Luan Van

B gio dc v o to
Trng i hc bch khoa H Ni
Lun vn thc s khoa hc
Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh FPAA trong o Lng iu Khin

Ngnh : o lng v h thng iu khin
M s : Hong Th T Uyn
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: Pgs.ts Phm th ngc yn

ThS L Hi Sm
H ni 2006
mc lc
Li ni u ............................................................................................. chng 1: t vn ................................................................... 1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh FPAA......................................................... 1.2 Mc tiu ca bn lun vn................................................................. Chng 2: Tng Quan v cng ngh FPAA 2.1 K thut chuyn mch t in........................................................... 2.1.1 Nguyn l chuyn mch t in................................................ 2.1.2 S dng nguyn l chuyn mch t in................................... 2.1.2.1 Mch khuch i........................................................... 2.1.2.2 Mch so snh ( comperator).......................................... 2.1.2.3. Mch tch phn.............................................................. 2.1.2.4 Mch vi phn.................................................................. 2.1.3 Tnh u vit ca k thut chuyn mch t in........................... 2.1.3.1 Cc c im c bn........................................................ 2.1.3.2. To in tr m.............................................................. 2.1.3.3 Mch chnh lu tch cc................................................. 2.1.4 Ly mu tn hiu......................................................................... 2.1.4.1 Dng tn hiu ly mu trong k thut chuyn mch t in 2.1.4.2 Cc c tnh ca tn hiu analog ly mu....................... 2.1.4.3 Vn chng trng ph v lc san phng tn hiu 2.2 Cc th h pht trin ca FPAA......................................................... 2.2.1 Th h th nht.......................................................................... 2.2.1.1. Cu trc tng th ca AN10E40....................................
1 2 2 5 7 7 7 8 8 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 17 17 18 19 20 20 20
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2.2.1.2 S dng AN10E40.......................................................... 2.2.1.3 Cc u th ca AN10E40 trong thit k mch............... 2.2.2 Th h th hai............................................................................ 2.2.2.1 c im chung.............................................................. 2.2.2.2 Th h AN120E04 v AN220E04................................... 2.2.2.3 Th h AN121E04 v AN221E04................................... 2.2.2.4 Th h AN221E02........................................................... Chng 3: cc lnh vc ng dng ca FPAA 3.1 Cc kh nng ng dng ca FPAA..................................................... 3.2 Cc ng dng in hnh s dng cng ngh FPAA............................ 3.2.1 Cng ngh FPAA trong thit b c th RFID......................... 3.2.1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh RFID...................................... 3.2.1.1 FPAA trong thit b c th RFID................................ 3.2.2 Cng ngh FPAA trong k thut o......................................... 3.2.3 Cng ngh FPAA trong cc thit b iu khin........................ Chng 4 : ng dng cng ngh FPAA trong o kh CO 4.1 Tm quan trng ca vic o kh CO................................................... 4.2 Cc nguyn l o v cm bin o kh CO........................................... 4.2.1 Cc phng php o kh............................................................ 4.2.2 Cc cm bin o kh CO............................................................. 4.3 Nhng u im khi s dng cng ngh FPAA trong o kh CO Chng 5: Thit k thit b o CO s dng cng ngh
21 23 24 24 25 28 31 32 32 33 33 33 36 42 49 54 54 55 55 56 64 71
FPAA 5.1 Cc bc thit k thit b o kh CO................................................. 5.2 Thit k thit b................................................................................... 5.2.1 Yu cu k thut ........................................................................
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5.2.2 Thit k phn cng....................................................................... 5.2.3 Thit k phn mm..................................................................... 5.2.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng chung ca thit b ....................... 5.2.3.2 Thit k cc khi chc nng trong AN221E04................. 5.2.3.3 Thit lp bng tra LUT trong AN221E04......................... 5.2.3.4 Lu thut ton trong vi iu khin.............................. 5.3 Kt qu ca qu trnh thit k Kt Lun v hng pht trin................................................... Ti liu tham kho.......................................................................................
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-1-
Li Ni u
Trong nhng nm tr li y, s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh phn mm, cng ngh ch to IC m ra mt kh nng to ln trong lnh vc o lng nh cng ngh ch to thit b o, thit b th nghim ti hin trng ca cc k thut vin , xy dng cc h o v gim st vi kh nng p ng nhanh, chnh xc.. . Mc ch ca lun vn l nghin cu, ng dng cng ngh FPAA trong lnh vc o lng iu khin. Ni dung c bn ca lun vn c trnh by trong 5 chng Trong bn lun vn do iu kin thi gian cng nh iu kin nghin cu cn hn ch nn cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c s gip , ch bo ca cc thy c v kin ng gp ca cc bn ng nghip ti sau ny c tnh kh thi trong thc t. Ti xin by t lng cm n n PGS.TS Phm Th Ngc Yn, Th.s L Hi Sm tn tnh hng dn v ng vin ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin lun vn ca mnh. Ti cng xin gi li cm n n cc thy c trong b mn o lng Tin hc cng nghip , cc bn ng nghip gip ti trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
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-2-
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Chng I : t vn
1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh FPAA Cho n nay, vic thit k v ch to mch in t tng t thc cht l sp xp cc phn t th ng ( in tr, cun cm, t in) v cc phn t tch cc nh ( transistor, Mosfet, opamp...) li vi nhau sao cho c th thc hin c cc chc nng m ngi thit k t ra. Thng thng qu trnh thit k mt mch in t tng t bao gm cc bc : - Xc nh hm truyn m t hot ng ca mch - Xy dng s mch - La chn v sp xp cc phn t - Xc nh gi tr cc tham s ca tng phn t iu ny lm cho vic th hin cc tng thit k v ch to cc mch in t tng t tr nn kh khn. i hi ngi thit k phi c mt trnh cao v k thut mch v phi nm vng c tnh ca cc phn t dng cho thit k. Ngi thit k khng nhng cn phi a ra mt s mch hp l, la chn ng cc phn t mch, tnh ton chnh xc tr s ca cc linh kin m cn cn phi c kinh nghim trong vic sp xp b tr hp l cc phn t trn bng mch nhm trnh nhng nh hng qua li gia cc b phn, nng cao chnh xc, tin cy ca thit b. Qu trnh thit k v ch to mt thit b in t tng t, k t khi hnh thnh tng thit k cho n khi c sn phm cui cng thng phi mt hng tun thm ch hng thng. Cng ngh FPAA (Field Programmable Analog Array ) ra i nhm gip cho qu trnh thit k v ch to thit b analog tr nn n gin hn, ng thi lm
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Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
-3-
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tng tnh linh hot mm do ca thit b. S dng cng ngh FPAA, ngi thit k khng cn phi c kin thc chuyn su v k thut mch, cng nh kinh nghim trong vic b tr lp rp mch. thit k mt h thng, ngi thit k ch cn la chn cc khi chc nng analog mc cao ( v d : khuych i, lc tch cc, cc khu truyn t phi tuyn...) v xc nh cc c tnh c th cho chng. Qu trnh t lc bt u tng thit k cho n khi thc hin thit k, chy m phng v a ra sn phm cui cng ch din ra trong vng vi chc pht. Cng ngh FPAA l s kt hp ca c tnh linh hot kh trnh ca k thut s vi nhy cao, tc nhanh ca k thut tng t. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin trong nhng thp nin va qua v s ra i cc phn mm h tr thit k gip ch rt nhiu cho cng vic thit k ca ngi k s. Vi s tr gip ca cc phn mm thit k mch in t, ngi k s hon ton c th m t thit k trn my tnh, chy m phng v nh gi kt qu ca thit k trc khi thc hin n. Thng 8 nm 2002, cng ty Anadigm a ra th trng cng c thit k ch to mch in t tng t t cc FPAA gi l Anadigmvortex gm bn b phn c bn: - Phn mm tr gip thit k ( AnadigmDesigner ) cho php ngi k s thit k, trin khai thc hin v thay i cu hnh cho cc mch in t tng t ch trong vng vi pht. - Th vin CAM (Configurable Analog Module ) cha cc khi chc nng analog, ngi dng c th s dng cc khi ny to nn h thng mch analog hon chnh.
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-4-
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- H pht trin l bng mch gip ngi thit k to ra cc mu th v kim tra hot ng ca mch trc khi trin khai thc hin n. - Cc chip vi mch FPAA, thng gi l cc chip trng. Vi Anadigmvortex, cng vic thit k ch to thit b in t tng t tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Ngi thit k by gi ch cn thc hin nhng cng vic sau : - La chn chng loi chip FPAA da trn tnh cht ca ng dng. - S dng cng c AnadigmDesigner2 vi giao din graphic kiu drapand-drop thit k mch analog trn my tnh. Kt hp vi th vin CAM, ngi thit k c th to ra h thng mch in t tng t hon chnh mt cch nhanh chng. thit k ngi dng ch cn gi t th vin CAM cc khu chc nng analog c lp sn, v d nh cc mch khuych i, chnh lu tch cc, lc tch cc bc cao.... Ngi thit k cng khng cn i hi phi c kin thc chuyn su v l thuyt mch in t. Vic chnh m ngi thit k cn chnh l xc nh tham s cho cc khi c chn, v d h s khuych i, gii thng ca mch lc... - Np cu hnh thit k vo chip FPAA thng qua h pht trin. H pht trin FPAA l mt bng mch trn c slot cm chip FPAA cn lp trnh. Bng mch ny c ni vi my tnh PC ( thng l qua cng COM) gip ngi thit k to ra cc mch th cho cc thit k in t tng t. Bng mch cn c thm cc khi chc nng m rng, v cc cng ni I/O cho php kt ni chip FPAA vi cc phn t khc to nn mt h thng mch th hon chnh.
