dce

2012

Khoa KH & KTMT B mn K Thut My Tnh

BK
TP.HCM

2012, CE Department

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2012

Gii thiu mn hc
Cn b ging dy
Nguyn Quang Huy huynguyen@cse.hcmut.edu.vn

Trang web mn hc
Sakai http://www.cse.hcmut.edu.vn/~huynguyen

nh gi: trc nghim/t lun

Gia k: 30% Cui k: 70% Bonus
2012, CE Department 2

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Ti liu tham kho

Digital Systems, Principles and Applications, 8th/5th Edition, R.J. Tocci, Prentice Hall Digital Logic Design Principles, N. Balabanian & B. Carlson John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2004

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Tng quan

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Hardware

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Software

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Ni dung mn hc
Cc h thng s m v m i s Boole v cc cng lun l Thit k v phn tch mch t hp Thit k v phn tch mch tun t

2012, CE Department

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BK
TP.HCM

Biu din s m, m v bin i m

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Gii thiu
H s (Digital system) l i tng kho st chnh ca mn hc H s ang dn dn thay th cc h tng t (Analog system) vn tn ti trc y H s xut hin trong nhiu lnh vc ca cng ngh hin i
Tn hiu giao thng Dng ha cht Nhit ng c xe hi Kim tra thi gian My phn phi, kim sot Thit b in t m thanh, video My y t Mng in thoi H iu khin khng lu, x l tn hiu radar Dng c in t: dao ng k (oscilloscope) s, my phn tch lun l (logic analyzer)
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S (Digital) v tng t (Analog)

Trong khoa hc v k thut nhng qu trnh nh lng trong t nhin (p sut, vn tc, in p, dng in, ) c biu din qua trung gian cc bin Quan h gia cc bin c din t bi cc nh lut, cng thc Trong h thng, cc bin c hin thc di dng cc tn hiu (signal) vt l u vo v u ra Theo thc nghim, cc tn hiu vt l dng nh bin i mt cch lin tc (continously), VD. nhit trong ngy, dng in, v.v H tng t l h m cc tn hiu thay i theo cch lin tc (tn hiu tng t - analog signal)

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Analog

Digital

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H s v h tng t
Hnh v bn minh ha vic xp x mt ng cong lin tc bt k bng mt hm bao gm nhiu bc thang ri rc (discrete) Tn hiu lin tc cng c th c ri rc ha (discretized) hay lng t ha (digitized) tn hiu s (digital signal) C th chuyn i gia tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t

H s l h m cc tn hiu thay i theo cch ri rc (tn hiu s) Cc bin c x l trong h s u dng ri rc cc gii thut xp x gn ng
2012, CE Department 12

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2012

u im ca h s
D thit k (Design) Mch chuyn mch (Switching circuits) Thng tin c lu d dng (Information storage) chnh xc cao (Accuracy and presicion) Cc hot ng c th c lp trnh (Programmed) t b nh hng nhiu (Noise) C nhiu mch s c ch to thnh chip chuyn dng(IC).
2012, CE Department 13

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2012

Hn ch ca h s
Th gii thc phn ln l tng t VD: Nhit , p sut, vn tc, tc dng chy, Cc bc x l vn
Chuyn i t tn hiu nhp vo tng t (Analog Input) sang tn hiu s (Digital) X l trn d liu s Chuyn i tn hiu s ra tn hiu tng t (Analog output)

2012, CE Department

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H thng iu khin nhit

Nhit (Analog)

Thit b o nhit

Analog

ADC
Digital

Digital

X l
iu chnh nhit

DAC

Analog

B iu khin

ADC : Analog to Digital Converter DAC : Digital to Analog Converter

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2012

H thng s m
H thng s m (h m) quen thuc nht vi con ngi l h thp phn (decimal number system) H thp phn s dng 10 k s (digit) t 0 n 9 v biu din gi tr s di dng vit tt ca a thc c s (base) 10 3 7 5 6 = 3 x 103 + 7 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 6 x 100 Gi tr s c biu din khng ch ph thuc vo cc k s m cn ph thuc vo v tr xut hin ca cc k s h s m theo v tr (positional number system)
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H thng s m
Dng tng qut ca mt h s c s b c biu din: an-1an-2 a2a1a0.a-1a-2a-3a-m+1a-m trong 0 a < b Tng qut ha cho h m c s (base) b
Nb = an-1 x bn-1 + an-2 x bn-2 + + a0 x b0 + a-1 x b-1 + + a-m x b-m

