NAME Frontalis

ORIGIN galea aponeurotica

INSERTION skin of eyebrows and root of nose skin of eyebrow

ACTION raises the eyebrows wrinkles the forehead horizontally draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly wrinkles the forehead vertically (frowning) raises eyelids

NERVE Facial
1 2 4

Corrugator supercilii EYE EXPRESSIONS

2

arch of frontal bone above nasal bone

Facial

Levator palpebrae superioris tendinous band around optic foramen 3 (near annular ring) Orbicularis oculi
4

upper eyelid

Oculomotor

frontal and mazillary bones and ligaments around orbit

tissue of eyelid

blinking squinting draws eyebrows inferiorly ACTION elevates the eye

Facial

NAME Superior rectus

5

ORIGIN annular ring

INSERTION superior eyeball

NERVE Oculomotor
9 5 8

Inferior rectus
6

annular ring

inferior eyeball

depresses the eye

Oculomotor

Medial rectus EYEBALL MOVERS

7

annular ring

medial eyeball

moves the eye medially

Oculomotor
6 10

Lateral rectus
8

annular ring

lateral eyeball

moves the eye laterally

Abducens

Superior oblique
9

annular ring

superior lateral eyeball via trochlea inferolateral eye surface

depresses the eye & turns it laterally

Trochlear

9 7 5 8

Inferior oblique
10

medial orbit surface

elevates the eye & turns it Ocolomotor laterally

NAME Levator labii superioris

11

ORIGIN zygomatic bone & infraorbital margin of maxilla zygomatic bone

INSERTION skin & muscle of upper lip skin & muscle @ corner of mouth skin & muscle @ corner of mouth skin @ angle of mouth orbicularis oris

ACTION raises & furrows the upper lip raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling) raises lateral corners of mouth (smiling) draws corner of lip laterally tense of lips synergist of zygomaticus draws corner of mouth laterally compresses cheek (sucking) holds food between teeth during chewing draws corner of mouth laterally & downward antagonist of zygomaticus draws lower lip inferiorly (pout)

NERVE Facial

Zygomaticus minor
12

Facial

Zygomaticus major
13

zygomatic bone

Facial

11 12 13 15 14

Risorius
14

lateral facia assoc. with masseter muscle molar region of maxilla and mandible

Facial

Buccinator MOUTH MOVERS

15

Facial

Depressor anguli oris

16

body of mandible below incisors

skin & muscle @ angle of mouth (below insertion of zygomaticus) skin & muscle of lower lip

Facial

Depressor labii inferioris

17

body and mandible lateral to its midline

Facial

Orbicularis oris
18

arises directly from maxilla & mandible

encircles mouth; inserts into muscle & skin @ angles of mouth lower margin of mandible, and skin & muscle @ corner of mouth

closes lips purses and protrues lips kissing & whistling depresses mandible pulls lower lip back & down

Facial
18 17

Platysma
19

fascia of chest (over pectoral muscle & deltoid)

Facial

16 19

NAME Masseter
20

ORIGIN zygomatic arch and maxilla temporal fossa

INSERTION angle & ramus of mandible coronoid process of mandible

ACTION prime mover of jaw closure elevates mandible closes jaw elevates & retracts mandible synergist of pterygoids maintains position of mandible at rest synergist of temporalis & masseter in elevation of the mandible act with lateral pterygoid muscle to protrude mandible of to promote side-to-side movements (grinding) protrudes mandible provides forward sliding and side-to-side grinding movements of the lower teeth

NERVE Trigeminal

Temporalis
21

Trigeminal

21

20

MANDIBLE MOVERS

Medial pterygoid
22

medial surface of medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate mandible near its of sphenoid bone, angle maxilla & palatine bone

Trigeminal

Lateral pterygoid
23

greater wing & lateral condyle of mandible pterygoid plate of and capsule of temsphenoid bone poromandibular joint

Trigeminal

23 22

NAME Genioglossus
24

ORIGIN internal surface of mandible near symphysis styloid process of temporal bone