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-5-
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C th ni cng ngh FPAA m ra mt hng hon ton mi trong vic thit k cc h thng mch in t tng t. Ngi k s thit k c th tch hp nhiu chc nng ca h thng trn cng mt chip, ng thi c th lp trnh thay i cu hnh ca thit b ngay ti hin trng, trong khi n ang hot ng. iu ny l rt quan trng, v nhiu khi ngi thit k cn phi hiu chnh cc chc nng ca thit b cho ph hp vi s thay i c tnh ca i tng. Ngoi ra, cng ngh FPAA cn cho php nhng ngi thit k ch to cc mch in t rt ngn thi gian cn thit a sn phm ra th trng v gim c chi ph k thut t xut. Cc sn phm FPAA cng c th c s dng li nhiu ln cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau nh kh nng thay i cu hnh ca chng. Ni tm li, li ch ca cng ngh FPAA trong vic thit k ch to cc mch in t tng t l rt r rng. Hiu qu ca n c th hin trong nhiu d n, cho d s lng sn phm nhiu hay t, thm ch ngay c vi cc thit k ch dng cho mt sn phm. 1.2 Mc tiu ca bn lun vn Kh nng ng dng ca cng ngh FPAA trong k thut o lng iu khin tht rng ri v cn thit bi tnh n gin v thun tin trong thit k cng nh tnh kh thi ca n. Tuy nhin khun kh bn lun vn ch hn ch nhng mc tiu sau: - Nghin cu cu trc phn cng ca cc vi mch FPAA. - Phng php lp trnh phn mm, s dng cng c thit k AnadigmDesigner2 - Phn tch cc ng dng ca cng ngh FPAA v ang c khai thc
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-6-
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- Phn tch c th kh nng ng dng ca mt vi mch FPAA- AN221E04, trn c s tnh ton v thit k mt mch o c th, o nng kh CO - Thit k mch phn cng thit b o CO - Xy dng lu thut ton iu khin, vit phn mm Lun vn gm 5 chng: o Chng 1: t vn o Chng 2: Tng quan v cng ngh FPAA o Chng 3: Cc lnh vc ng dng cng ngh FPAA o Chng 4: ng dng cng ngh FPAA trong o kh CO o Chng 5 : Thit k thit b o CO s dng cng ngh FPAA
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-7-
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Chng 2: Tng quan v cng ngh fpaa 2.1 K thut chuyn mch t in 2.1.1 Nguyn l chuyn mch t in: Chng ta bit rng mt mch in tng t thng bao gm cc in tr, cc t in v cc phn tch cc (Transistor, tng khuch i). Cng ngh ch to ra cc t in thng d dng hn v do vy cng r hn so vi vic to ra cc in tr. Phng php chuyn mch t in (Switched capactor) l k thut thit k mch in t, nh c th to ra cc in tr t cc t in.
1
0
2
T /2
T 3T / 2
2T
Hnh 2 - 1.1 Nguyn l chuyn mch t in
Xt s chuyn mch t in khi kho 1 thng v kho 2 h th t C c np t ngun V qua kho 1 mt in tch q = C x V. Ngc li khi kho 2 thng v kho 1 h th in tch li c phng ht xung t qua kho 1. Nu iu khin cc kho 1 v 2 ng m theo chu k vi tn s f = 1/T th dng in trung bnh qua mch s l
i=
q = f q = f C V T
(1.1)
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-8-
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Biu thc trn cho thy mt t in chuyn mch lin tc s c tc dng dn dng nh l mt in tr, nh vy bng k thut chuyn mch ta bin mt t in thnh mt in tr tng ng c tr s:
R =
V 1 = i f C
(1.2)
Gi tr R ca in tr tng ng ny t l nghch vi in dung C ca t in v tn s chuyn mch f, khi s dng k thut chuyn mch t in mun cho mch hot ng tt cn ch mt s nguyn tc sau: - Khng c c hai kho 1 v 2 thng ng thi. - Cn phi c mt thi gian qu t khi 1 h n 2 thng v t khi 2 h n khi 1 thng. - khi la chn tn s chuyn mch cn phi ch sao cho t in c np hoc phng ht trong trng thi 1 v 2. 2.1.2 S dng nguyn l chuyn mch t in 2.1.2.1 Mch khuch i Xt khuch i n gin m t hnh 2-1.2 mch ny gm mt Op - Amp mt t in li vo CA, mt t in phn hi CF v 5 kho chuyn mch.
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-9-
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Hnh2 -1.2. Mch khuch i o dng t in chuyn mch
trng thi 1 mch ny c dng nh hnh 2-1.3a im ni chung ca 2 t in c in th bng mc offset vo ca Op - Amp mc in p offset ny c o v hiu chnh trong khong thi gian ca trng thi 1 (autozezo).
Hnh 2-1.3. Mch khuch i o trng thi 1(a), 2(b)
Tip theo l mt giai on qu , cc kho 1 v 2 u h. Sau giai on qu l trng thi 2 c m t hnh 2-1.3b. trng thi ny t CA c np t ngun Vin (qua kho 2) mt in tch q = Vin x CA dng in tch ny ng thi cng chy qua t CF v nh vy CF cng c np mt in tch tng t. Do vy in p li ra ca Op Amp s l Vout = - (q/CF).
Kt qu ta c mch hnh 2-1.2 l mt tng khuch i o vi h s khuch i:

Ku = V out C = A V in CF
(1.3)
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Nu thay i v tr ca cc kho chuyn mch trong hnh 2-1.2 thnh dng nh hnh 2-1.4 th kt qu ta s nhn c tng khuch i khng o vi h s khuch i:
Hnh 2
1.4. Mch khuch i khng o dng t in chuyn mch
Vout C A = Vin C F
(1.4)
Nh vy, mch khuch i o v khng o ch khc nhau v tr ca hai kho 1 v 2 li vo. Nu ta to mt c ch thay i linh hot v tr ca hai kho th s c mt tng khuch i hn hp. Hnh 2-1.5 l s ca mt tng khuch i hn hp. Trong s ny Sign l mt tn hiu logic quyt nh v tr ca cc kho 1 v 2. V d, khi Sign = 0 kho 1 c ni vi Vin v kho 2 ni vi Gnd ta c mch khuch i khng ta c mch o, Sign = 1 th kho 2 c ni vi Vin v kho 1 ni vi Gnd khuch i o.
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-11-
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Hnh 2
1.5. Mch khuch i hn hp
2.1.2.2 Mch so snh ( comperator). Nu loi b t in phn hi CF v cc kho ni vi n ra khi s mch khuch i hnh 2-1.5 ta s c c s mch nh hnh 2-1.6 l mt mch so snh. Ni mt cch khc y vn l b khuch i nhng c in dung t CF = 0 do vy h s khuch i ca n l v cng ( hoc m v cng tu thuc vo tn hiu sign). Mt b khuch i in p c h s khuch i bng dng v cng chnh l mt mch so snh.
Hnh 2 - 1.6. Mch so snh
2.1.2.3. Mch tch phn
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Nu loi b kho 1 ni t in xung Gnd ra khi s mch khuch i hnh 2-1.5 ta s c s mch nh hnh 2-1.7. y l mt mch tch phn in p.
Hnh 2-1.7. Mch tch phn
Cng nh trong cc mch khuch i v so snh trn, trong s ny tn hiu Sign ch c tc dng thay i hm truyn t. Gi s rng lc ny kho 1 c ni vi Vin cn kho 2 ni vi Gnd. Xt chu k chuyn mch th i, trng thi 1 t in CA c np mt in tch q = Vin x CA cn t in CF do h mch 2 ang duy tr mt in p ca qu trnh trc tm gi l Vout. Chuyn sang trng thi 2 t CA phng in tch xung t v dng phng ny s tch thm cho t CF mt in p tnh bng:
Vout = q Vin C A = CF CF
(1.5)
Do vy in p ca mch trn ti chu k th i s l

Vout (ti ) = Vout (ti 1 ) + Vm + C A CF
(1.6)
Biu thc trn y cho thy in p Vout chnh l tch phn ca in p Vin nhn vi h s khuch i CA/CF..
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2.1.2.4 Mch vi phn
Hnh 2-1.8a
Hnh 2-1.8b
Ni c nh ngun tn hiu vo Vin vi t in CA nh s hnh 2-1.8a, ta s c c mt mch vi phn in p. Trong s ny li vo ca Op-amp c ni vi t in CA, mch phn hi c t in CF kt hp vi cc kho chuyn mch 1 v 2 thc hin chc nng ca mt in tr R. Nh vy, mch ny c dng ca mt mch vi phn quen thuc theo s trn hnh 2-1.8b. 2.1.3 Tnh u vit ca k thut chuyn mch t in 2.1.3.1 Cc c im c bn Vi k thut chuyn mch t in, cc in tr trong mch c thay th bng t in. Trc ht, k thut ny gip cho qu trnh ch to cc vi mch tr nn n gin hn. Thay v phi ch to cc in tr kch thc nh c tr s rt khc nhau, nh ch to by gi ch phi to ra cc t in. V thc t, vic ch to cc t in nh bng cng ngh CMOS th n gin hn nhiu so vi ch to in tr. Khc vi cc in tr thng thng, tr s ca cc in tr tng ng to ra bng k thut chuyn mch t in khng ph thuc nhit m ch ph
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-14-
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thuc vo in dung ca t in v tn s chuyn mch, R =
1 . Theo , f *C
ngi dng c th thay i tr s ca cc in tr bng cch thay i tn s chuyn mch. Trong cc mch in t tng t dng k thut chuyn mch t in xt trn, ta thy h s truyn t ca chng u ch ph thuc vo t s ca cc t in (
CA ). y cng l mt li th ca cng ngh ch to vi mch in t. Vi CF
cng ngh vi in t vic ch to mt phn t mch (in tr, t in) c chnh xc cao l rt kh khn, thng thng tr s tuyt i ca cc phn t c dung sai c 10 20%. Trong khi , vic to ra cc cp phn t c t s gia cc gi tr ca chng chnh xc l iu rt d dng. K thut ch to vi mch ca Anadigm cho php ch to cc cp t in c t s gia cc in dung ca chng sai lch khng qu 0.1%. Ngoi ra, vi vic s dng cc t in lm phn t chnh ca mch, k thut chuyn mch t in cng gp phn lm gim cng sut tiu tn v khng lm cho vi mch b nng ln khi thit b hot ng lu di. 2.1.3.2. To in tr m
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q
1
q
1
a) R =
Hnh 2
1 f C
b) R =
1 f C
1.9. Chuyn mch t in to in tr dng (a) v m (b)
Bng cch thay i v tr cc kho 1 v 2 trong s chuyn mch t in ngi ta c th to ra cc phn t c c tnh in tr m. S mch hnh 21.9 gii thch nguyn l to in tr dng (a) v in tr m (b). Theo hnh 21.9a, trng thi 1 t in c np t ngun in p V v dng np ny cng chnh l dng in ra c chiu cng vi chiu ca ngun np. trng thi 2 t in phng ht in tch xung Gnd, chun b cho mt chu k np mi. Cn theo hnh 2-1.9b, trng thi 1 t in c np t ngun in p V v trng thi 2 t in phng in tch to nn dng ra. Dng ra t t ny c chiu ngc vi chiu ca ngun np. in tr m l mt c tnh rt c quan tm ca cc phn t mch in. N thng c ng dng trong vic to cc mch c c tnh gn l tng, cc mch o lng chnh xc, cc b dao ng
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2.1.3.3 Mch chnh lu tch cc T s mch khuch i hn hp m t hnh 2-1.5, ta thy rng i du hm ca b khuch i dng k thut chuyn mch t in ta ch cn thay i mc ca tn hiu Sign. iu ny thun li hn rt nhiu so vi cc mch khuch i dng cc phn t thun tr, thay i du ca hm truyn m vn gi nguyn ln ta buc phi thay i c cu trc ca mch ln quan h v tr s ca cc phn t trong mch (hnh 2-1.10). Vi mt vi phn t mch b sung, ta c th bin i mch khuch i hn hp c chuyn mch t in thnh mt b chnh lu tch cc hai na chu k.
