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EPL 657 UMTS-Protocols and Architecture
EPL 657 UMTS-Protocols and Architecture
EPL 657 UMTS-Protocols and Architecture
EPL657
Iu
Iur HLR
UE
BS
BS RNS BS
RNC
MSC
GMSC
Circuit-Switched Domain
Wireless Interface
Every Radio Network Subsystem is composed of a Radio Network Controller (RNC) and one or more Node Bs.
Uu Interface is the interface that connects the mobile terminal or as it is called in UMTS the user equipment (UE) it connects the base station or Node B (as is called in UMTS). Currently this interface supports rates up to 2Mbps. But it is expected that this interface in the downlink will support higher data rates in range from 810Mbit/s. These rates are enabled by means of HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) protocol . Iu Interface is the interface between the RAN and CN The packet switched data CN. is transmitted through Iu-PS interface and circuit switched data is transferred over Iu-CS interface. Iur Interface is the logical interface between the RNC in RAN. This interface enables handling of RRM (Radio Resource Management) and eliminates the burden from CN. Logically it is seen as a point to point link between RNC, but its physical g y p p p y realisation maybe other than point-to-point. Iub Interface is the interface between the RNC and Base Stations. Wireless network supports GSM mode connections in which case the MS connect to the CN through Um interface to BSS and BSS connects through A (Gb interface in GPRS) interface to CN.
Wireless Interface
The wireless interface is the same as any other cellular last hop interface that needs to be optimised for flexibility and spectrum efficiency.
But as this is an air interface the flexibility and spectrum efficiency in transmission of IP packets over the air is added to the characteristics of a standard last hop interfaces. An IP-based application expects the same network service from the wireless net o k as from Internet. Typically the radio access i eless network f om Inte net T picall adio network requires certain input parameters from the application and IP layer such that it can provide the radio access bearer for.
Based on these characteristics the QoS requirements associated with the wireless link include the
support for fine granularity QoS parameters, differentiation within a user flow and within a user packet, bi-directional communication, multi-casting, receiver control and local resource reservation
Base Station
The Base Station is the gateway to the wired network for all the mobile stations in its coverage area, i.e., in a cell. It performs the functionality related to the
Base Station is actually responsible for the time synchronisation between the wireless link and the wired link that enables f ll utilisation of radio resources. Due to the time h bl full ili i f di h i constraints on the delivery of radio frames the majority of the traffic can be considered to be real-time traffic. This means that the traffic is very sensitive to delays and delay variation (jitter). (jitt )
reception/transmission of radio signals at the wireless interface and the reception/transmission of the radio frames into the wired link. A radio frame is a short data segment coded/decoded and transmitted/received by the base station. These radio frames must be delivered on a unicast basis from RNC to base station and vice versa in a timely fashion with limited delay. Otherwise, the base station or RNC will discard them.
RAN consists of a huge number of nodes Bs widely spread over a large geographic network usually connected with the RNCs via expensive leased transmission lines.
For maximal utilisation of radio spectrum fast and spectrum, frequent handover operations between radio channels and radio base stations are required. Furthermore, in current RANs, the RNC is capable of supporting the initiation and management of the resource reservations for both g directions, i.e., bi-directional, both to and from the base station, simultaneously.
From traffic point of view, RAN contains a large number of flows. Presently, this traffic is mainly composed of voice traffic and smaller contribution of data traffic Basically, traffic. Basically the RAN traffic is heterogeneous and is composed of small volume traffic like, compressed voice packets, and signalling traffic. Because of this, the Iub and Iur connections are in general 2 Mbps Mbps.
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User Plane
The User Plane of a wireless network with PacketDomain-CN and IP-based RAN (as in later releases of UMTS).
Application Application
TCP IP PDCP RLC MAC L1 L1 FP UDP IP L2 PHY UDP IP L2 PHY PDCP RLC MAC L1 FP UDP IP L2 PHY GTP-U UDP/IP L2 PHY GTP-U GTP-U UDP/IP UDP/IP L2 PHY L2 PHY GTP-U UDP/IP L2 PHY L1 IP L2
TCP IP L2
L1
UE
BS
Router
RNC
SGSN CN
GGSN
Server
RAN
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User Plane
two IP levels in the protocol stack: The end-to-end IP layer which is going from the mobile terminal (UE) up to the remote host and its usage is the same as the one of the IP layer in a usual TCP/IP model model. Edge-to-edge IP layer, which is actually the IP-based transport layer used for the transmission of the radio frames between the base stations (BS) and RNC and between the RNCs . The same or a different edge-to-edge IP layer is used also between the RNCs and SGSN/GGSN nodes in the core network. In the IP-based RAN radio frames will be transmitted using IP as transport technology IP will have to provide the same technology. functionality as ATM does. But this is a tough demand on IP as current IP is optimised for best effort services and these services are not good enough for time synchronisation of reception and transmission of radio frames in radio access networks. Due to this and when considering the mobility of the UEs, the edge-to-edge layer in IP-based RAN is the most important part of the wireless networks from the perspective of the resource management. Note that the mobile user is unaware of the transport t h l t t technology used in the wireless network and this should d i th i l t k d thi h ld remain as such also in the case of the IP-based RAN.
