A Proxy Caching System Based on Multimedia Streaming Service over the Internet

Tm tt: Phng thc truyn dng a phng tin thi gian thc ang chim mt t l ln trong giao thng mng, s quan tm n vic nghin cu h thng b nh m cho truyn dng a phng tin ngy cng tng. Tuy nhin, k thut hin ti cho b nh m i tng Web khng thch hp cho dch v truyn dng a phng tin. Trong bi bo ny, chng ta tp trung vo vn proxy caching c trng cho hnh thc truyn dng liu a phng tin. HUSTProxy c xut nh l mu thit k u tin v trin khai ca h thng proxy caching. ng gp chnh ca HUSTProxy l kh nng ca n v mt phn b nh m video, b nh m tin t v kim sot tc gi. K thut ny c thc hin trong h thng ca chng ta v c tho lun chi tit trong bi bo ny. Bng cch ci t kim th, kt qu thc nghim cho thy mt phn b nh m video c th gip tit kim khng gian b nh cache v c ch kim sot tc c th gip gim tr dch v khi ng nh mong i. 1. Gii thiu Hu ht cc nghin cu gn y trong proxy caching tp trung vo x l cc i tng Web chung, nh Harvest v Squid. Tuy nhin, k thut hin ti cho web caching khng thch ng cho dch v truyn dng a phng tin lin tc bi v file video thng c kch thc ln hn ti liu web. So snh vi k thut web caching, proxy caches cho hnh thc truyn dng d liu a phng tin vn cn kh non nt, vic thit k v nh gi k thut proxy caching r rng cn nghin cu nhiu hn. Bi bo ny trnh by thit k v thc hin ca h thng proxy caching a phng tin gp phn gim ti server, gim ti mng v gim tr dch v khi ng, c tn l HUSTProxy. Khc vi cc trnh by trc , chng ti nhn mnh trn mt phn b nh m v mt phn k thut thay th. c bit, chng ti xut rng proxy cache ch t vo khung u mi dng ph bin, v n thay th l t cc phn cui ca mi dng khng ph bin. Kt hp vi cc k thut tm np trc thc hin trong thit k ca chng ti, khng gian a proxy caching c th gim t ngt. ng gp khc ca k thut server-proxy-client l kh nng iu chnh tc gi n client cn c trn bng thng c sn gia proxy v ch n ng clients. Nghin cu ca chng ti b sung cho n lc thc hin kim sot tc , n tng ca xut ny c xc thc qua kt qu thc nghim. Theo d kin, bng vic tng tc gi d liu ti client yu cu, tr khi ng dch v c th c ci tin cho ph hp. Hn na, chng ti xut mt nh ngha mi c tnh i chng ca truyn dng b m so vi cc nghin cu sm hn trong bi bo ny.

Phn cn li ca bi bo ny c t chc nh sau. Phn tip m t thit k v k thut ca h thng proxy caching. Phn 3 xc thc ci t ca chng ti qua cc th nghim khc nhau, v trnh by s b kt qu. Phn 4 a ra nhng nh gi vn tt lin quan n cng vic. Trong phn cui cng, chng ti trnh by kt lun v phng hng cho cng vic tng lai. 2. Thit k v ci t HUSTProxy 2.1. Kin trc h thng HUSTProxy c v tr xc nh trong mng, n xut hin nh 1 client cho server v nh 1 server cho client. Hnh 1 miu t kin trc bn trong ca HUSTProxy nh t hp ca client v server. Trong hnh 1, truyn dng video c kim sot qua phin RTSP/TCP. l 2 b phin chy cho client. u tin c thit lp gia ngun gc video server v proxy ly li nhng khi uncached. Khc gia proxy v client. Mi video v audio c truyn qua phin dnh ring RTP/UDP. Cht lng ca dch v c gim st trn phin RTCP(RTP Control protocol)/UDP. Chng ta s gii thch chc nng ca cc thnh phn ring bit bi m t cc yu cu qun l module trong HUSTProxy trong phn 2.2