Vin
Vin Vout RF RA + RF Vout
RA
Hnh 2
1.10. Mch khuch i khng o (a) v o (b) dng in tr
Hnh 2-1.11 m t s ca mt mch chnh lu tch cc, nh vy trong s ny ta dng in p vo Vin c th a qua mt mch so snh, lm tn hiu Sign. Vn da trn nguyn tc ca mch khuch i hn hp c m t hnh 2-1.5, by gi ta dng thm mt mch so snh to tn hiu Sign vi quy c khi Vin 0 th Sign = 0 v ngc li khi Vin 0 th Sign = 1.
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Hnh 2 - 1.11. Dng Vin iu khin Sign to mch chnh lu tch cc.
Vi nguyn tc in p ra ca mch hnh 2-1.11 c tnh nh sau: - Khi Vin 0 th Sign = 0, Do vy - Khi Vin 0 th Sign = 1, Do vy
Vout = CA Vin CF Vout = CA Vin CF
(1.7)
(1.8)
Kt hp c hai iu kin ta c biu thc tnh in p ra ca mch Hnh 21.11, nh sau:

Vout = CA Vin CF
(1.9)
y chnh l biu thc ca mt mch chnh lu hai na chu k. 2.1.4 Ly mu tn hiu 2.1.4.1 Dng tn hiu ly mu trong k thut chuyn mch t in Trong cc s mch s dng k thut chuyn mch t in, tn hiu ch c th xut hin li ra ca mch ti nhng trng thi nht nh. V d trng hp
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chuyn mch cc trng thi 1 th tn hiu li ra bng khng (do ngn mch xung Gnd).
1 2 1 2 1 2
Hnh 2
1.12. Cc trng thi ca php chuyn mch t in
Dng tn hiu trong cc thit b s dng k thut chuyn mch t in khng phi l tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian nh trong cc mch in t tng t thng thng m l tn hiu gin on, cng cn c gi l tn hiu ly mu (sampled signal). Trong mi chip FPAA, ngoi cc t in chuyn mch thc hin php ly mu tn hiu cn c cc khi Sample and hold (S & H) thc hin vai tr gi mu.
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
trong l tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian (analog)
l tn hiu gin on theo thi gian (sampled data - ly mu)
Hnh 2
1.13. Dng tn hiu analog trong FPAA
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-19-
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Nu nh tn s ly mu so vi tn s tn hiu th dng tn hiu ly mu ny khng khc nhiu so vi tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian. 2.1.4.2 Cc c tnh ca tn hiu analog ly mu Cng nh cc tn hiu digital, tn hiu analog ly mu c dng gin on theo thi gian, tc l c th hin thng qua mt tp cc gi tr ri rc, tuy nhin tn hiu analog ly mu c th nhn gi tr bt k, cn tn hiu digital ch nhn cc gi tr theo cc mc lng t. Khi thc hin php ly mu tn hiu th mt trong nhng vn cn phi lu l quan h gia tn s ly mu v tn s tn hiu. Vi php khi phc tn hiu dng bc thang nh hnh 2-1.13 (s dng S & H), th quan h bng hai ln tn s tn hiu tn s ly mu
theo nh tiu chun Nyquist l khng tho ng.
Ni chung, tn s ly mu cng cao cng tt nhng phi tho mn cc rng buc v phn cng: thi gian xc lp ca mch, in tr ca cc switch Theo cc ti liu ca Anadigm th tn s ly mu nn chn ti thiu bng 10 ln tn s tn hiu m bo khi phc y thng tin ban u ca tn hiu.
Hong T Uyn
-20-
thuong@thuongvn.com
2.1.4.3 Vn chng trng ph v lc san phng tn hiu Bt k tn hiu no c ly mu vi tn s thp hn gii hn Nyquist ca n cng u c th b trng ph vi mt thnh phn tn hiu c tn s thp hn. ngn nga s trng ph, trong cc mch s dng t in chuyn mch thng c thm mt b lc thng thp nhm loi b thnh phn tn s cao do nh hng ca nhiu. Mt khc, bn cht ca tn hiu trong cc h chuyn mch t in l c dng bc thang do qu trnh ly mu v duy tr mu (Sample-and-Hold). ci
thin c tnh ca tn hiu ra, ngi ta s dng thm cc b lc san phng ca ra ca mi khi chc nng analog.
Hnh 2-1.14. Cu trc hon chnh ca mt b khuch i trong FPAA
Hnh 2-1.14 m t cu trc hon chnh ca mt b khuch i gm mt mch khuch i dng t in chuyn mch v hai b lc thng thp chng trng ph v san phng tn hiu ra.
Hong T Uyn
-21-
thuong@thuongvn.com
2.2 Cc th H pht trin ca FPAA 2.2.1 FPAA th h th nht - AN10E40 2.2.1.1. Cu trc tng th ca AN10E40 Cc chip FPAA th h u tin c hng Anadigm ch to v tung ra th trng vo thng 9 nm 2000, c k hiu AN10E40. Chip AN10E40 c ng v kiu QFP (Quad Flat Pack), c 80 chn, kch thc 14 x 14mm, lm vic vi ngun cung cp DC 5V. V mt cu trc, mi chip AN10E40 cha mt ma trn gm 20 khi analog c th thay i c cu hnh, gi l CAB (Configurable Analog Block).
CAB
O I
CAB
CAB
CAB
CAB
O I
CAB
O I
CAB
CAB
CAB
CAB
O I
CAB
O I
CAB
CAB
CAB
CAB
O I
CAB
O
CAB
CAB
CAB
CAB
I
Vref
Hnh 2-2.1. Cu trc tng th ca AN10E40
Hong T Uyn
Config.Logic
Configuration Data shift Register
B C X Y X Y X Y X Y
-22-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Bao bc quanh ma trn CAB ny l 13 phn t vo/ra analog v mt mng li cc ng lin kt kh trnh(c th thay i cu trc kt ni). Mi chip AN10E40 cn c mt b to ngun in p chun (reference) kh trnh 8-bit, ngi thit k c th lp trnh thay i mc in p ra ca ngun reference ny. Ngoi ra, AN10E40 cn c b to tn hiu clock, ly t mt my pht ch c tn s cc i c 20MHz. Tn s ca tn hiu clock dng cho mch c lp trnh bng cch thay i h s chia tn ca mt b chia on-chip. C ngun in p reference v ngun tn hiu clock u c th c dng cho mi phn t CAB bt k trong mng li ca AN10E40. Trng thi cu hnh ca chip AN10E40 c lp trnh v lu gi ti mt b nh SRAM on- chip, gi l b nh cu hnh. B nh cu hnh SRAM ny c np ni dung khi cp ngun t mt b nh PROM ni tip bn ngoi, hoc c th t cng giao din ca mt h vi x l kt ni vi chip AN10E40. Ni dung ca b nh cu hnh c to ra trong qu trnh thit k nh phn mm thit k AnadigmDesigner. Khi hot ng, mch logic to cu hnh v thanh ghi dch trong chip s quy nh chc nng cho cc CAB theo ni dung ca b nh. Cc khi chc nng x l tn hiu thng thng nh khuch i, chnh lu, tch phn, so snh, lc bc hai u c th c thc hin bng cch dng ch
mt phn t CAB. Cc khi chc nng phc tp hn, nh cc b lc bc cao, cc b dao ng, cc b iu ch rng xung v b quarlizer hin bng cch dng hai hay nhiu CAB. 2.2.1.2 S dng AN10E40 Cc vi mch AN10E40 hot ng theo cu hnh c quy nh ti b nh SRAM on-chip. B nh cu hnh SRAM ny li c np ni dung t mt b nh c th c thc
Hong T Uyn
-23-
thuong@thuongvn.com
PROM ni tip bn ngoi hoc t cng giao din ca mt h vi x l kt ni vi n. Mc in p chn 2 (Model [1]) ca AN10E40 quy nh ch hot ng ca n. Nu in p chn 2 c mc in p thp (logic 0) th AN10E40 lm vic model 0, s np ni dung cho b nh SRAM t cng giao din ca mt h vi x l (Hnh 2-2.2).
AN10E40
MODE 2
H vi x l
Addr[n:0]
A[0] WRITEb READb WAIT D[7:0] CLK RESETb

CLK RSTb
Decode
F[0]- CSb
F[3]- RS F[2]- WRb F[1]- RDb F[4]- BUSY DATA[7:0] CFG-CLK RESETb MODE 1
Hnh 2-2.2. Np cu hnh cho FPAA t mt h Vi x l
Cn nu in p chn 2 c mc cao (logic 1) th AN10E40 lm vic model 1, tc l ni dung ca b nh SRAM c np t mt b nh EPROM ni tip (Hnh 2-2.3). Mc in p chn 3 (MODEL[2]) ca AN10E40 quy nh vic s dng tn hiu clock trong trao i d liu. Nu in p chn 3 c mc thp (logic 0) th tn hiu clock trong trao i d liu. Nu in p chn 3 c mc thp (logic 0) th tn hiu clock c ly t chip AN10E40. Cn nu in p ny c mc cao (logic 1) th tn hiu clock c ly t ngun ngoi.