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layers
The physical layer
interfaces the medium access control (MAC) sub layer of layer 2 and the radio resource control (RRC) layer of layer 3. The physical layer offers different transport channels to MAC. A transport channel is characterized by how the information is transferred over the radio interface. are channel coded and then mapped to the physical channels specified in h i the physical layer. MAC offers different logical channels to the radio h i ll ff diff l i l h l h di link control (RLC) sub layer of layer 2. is characterized by the type of information transferred. Layer 2 is split into following sub layers: MAC, RLC, packet data convergence protocol MAC RLC (PDCP) and broadcast/multicast control (BMC). Layer 3 and RLC are divided into control and user planes. PDCP and BMC exist in the user plane only. is partitioned into sub layers where the lowest sub layer, denoted as RRC, interfaces with layer 2. The RLC sub layer provides ARQ functionality closely coupled with the radio transmission technique used.
Transport channels
A logical channel
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Logical Channels
The MAC layer provides data transfer services on logical channels. A set of logical channel types is defined for different kinds of data transfer services as offered by MAC. Each logical channel type is defined by the type of information that is transferred Logical channel transferred. types are depicted in Figure. Logical channels are classified into two groups:
Control channels for the transfer of control plane information (Table 1) Traffic channels for the transfer of user plane information (Table 2 ).
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ODMA common control channel ( (OCCCH) ) ODMA dedicated control channel (ODCCH)
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Traffic Channels
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH) Point-to-point channel, dedicated to one mobile station, for the transfer of user information. A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink. p
Point-to-point channel Point to point channel, dedicated to one mobile station, for the transfer of user information between mobile stations. An ODTCH exists in relay link. A point-to-multipoint unidirectional channel for transfer of dedicated user information for all or a group of specified mobile stations.
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Transport Channels
A transport channel is defined by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the air interface. There exist two types of transport channels: There is one dedicated transport channel, the dedicated channel (DCH), which is a downlink or p p uplink transport channel. The DCH is transmitted over the entire cell or over only a part of the cell using beam-forming antennas. The DCH is characterized by the possibility of fast rate change (every 10 ms) fast power control, and ms), control inherent addressing of mobile stations.
Dedicated channels; Common channels, listed in Table 3 channels 3.
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DCH channel
The DCH can be used basically for any type of service, and it has a fixed spreading factor (SF) in the d th downlink. Thus, it reserves the code space li k Th th d capacity according to the peak data rate for the connection.
For example, with Adaptive Multirate (AMR) speech service and packet data, the DCH capacity reserved is equal to the sum of the highest rate used for the AMR speech and the highest rate allowed to be sent simultaneously with full rate AMR. This can be used even up to 2 Mbps, but reserving the code tree for a very high peak rate with low actual duty cycle is obviously not a very efficient use of code resources.
The DCH is power controlled and may be p y operated in soft handover as well.
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DSCH channel
developed to operate always together with a DCH. This way, channel properties can be defined to best suit packet data needs, while leaving the data with tight delay needs budget, such as speech or video, to be carried by the DCH. The DSCH, in contrast to DCH (or FACH), has a DSCH FACH) dynamically varying SF informed on a 10 ms frame-byframe basis. The DSCH code resources can be shared between several users and the channel may employ either single code or multicode transmission. may b f t power controlled with the associated DCH be fast t ll d ith th i t d but does not support soft handover. The associated DCH can be in soft handover, for example speech is provided on DCH if present with packet data data.
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FACH channel
The FACH, carried on the secondary common control physical channel (S-CCPCH) can be used for downlink packet d t as well. d li k k t data ll The FACH is operated normally on its own, and it is sent with a fixed SF and typically at rather high yp y g power level to reach all users in the cell, owing to the lack of physical layer feedback in the uplink. There is no fast power control or soft handover for FACH. FACH cannot be used in cases in which simultaneous speech and packet data service is required.
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HSDPA Concept
key idea of the HSDPA concept is to increase packet data throughput using several techniques including link adaptation and fast physical layer (L1) retransmission combining. The transport channel carrying the user data with HSDPA operation is denoted as the High speed Downlink Shared High-speed Channel (HS-DSCH). The Node B estimates the channel quality of each active HSDPA user on the basis of, for instance, power control, of instance control ACK/NACK ratio, and HSDPA-specific user feedback. Scheduling and link adaptation are then conducted at a fast pace depending on the active scheduling algorithm and the user prioritisation scheme.
