WHAT IS POWER TRANSFORMER?

POWER TRANSFORMERS ARE TRANSFORMERS

USED BETWEEN THE GENERATING STATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION NETWORK, AND ARE LARGER THAN 500 KVA IN SIZE.
POWER TRANSFORMERS USE A LAMINATED

STEEL CORE WITH COPPER OR ALUMINUM WINDINGS.

USES OF POWER TRANSFORMER?

USE AT GENERATING STATIONS FOR STEPPING UP
USE AT SUBSTATIONS AT EACH END OF POWER

TRANSMISSION LINE FOR STEPPING UP OR STEPPING DOWN THE VOLTAGE LEVEL.

PUT IN OPERATION DURING LOAD PERIODS AND

DISCONNECTED DURING LIGHT PERIODS.

CAUSES OF OVERHEATING IN POWER TRANSFORMER?

Overload

Excessive loading can cause overheating. Transformers are rated in kVA. This kVA rating is dependent on temperature. Excess current in the neutral of the transformer Excess current in the neutral of the transformer is usually caused by high zero sequence harmonic components.

CAUSES OF OVERHEATING OF POWER TRANSFORMERS?

Problems in the Cooling system

Malfunctioning of the cooling equipment such as blockages in the cooling oil circuit. High Harmonic content in the power supply High harmonic loads can also cause heating in the transformer. Sustained Overvoltages Overvoltages which exist for a long period of time can overexcite the transformer and cause overheating.

PROTECTION METHODS FOR OVERHEATING

By using linear heat detector.
Over-current relay. Differentional protection.

Overheat protection through RF signal

PROTECTS COSTLY POWER TRANSFORMER USED IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FROM EXCESS HEATING DUE TO OVERLOADING AND OTHER CAUSES BY FOLLOWING MEANS:
automatically trip/ off load.
Automatically starts cooling system. Transmit warning signals to monitoring stations. Maintain optimum temperature limit. Starts warning alarms.

WORKING PRINCIPLE
BASED ON THERMAL SENSOR LM 35 VOLTAGE COMPARATOR/ DIVIDER THE LM35 SERIES ARE PRECISION INTEGRATEDCIRCUIT TEMPERATURE SENSORS, WHOSE OUTPUT VOLTAGE IS LINEARLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE CELSIUS (CENTIGRADE) TEMPERATURE.

FEATURES OF LM 35

Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/C scale factor 0.5C accuracy guaranteed (at +25C) Rated for full 55 to +150C range Suitable for remote applications Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60 A current drain Low self-heating, 0.08C in still air Nonlinearity only 14C typical Low impedance output, 0.1 W for 1 mA load

Block Diagram

 ADJUST THE TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM TOLERANCE LIMITS AT WHICH THERMAL SENSOR TRIGGER THE SYSTEM, WHICH FURTHER OPERATE VARIOUS CONTROLLING DEVICES FITTED ON POWER TRANSFORMER. BY USING RF MODULE OF SUITABLE RANGE THE INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED TO THE RECEIVING END AT REMOTE MONITORING STATION TO TAKE APPROPRIATE STEPS TO AVOID OVER HEATING CONDITION OF TRANSFORMER QUICKLY TO AVOID HEAVY LOSS. IN THE GIVEN BLOCK DIAGRAM ,WHEN THE TEMPERATURE CROSSES THE MAXIMUMTOLERANCE LIMIT, THE THERMAL SENSOR SENSE AND ANALOGUE VOLTAGE LEVELCONVERTER DETECT THE LEVEL OF TEMPERATURE, MONO STABLE MULTI VIBRATOR USED COMPRETER TO

ENERISES THE RELAY WHICH GIVES SIGNALS TO ENCODER THEN RF TRANSMITTER TRANSMIT INFORMATION WHICH IS RECEIVED BY RF RECEIVER, BY MATCHING CORRESPONDING DATA ADDRESS, IT ALSO TRIGGERS AUDIO VISUAL SIGNALS IN REMOTE MONITORING STATIONS.

COMPONENTS USED FOR DESIGNING

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12)

5 V Regulated Power Supply. LM 35 Thermal Sensor. Voltage divider IC UM 3914. Transistor NPN, PNP. Capacitors : 1uf, 10uf, 100uf, 1000uf. Resistors : 1k, 10k, 47k, 220k. Diodes LEDs : Red, Green, Yellow. Relays. TX Module, RX Module . Encoder IC. Decoder IC.