Hong T Uyn
-24-
thuong@thuongvn.com
AN10E40 EPROM ni tip

CEb RST/OEb Data_Out CLK F[2]- MEMCEb DATA[0] DCLK MODE [1] F[0]- BFRb F[3]- PWRUP
RESETb
CFG CLK
RESETb CFG_CLK
ERRb-F[2] END-F[4]
POR MODE [2]
Hnh 2-2.3. Np cu hnh cho FPAA t mt b nh EPROM ni tip
2.2.1.3 Cc u th ca AN10E40 trong thit k mch Vi sn phm FPAA v phn mm thit k AnadigmDisgner, ngi thit k c th to ra sn phm mt cch nhanh chng. Ngi ta c th to ra mt mch in t tng t thc s quan trng trong vng vi pht, thay v ti thiu phi vi tun nu nh s dng k thut k thng thng. FPAA cho php ngi s dng c th lp trnh thay i cu trc ca thit b ngay trn bng mch ca n (in-circuit), khng cn phi thay i kt cu ni mch bn ngoi. Vic thay i ny ch l thay i ni dung ca b nh SPROM, hoc thay i chng trnh iu khin t mt h vi x l, thi gian thay i ch ko di khong 125s.
Hong T Uyn
-25-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Cc mch in t c thit k theo cng ngh FPAA rt n nh vi nhng thay i ca in p ngun cung cp v nhit ca mi trng lm vic. c tnh ca thit b c to ra khng b thay i do s gi ho ca cc linh kin. Sau khi thit k mch, trong qu trnh thc hin sn phm ngi thit k khng cn phi c cc thao tc hiu chnh s ca cc linh kin (kiu trimming hoc turning). T cui nm 2005, Anadigm thay th cac vi mch AN10E04 bng nhm vi mch th h th hai c nhiu tnh nng phong ph hn.
2.2.2 FPAA th h th hai 2.2.2.1 c im chung Cc vi mch FPAA th h th hai ca Anadigm bt u c a ra th trng t thng 8 nm 2002. Hai nm qua c nm nhm vi mch FPAA c gii thiu v a ra s dng ph bin l AN120E04, AN220E04, AN121E04, AN221E04, v AN221E02.
Hnh2- 2.4. Hnh thc cc vi mch FPAA th h th hai
Hong T Uyn
-26-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Trong s , cc nhm mch AN120E04 v AN121E04 c sn xut vi s lng rt ln, c gi thnh r ph hp vi cc ng dng i tr, yu cu tch hp nhiu chc nng analog trn mt chip. AN220E04 v AN221E04 l nhng vi mch c ci tin cho php ngi thit k c th thay i cu hnh ng, tc l c th thay i chc nng ca thit b ngay c khi n ang vn hnh. Cn AN221E02 l nhm vi mch FPAA c th thay i cu hnh ng, li va c gi r. Gn y nht, vo cui thng 10 nm 2004, Anadigm a ra th trng hai nhm vi mch FPAA mi nht l AN122E04 v AN222E04 vi nhiu tnh nng c ci thin phong ph hn. c im chung ca cc vi mch FPAA thuc th h th hai l tt c chng u c ng v kiu QFP in p DC 5 V. V bn cht mch, cc FPAA th h th hai ny cng gm cc phn t c bn l CAB. Mi CAB u cha cc phn t op-amp lm vic vi cc tn hiu vo/ra analog c dng vi sai (differential), nhng khi cn ngi thit k cng c th chuyn i tn hiu thnh dng n so t. Cc vi mch FPAA lm vic vi kh nng chng nhiu cao. H s tn hiu/nhiu (SNR) ln, 80dB i vi ton b gii thng v 100dB i vi mt gii hp (m tn). H s trit nhiu giao thoa gia cc phn t trong mch l trn 70dB. Sai lch (offset) in p DC li vo rt nh, di 100V. Cc vi mch FPAA c th thc hin cc php to hm, hoc hiu chnh tnh phi tuyn cho cc sensor thng qua vic s dng mt bng tra LUT (Look Up Table). LUT l mt c ch bin i phi tuyn s dng b nh bn dn, trong a ch ca mi chnh l lng vo x cn ni dung ca n l lng ra y. Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin 44 chn (Hnh 2-2.4) v c nui bng ngun
-27-
thuong@thuongvn.com
2.2.2.2 Th h AN120E04 v AN220E04 y l hai nhm sn phm u tin ca th h th hai do Anadigm ch to. V mt kin trc, chng hon ton ging nhau. S sp xp ca cc b phn bn trong cc vi mch ny c m t trn hnh 2-2.5. Mi vi mch AN120E04 (gi chung l AN x 20E04) gm c 4 khi CAB gia, sp xp theo ma trn vung 2 x 2. Xung quanh ma trn CAB l mng li cc ng kt ni c th lp trnh c. Tt c cc phn t CAB u c th lin kt vi bng tra LUT c th thc hin cc php bin i phi tuyn tu . C ngun to in p reference to ra mc nn VMR v cc in p chun dng cho cc CAB.
DOUTCLK
SVDD2
SHELO
ACLK/ SPIP OUTCLK/ SPMEM
AVDD
O2N
O2P
O1P
Output Cell 2
Output Cell 1
Oscillator & Clocks Analog Logic

1 234
DCLK
O1N
DVDD
Input Cell 1
Shadow RAM Configuration RAM
Configuration RAM Shadow RAM
O1 O1N
DVDD
CAB 1
CAB 2
Giao din lp cu hnh
DN LCCb ERRb ACTIVATE EXECUTE PORb CFGFLGb CS1b CS2b DVSS
O2
O3 O4PA O4NA O4PB B O4NB A
CAB 3
CAB 4
Input Cell 4
VREF+ O4PC O4NC O4P O4ND C
VMR
VREF
Bng tra LUT
Ngun Reference
AVSS SVSS VREFPC VREFNC BVDD VMRC BVSS
Hong T Uyn
Hnh 2-2.5. Kin trc ca cc vi mch ANx20E04
O3
Input Cell 3
Input Cell 2
O2
-28-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Cc tn hiu vo analog c a ti ma trn CAB thng qua bn phn t mch vo l cc Input Cell t 1 n 4. Trong , phn t chuyn mch vo th t (Input Cell 4) c thm mt khu dn knh(MUX) cho php chn ni mt trong bn ngun tn hiu vo khc nhau. Cc tn hiu ra analog c a ra t ma trn CAB ngoi thng qua hai phn t chuyn mch ra l cc Output Cell 1 v 2. Tt c cc li vo v ra analog ca FPAA u s dng tn hiu vi sai. Phn digital ca FPAA gm c mt bng tra LUT dng b nh 256 Byte, mt giao din lp trnh (Configuration Interface) qua c th thay i cu hnh cho FPAA, v mt thanh ghi xp x dn SAR (Successive Approximation Register) 8 bit c th dng cho cc ng dng cn c bin i ADC. Vic trao i thng tin cu hnh gia FPAA v bn ngoi c thc hin thng qua mt b chun truyn thng ni tip SPI. Tn hiu nhp clock dng cho FPAA c th c a vo t mt my pht clock ngoi qua chn DCLK, cng c th c mt my pht clock on chip to ra bng cch ni thm mt b tinh th thch anh c cng hng
ni tip ti chn DCLK . Hot ng ca tt c cc b phn trong FPAA gm CABs, clock, mng li cc ng kt ni, cc phn t mch vo/ra analog u c iu khin bi ni dung ca b nh cu hnh SRAM on chip. Bn cnh mi bit SRAM cu hnh
lun c mt bit SRAM n(shadow) tng ng vi n. Khi lp trnh cho FPAA, cc d liu trc ht c a vo b nh SRAM n v ch sau khi vic lp trnh
Hong T Uyn
-29-
thuong@thuongvn.com
kt thc th ni dung ca b nh SRAM n mi c copy vo b nh SRAM cu hnh quy nh hot ng ca chip. S khc bit c bn gia AN120E04 v AN220E04 l kh nng thay i cu hnh ng. Trn thc t, c hai loi vi mch FPAA u c th c lp trnh thay i cu hnh cho AN120E04 ngi thit k cn phi reset li h thng. Cn i vi AN220E04 th khng cn phi nh vy, cu hnh ca thit b dng AN220E04 c th c thay i ngay c khi n ang hot ng. iu ny c c l nh giao din lp trnh ca AN22E04 vn c th tip nhn thng tin cp nht b nh SRAM n m khng lm nh hng n hot ng ca thit b. 2.2.2.3 Th h AN121E04 v AN221E04 Cc nhm sn phm tip theo ca th h FPAA th hai do Anadigm ch to l AN121E04 v AN22E04. Cng ging nh hai nhm mch trc, hai nhm mch ny c kin trc bn trong hon ton ging nhau. S sp sp ca cc b phn bn trong cc vi mch ny c m t trn hnh 2-2.6.