INSERTION inferior aspect of the tongue and body of hyoid bone lateral inferior aspect of tongue

ACTION primarily protrudes tongue can depress or act in concert with other extrinsic muscles to retract tongue retracts (& elevates) tongue

NERVE Hypoglossal

TONGUE MOVERS

Styloglossus
25

Hypoglossal
25 26

24

Hyoglossus
26

body & greater horn of hyoid bone

inferolateral tongue

depresses tongue & draws Hypoglossal its sides downward

NAME Digastric
27

ORIGIN lower margin of mandible (anterior belly) & mastoid process of the temporal bone (posterior belly)

INSERTION

ACTION

NERVE Mandibular branch of trigeminal (anterior belly) Facial (posterior belly)

29

by a connective tissue acting in concert, elevate loop to hyoid bone hyoid bone & steady it during swallowing & speech acting from behind, open mouth & depress mandible hyoid bone

Stylohyoid
28

styloid process of temporal bone

elevates & retracts hyoid Facial -> elongate oor of mouth during swallowing elevates hyoid bone & Mandibular oor of mouth, enabling branch of tritongue to exert backward geminal & upward pressure for swallowing pulls hyoid bone superiorly & anteriorly, shortening oor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food First cervial spinal nerve via hypoglossal nerve Cervical spinal nerves 1-3

27

Mylohyoid
29

medial surface of mandible

hyoid bone & medial raphe

31

34

33

32

SWALLOWING MUSCLES

Geniohyoid
30

inner surface of mandible

hyoid bone & medial raphe

Sternohyoid
31

manubrium & medial end of clavicle

lower margin of hyoid depresses larynx & hyoid bone bone if mandible is xed may also ex skull thyroid cartilage pulls thyroid cartilage (plus larynx & hyoid) inferiorly depresses & retracts hyoid bone

Sternothyroid
32

posterior surface of manubrium superior surface of scapula

Cervical spinal nerves 1-3 Cervical spinal nerves 1-3

28

Omohyoid
33

hyoid bone, lower border

Thyrohyoid
34

thyroid cartilage

hyoid bone

depresses hyoid bone elevates larynx if hyoid is xed

First cervical nerve via hypoglossal

30

34

NAME Sternocleidomastoid
35

ORIGIN

INSERTION

ACTION prime mover of active head exion (when act together) rotates head toward opposite side (when act singularly

NERVE Accesory nerve

manubrium of stermastoid process of num & medial portion temporal bone & of clavicle superior nuchal line of occipital bone

35

Splenius (capitis)
36

ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of vertebrae C7-T6

mastoid process of temporal bone & occipital bone (capitis)

extend or hyperextend head when act together rotate and bend head laterally toward same side when act on one side

Cervical spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

36

WHOLE HEAD MOVERS Semispinalis capitis

37

transverse process of C7-T12

occipital bone (capitis)

extends head and move it to opposite side synergist with sternocleidomastoid of opposite side

Spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

37

NAME Erector spinae Iliocostalis

38-A

ORIGIN iliac crests (luborum) inferior 6 ribs (thoracis) ribs 3-6 (cervicis)

INSERTION

ACTION

NERVE Spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

angle of ribs (luborum extend vertebral column, & thoracis) maintain posture cervical vertebrae C6- bend vertebral column to C4 (cervicis) same side when act on one side

Erector spinae Longissimus

38-B

transverse process of transverse process of lumbar through cervi- thoracic or cervical cal vertebrae vertebrae and to ribs superior to origin; mastoid process for capitis

TORSO EXTENDERS

thoracis & cervicis act to- Spinal nerves gether to extend vertebral (dorsal rami) column act on one side, bend it laterally capitis extends heads and turns the face toward same side extends vertebral column Spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

38-C

Erector spinae Spinalis

38-C

spines of upper lumbat & lower thoracic vertebrae iliac crest & lumbar fascia

spines of upper thoracic & cervical vertebrae transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae & lower margin of 12th rib