Hnh 1: Proxy system architecture

2.2. Qun l yu cu Module qun l yu cu x l tt c tn hiu RTSP gia HUSTProxy v client hay server. Qu trnh hon thnh ca dng proxy phi hp vi 1 yu cu client RTSP m t nh sau. u tin, 1 client bt u bng vic thit lp kt ni cho dng audio/video vi proxy server s dng mt lot cc thng ip RTSP OPTIONS, DESCRIBE, v SETUP. Thng ip RTSP nhn bi module qun l yu cu(Request Manager) qua module RTSP server. Proxy server chuyn tip thng ip RTSP OPTIONS, DESCRIBE v SETUP ti video server. Nh vy, kt ni gia video server v proxy server c thit lp. Sau , client yu cu s cung cp ca dng video t client, Request Manager bt u cung cp cho client vi khi d liu. N u tin kim tra bng cache. Khi mt bn sao ca dng yu cu l c sn trong b nh cache, Request Manager lin tc c chng ra v gi chng ti client qua my pht RTP. ng thi, Request Manager chuyn tip yu cu PLAY vi tiu Range c cp nht, tm np trc phn cn li ca dng yu cu trc cho dng phn ng sau. Nu dng yu cu b mt, Request Manager ch n gin l truyn li thng ip RTSP PLAY ti video server vi khng c thay i no. Trong vic nhn mt dng t video server qua my thu RTP, Request Manager bt c ca n ch ra rng khi dng ang c truyn, v n truyn khi ny ti RTP Sender. Khi hot ng tip nhn hon thnh, c s c hy b v Request Manager gi cc khi trong a cache cc b ca n. Nu ch khng ln lu tr cc khi mi truy cp, Cache Manager thay th mt hay nhiu on nh quan trng hn trong cache vi on dng truyn mi. Khi dch v proxy nhn mt thng ip RTP TEARDOWN t client, proxy server truyn thng ip ny ti video server, v ng phin ny li. 2.3. Cc gi tin ti t hp Khi ngi dng yu cu mt video trong cache, n s c phc v bng vic gi ti chng cc phn ca video hin din trong cache, trong khi vic thu thp phn cn li ca on video t server v trong sut thi gian n i v client. t c prefix caching, video server v cc phng thc truyn dng phi h tr truy xut ngu nhin, v h thng proxy caching phi kt hp vi k thut tm np trc. Bng vic ci t cc chc nng tm np trc, chng ti c th s dng thng ip RTSP PLAY vi mt sa i Range header tr li server, da trn c bao nhiu d liu sn sng t a cc b, th d, Range: 20-End. S 20 ngha l ln cui cng c lu tr ca prefix caching. K t khi cc gi RTP thu c t ngun ring bit bt u vi mt du thi gian ngu nhin v mt s ngu nhin lin tc, proxy c th hnh thnh mt dng truyn mch lc t ngun a cc b v ngun server. Hnh 2 biu din v d m t lm

th no hnh thnh dng RTP t 2 ngun khc nhau thnh 1 dng nht qun. y, chng ta xem xt 1 clip vi di 15s: 5 giy u c lu tr trong proxy trong khi phn cn li ca 10s d liu thu c t server xa. V gi s dng truyn c clockrate l 90000, ci ny c th thu c t SPD phn hi t server. Trong sut du thi gian ca gi RTP cui cng, du thi gian c s v dng clockrate, chng ta c th thu c ln lu tr cui cng vi s liu ca nhng giy cn bng. CachedTime(seconds) =

(1)

Biu din trong hnh 2, 180000 v 630000 l du thi gian ca gi RTP u tin v cui cng thu c t a; l timestamp ca gi tip theo cha c lu tr trong a, chnh lch timestamp gia 2 gi RTP lin tip l 600. Gi s -376000 v -16000 l timestamps ca gi RTP u tin v cui cng thu c t mng. Trc khi truyn i gi u tin thu c t mng, HUSTProxy cn xc nh s on sp i ra v timestamp cho gi ny. Trong hnh 2 gi RTP ca on 1 thu c t vic chi bt u ca dng, timestamp ngu nhin c s ca dng ny nn l 180000. Chng ta c th tnh ton thi gian lu tr trong a l (630000-180000)/90000=5s. V gi tr ca l (630000-180000)+6000=456000. Nhng tri li gi tr thc chng ta thu c t mng l -376000. V chnh lch gia 2 phin l G = 456000- (-376000) = 832000. Bi chnh lch phin, chng ta c th thu c rng timestamp sp i ra ca gi u tin t mng l -376000+G=-376000+832000=456000, v timestamp ca gi cui cng t mng l -16000 + G = -16000 + 832000 = 816000. Trng SSRC trong RTP header ly t mng c th t ging nh RTP header m chng ta lu tr trong a cache.

