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Chapter 14 Pre
Chapter 14 Pre
Part A Regarding the concept of pathology, infection, and disease, which statement is false? ANSWER: When a microorganism is in a part of the body where it is not normally found, disease may occur. A great majority of microorganisms are pathogenic. Pathology is concerned with both the structural and functional changes caused by disease. An "infection" is not synonymous with a "disease." Correct
Part A According to Koch's postulates, used to identify the etiology of a disease, how many times must microorganisms be grown in pure culture when identifying them? ANSWER: At least four times Twice Once Three times Correct
Part A Why is nephritis not a good candidate for the use of Koch's postulates? ANSWER: Because many different pathogens cause inflammation of the kidneys. Because the microorganisms cannot be isolated. Because patients die from nephritis. Because the human host exhibits certain signs and symptoms only associated with nephritis. Correct
Part A Which microorganisms produce scarlet fever and are a poor disease choice for utilizing Koch's postulates? ANSWER: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Diphtheria-causing microbes Streptococcus pyogenes Tetanus-causing pathogens Correct
Part A In order to determine the etiology of a disease using Koch's postulates, which action is appropriate after the initial identification of microorganisms? ANSWER: Microorganisms are tested on human volunteers. Microorganisms are injected into a diseased animal to confirm pathogenicity. Microorganisms are frozen for further analysis. Microorganisms are injected into a healthy laboratory animal. Correct
Part A The number of reported cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in the United States reached its maximum during which period? ANSWER: 1997 - 2000 1979 - 1982 2003 - 2006 1992 - 1994 Correct
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. Correct
Part A A patient is vulnerable to secondary infections during a disease phase that may last from less than 24 hours to several days. What is the name of this stage of disease? ANSWER: Period of decline Prodromal period Period of illness Incubation period Correct
Part A Which of the following statements regarding the incubation period of disease development is true? ANSWER: It is the period characterized by early, mild symptoms of the disease. The person exhibits overt signs of the decline. The person is regaining strength, and the body is returning to its prediseased state. It is the period between the initial infection and the first appearance of any symptoms or signs. Correct
Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A According to the animation, surgical infections account for what percentage of nosocomial infections? ANSWER: 11% 40% 15% 8% 20% Correct
Part B What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations? ANSWER: Lower respiratory Cutaneous Urinary tract Surgical Bacteremia Correct Part C How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic? ANSWER: Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment. Visitors currently being treated with antibiotics can pass them on to the patient. Health care workers being treated with antibiotics may pass the antibiotic on to the patient. Correct Part D Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections? ANSWER: Invasive procedures must use antibiotics. Invasive procedures require long term hospital stays, thereby increasing the number of visitors seen by the patient. These procedures are carried out by health care workers, who carry resistant microbes. These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient. Correct Part E How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections? ANSWER: Administer all medications orally instead of through injections Practice more stringent aseptic techniques Limit the number of visitors who can see the patient Reduce the number of times they visit a patient
Correct
Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A The health of the patient ANSWER: should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker. is secondary to the health of co-workers in healthcare settings. is secondary to the health of the healthcare worker. Correct Part B How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections? ANSWER: They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary. They should prescribe immunosuppressive drugs to their patients. They should only operate on healthy individuals. They should prescribe as many antibiotics as possible. Correct Part C If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions, ANSWER: they should immediately wash their hands.
they should leave the healthcare facility immediately. they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker. Correct Part D Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections? ANSWER: Long Inexpensive Reusable Washable Single-use Correct Part E Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing? ANSWER: Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction. Hand washing should be done frequently by patients. Hand washing should be done frequently by healthcare workers. Hand washing should be done before and after patient interaction. Correct
Part A Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the epidemiological graphs indicating the incidence of Lyme disease and tuberculosis? ANSWER: In 1993, there were between 5,000 - 10,000 total cases of Lyme disease reported, fewer than the number reported in 1992. The incidence of Lyme disease has declined since 2001. The number of reported tuberculosis cases has remained at <20 cases per 100,000 people since about 1975. The incidence of Lyme disease is higher during the summer months than during the spring months. Correct
Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Expected prevalence of a disease is ANSWER: the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations. the anticipated geographical spread of a disease based on past observances. the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time. the total number of cases of a disease over a period of time. Correct Part B In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America? ANSWER: Only a few cases are occurring in this region. The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region. The disease occurs at a lower rate than what would normally be expected in this region.
The disease has spread to North America from Europe. Correct Part C In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four? Hint C.1 Hint not displayed ANSWER: Four Two Six Five Correct Part D In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur? ANSWER: April of year four January of year three March of year two January of year four September of year three Correct Part E If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be ANSWER: pandemic. sporadic. endemic. epidemic. Correct
Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Epidemiology is defined as the study of ANSWER: when a disease occurs. how a disease is transmitted. where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted. where a disease occurs. Correct Part B What is the role of epidemiology? ANSWER: To learn what diseases can be caused by respiratory pathogens. To learn which medicines are effective at killing pathogens. To learn which organisms cause disease. To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases. Correct
Click here to complete this activity. Then answer the questions. Part A Which of the following would be considered a fomite? ANSWER: A fly A tick An infected toy Contaminated water Correct Part B Which of the following would be considered a vector? ANSWER: Water droplets that come from a sneeze from an infected individual A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food Saliva that is transmitted between individuals during kissing Water containing bacteria from fecal matter Correct Part C When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered ANSWER: contact transmission. vector transmission. waterborne transmission.
airborne transmission. Correct Part D Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease? ANSWER: Vector transmission Vehicle transmission Contact transmission Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission Correct Part E Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission? ANSWER: The transmission of MRSA from skin to skin contact Touching a telephone with cold viruses on its surface The bite of a mosquito containing malaria The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner Correct
Part A Which of the following statements is true? ANSWER: Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other. A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host. Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other. At least two members must benefit in a symbiotic relationship. Symbiosis refers to different organisms living together. Correct
ANSWER:
Part A Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota because transient microbiota ANSWER: Are present for a relatively short time. Are acquired by direct contact. Cause diseases. Are found in a certain location on the host. Never cause disease. Correct
Correct
Always occur as part of a syndrome. Are changes felt by the patient. None of the above. Correct
The figure shows the incidence of influenza during a typical year. Which letter on the graph indicates the endemic level?
ANSWER:
a b c d Correct
A cold transmitted by a facial tissue is an example of ANSWER: Vector. Direct contact. Fomite. Vehicle transmission. Droplet transmission. Correct
Part A Gastroenteritis acquired from roast beef is an example of ANSWER: Vector. Direct contact. Droplet transmission. Vehicle transmission. Fomite. Correct
The situation is an example of ANSWER: A vector. A zoonosis. A focal infection. A nonliving reservoir. Human reservoirs. Correct
In the situation, the etiologic agent of the disease is ANSWER: Wind. Soil. Coxiella burnetii. Pneumonia. Sheep. Correct
In the situation, the method of transmission of this disease was ANSWER: Direct contact. Vector-borne. Droplet.
The graph in the figure shows the incidence of polio in the United States. The period between 1945 and 1955 indicates
ANSWER:
A communicable disease. A pandemic. An endemic level. An epidemic level. A sporadic infection. Correct