38-B

Quadratus lumborum
39

exes vertebral column laterally when alone when together extends lumbar spine & xes 12th rib maintains upright posture assists in forced breathing

T12 & upper lumber spinal nerves (ventral rami)

38-A 39

NAME External intercostals

40

ORIGIN inferior border of rib above

INSERTION superior border of rib below

ACTION elevate rib cage, aids in inspiration synergist of diaphragm

NERVE Intercostal

40

Internal intercostals BREATHING MUSCLES

41

superior border of rib below

inferior border (costal depress rib cage, aid in groove) of rib above forced expiration antagonist of external intercostals

Intercostal

41

Diaphragm
42

inferior, internal central tendon surface of rib cage & sternum, costal cartilages of last six ribs & lumbar vertebrae

prime mover of inspiration, attens on contraction

Phrenic

42

NAME Rectus Abdominis

43

ORIGIN pubic crest & symphysis

INSERTION xyphoid process & costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

ACTION ex & rotate lumbar region of vertebral column x & depress ribs stabilize pelvis during walking increase intra-abdominal pressure

NERVE Intercostals

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

External oblique
44

outer surface of lower linea alba via aponeu- when together, synergist Intercostals 8 ribs rosis to rectus abdominis, ex vertebral column & compress abdominal wall when alone, synergist to muscles of back, roate & lateral exion of trunk lumbar fascia, iliac linea alba, pubic crest, & inguinal liga- crest, last 3 or 4 ribs, ment & costal margin inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of last 6 ribs, iliac crest linea alba, pubic crest same as external oblique Intercostals

46 45 44

43

Internal oblique
45

Transverse abdominis
46

compresses abdominal contents

Intercostals

45

43

46

44

NAME Levator ani PELVIC FLOOR MUSCLES

47

ORIGIN inside pevis from pubis to ischial spine

INSERTION inner surface of coccyx

ACTION supports & maintains pelvic viscera resists downward thrusts forms sphincters at anorectal junction & vagina lifts anal canal during defecation supports pelvic viscera supports coccyx & pulls it forward

NERVE S4 & inferior rectal

48 47

Coccygeus
48

spine of ischium

sacrum & coccyx

S4 & S5
47 47

NAME Pectoralis minor

49

ORIGIN anterior surface of ribs 3-5 (or 2-4)

INSERTION coracoid process of scapula

ACTION draws scapula forward & downward (ribs xed) draws rib cage superiorly (scaupla xed) stablizes & depresses pectoral girdle

NERVE Both pectoral nerves

Subclavius
50

costal cartilage of rib 1 by series of muscle slips from ribs 1-9

groove on inferior surface of clavicle anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula

Nerve to subclavius

50

Serratus anterior (boxers muscle)

51

agonist to protract & hold Long thoracic scapula against rib cage nerve rotates scapula (inferior angle laterally & upward) abduct & raise arm & horizontal arm movements stablizes, raises, retracts Accesory nerve & rotates scapula adducts & retracts scapula (middle) elevates scapula or synergist to head extension (suprior) depresses scapula & shoulder (inferior) elevates & adducts scapula (synergist to trapezius) tilts glenoid cavity down, exes neck to same side (xed scapula) Cervical spinal nerves & dorsal scapular nerve

49 51

Trapezius SHOULDER MOVERS

52

occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 - T12

spine & acromion of scapula, lateral 3rd of clavicle

53 52

Levator scapulae
53

transverse processes of C1-C4

medial border of scapula, superior to spine

54 55

Rhomboid minor
54

spinous processes of C7 & T1

medial border of scapula

Rhomboid major
55

spinous processes of T2-T5

medial border of scapula

retract scapula (squarDorsal scapular ing shoulders), synergist nerve with middle bers of Trapezius rotate glenoid cavity downward (lowering arm against resistence) stablize scapula

NAME Pectoralis major

56

ORIGIN

INSERTION

ACTION agonist of arm exion rotates arm medially adducts arm against resistance pulls rib cage upward with scapula xed agonist of arm extension powerful arm adductor medially rotates arm & shoulder depresses scapula pulls body upward & forward with arms xed overhead