3. Thc hin th nghim 3.1. Gim ti mng ch ca 1 proxy l chn cc yu cu ca client r rng v gim s yu cu gi ti server, dn n gim ti my ch v ti mng. gii thch vic gim ti mng bng h thng HUSTProxy, chng ti s dng t l thay i lu lng(TVR) l tiu chun nh gi.

sp(t): Tng lng d liu truyn t server n proxy trong thi gian t. pc(t): Tng lng d liu truyn t proxy ti server trong thi gian t. Gi tr TVR cng ln th hin s tng tng i ti mng. Gi tr TVR ln nht l 1. Trong bi th nghim ca chng ti, chng ti s dng serverproxy-client, client m phng nhiu phng tin truyn thng bi chng trnh pht yu cu RTSP. Chng trnh ny khng ti d liu tr li, ch my pht nhng yu cu cho thit b a phng tin ph hp vi m hnh phn tn Zipf-file. ng thi chng ti pht hin lu lng c ca ng server-proxy v ng proxy-client tng trong thi gian t. Hnh 3 biu din khi tng thi gian, s thay i t l lu lng vi s khc nhau ca kch thc b nh m.

Server c 200 i tng a phng tin MPEG c cng chiu di pht li l 60second. Trong mi ln, chng ta ch r kch thc c nh ca cache, tng ng l 20%, 40%, 60% v 80% ca tng di dng lu tr. Chng ta c th thy rng TVR thay i nhanh hn s tng kch thc b nh m. S thay i TVR cng ln th ti mng cng gim. 3.2. Gim tr Start-Up Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca h thng proxy l gim tr yu cu start-up ca client. Khi client nhn dng d liu t server hay proxy, n khng bt u lm vic ngay cho ti khi b m playout ca n y bin ng mng. Nh vy c mt tr start-up lc bt u mi thi gian. By gi chng ta xem xt 2 vn : th nht bao gm kin trc client-server v vn khc l kin trc server-proxy-client. i vi trnh by biu thc trn start-up client, chng ta nh ngha cc thng s lin quan trong bng 1.

Chng ti gi s rng tr gia server v proxy l t1, v tr t proxy ti client l t2. V vy tr gia server v client l t1 + t2, v tr trong 1 vng truyn l 2t1 + 2t2. Vic xem xt kin trc server-client, server a phng tin gi i gi d liu vi tc bytes/second, v gi s rng mi client gi mt playout buffer ca S giy, S giy bt u ca d liu c lin quan ti tr start-up ca client. tr start-up ca trng hp ny l T0 c th tnh bi T0 = 2t1 + 2t2 + S. Tip theo chng ta xem xt kin trc server-proxy-client. Nu 0 S1 S2, proxy bt u hai qu trnh ng thi. Mt l download tn ti trong S1 giy ca d liu t client vi tc truyn l , chim S1 / giy truyn S1 giy d liu. Qu trnh t2 yu cu phn cn li ca S S1 giy ca d liu t dng server. N cn 2t1 giy cho byte u tin ca d liu ti proxy. V vy thi gian cho c qu trnh hon thnh l max(( S1 )/, 2t1). Nhng giy S - S1 ca d liu truyn u tin t server n proxy, sau t proxy ti client. V vy tc truyn l min( , )= . V vy thi gian truyn ca phn d liu ny l t2+(S S1)/ = t2 + S S1. Chng ti trnh by tr start-up bi cng thc (3). T1 = t2 + max((S1 )/, 2t1 )+t2+(S S1)/min(, ) =2t2 + S S1+ max(S1/,2t1)
(3)

Hnh 4: Client start-up latency with the variation of cached size(seconds) Hnh 4 biu din tr client start-up vi s thay i ca tc truyn d liu. ng m biu din kt qu th nghim v ng nt t biu din kt qu tnh ton t cng thc (3). Thng s ci t trong cng thc c bn l t1=15ms, t2 = 1ms. Trong th nghim ny, gi tr / c thay i t 1 ti 10, v di playback buffer bt u S l 5 giy. Chng ti t gi tr khc ca S1 l 1,3,5 giy tng ng cho mi th nghim. T hnh 4 chng ti ch tng kt qu tnh ton v kt qu th nghim xut hin st vo nhau, v vi S1 c nh, tr start-up gim i theo tng ca /. Vi vic c nh gi tr /, tr start-up gim i vi tng ca S1.

