. Kt ni cc LAN ring l thnh mt lin mng chung. Internetworking s dng ba cng c chnh l: bridge, router v switch. S dng router ni hai mng vi nhau:

Router lu tr danh sch ton b cc a ch my tnh v cc ng dn ni vi n. Mi khi mt gi tin c chuyn n router n s quyt nh chuyn n a ch lu trong danh sch, trong trng hp khng c trong danh sch n s chuyn n router tip theo. Kin trc ca Internet l mt m my phc tp i vi ngi s dng n l trong sut, vic xy 42

dng kin trc theo chun chung cho php hai my tnh bt c ni u, vi thnh phn phn cng, phn mm no cng vi cc c t giao thc u c th truyn thng vi nhau mt cch tin cy.

TCP/IP l mt m my

Cc chi tit vy l b che i vi ngi s dng

4. So snh gia m hnh tham chiu OSI v m hnh TCP/IP:

Cc im ging nhau gia m hnh OSI v TCP/IP: + iu phn lp chc nng. + C lp ng dng gm mt s cc dch v. + u c lp vn chuyn v lp mng. + Chuyn mch gi l hin nhin. + u ging nhau v mi quan h trn di, ngang hng. Cc im khc nhau gia m hnh OSI v TCP/IP: + TCP/IP gp chc nng lp trnh by v lp phin vo lp ng dng. 43

+ TCP/IP gp lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu thnh mt lp. + TCP/IP n gin v c t lp hn . + OSI khng c khi nim chuyn pht thiu tin cy lp 4 nh rng hp UDP m hnh TCP/IP. Internet c pht trin bi cc tiu chun ca giao thc TCP/IP. TCP/IP c tn nhim bi cc giao thc c th ca n, ngc li m hnh OSI khng nh ra mt giao thc c th no v n ch l mt khun mu hng dn hiu v to ra mt qu trnh truyn thng.

So snh m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI

5. Cc ng dng ti tng ng dng ca TCP/IP

Tng ng dng ca m hnh TCP/IP qun l cc biu din, m ho v iu khin hi thoi v vy tnh nng linh hot ca tng ng dng cho php ngi pht trin phn mm . Cc giao thc h tr ti tng ng dng ca m hnh TCP/IP: + FTP(File Transfer Protocol)Giao thc cho php ngi dng ly hoc gi tp ti my khc. + HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol ) + SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) + SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol) + DNS(Domain Name System) + Telnet DNS (Domain Name System): L h thng c dng trn Internet thng dch cc tn min v cc node mng c qung b sang a ch IP. Mt min l mt nhm cc my tnh c lin kt bi v tr a l hay loi cng vic ca chng. Tn min l mt chui cc k t, ch s, hay bao gm c hai. 44

HTTP: Lm vic vi World wide web . FTP: L dch v kt ni tin cy s dng TCP truyn cc tp tin gia cc h thng c h tr FTP . Khi mt yu cu coppy file trn server t pha client c p ng, mt knh kt ni gia hai my tnh c thit lp. File d liu s ln lt c chuyn xung cc tng di ca m hnh OSI . Khi qu trnh truyn dc liu hon tt, khi ngi dng kt thc phin lm vic th kt ni c hu b. Telnet: Cung cp kh nng ng nhp mt my tnh t xa chy ng dng Telnet server . Mt telnet client c xem nh l mt host cc b. Telnet server c xem nh l mt host xa SMTP: Cc mail server s dng SMTP truyn v nhn mail. Giao thc SMTP vn chuyn cc thng ip e-mail di dng ASCII bng TCP. Khi mt mail server nhn mt mail gi n mt client trong phm vi qun l ca n, n s lu li mail ny v ch client ng nhp ly mail.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): L mt giao thc tng ng dng lm phng tin trao i cc thng tin qun l gia cc thit b mng. SNMP cho php ngi qun tr mng qun l hiu sut mng, tm v gii quyt cc vn mng, cng nh hoch nh cho s pht trin mng. SNMP dng UDP nh l giao thc tng vn chuyn. Cc thnh phn ca SNMP: + NMS (Network Management System): thc thi cc ng dng gim st v iu khin cc thit b iu khin. Quy m v ti nguyn x l v b nh c yu cu cho qun l mng c cung cp bi NMS. Mt hay nhiu NMS phi tn ti trn bt k mng c qun l no. + Manage devices: Qun l cc thit b hay cc node mng cha mt phn mm qun l SNMP (SNMP agent) thuc mt mng c qun l.

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