NERVE Lateral & medial pectoral nerves

58

sternal end of claviby a short tendon into cle, sternum, cartilage intertubercular groove of ribs 1-6, & apoof humerus neurosis of external oblique muscle via lumbodorsal oor of intertubercufascia into spines of lar groove of humerus T7-L5, lower 4 ribs & iliac crest lateral 3rd of clavicle, deltoid tuberosity of acromion & spine of humerus scapula

Latissimus dorsi
57

Thoracodorsal

56

Deltoid
58

ARM MOVERS

Supraspinatus
59

supraspinous fossa of scapula infraspinous fossa of scapula

Infraspinatus
60

superior part of greater tubercle of humerus

agonist of arm abduction with all - Axillary nerve bers, antagonist of pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi exes & medially rotates humerus with anterior bers, synergist of pectoralis major extends & laterally rotates arms with posterior bers stabilizes shoulder joint helps prevent downward dislocation of humerus helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity stabilizes the shoulder joint rotates humerus laterally Suprascapular nerve Suprascapular nerve

59

60 62 63

greater tubercle of humerus, posterior to supraspinatus lesser tubercle of humerus

57

Subscapularis
61

subscapular fossa of scapula

chief medial rotator of humerus, assisted by pectoralis major helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stablizes shoulder same as infraspinatus

Subcapular nerve
61

Teres minor
62

lateral border of dorsal scapular surface posterior surface of scapula @ inferior angle coracoid process of scapula

greater tubercle of humerus, inferior to infraspinatus

Axillary nerve
64

Teres major
63

intertubercular groove posteromedially extends, medially of humerus, tendon rotates, & adducts arm fused with tendon of synergist of latissimus dorsi latissimus dorsi medial surface of humerus shaft exion & adduction of humerus synergist of pectoralis major

Lower scapular nerve Musculocutaneous nerve

Coracobrachialis
64

NAME Biceps brachii

65

ORIGIN

INSERTION

ACTION exes elbor joint & supinates forearm (usually at the same time) weak exor of arm @ shoulder

NERVE Musculocutaneous nerve

long head (65-1): tuber- by common tendon to cle above glenoid cav- radial tuberosity ity and lip of glenoid cavity of scapula short head: (65-2): coracoid process of scapula front of distal humerus coronoid process of ulna base of styloid process of radius

Brachialis
66

major forearm exor, synergist with biceps brachii synergist in forearm exion, best when forearm is partially exed stablizes the elbow during rapid exion & extension

Musculocutaneous nerve Radial nerve

68-1 68-2 68-3 65 66 67

Brachioradialis FOREARM MOVERS

67

lateral supracondylar ridge @ distal end of humerus

Triceps brachii
68

lateral head (68-1): pos- by common tendon terior shaft of humerus into olacrenon prolong head (68-2) : cess of ulna infraglenoid tubercle of scapula medial head (68-3): posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove lateral epicondyle of humerus lateral aspect of olacranon process

agonist of forearm extension Radial nerve (medial head) antagonist of forearm exors stablizes shoulder joint & assist in arm adduction (long head tendon)

68-1

68-2 69

Anconeus
69

abducts ulna during forearm pronation synergist of triceps brachii in elbow extension pronates forearm weak exor of elbow

Radial nerve

65-1 65-2

66

FOREARM ROTATORS

Pronator teres
70

Supinator
71

medial epicondyle of hu- by common tendon merus, coronoid process into lateral radius, of ulna midshaft lateral epicondyle of humerus, radial collateral & annular ligaments, supinator fossa & crest of ulna

Median nerve Posterior interosseous nerve

lateral, anterior & forcibly supinates forearm with posterior surfaces of biceps brachii proximal 1/3 of radius weakly supinates forearm working along antagonist of Pronator teres