ACLK/ SPIP OUTCLK/ SPMEM DCLK DOUTCLK
SVDD2
SHELO
AVDD
O2N
O2P
O1P
O1N
Output Cell 2
Output Cell 1

1 234
DVDD
Kt ni ca ra
Input Cell 1
O1 O1N
DVDD
O2 O2
Vo ra hai chiu
CAB 1
CAB 2
Giao din lp cu hnh
DN LCCb ERRb ACTIVATE EXECUTE PORb CFGFLGb CS1b CS2b
O3 O4PA A
CAB 3
CAB 4
Hong T Uyn
O4PB B O4NB O4PC O4NC
O4NA
Input Cell 4
DVSS Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
VREF+ C
VMR
VREF
Bng tra LUT
Ngun Reference
O3
Input Cell 3
Input Cell 2
-30-
thuong@thuongvn.com
S khc bit c bn gia AN121E04 v AN221E04 vn ch l kh nng thay i cu hnh ng. Khi mun thay i cu hnh cho AN121E04 ngi thit k cn phi reset li h thng, cn cu hnh ca AN221E04 th c th c thay i ngay c khi thit b ang hot ng. So vi cc vi mch ANx20E04 th cc vi mch ANx21E04 c thm nhng thay i ng k. Trc ht, l s thay i cc phn t vo ra analog. ANx20E04, ta bit, cu trc vo ra analog gm c hai phn t mch ra v bn phn t mch vo. Cn ANx21E04, tng cu trc vo ra ca n cng c hai phn t mch ra nhng bn phn t mch vo c thay bng bn phn t mch vo/ra (Input/Output Cell) c th thay i c chiu tn hiu. iu ny gip lm tng thm tnh linh hot ca FPAA trong vic ghp ni vi th gii xung quanh. S khc nhau gia ANx20E04 v ANx21E04 cn th hin b bin i AD theo kiu xp x dn (SAR ADC). Trong ANx20E04, kt qu ca SAR
ADC ch c dng lm a ch cho bng tra LUT nhm to ra cc php bin i tn hiu, cc khi chc nng analog c hm truyn phi tuyn. Cn ANx21E04 th ngoi chc nng to hm, kt qu ca SAR ADC cn c th c a ra
bn ngoi s dng nh l kt qu ca mt b bin i AD thng thng. Kt Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
-31-
thuong@thuongvn.com
qu bin i ca SAR
ADC c a ra di dng m ni tip 8 bit, bt u t
bit c trng s ln nht (MSB). Khi cn s dng kt qu bin i AD, ngi thit k phi lp trnh cho mt trong hai phn t mch ra(analog) ca ANx21E04 lm vic ch digital v m ni tip t SAR-ADC c a ra ngoi theo phn t mch ra ny. Cc im khc bit gia ANx20E04 v ANx21E04 c lit k Bng 2-1.
Hong T Uyn
-32-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Bng 2-1. Cc im khc nhau c bn gia ANx20E04 v ANx21E04. ANx20E04 Vo/ra analog - 4 phn t mch vo - 2 phn t mch ra SAR-ADC 8 bit ANx21E04 - 4 phn t mch vo /ra - 2 phn t mch ra
Dng vi LUT to Dng vi LUT to hm hm truyn. truyn, c th s dng kt qu bin i AD off-chip.
SVDD2
SHELO
ACLK/ SPIP OUTCLK/ SPMEM
AVDD
O2P
O2N
O1P
O1N
Output Cell 2
Output Cell 1

1 234
DCLK
DOUTCLK
DVDD
Kt ni ca ra
Input Cell 1
O1 O1N O4PA A O4NA O4PB B
DVDD
Vo ra hai chiu
CAB 1
CAB 2
Giao din lp cu hnh
DN LCCb ERRb ACTIVATE EXECUTE PORb CFGFLGb CS1b CS2b DVSS
Input Cell 2
O4PC O4NC O4P O4ND
CAB 3
CAB 4
VREF+
VMR
VREF
Bng tra LUT
Ngun Reference
AVSS SVSS VREFPC VREFNC BVDD VMRC BVSS
Hnh 2-2.7. Kin trc ca cc vi mch AN221E04
Hong T Uyn
O4NB
-33-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Hong T Uyn
-34-
thuong@thuongvn.com
2.2.2.4 Th h AN221E02 AN221E02 l nhm cc sn phm FPAA th h th hai c nhiu tnh nng phong ph, c th thay i cu hnh ng ging nh AN221E04, li va c gi thnh r. V c bn, kin trc ca AN221E02 cng ging vi kin trc ca AN221E04. im khc bit y l s lng cc khi chc nng analog trong mi chip FPAA. Trong mi chip AN221E02 ch c hai phn t CAB, trong mi vi mch AN221E04 c ti 4 phn t CAB sp xp theo ma trn 2 2. S cc phn t mch vo/ra analog cng khc. Trong AN221E04 c bn phn t mch vo/ra analog, cn trong AN221E02 ch c hai phn t mch vo/ra analog. Phn t mch vo/ra analog th hai ca AN221E02 c ni vi mt khu dn knh (MUX) cho php la chn mt trong bn ngun tn hiu vo khc nhau. Ton b cc khi chc nng khc, cng nh cc hot ng c bn ca AN221E02 ging vi AN221E04.
Hong T Uyn
-32-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Chng 3 : Cc Lnh Vc ng dng cng ngh FPAA 3.1 Cc kh nng ng dng ca FPAA Cng ngh FPAA m ra mt hng hon ton mi trong vic thit k cc h thng mch in t tng t. Ngi k s thit k c th tch hp nhiu chc nng ca h thng trn cng mt chip, ng thi c th lp trnh thay i cu hnh ca thit b ngay ti hin trng, trong khi n ang hot ng. iu ny l rt quan trng, v nhiu khi ngi thit k cn phi hiu chnh cc chc nng ca thit b cho ph hp vi s thay i c tnh ca i tng. Vic ng dng cng ngh FPAA lm gim ng k thi gian thit k v trin khai thc hin cc tng ca ngi thit k. Nu nh vi k thut thng thng, qu trnh t ny sinh tng thit k n khi c sn phm cui cng phi ko di hng tun thm ch hng thng th vi cng ngh FPAA qu trnh ch ko di khong vi chc pht. Cc vi mch FPAA ang dn thay th cho cc linh kin ri, cc IC analog kiu opamp trong cc ng dng x l tn hiu analog nh l chun ho tn hiu sensor, lc tch cc, thu thp s o, iu khin t ng PID, v nhiu ng dng khc trong cc lnh vc cng nghip, y t, v cc h thng kim tra o lng chnh xc. Cc cng trnh nghin cu v ng dng FPAA ca Anadigm v ca cc t chc khc ( gi l Third-Party ), c ch to thit b in t tng t dng FPAA lit k v phn loi cc ng dng nh sau. * Cm bin, thu thp s o v cc ng dng y sinh hc
Hong T Uyn
-33-
thuong@thuongvn.com
- Thu thp v x l cc tn hiu v thi tit, a chn, cc tn hiu m thanh, cc sng siu m, rada... - o nhit , p sut, lu lng, o di chuyn v cc i lng c hc khc - Cc thit b o t xa - Cc thit b o in dung - Cc thit b o phn tch kh, phn tch thnh phn cht lng, o in dn dung dch - Cc thit b o v kim tra khng tip xc, khng ph hu i tng * Cc h thng iu khin v t ng ho cng nghip - - Cc thit b iu khin tc , p sut, v tr, nhit , lu lng... - iu khin ng c - Cc b iu khin PID thch nghi, t chnh nh thng s theo i tng iu khin ( Auto-tunning Controller ) - iu khin, to mi trng vi kh hu - Cc my bn hng t ng * Cc ng dng trong vin thng, v an ninh
- Chun ho cc tn hiu gii rng, trung tn (IF) v cao tn (HF) - Modem FSK nhiu tiu chun - H thng o nh v v tinh - Cc h thng thng tin an ninh
Hong T Uyn
-34-
thuong@thuongvn.com
3.2 Cc ng dng in hnh s dng cng ngh FPAA 3.2.1 Cng ngh FPAA trong thit b c th RFID 3.2.1.1 Gii thiu v cng ngh RFID RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) l cng ngh nhn dng khng tip xc, s dng tn s radio. c im ca th RFID (IC Tags) l mt th nh lu tr thng tin c nhn v d liu khc trong bng mch in t khng cn nng lng, hay ni chnh xc hn n c mt c ch thu nhn nng lng t cc ngun khc, do khng cn pin hay ngun nui trc tip no, th c tnh cht nh trn c gi l th th ng ( Passive Tags). Th bao gm mt ng-ten v chip silicon (gm c b nh) c ng gi chung. Thit b ny thu nhn nng lng t cc thit b ch (hay cn gi l thit b c- reader). Cc thit b c lun pht tn hiu quanh n, th RFID nhn thng tin v nng lng hot ng t tn hiu ny v trao i thng tin vi thit b c. Trong h thng RFID in hnh th thit b c c th c v vit d liu ln th. Cng ngh RFID c trin khai trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip v cc lnh vc khc nhau. Nhng ng dng ph bin hin nay ca RFID gm : - Th RFID c th c gn vo h chiu, chip trn th lu gi thng tin v ngi s dng h chiu, thng tin ny s c c khi ngi s dng i qua nhng thit b c th, iu ny gip ngnh hi quan qun l ngi nhp cnh d dng hn. Th RFID s c gn vo h chiu Anh v M t thng 8- 2006
Hong T Uyn
-35-
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- Th RFID c s dng lm th tn dng. Ngn hng Nagoya ca Nht Bn va k kt hp ng vi hng NEC xy dng h thng d liu da trn cng ngh RFID - Th i li trong giao thng cng cng v d nh tu in ngm, xe but ... vvv. Cng ngh RFID c th xc nh th c hp php hay khng, thi hn s dng ca th. - S dng th RFID theo di sn phm. Th RFID c gn vo mt sn phm no . My qut c t ti cc a im chin lc trong nh my, kho hng v trung tm phn phi s pht ra tn hiu v tip nhp thng tin t th, nh vy hng ho c th c theo di c v v tr, iu kin bo qun cng nh thi hn s dng...vvv. Ngoi ra do thit b ny c th c t xa nn mt my qut c th ghi nhn nhn radio trn mt khay hng khi n phng vt qua trn mt xe nng hng mt quy trnh hiu
qu v nhp nhng hn nhiu so vi vic phi dng mi th c m vch bng u c laser. - Trong lnh vc iu khin t ng : th RFID c s dng khong xa cho iu khin cng, cho php phng tin ra vo. Nm 1990 RFID c s dng nh cha kho t chng trm cp. Nu RFID khng ng th t khng khi ng. Th h xe t Toyota Camry (2007) v Lexus GS (2006) s c cha kho c thit k vi cng ngh RFID cho php t nhn bit c s hin din ca cha kho khi cn cch n 3feet, li xe c th m ca v khi ng t trong khi cha kho vn nm trong ti.
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Vi cc lnh vc ng dng rng ln nn cng ngh nhn dng bng tn s hin ang pht trin rt mnh m. Ngy nay, ngnh RFID ton cu tr gi khong mt t USD mi nm. Gi tr ca n s tng gp ba ln trong ba nm ti. c tnh mi nm na gi tr ca ngnh ny s ln ti hng chc t USD. RFID ha hn doanh thu ln cho cc nh sn xut h thng RFID.