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Example
(7,239)10 = 7 x 10 3 + 2 x 10 2 + 3 x 10 1 + 9 x 10 0 (4103.2)5 = 4 x 53 + 1 x 52 + 0 x 51 + 3 x 50 + 2 x 5-1 = 4 x 125 + 1 x 25 + 0 x 5 + 3 x 1 + 2 x 5-1 = (528.4)10 (11011)2 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 1 x 20 = (27)10

(B65F)16 = 11 x 163 + 6 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 15 x 160

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H nh phn
Ch c 2 k s: 0 v 1 Mi k s trong h nh phn (binary number system) gi l bit (binary digit) vn chuyn mt thng tin ti thiu, Vd. sng/ti, tt/m, Msb (most significant bit) l bit c trng s ln nht Lsb (least significant bit) l bit c trng s nh nht
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H nh phn
2
4

2
1

2
0

2
1

2
. 1

2
0

2
1

MSB

LSB
1* 20
1 * 21
1

(11011101 2 . )

0 * 22
2

1* 23

1* 2 4

1* 2

0*2

1*2 3

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Biu din i lng nh phn

Bng n (sng v tt) Diode (dn v khng dn) Transistor (tt v bo ho)

2012, CE Department

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Cc h m khc
Cc h m khc c s dng trong nhng h thng s l
H bt phn (Octal system): c s 8 H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal system): c s 16

Cc h m thng dng
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Octal 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Hexa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
22

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Chuyn i gia cc h m
S thp lc phn (Hexadecimal Number) S nh phn (Binary Number)

S bt phn (Octal Number)

H c s b (B bases Number)

S thp phn (Decimal Number)

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T thp phn sang h c s b

N10 = (anan-1an-2 a2a1a0) b = an x bn + an-1 x bn-1 + an-2 x bn-2 + + a0 x b0

N b

an * b n

an 1 * b n

an 2 * b n

.... a1

Q1

a0

Q n 2 n3 n 4 1 an *b an 1 *b an 2 *b .... a2 Q 2 b
Q 2 an *bn 3 an 1 *bn 4 an 2 *bn 5 .... a3 Q 3 b

a1 a2

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T thp phn chuyn qua nh phn

Chuyn s 41 sang h nh phn

41 2 20 2 10 2

20

a0

10 5

a1
a2

0
0

5 2 2 2 1 2

2 1 0

a3 1
a4 0

a5 1

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Cc vn khc
Chuyn i t h thp phn sang h bt phn. Chuyn i t h thp phn sang h thp lc phn. Chuyn i t h nh phn sang h bt phn Chuyn i t h bt phn sang h nh phn Chuyn i t h nh phn sang h thp lc phn Chuyn i t h thp lc phn sang h nh phn

2012, CE Department

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Mt s vn khc
Chuyn i gia cc h m Chuyn i cc h khc sang h thp phn Chuyn i t h thp phn sang cc h khc Chuyn i t h bt phn hay thp lc phn sang h nh phn S hc nh phn Cng nh phn Tr nh phn Nhn nh phn Chia nh phn B 1 (1s complement) v b 2 (2s complement) Khi nim b 1 v b 2 Biu din cc s nguyn nh phn Cng/tr cc s nguyn nh phn

2012, CE Department

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M & bin i m
Thng tin con ngi trao i vi nhau c din t qua trung gian nhng tp hp (set) cc k hiu (symbol) Mi tp hp k hiu to thnh 1 bng mu t (alphabet) Trong ting Anh, ta c bng mu t cc ch ci t A n Z. to ra 1 t trong ting Anh, ch cn ghp cc ch ci trong bng mu t li vi nhau Ting Anh c th c xem nh 1 b m (code) v mi t ca ting Anh c xem l 1 t m (code word) M Morse s dng du chm (.) v du (-) H nh phn c th c s dng nh 1 bng mu t vi 2 ch ci (ni chnh xc hn l con s - digit) 0 v 1 S lng bit b dng trong mi t m ph thuc vo tng s t m N cn din t N 2b