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HSDPA Concept
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HSDPA Concept
With HSDPA, two of the most fundamental features of WCDMA, variable SF and fast power control, are disabled and replaced by means of adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), extensive multicode operation and a fast and spectrally efficient retransmission strategy. The use of more robust coding fast Hybrid Automatic coding, Repeat Request (HARQ) and multicode operation removes the need for variable SF. To allow the system to benefit from the short term short-term variations, the scheduling decisions are done in the Node B. The idea in HSDPA is to enable a scheduling such that, desired that if desired, most of the cell capacity may be allocated to one user for a very short time, when conditions are favourable. In the optimum scenario, the scheduling is able to track the fast fading of the users users.
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HSDPA Concept
The physical layer packet combining basically means that the terminal stores the received data packets in soft memory and if decoding has failed, the new transmission failed is combined with the old one before channel decoding. The retransmission can be either identical to the first transmission or contain different bits compared with the channel encoder output that was received during the last transmission. With this incremental redundancy strategy, one can achieve a diversity gain as well as improved decoding efficiency.
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Physical Channels
The transport channels are channel coded and matched to the data rate offered by physical channels. Thereafter, Thereafter the transport channels are mapped on the physical channels. Physical channels consist of radio frames and time slots.
The length of a radio frame is 10 ms and one frame consists of 15 time slots slots. A time slot is a unit, which consists of fields containing bits. The number of bits per time slot depends on the physical channel. Depending on the symbol rate of the physical channel, the configuration of radio frames or time slots varies.
There are two uplink dedicated physical and two common physical channels:
The uplink dedicated physical data channel (uplink DPDCH) and the uplink dedicated physical control channel (uplink DPCCH); The physical random access channel (PRACH) and physical common packet channel (PCPCH).
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Physical Channels
The uplink DPDCH is used to carry dedicated data generated at layer 2 and above (i.e., the dedicated transport channel (DCH)). There may be zero, one, or several uplink DPDCHs on each layer 1 connection connection. The uplink DPCCH is used to carry control information generated at layer 1. Control information consists of known pilot bits to support channel estimation for coherent detection, detection transmit power control (TPC) commands feedback power-control commands, information (FBI), and an optional transport-format combination indicator (TFCI). For each layer 1 connection there is only one uplink DPCCH. There is one downlink dedicated physical channel, one shared Th i d li k d di t d h i l h l h d and five common control channels:
Downlink dedicated physical channel (DPCH); Physical downlink shared channel (DSCH); Primary and secondary common pilot channels (CPICH); Primary and secondary common control physical channels (CCPCH); Synchronization channel (SCH).
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Physical Channels
On the DPCH, the dedicated transport channel is transmitted time multiplexed with control information generated at layer 1 (known pilot bits, power-control commands, and an optional transport-format d d l f combination indicator). DPCH can contain several simultaneous services when TFCI is transmitted or a fixed rate service when TFCI is not transmitted. The network determines if a TFCI should be transmitted. When the total bit rate to be transmitted exceeds the maximum bit rate for a downlink physical channel, multicode t d li k h i l h l lti d transmission i i i is employed (i.e., several parallel downlink DPCHs are transmitted using the same spreading factor). In this , y p y case, the layer 1 control information is put on only the first downlink DPCH.
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Physical Channels
The physical downlink shared channel is used to carry the downlink shared channel.
shared by users based on code multiplexing. y p g As the DSCH is always associated with a DCH, the PDSCH is always associated with a downlink DPCH. For PDSCH the spreading factors may vary from 256 to 4. If the spreading factor and other physical layer parameters can vary on a frame-by-frame basis, the TFCI shall be used to inform the mobile stations of the instantaneous parameters of PDSCH.
Common pilot channel (CPICH) is a fixed-rate fixed rate (30 Kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channel that carries a predefined bit/symbol sequence. Two types of common pilot channels,
primary CPICH secondary CPICH.
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Physical Channels
primary CCPCH fixed-rate (30 Kbps, SF=256) downlink physical channels used to carry the BCH. Common control y physical channels are not inner-loop power controlled. The primary CCPCH is not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each slot. Instead, primary and secondary SCHs are transmitted during this period. g p secondary CCPCH used to carry the FACH and PCH. main difference between primary and secondary CCPCH is
primary CCPCH has a fixed predefined rate secondary CCPCH can support variable rate. Furthermore, a primary CCPCH is continuously transmitted over the entire cell while a secondary CCPCH is only transmitted when there is data available and may be transmitted in a narrow lobe in the same way as a dedicated physical channel (only valid for a secondary CCPCH carrying the FACH).
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Secondary CPICH
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