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3.2.1.2 FPAA trong thit b c th RFID Mc d RFID c tim nng cng nh c chp nhn nhanh chng, cng ngh ny vn cn nhiu vn tn ti. Sau y l cc vn lin quan n vic thit k mt u c th RFID bao gm : - C rt nhiu chun v giao thc di mt u c c nh v khng tin on c s ph bin ca cc giao thc ( cc hng cung cp RFID v c ngi s dng vn cha nht tr v mt tiu chun chung v tn s cng nh giao thc truyn) - Mt thit b c phi lm vic trong nhiu mi trng, nhiu nn v nhng nh hng t nh sng hunh quang - Khong c thay i mt thit b c phi lm vic vi nhng loi th
khc nhau. Mt u c l tng phi c kh nng thay i ng m khng cn ngt hot ng ca thit b - S bo ho ca nhng tn hiu lc u vo khi pht tn hiu Thit b c
cn c kh nng disconect( ngt) nhanh chng nhng knh lc tn hiu u vo trnh b bo ho, iu ny c th lm cho thit b lm vic chm do thu li nhng tn hiu pht RangeMaster chipset l thit b x l tn hiu analog c th lp trnh c, cung cp mt gii php cho tt c cho tt c nhng vn trn. RangeMaster chipset l mt bo mch gm mt hoc nhiu chip dsASP ( dynamically programmable Analog Signal Processor ) v mt my trng thi Anadigm RFID. N c thit k gii iu ch di tn hiu c bn trong thit b c RFID. Cc dsASP c th c lp trnh song song nh my trng thi m
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khng tng thi gian lp trnh v thi gian tr. iu ny cho php x l nhiu knh nh nhiu knh gii iu ch I v Q trong thit b c th RFID u im ca vic s dng b x l analog c th lp trnh c l vi mt u c th, c th thay i cc thng s ca n c c cc th RFID khc nhau vi nhiu loi tn s v nhiu loi iu ch khc nhau. H chipset RangeMaster hon ton c th p ng c giao thc HF v UHF ca t chc EPC Global v tiu chun ISO18000-6. Hn na, RangeMaster cho php lp trnh nhanh h s khuych i, h s b to iu kin tt nht thit b c th c nhiu loi th, ghi nh tn s loi b nhiu nn v chuyn i u vo bo v b lc khi b bo ho trong sut qu trnh truyn S khi thit b c RFID Thit b c RFID lm vic nh sau : u tin pht thng tin ti th bng cch iu ch mt tn hiu RF, in hnh l khong 860MHz 960MHz. Th nhn c
thng tin v nng lng hot ng t tn hiu RF ny, sau gi li thng tin ti thit b hi. Tn hiu gi ti thit b hi cng l tn hiu iu ch. Thit b c phi truyn tn hiu sng lin tc ti th nhn c p ng t th. iu ny c ngha l thit b c phi tch c nhng iu ch tn s thp khi tn hiu truyn i tn s cao. Thit b s lm iu ny bng cch trn mt tn hiu trung gian ( tn hiu ny khng iu ch c vi tn hiu mang truyn ) vi tn hiu nhn c loi ra tn s truyn, gi li tn s iu ch.
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Bo mch RangeMaster
B gii iu ch
Anten
B iu ch B to tn s mang
Chuyn knh 400ms / ln
Vi iu khin
Bn phm iu khin
Mn hin th LCD
Hnh 3-2.1 S khi thit b c th RFID
B iu khin trung tm Vi iu khin trung tm ca thit b c RFID l PIC, b iu khin ny c cc chc nng nh sau: - Nhn lnh t nhng giao din bn ngoi nh l cng tc, bn phm v hin th thng tin n ngi s dng Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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- iu khin vic chn knh
C nhng quy tc i hi thit b c phi
chuyn knh ngu nhin gia mt tp tn s mang nhng khong cch u n. Trong quy nh ca M (FCC phn 15.247) yu cu s chuyn knh i hi t nht l 50 knh vi thi gian l 400ms. Trong hnh 1 ADF 4360-7 cung cp mt tn s mang l 915MHz vi s iu khin nhiu knh bng PIC thng qua giao din ni tip - Gi thng tin nhn dng th bng cch gi d liu ti Anadigm dpASP, c s dng bin i d liu thnh tn hiu analog, sau c trn vi tn hiu mang, s dng b trn bin i LT5511. dpASP c cu hnh bi b vi iu khin PIC - M nhng kho u vo ca RangeMaster trong sut qu trnh truyn v ng chng trong sut qu trnh nhn ( Tn hiu iu khin kho l chn Tx/ Rx) - Lp trnh cho RangeMaster tu thuc vo tn s lc mong mun, h s khuych i, h s b v tn s ghi nh - Nhn tn hiu ra s t RangeMaster Gii iu ch IQ B gii iu ch tn hiu nhn l LT5516, mch ny nhn tn s trung gian l 915MHz c pht ra bi ADF4360-7. LT5516 trn tn hiu nhn vi tn s trung gian to ra mt tn hiu iu ch. Khi c th nhn c tn hiu zezo u ra ca mt b trn bng cch ly mu im qua zero ca tn hiu nhn, hai b trn c s dng trong LT5516 l b trn bin i suy gim, mi ci s dng mt phin bn ca tn s trung gian, hai tn s ny lch pha nhau 900. iu ny m bo rng u ra ca mt b trn c bin chp nhn c. C hai u ra ca hai b trn gi l knh I v Q Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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B lc knh IQ u ra I v Q t b gii iu ch IQ cn c lc loi b nhng tn hiu iu ho v iu ch khng mong mun. RangeMaster cung cp gii php l tng cho iu ny bi v hai b lc lp trnh c dpASP c th c lp trnh song song bi mt thit b trng thi n m khng mt thm thi gian. Hnh 32.2 ch ra s khi gii php ca RangeMaster cho b lc IQ. Trong v d ny chip dpASP c ch ra vi b lc hai di thng
Hnh 3-2.2 RangeMaster x l hai knh tn hiu IQ bng nhng b lc thng di
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Lp trnh b lc RangeMaster S dng giao din ni tip 16 bit ti my trng thi, n cho php t cu hnh cho dpASP x l knh I v Q i vi chun c di thay i rng ca RFID. Mch ban u c th c np vo dpASP theo kiu song song. Mch khi u ny c miu t hnh 3-2.3a,b,c, bao gm b lc hai di thng, b lc ba di thng v mt b lc thng di c chn vi tn s nh loi b nhng nh hng khng mong mun v d nh nh sng hunh quang. Tn s gy ca b lc c th c thay i trn b phn iu chnh m khng gy ra ngt tn hiu analog i qua b lc. Tn s lc c th thay i trong khong rng t 2kHz n 848kHz, ngoi ra c mch in class 0 cung cp b lc sinh i tn s 2,2MHz v 3,3MHz
Hnh 3-2.3(a) B lc hai di thng
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Hnh 3-2.3(b) B lc ba di thng
Hnh 3-2.3(c) B lc thng di c chn
3.2.2 Cng ngh FPAA trong k thut o 3.2.2.1 Chun ho tn hiu sensor
Cc vi mch FPAA v cng c thit k Anadigm2 c mt vai tr quan trng trong vic nng cao cc ch tiu cht lng ca h thng thi b o. Bng di y lit k nhng yu cu t ra khi thit k mt thit b o v kh nng p ng ca cng ngh FPAA Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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Yu cu ca thit k
Kh nng p ng ca FPAA
- Ngun kch thch n nh, Ti nguyn on-chip ca FPAA : chnh xc - Cc ngun to in p reference chnh xc - B to dao ng n nh - Cc dng to tn hiu dng bt k theo yu cu ca ng dng - H thng c nhiu sensor Mt FPAA gm nhiu CAB v c th lp trnh khc nhau, cc yu cu thay i cu hnh, do : chun ho tn hiu cng khc nhau - C th thch nghi vi cc yu cu chun ho tn hiu sensor khc nhau - Nhiu mch chun ha sensor c th c to ra t mt chip FPAA c tnh sensor thng: - Thay i theo thi gian - Thay i theo iu kin lm vic Kh nng thay i cu hnh ng : - T thch nghi v chnh xc cao - T ng hiu chnh h s khuych i v b tn s - T ng chun thang o
Ta bit rng, khi s dng sensor vo cc ng dng o lng cng nghip cng nh nghin cu khoa hc ta cn phi thc hin cc php x l tn hiu nhm m bo cc yu cu : - Hiu chnh h s khuych i, b offset, b tri, tuyn tnh ho c tnh bin i ca sensor... Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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- Cn c ngun kch thch n nh, chnh xc v ph hp vi cc sensor - Nng cao chnh xc, tng cng cc tnh nng ca mch chun ho tn hiu v to c ch hiu chnh trong khi thit b ang hot ng Ni chung tn hiu o to ra t cc sensor thng c cng sut nh, cha trong n cc thnh phn sai s do nhiu, do lch offset ca mch cm nhn (Hnh 3-2.4(a) ). Cng vic ca mch chun ho tn hiu sensor l phi to ra mt tn hiu sch, kho (Hnh 3-2.4(b) ) phc v cho cc mc ch x l tip theo.
a)
b)
Hnh 3-2.4 Yu cu chun ho tn hiu sensor
Mun vy, mch x l tn hiu cn phi thc hin cc chc nng c bn sau: - Khuych i - Kh offset - Lc nhiu Tt c cc chc nng hon ton c th c thc hin bi mt chp vi mch FPAA. Hnh 3-2.5 m t mt v d thit k mch chun ho tn hiu sensor dng FPAA. Trong nhiu trng hp, khi thit k cc h thng o ta cn s dng nhiu loi sensor khc nhau. c tnh bin i ca cc sensor khng ging nhau, bn Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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thn hm truyn ca mi sensor cng c th c dng phi tuyn, khng thun tin cho vic x l kt qu. Nhim v ca mch chun ho tn hiu lc ny l tuyn tnh ho cc hm truyn t ca mi sensor v ng nht cc hm truyn v cng mt dng thun tin cho vic x l. iu ny c th thc hin mt cch d dng bng mt vi mch FPAA.