70 71

NAME Flexor carpi radialis

72

ORIGIN medial epicondyle of humerus medial epicondyle of humerus medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process & posterior surface of ulna lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus lateral epicondyle of humerus & posterior border of ulna

INSERTION

ACTION

NERVE Median nerve

base of 2nd & 3rd powerful exor of wrist metacarpals (anterior) abducts the hand weak syngergist of elbow exion palmar aponeurosis, skin & fascia of palm pisiform & hamate bones & base of 5th metacarpal (anterior) base of 2nd metacarpal (posterior) base of 5th metacarpal (posterior) weak wrist exor weak synergist of elbow exion tenses skin of palm during hand movements

WRIST FLEXORS

Palmaris longus
73

Median nerve
75

Flexor carpi ulnaris

74

WRIST EXTENSORS

Extensor carpi radialis longus

75

powerful exor of writs adducts hand with extensor carpi ulnaris stablized wrist during nger extension

Ulnar nerve

72 73 74

77

Extensor carpis ulnaris

76

extends wrist with extensor carpi ulnaris abducts write with exor carpi radialis extends & adducts wrist

Radial nerve

Deep branch of radial nerve Median nerve

Flexor digitorum supercialis

77

medial epicondyle of hu- by four tendons into merus, coronoid process middle phalanges of of ulna, shaft of radius ngers 2-5 lateral epicondyle of humerus by four tendons into extensor expansions & distal phalanges of ngers 2-5

exes wrist & middle phalanges of ngers 2-5 prime mover of nger extension extends wrist can abduct (are) ngers

Extensor digitorum FINGER MOVERS

78

Posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of radial nerve Posterior interosseous nerve, deep branch of radial nerve Posterior interosseous nerve Posterior interosseous nerve
76 79

78

81

Extensor digiti minimi

79

lateral epicondyle of humerus posterior surface of middle 3rd of ulna posterior surface of radius & ulna

extensor expansion of extends 5th digit 5th digit base of distal phallanx extends thumb of thumb base of 1st metacarpal abducts & extends thumb & trapezium

80

Extensor pollicis longus

80

Abductor pollicis longus

81

NAME Satorius
82

ORIGIN anterior superior iliac spine iliac fossa & crest, lateral sacrum

INSERTION medial aspect of proximal tibia lesser trochanter of femur

ACTION exes, abducts & laterally rotates the thigh exes knee (weak)

NERVE Femoral nerve

Iliopsoas Iliacus
83

prime mover of thigh exion Femoral nerve lateral exion of vertebral column (psoas) Ventral nerve adducts, exes & medially rotates Femoral & obtuthigh rator nerve Obturator nerve

84 83 89 85 82 88 86 87

Iliopsoas Psoas major

84

Pectineus
85

transverse processes of lesser trochanter of L1-L5, bodies & discs of femur T12-L5 pectineal line of pubis

inferior from lesser trochanter to linea aspera

Gracilis
86

inferior ramus & body of medial surface of tibi- adducts thigh pubis, ischial ramus al shaft just inferior to exes & medially rotates leg medial condyle (when walking) ischial & pubic rami, ischial tuberosity pubic near pubic symphysis anterior iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine linea aspera & adductor tubercle of femur linea aspera iliotibial tract adducts & medially rotates thigh (anterior part) synergist of hamstring in thigh extension (posterior part)

87 88

THIGH MOVERS

Adductor magnus
87

Obturator nerve
91

Adductor longus
88

Tensor fasciae latae

89

adducts, exes & medially rotates Anterior divithigh sion of obturator nerve exes & abducts thigh (synergist Superior gluteal of iliopsoas & gluteus muscles) nerve rotates thigh medially steadies the trunk by pulling iliotibial tract taut (locking the knee) major extensor of thigh laterally rotates & abducts thigh inactive during standing abducts thigh anterior part rotates hip medially posterior part rotates hip lateraly abducts & medially rotates thigh Inferior gluteal nerve Superior gluteal nerve Superior gluteal nerve

