Design for Six Sigma

Process Capability
Tutorial 1

The specification for a quality characteristic is (-10, 10), and target value is 0. 15.
Samples of SPC data are collected as per the table below. Determine the Process
Capability indices (95% confidence interval for Cp ), DPMO and Six Sigma level.
Sample
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Subgroup Variables
1
1
0
1
-3
-7
-3
0
2
0
-3
-8
-6
-3
-1

3
4
4
1
0
2
-1
-2
0
2
-2
2
-3
-5
-1

3
3
0
0
-3
0
-1
-3
-1
-1
-1
0
0
5
-1

4
0
3
2
0
0
0
-3
-3
-1
-1
-4
0
0
-2

1
3
2
1
-4
2
-2
-2
-1
2
2
-1
-8
5
-1

Mean

Range

2.4000
2.2000
1.8000
1.0000
- 2.0000
- 0.6000
- 1.4000
- 2.0000
- 0.6000
0.4000
- 1.0000
- 2.2000
- 3.4000
0.4000
- 1.2000

3
4
4
2
4
9
3
3
5
3
5
10
8
10
1

Totals: - 6.2000
Averages: - 0.4133

74.0
4.93

SD
1.3416
1.6432
1.7889
0.7071
1.8708
3.7148
1.1402
1.2247
1.8166
1.5166
1.8708
3.8987
3.5777
4.5607
0.4472

31.1
2.0746

n= 5
k = 15
USL = 10
LSL = -10
T = 0.150
d2 = 2.326
c4 = 0.9823
a = 0.05
Max xij = 5
Min xij = -8
R = Max xij Min xij = 13

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Max xij =

Min xij =

R = Max xij Min xij =

Long Term Estimation

1 k n
1 k
x
=

x =
kn i =1 j =1 ij k i =1 i

-0.41333

k
n
1
xij x 2 =

kn 1 i = 1 j = 1

2.74154

= S c 4 =

2.79094

C p = USL LSL 6 =

1.19434

12a / 2 ;k 1 =

5.62873

a2 / 2 ;k 1 =

26.11895

= x =

S=

p
C

12a / 2 ;k 1
k 1

p
Cp C

a2 / 2 ;k 1
k 1

0.75730

zUSL = USL =

3.73112

z LSL = LSL =

-3.43493

C pk = minUSL 3 , LSL 3 =

1.14498

C pm =

USL LSL
6 2 T

from table

5.629

from table

26.119
1.63133

Cp

1.17073

DPMOUSL = 1 F zUSL 10 6 =

95

DPMOLSL = F z LSL 10 6 =

296

DPMO = DPMO USL DPMO LSL =

392

Sigma Level =

0.8406 29.37 2.221 ln( DPMO ) =

4.85

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Short Term Estimation - Method 1

1 k n
1 k
x
=

x =
kn i =1 j =1 ij k i =1 i

-0.41333

1 k
R = Ri =
k i=1

4.93333

= st = R d 2 =

2.12095

C p = USL LSL 6 =

1.57162

12a / 2 ;k 1 =

5.62873

from table

5.629

a2 / 2 ;k 1 =

26.11895

from table

26.119

= x =

6
6

=
m
in
U
SL
C

=
U
3
SL
,

L
L
SL
SL
6
3
=
=

z
z
=
=
U
S

L
L

S
L
=
=

D
P
M
O
=
D
P
M
O

D
P
M
O
=

D
P
M
O
=
F
z

1
0
=

D
P
M
O
=
1

F
z

1
0
=
0
.8
4
0
6

2
9
.3
7

2
.2
2
1

ln
(
D
P
M
O
)
=
p
L
U
S
S
L
L
L
SL
L
SL
U
S
L
U
S
L
U
S
L
L
S
L

p
C

12a / 2 ;k 1
k 1

p
Cp C

a2 / 2 ;k 1
k 1

zUSL = USL =

0.99653 C p 2.14665
4.90975
-4.51998

C pk = minUSL 3 , LSL 3 =

C pm =

USL LSL

1.51896

DPMOUSL = 1 F zUSL 10 6 =

0.45597

DPMOLSL = F z LSL 10 6 =

3.09222

DPMO = DPMO USL DPMO LSL =

3.54819

6 T

10 0.4133
= 4.90975
2.12095

10 0.41333
= 4
2.12095

-1.50666

Sigma Level =

0.8406 29.37 2.221 ln( DPMO ) =

5.99397

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Short Term Estimation - Method 2

1 k n
1 k
x
=

x =
kn i =1 j =1 ij k i =1 i

-0.41333

1 k
S = Si =
k i=1

2.07465

= st = S c 4 =

2.11203

C p = USL LSL 6 =

1.57826

12a / 2 ;k 1 =

5.62873

= x =

6
6

=
m
in
U
SL
C

=
U
3
SL
,

L
L
SL
SL
6
3
=
=

z
z
=
=
U
S

L
L

S
L
=
=

D
P
M
O
=
D
P
M
O

D
P
M
O
=

D
P
M
O
=
F
z

1
0
=

D
P
M
O
=
1

F
z

1
0
=
0
.8
4
0
6

2
9
.3
7

2
.2
2
1

ln
(
D
P
M
O
)
=
p
L
U
S
S
L
L
L
SL
L
SL
U
S
L
U
S
L
U
S
L
L
S
L

a2 / 2 ;k 1 =
p
C

2
1a / 2 ;k 1

k 1

p
Cp C

a / 2 ;k 1
2

k 1

from table
26.11895

from table 26.119

1.00074 C p 2.15572

zUSL = USL =

4.93049

z LSL = LSL =

-4.53908

C pk = minUSL 3 , LSL 3 =

-1.51303

C pm =

USL LSL

6 2 T

5.629

1.15630

DPMOUSL = 1 F zUSL 10 6 =

0.410

DPMOLSL = F z LSL 10 6 =

2.825

DPMO = DPMO USL DPMO LSL =

3.235

Sigma Level =

0.8406 29.37 2.221 ln( DPMO ) =

6.02

10 0.41333 0.41333 10
,
=
,
3
3
3 2.11203
3 2.11203
= min 1.643,1.513 = 1.513
=

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5 of 7

6 of 7

90975
4.51999

7 of 7