Kh offet
Khuych i
Lc
Hnh 3-2.5 Chun ho tn hiu sensor bng vi mch FPAA
Hnh 3-2.6 m t mt v d o nhit ti mt im o c s dng sensor nhit in tr. c tnh truyn t nhit - in p ca sensor l phi tuyn. Hnh 3-2.6(a) m t tnh phi tuyn ca sensor bng mt ng cong. tuyn tnh ho c tnh ca sensor, ta ni sensor vi mt mch khuych i. Mch khuych i ny c h s thay i theo ln in p vo. Vic iu chnh s Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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thay i h s ca cc b khuych i ny c thc hin thng qua bng tra LUT. Hnh 3-2.6(b) m t s thay i h s khuych i ca cc mch ny theo in p. Kt qu ta c hm truyn cho c hai im o u l tuyn tnh v hon ton ging nhau. Hnh 3-2.6(c) m t mi quan h gia in p ra v nhit ca c hai mch bng mt ng thng duy nht.
Sensor nhit in tr
c) c tnh ca sensor l phi tuyn
b) Chnh h s khuych i theo mc tn hiu vo
a) c tnh truyn t ca sensor c tuyn tnh ho
Hnh 3-2.6 Tuyn tnh ho c tnh ca cc sensor
3.2.2.2
Mch o dng tensor
Cc tensor ( in tr lc cng ) thng c s dng o bin dng v cc i lng c kh khc. c im ca cc tensor l in tr ca chng b thay i ph thuc vo bin dng v kch thc ca chng. t c ch lm vic Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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tt nht, h s bin dng dc (
l ) ca cc tensor thng c mc vo mch l
cu c hai hoc bn nhnh hot ng v in p ra ca cu c mV. Vi nhng in p tn hiu nh nh vy, trnh nh hng ca in p lch offset, ta s dng khuych i chopper lm tng khuych i u tin. Tip theo l mt tng khuch i thng thng v mt mch cng ( tr) in p kh bin dng d ca i tng o. Cui cng l mt mch lc thng thp loi tr nh hng ca cc ngun nhiu. Hnh 3-2.7 m t mt v d s dng vi mch FPAA chun ho tn hiu t mt cu o bin dng dng in tr tensor.
Hnh 3-2.7 Mch chun ho tn hiu t cu o dng tensor
3.2.2.3
Mch o dng sensor kiu bin p vi sai
Bin p vi sai l mt loi sensor thng c dng do di chuyn thng, cu to ca n c m t hnh 3-2.8. Sensor kiu bin p vi sai gm c mt cun dy s cp gia, hai u l hai cun th cp, mt li bng vt liu st t c th di chuyn t do trong lng cc cun dy. in p cm ng ti cc dy th cp A Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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v B ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca li st gia cc cun . Bng cch o s sai lch gia hai in p ny ta c th xc nh c v tr ca li st trong lng cc cun dy, v do xc nh c lng di chuyn ca i tng o. Vic o hiu in p gia hai cun dy ny c thc hin tt nht bng cch chnh lu in p ra t mi cun sau a vo mt mch tr in p. Hnh 3-2.9 l mt v d mt phn mch o dng cho sensor kiu bin p vi sai. Trong s ny, ngun kch khch cho cun s cp ca bin p vi sai c to ra t mt CAM ( OsillatorSine) bn trong chip FPAA. in p cm ng ti cc cun th cp A v B c chnh lu v lc bng hai khi CAM khc nhau ( RectifierFilter) cng ca chip FPAA . Ngi thit k mch o c th la chn x l cc in p chnh lu VA v VB theo cch ring ca mnh.
Li st t
Cun s cp Cc cun th cp
Cun s cp
Th cp A
Th cp B
Hong T Uyn
VA
VB
Hnh 3-2.8 Sensor o di chuyn kiu bin p vi sai
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Cun s cp
Th cp A
Th cp B
Hnh 3-2.9 Mch o cho sensor kiu bin p vi sai
3.2.3 Cng ngh FPAA trong cc thit b iu khin Mt trong nhng u th r rt ca cc vi mch FPAA v cng c thit k AnadigmDesigner2 l gip to ra c nhng khi chc nng analog c th thay i hm truyn t mt cch d dng. Ngi thit k c th s dng vi mch FPAA to ra cc b iu khin ( controller ) PID c cc thng s c th t Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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c mt cch n gin v c th t chnh thch nghi vi cc c tnh ca i tng. iu ny trc y ch c th t c vi cc b iu khin s, cn vi cc b iu khin tng t dng k thut thng thng th rt kh khn. thit k mt b iu khin PID theo m hnh hnh 3-2.10 vi k thut thit k thng thng ta phi s dng mt s vi mch khuych i thut ton v cc phn t mch khc ( in tr, t in...). Vic thit lp v iu chnh cc thng s truyn t ca mch cho ph hp vi tnh cht ca i tng iu khin cng rt kh khn. Tuy nhin, nu s dng cng ngh FPAA th cng vic s tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. Ch cn mt chip FPAA, ngi thit k c th to ra c mt b iu khin PID vi vic thit lp v chnh nh cc thng s rt d dng. Ngoi ra, cng vi chip FPAA ny ngi thit k c th to ra thm nhiu tnh nng hn na cho thit b. Hnh 3-2.11 m t mt v d s dng mt chip FPAA cho c hai chc nng : chun ho tn hiu o t sensor v thc hin thut ton iu khin PID.
Integral
e = error signal
Proportional Derivative
SUM
Output = P e + I e.dt + D
de dt
Hnh 3-2.10 M hnh mt b iu khin PID
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Sensor
Control
Set-point
Hnh 3-2.11 Mt b iu khin PID s dng FPAA
Theo s ny, mt tn hiu o yu c th cha cc thnh phn nhiu t sensor c a ti khi vo analog th nht ca FPAA. Ti y, tn hiu c khuych i bng mt mch khuych i chopper v kh sai lch offset bng mt khi CAM cng/ tr (SumDif). Hm truyn ca sensor cng c th phi tuyn, trong trng hp ta s dng mt khi CAM to hm truyn ( TransferFuntion) tuyn tnh ho. Tn hiu ra ca CAM TransferFuntion ( tuyn tnh vi tn hiu cn o ) c a vo khi CAM Sum/Dif tip theo so snh vi gi tr t (Set-point). in p sai lch t CAM ny li c a ti mch x l PID gm mt CAM tch phn (Integrator), mt CAM vi phn (Differentiator), v mt CAM Sum/ Dif c ba li vo.
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Do tnh cht ly mu tn hiu ca k thut chuyn mch t in, cho nn c c dng tn hiu lin tc ca ra ta c th dng thm mt mch Sample and Hold (CAM Hold). Tip theo, ta xt mt v d c th v mt thit b iu khin mc cht lng trong bnh cha. Vi cc thit b iu khin loi ny ngi ta thng s dng lut iu khin PI ( t l tch phn). M hnh h iu khin mc cht lng theo lut
PI m t trn hnh 3-2.12
i tng
t mc ban u
Hnh 3-2.12 B iu khin mc cht lng
Hnh 3-2.13 l s m t vic thc hin b iu khin PI bng mt vi mch FPAA. Tn hiu o ly t sensor c so snh vi tn hiu set-point qua khi CAM SumDif th nht, tn hiu ra ca n c x l PI nh mt khi CAM Integrator v khi CAM SumDif th hai. Cng ging nh trng hp trn, c c tn hiu ra dng lin tc ta dng thm mt khi CAM Hold ti u ra ca mch iu khin.
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H thng mch giao din ( Interface Circuit) kt ni gia b iu khin dng FPAA v i tng bnh cha thc hin chc nng cp ngun cho mch o mc v iu khin ng m valve
Set-point
Sensor
Control
Hnh 3-2.13 B iu khin PI bng vi mch FPAA
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Chng 4 : ng dng cng ngh FPAA trong o kh CO 4.1 Tm quan trng ca vic o kh co Kh Cacbon Monoxide ( CO ) l mt loi kh khng mi, khng mu, khng kch thch v khng gy tn thng nim mc do gic quan t pht hin ra kh ny. Kh CO c to thnh ch yu do t chy khng hon ton nhng cht c cha cacbon. C rt nhiu ngun to ra kh CO xung quanh nh nh l l nng, bp than, bp ga, kh thi ca xe t, xe gn my. Khi thuc l cng l ngun quan trng to ra nhim kh CO. cc nh my, cng xng, hm lng CO thng t gi tr cao trong cc mi trng c din ra qu trnh chy nh l cao, khoang l hi, luyn kim, lc du, ng c chy bng xng du, my pht in, bi u xe kn trong nh...vvv C ch v tnh c ca CO c cng nhn nhiu nht l s lin kt mnh m ca CO vi hemoglobin(Hb). S lin kt ny lm gim Hb v t lm gim lng O2 huyt do gim vn chuyn O2 ca cc hng cu ti cc b phn ca c th v ngn cn s phn ly O2 khi Hb trong mao mch. Nh vy CO gy ra thiu O2 dn ti gim chc nng ca cc c quan v t chc nhy cm nh no, tim, ni mc mch mu v tiu cu, do nh hng n sc kho. Khi hm lng CO trong khng kh nh, nn nhn c th mt mi, hoa mt, chng mt, bun nn, au u. Khi nng CO trong mi trng gia tng, tim v no ca nn nhn b nh hng nng n c th dn n t vong. Mc ng c kh CO ph thuc vo ba yu t : Nng kh CO trong mi trng, khong thi gian tn ti nng v cng lm vic hay tc ht th ca mi ngi. Khi trong mi trng m nng CO khong 80 100 ppm trong vng 1
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n 2 gi, c th lm gim cng lm vic, tc ngc, lon nhp tim. nng 100 200 ppm ng c kh CO c biu hin nh nhc u, bun nn, u c km minh mn. H thng thn kinh trung ng b t lit, hn m, v dn n t vong vi nng kh CO 700 ppm hoc ln hn trong vng mt gi. Mt s t chc an ton v sc khe th gii t ra nhng gii hn cho php nng kh CO ni lm vic, nh xng, khu cng nghip nh sau: - T chc an to n v sinh Hoa K ( OSHA ) a ra gii hn chp nhn c i vi nng kh CO l 50ppm trong 8 gi lm vic - Vin an ton sc kho quc gia M ( NIOSHA ) ngh gii hn i vi nng kh CO l 35 ppm trong 8 gi lm vic. Do kh CO l kh khng mi, khng mu, khng kch thch nn s hin din ca kh CO trong khng kh rt kh pht hin v khi nn nhn b nhim c CO vic chun on bnh cng rt kh khn dn n tnh trng t vong nhanh chng. Chnh v vy CO c mnh danh l th phm git ngi lng l . Qua c th thy vic s dng cc thit b o, gim st nng kh CO trong nh, cng xng, mi trng, ni lm vic tr thnh nhu cu rt bc thit m bo sc kho cho mi ngi. 4.2 Cc Phng php o v cm bin o kh CO
4.2.1 Cc phng php o kh
C nhiu phng php o nng cht kh, l cc phng php sau : - Phng php in ho : cc dng c o nng vt cht da trn s ng dng cc chuyn i in ho.