2012, CE Department

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M BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)

Mc d tt c cc h thng s u hot ng vi h nh phn. Tuy nhin vic hin th kt qu tnh ton di dng thp phn l khng th trnh khi. Vic chuyn i gia s nh phn v thp phn s phc tp v mt thi gian vi nhng s ln. b m BCD B m BCD c tt c 10 t m
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BCD 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

di mi t m l 4 bit trong s 16 t m, ch c 10 t m l hp l (valid) M c trng s l 8 4 2 1

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M BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal) S thp phn 5 7 3

Decimal 0 1 BCD 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

S BCD

0101 0111 0011

2 3 4 5

S thp phn

9 8 4
1001 1000 0100

6 7 8 9

S BCD

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M BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)

Cho s BCD: 11001011000

0110 0101 1000

Decimal 0

BCD 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001

6 5 8
Cho s BCD:

1 2 3 4 5

0111 1100 1000

6 7 8 9

011111001000

7 E 8

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Mt s m khc
M c trng s
8421 (BCD) 2421 84-2-1 Excess-3 1 bit
0 1

2 bit
00 01 11 10

3 bit
000 001 011 010 110 111 101 100

4 bit
0000 0001 0011 0010 0110 0111 0101 0100 1100 1101 1111 1110 1010 1011 1001 1000

M vng (cyclic) l m m 2 t m k tip nhau ch khc nhau 1 bit

M Gray

M ch s (alphanumeric code)
M ASCII

M 7-on (seven-segment code) a

f g b e d c

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Pht hin sai Sa sai

Qu trnh sinh ra cc t m nhm biu din thng tin gi l qu trnh m ha (coding hay encoding) Cc thng tin m ha c truyn/nhn thng qua cc knh truyn (transmission channel), trong qu trnh lu tr, truy xut, v.v Xut hin kh nng tn hiu b thay i do nhiu, giao thoa vi cc tn hiu khc, mch in hot ng sai, v.v i vi tn hiu s (digital signal), sai xy ra khi mt hay nhiu bit b thay i gi tr (0 thnh 1 hay 1 thnh 0) Mc d xc sut xy ra sai 1 bit l rt thp, nhng xc sut ny l ln hn 0 (xc sut 2 hay nhiu bit sai ng thi li cng nh hn !).

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M pht hin sai (Error-Detecting Codes)

Xt m BCD
Truyn i t m 0 0 0 1, gi s xy ra sai 1 bit. Thng tin nhn c s l 1 trong cc t m 1 0 0 1, 0 1 0 1, 0 0 1 1, 0 0 0 0 Pha thu khng c kh nng pht hin sai M BCD khng phi l m pht hin sai

B m no khi xy ra sai mt bit bt k trong t m lm bin i t m t hp l thnh khng hp l th gi l m pht hin sai Bit chn l (parity bit)
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Parity
Receiver

Transmitter Parity bit

Bit ph (thm vo): gi tr ph thuc vo s bit 1 trong m truyn i Even-parity v odd-parity Pht hin sai 1 bit (single-bit error)

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Parity
Even-parity ch C: ch A: Odd-parity ch C: ch A: 1000011 1000001 1000011 1000001 1 1000011 0 1000001 0 1000011 1 1000001

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Tng kt (1)
Biu din tng t (analog): in p, cng dng in, dng biu din c trng. Biu din s (digital): k hiu (symbol - digits).
Thi quen s ho

H thng s: thp phn, nh phn, thp lc phn, bt phn

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Tng kt (2)
Biu din cc i lng nh phn Mch s (digital circuit) / Mch lun l (logic circuit) Mch s tch hp (digital integrated circuit - IC) Truyn song song (parallel) v ni tip (serial) B nh (memory)

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Mch s

Mch nh

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c thm
Phn 1.6, 1.7, 1.8 v 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 trong sch Digital System ca Ronal Tocci

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Bi tp
Tt c bi tp trong sch

Thy Email

Nguyn Quang Huy

huynguyen@cse.hcmut.edu.vn
2012, CE Department 41