90

Gluteus maximus
90

dorsal ilium, sacrum & coccyx lateral surface of ilium between anterior & posterior gluteal lines

gluteal tuberosity of femur, iliotibial tract via short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter

91 92

Gluteus medius
91

Gluteus minimus
92

dorsal ilium between an- superior border of terior & inferior gluteal greater trochanter of lines femur

90

NAME Biceps femoris

93

ORIGIN long head (a): ischial tuberosity short head (b): linea aspera & distal femur iscial tuberosity

INSERTION by common tendon into head of bula & lateral condyle of tibia medial aspect of upper tibial shaft

ACTION extends thigh & exes knee laterally rotates leg when knee is exed

NERVE Sciatic nerve

Semitendinosus HAMSTRINGS
94

extends thigh & exes knee medially rotates leg with semimembranosus extends thigh & exes knee medially rotates leg

Sciatic nerve

Semimembranosus
95

ischial tuberosity

medial condyle of tibia

Sciatic nerve

93 94 95

Popliteus
96

lateral condyle of femur

proximal tibia (posterior surface)

unlocks knee by exes & rotates leg medially rotates thigh laterally with tibia xed extends knee exes thigh @ hip

Tibial nerve

96

Rectus femoris
97

anterior inferior iliac spine & superior margin of acetabulum greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, linea aspera linea aspera, intertrochanteric line

Femoral nerve

Vastus lateralis QUADRICEPS

98

extends & stablizes knee patella & tibial tuberosity via patella ligament

Femoral nerve

Vastus medialis
99

extends knee stablizes patella (inferior bers)

Femoral nerve
97 98 99

98 100 99

Vastus intermedius
100

anterior & lateral surfaces of proximal femur

extends knee

Femoral nerve

NAME Tibialis anterior

101

ORIGIN lateral condyle & upper 2/3 of tibial shaft, interosseous membrane

INSERTION by tendon into inferior surface of medial cuneiform & 1st metatarsal

ACTION prime mover of dorsiexion inverts foot assist in supporting medial longitudinal arch

NERVE Deep bular nerve

104

102

Fibularis longus
102

head & upper portion of lateral bula

by long tendon underfoot into 1st metatarsal & medial cuneiform

plantar exes & everts foot Supercial bu may help keep foot at on ground lar nerve
104 105 102 101

101 105

Fibularis brevis
103

distal bula shaft

by tendon behind lateral malleolus into base of 5th metatarsal

plantar exes & everts foot

Supercial bular nerve

103

FOOT MOVERS

Gastrocnemius
104

by two heads from medial & lateral condyles of femur posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon (Achilles)

plantar exes foot when knee is extended exes knee when foot is dorsiexed plantar exes foot important locomoter & postural muscle

Tibial nerve

106

Soleus
105

superior tibia, bula & inerosseous membrane

Tibial nerve

106 96 105

104

Plantaris
106

posterior femur above lateral condyle

via a long, thin tendon into calcaneus or calcaneal tendon

assists in knee exion plantar exion of foot

Tibial nerve

105

NAME Extensor hallucis longus

107

ORIGIN INSERTION anteromedial bula shaft distal phalanx of big & interosseous memtoe brane

ACTION extends big toe dorsiexes foot

NERVE Deep bular nerve

Extensor digitorum longus

108

lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 3/4 of bula, interosseous membrane

middle & distal phalanges of toes 2-5 via extensor expansion

prime mover of toe extension Deep bular (mainly @ metatarsal joints) nerve dorsiexes foot (with tibialis anterior & extensor hallucis longus)

108

107

TOE MOVERS

Flexor hallucis longus

109

mid-shaft of bula, inter- tendon runs underfoot plantar exes & inverts foot osseous membrane to distal phalanx of exes big toe (push-off muscle big toe when walking)

Tibial nerve

109

Flexor digitorum longus

110

posterior tibia

tendon runs behind medial malleolus & insert into distal phalanx of toes 2-5

plantar exes & inverts foot exes toes helps foot grip ground

Tibial nerve
110

110

109