4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain

Temperature Relations
1
Chapter 3
Stress-Strain
Relations
Linear Behavior
Temperature Effects
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
2
1
st
Law of Thermodynamics
Work that is performed on a mechanical
system by external forces plus the heat that
flows into the system from the outside equals
the increase of internal energy plus the
increase of kinetic energy.
K U H W o + o = o + o
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
3
1
st
Law of Thermodynamics
Static Equilibrium. Adiabatic Conditions.
U W
K
H
o = o
= o
= o
0
0
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
4
Strain Variations
1. Loaded Member in Equilibrium
2. Known Displacements (u,v,w)
3. Infinitesimal Variation
4. Stresses Considered Unchanged

( )
u, v, w o o o
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
5
Strain Variations
( )
( )
( )
xx
yy
zz
u

x
v

y
w

z

c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
xy
yz
zx
v u
1

2 x y
w v
1

2 y z
w u
1

2 x z

c c (
= +
(
c c

c c (
= +
(
c c

c c (
= +
(
c c

4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
6
Work Terms
S B
S
B
W W W
W Surface Forces
W Body Forces

= +
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
7
Stress Vector
Normal vector to plane P:
l m n

x y z
P x y z
P P P P

i j k
= + +
= + +
zz yz xz P
zy yy xy P
zx yx xx P
z
y
x



n m l
n m l
n m l
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
8
Work Terms
x y z
S P P P
S S S
W u dS v dS w dS = + +
} } }
At point P on surface S, consider an increment
of area dS with a stress vector o
P
acting on it:

( )
( )
( )
xx yx zx
S xy yy zy
S
xz yz zz
u
W v dS
w
l m n
l m n
l m n
(
o +o +o o +
(
(
= o +o +o o +
(
(
o +o +o o

}
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
9
Work Terms
B x y z
V
W u v w dV B B B
(
= + +

}
S B
W W W = +
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
10
Work Terms
1. Convert surface integral to volume
integral (divergence theorem)

( )
( )
( )
S B
xx xy xz
yx yy yz
V
z x z y zz
x y z
W W W
u v w
x
u v w
y
dV
u v w
z
B u B v B w
= + =
c
(
+ + +
(
c
(
c
(
+ + +
(
c
(
c
(
+ + +
(
c
(
+ +

}
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
11
Work Terms
2. Stress Equilibrium
3. Strain Variations
xx z
x z

W dV
2 2
xx yy yy z zz
y xy yz yz x xz
V
c c c
c c c
+ + (
| |
=
( |
|
+ + +
(
\ .

}
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
12
Internal Energy
0
V
U U dV =
}
U
o is internal energy density

0
V
U U dV
Internal Energy Variation:
o = o
}
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
13
Internal Strain Energy
Density
0 xx xx yy yy z z zz
x y xy yz yz xz xz
U
2 2
o = c + c + c
+ c + c + c
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
14
Strain Energy Density
Function
( )
0 0 xx yy zz xy xz yz
U U , , , , , , x, y,z,T =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
xx yy zz xy xz yz xx yy zz xy xz yz
0 0 0
0 xx yy zz
xx yy zz
0 0 0
xy xz yz
xy xz yz
u, v, w u, v, w
, , , , , , , , , ,
U U U
U
U U U

o o o
c c c c c c oc oc oc oc oc oc
c c c
o = c + c + c
cc cc cc
c c c
+ c + c + c
cc cc cc
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
15
Internal Strain Energy Density
0 xx xx yy yy z z zz
x y xy yz yz x z xz
U
2 2 2
o = c + c + c
+ c + c + c
0 0 0
xx yy zz
xx yy zz
0 0 0
xy xz yz
xy xz yz
U U U


1 U 1 U 1 U

2 2 2
c c c
= = =
c c c
c c c
= = =
c c c
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
16
Elastic and Complimentary
Energy Density
}
}
=
=
d C
d U
0
0
0
C
o
0
U
c
c
o
o d
c d
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
17
( )
( )
( )
xx 1 xx yy zz xy xz yz
yy 2 xx yy zz xy xz yz
yz 6 xx yy zz xy xz yz
f , , , , ,
f , , , , ,
f , , , , ,
c = o o o o o o
c = o o o o o o
c = o o o o o o
M
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
18
Complimentary Internal Energy
yy
0 0 0 0 xx zz
xx xx xx yy xx zz xx
xy yz
0 0 0 xz
xy xx xz xx yz xx
U U U U
U U U
cc
c c c c cc cc
= + +
co cc co cc co cc co
cc cc
c c c cc
+ + +
cc co cc co cc co
0 0 xx xx yy yy zz zz
xy xy xz xz yz yz
C U
2 2 2
= + + +
+ + +
0 0 0
xx yy zz
xx yy zz
0 0 0
xy xz yz
xy xz yz
C C C


C C C 1 1 1

2 2 2
c c c
= = =
c c c
c c c
= = =
c c c
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
19
Hookes Law
xx 11 xx 12 yy 13 zz 14 xy 15 xz 16 yz
yy 21 xx 22 yy 23 zz 24 xy 25 xz 26 yz
zz 31 xx 32 yy 33 zz 34 xy 35 xz 36 yz
xy 41 xx 42 yy 43 zz 44 xy 45 xz 46 yz
xz 51 xx 52 yy 5
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + + + + +
= + +
3 zz 54 xy 55 xz 56 yz
yz 61 xx 62 yy 63 zz 64 xy 65 xz 66 yz
C C C
C C C C C C
+ + +
= + + + + +
Where Cs are material properties
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
20
Hookes Law
2
0
12
xx yy
12 21
2
0
21
yy xx
U
C

C C
U
C

c
=
c c
=
c
=
c c
0
xx 11 xx 12 yy 13 zz 14 xy 15 xz 16 yz
xx
0
yz 61 xx 62 yy 63 zz 64 xy 65 xz 66 yz
yz
U
C C C C C C
U
C C C C C C
c
= = + + + + +
cc
c
= = + + + + +
c
M
ij ji
C C
21
due to this symmetry, 36 constants are reduced
to independent constants
=
4/13/2012 Linear Stress-Strain
Temperature Relations
21
Strain Energy Density
In Terms of Elastic Constant
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 11 xx 12 xx yy 13 xx zz 14 xx xy 15 xx xz 16 xx yz
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
21 yy xx 22 yy 23 yy zz 24 yy xy 25 yy xz 26 yy yz
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
31 zz xx 32 zz yy 33 zz 34 zz xy 35 zz x
2 2 2 2 2
U C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C
= + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
1
z 36 zz yz
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
41 xy xx 42 xy yy 43 xy zz 44 xy 45 xy xz 46 xy yz
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
51 xz xx 52 xz yy 53 xz zz 54 xz xy 55 xz 56 xz yz
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
61 yz xx 62 yz yy 63 yz zz 64 yz x
2 2 2 2
C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C
+
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
2
1 1
y 65 yz xz 66 yz
2 2
C C + +