4. Lin quan ti cng vic K thut Caching c m rng s dng cho Web ni dung truyn thng nh trang HTML v file hnh nh(1)(2)(6). Mt s cng vic gn y s dng trong lu tr cho i tng a phng tin v c th tm trong (7)(8). Sen (9) trnh by prefix caching dng lu tr ch 1 phn u ca i tng a phng tin ph bin. Rejaie et al. (10) xem xt sp tng-m ha dng a phng tin. Proxy c gng chuyn tip bin thin dng cache trong khi thc hin thch ng cht lng t ng. Acharya et al. (11) xut k thut hp tc caching c tn l Middle-Man. Middleman lu tr dng video truyn qua nhiu proxy ni m chng c th thay th mt chi tit ca mt khi. Tuy nhin, cng vic ny khng th thc hin nhanh v pha trc/tua li cho client. Chng ti cp ti chc nng ny trong giao thc HUSTProxy ca chng ti. Mt s cng vic c cp n iu khin tc gi, nhng h khng a ra tho lun chi tit v kt qu th nghim. 5. Kt thc v cng vic tng lai Cng vic ny m t th nghim h thng proxy caching cho dch v truyn dng d liu a phng tin trn Internet. Mt s vn v thch thc trong thit k h thng proxy c tho lun chi tit, v vic gii quyt c trnh by. T kt qu th nghim, HUSTProxy c th gim ton b tr start-up ca client v gim ti mng bng vic ngn chn mt s lng ln truy cp vo my ch.

Th nghim ny ca h thng proxy phn tn l mc tiu tip theo ca chng ti. Trong phng hng ny, tt c proxy ph hp vic hp tc vi mi proxy khc. Trong vic nhn yu cu, proxy cc b tr li yu cu u tin. Nu cache b nh, proxy truyn li yu cu ti proxy phn tn khc. Vn c lin quan ti vic lm th no cc proxy lin kt vi nhau, lm sao tm c proxy thch hp nht. V k hoch ny khng nhng cn qun l cache ton cc v thay th cch gii quyt m bo tnh nht qun gia cc proxy.

Ti liu tham kho 1. Chankhunthod A., Danzig P. B., Neerdaels C. A hierarchical Internet object cache. In Proceedings of the USENIX 1996 annual technical conference. January (1996)153163 2. Squid web proxy cache. http://www.squid-cache.org/ 3. Schulsrinne H., Rao A., Lanphier R.: RTSP: Real Time Streaming Protocol, IETFRFC2326, April (1998) 4. Schulzrinne H., Casner S., Frederick R.: RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications, IETF RFC1889, January (1996) 5. Schulzrinne, H.: RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Con-trol, IETF RFC 1890, January (1996) 6. Abrams M., Standridge C.R., Abdulla G.: Caching proxies: limitations and po-tentials. In Proceedings of the WWW conference Darmstadt, Germany. December(1995) 119133 7. David P.A., Yoshitomo O., Ramesh G.: A File System for Continuous Media. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems.10(1992) 331337 8. Tobagi F., Pang J., Baird R.: Streaming RAID: A disk array management system for video files. In Proceedings of ACM Multimedia ACM Multimedia, (1993) 393400 9. Sen S., Rexford J., and Towsley D.: Proxy prefix caching for multimedia streams. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. March (1999) 13101319 10. Rejaie R.: Multimedia Proxy Caching Mechanism for Quality Adaptive Streaming Applications in the Internet. In Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. March (2000) 310 11. Acharya S.: Techniques for improving multimedia communication over wide area networks. Ph.D. Thesis. Cornell University. NY. January (1999).

10