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- Phng php in ho : y l phng php da trn s in ho cc cht cn phn tch v o dng in in ho xc nh nng ca cc cht - Phng php ph : l phng php da trn kh nng hp th, bc x, tn x, phn x hoc khc x c chn lc ca cc cht khc nhau vi cc loi bc x khc nhau - Phng php phn tch nhit : l phng php o dn nhit ca thnh phn trong hp cht kh v nng ca thnh phn y. - Phng php sc k : Khi phn tch nhng hp cht phc tp ngi ta thng dng phng php sc k. Phng php ny thc hin bng cch chia hp cht thnh cc thnh phn ring r nh hin tng ht. Hp cht kh phn tch c chuyn dch nh cc kh mang dng kh hoc hi qua mt ng di nh ( ct sc k) cha y cht ht tp trung khng di chuyn. Do s lm chm c la chn c thc hin bng cht ht, cc thnh phn b ht t i qua trc, do c s phn chia hp cht thnh nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, nhng thnh phn ny c di chuyn qua ct sc k thnh nhng vng ring r v theo trnh t c dn i bng kh mang. Mi thnh phn c a ra khi ct vi thi gian khc nhau, nng ca chng c xc nh theo t s din tch ca mi khong vi din tch ca tt c sc ph. 4.2.2 Cc cm bin o kh CO Cc cm bin o nng kh CO thng c s dng trong thc t thng l cc cm bin kiu bn dn, cm bin in trng v cm bin in ha. Sau y chng ta xt mt vi cm bin thng c s dng trn th trng. Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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a) Cm bin kiu bn dn ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor sensor) Vt liu trong sensor l oxit kim loi, loi in hnh l SnO2. Khi mt tinh th oxit kim loi nh SnO2 nhit cao trong khng kh, oxy c ht, bm vo b mt tinh th. Cc electron t do trn b mt tinh th di chuyn bm vo oxy, kt qu li in tch dng trn lp din tch b mt. in th trn b mt c xem nh hng ro in th ngn cn dng chy electron.
Hnh 4- 2.1 M hnh to hng ro in th khi khng c kh CO
Trong sensor, dng in chy qua lp tip xc ( danh gii im ) ca nhng tinh th rt nh SnO2 .Ti danh gii im (grain boundary), oxy bm vo to thnh mt hng ro in th, ngn cn cc phn t mang di chuyn mt cch t do. in tr ca sensor chnh l hng ro in tch ny. Vi s c mt ca kh kh oxy nh CO, H2 s lm mt oxy mang in tch m trn b mt gim, v vy cao hng ro in th trong danh gii im gim. cao hng ro gim s gim in tr ca sensor. Phn ng gia CO v Oxy c hp th trn b mt tinh th SnO2 : Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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1 * O2 + (SnO2 x ) O ad (SnO2 x ) 2
CO + O ad (SnO2 x ) CO2 + (SnO2 x )
*
(4.1) (4.2)
Hnh 4- 2.2 M hnh to hng ro in th khi c kh CO
Trong thc t mi lin h gia in tr sensor v nng cht kh cn o c m t bi cng thc

R K * c n
(4.3)
Trong : R : l in tr ca sensor c : l nng ca kh cn o K : l h s o n : c gi tr t 0,3 0,8 tu thuc vo cht cu to sensor
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Hnh 4-2.3 c tnh in hnh ca MOS sensor
b) Cm bin in trng ( Field Effect sensor) Cng ngh ch to FE sensor da trn s tc ng ca cht kh ln cht bn dn oxit kim loi ca transistor trng (MOSFET). Do s tch in tch trn cng tip xc( chn gate ca MOSFET) vi phn t kh dn n s thay i in p trong tn hiu ca sensor. in p trn chn gate iu khin dng in i qua MOSFET. Nhng phn t kh s tc ng ln in p ca chn gate lm chn gate tch in do chn gate ca MOSFET s c cng thm mt in p nht nh v lm thay i dng in chy trong sensor. Trong MOSFET sensor chn gate v chn drain c ni vi nhau v sensor hot ng ch vi hai cc.
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Hnh 4-2.4 . Hnh minh ho nguyn l lm vic ca sens
Gas Concentration [ppm]
Hnh 4-2.5 ng c tnh in hnh ca FE sens
La chn nhit , kim loi ch to chn gate s to ra cc sensor pht hin cc loi kh khc nhau. Vi nhng sensor c lm t cht bn dn silicon (Si) Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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nh Si-MOSFET, nhit hot ng l 150
2000C. Vi nhng sensor c
lm t cht bn dn silicon carbide (SiC) nh SiC-MOSFET, nhit hot ng t 200-6000C. c) Cm bin in ho (Electrochemical sensor) Cu trc n gin nht ca electrochemical cell l thit k hai cc, bao gm mng bn thm, b cha cht in phn, mt cc working, mt cc counter. Nhng cc ny thng c c ph mt lp b mt PTFE vi mt hn hp xc tc, thng l platinum, cht ny lm tng phn ng ca kh cn o. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, kh khuych tn vo cell, tc ng trn b mt ca cc working, sinh ra cc ion ( H+) v electron (e-). Cc ion dch chuyn n cc counter thng qua cht in phn trong khi cc electron dch chuyn n cc counter thng qua mch ngoi. T hp cc electron v ion ti cc counter s kt thc phn ng m khng c bt c phn t no ca cell b tiu hao. Khi lng electron sinh ra t l vi khi lng kh, o dng in chy qua mch ngoi ta s o c nng cht kh. Cc phn ng trong sensor gm Working : 2CO + 2H2O 2CO2 + 4H+ + 4eCounter : 4H+ + 4e- + 2O2 2H2O (4.5) (4.4)
Hong T Uyn

Hnh 4-2.6 : Two-electrode sens
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Nhng u im ca nguyn l electrochemical l : ng c tnh l tuyn tnh, n nh trong mt thi gian di, gi c hp l. iu ny c chng minh ph bin trong cc thit b bo ng kh CO trong nh, cng xng, th trng thit b bo chy. sensor electrochemical hiu qu cao, in th trn hai u cc cn phi c thay i tr gip qu trnh oxi ho v gim cc phn ng ho hc. in th cc sensing v cc counter s thay i ngc chiu nhau. Tuy nhin trong mch o, sau sensor bao gi cng c mt mch khuych i. Khi hot ng mch khuych i s gi in th hai cc ca sensor khng thay i chiu, do sensor khng lm vic vi hiu qu cao nht. Khi nng kh mc cao, in th c hai cc ca sensor hi m. iu ny s lm tng phn ng cc counter nhng gii hn hot ng cc sensing, kt qu l to ra ng c tnh khng tuyn tnh. Mt khc tt c cc linh kin in t u c mt dung sai hot ng, do n khng hot ng tt ti mi thi im. Mt OpAmp bao gi cng c mt in p U0 gia hai u vo ca n, trong nhiu trng hp in p ny c th gy ra nhng sai khc trong tn hiu. Khi m sensor hai cc thay i chiu in p hai cc s lm tn hiu sensor sai lch khong 3 4mV. iu ny c th xy ra khi sensor hot ng trong khong thi gian di, trong nng cht kh cao. V vy sensor hai cc thng c gii hn s dng trong nhng ng dng o nng thp ca cht kh. i vi nhng lnh vc khc, c bit trong cng Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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nghip, sensor ba cc thng c s dng. Sens ba cc c thm cc th ba ( cc reference ), cc ny c gi trong kh quyn, khng tip xc vi kh cn o, khng tham gia vo cc phn ng ho hc v qu trnh oxy ho. Do in th ca cc ny c gi khng i. Trong hot ng ca sensor, ngi ta o in p gia hai cc sensing v reference xc nng ca cht kh. iu ny cho php in th ca cc counter thay i khi cn thit m khng nh hng kt qu o. Sens ba cc hot ng hiu qu hn v thng c s dng o gim st nng cht kh vi di o rng phn gii cao, thi gian p ng nhanh, hot ng n nh
Hnh 4-2.7 ng c tnh in hnh ca electrochemical sens
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C nhiu nh sn xut sensor o nng kh CO v d nh : tp on Figaro, hng Nemoto, hng AppliedSenso ...vvv nhng nhng sensor o nng kh CO trn th trng ch yu ng dng cc nguyn l lm vic trnh by trn. T nhng ng c tnh in hnh ca cc sensor ta c th thy vi MOS sensor v FE sensor ng c tnh l phi tuyn, vi electrochemical sensor ng c tnh ra l tuyn tnh, tuy nhin tn hiu ra l rt nh (c A). o c nng ca cc cht kh cn phi c mch b phi tuyn ( i vi cc MOS sensor v FE sensor ) v phic mch khuych i vi h s khuych i ln, khng c in p offset, khng b nh hng bi nhiu ( i vi electrochemical sensor ).
4.3 nhng u im khi s dng cng ngh FPAA trong o kh CO
Ba l do chnh tc gi ng dng cng ngh FPAA vo thit k thit b o, gim st nng kh CO:
-
Hin nay Vit Nam hu ht cc thit b o kh CO l thit b ngoi nhp, c ng kn, t c kh nng m rng chc nng ca thit b, gi thnh cao khong t 150 700USD. Nh vy nhu cu thit k mt thit b o v
gim st kh CO cng nh kh nng m rng cc chc nng cho thit b trong nhiu trng hp l ht sc cn thit. - Vi nhng tnh cht ca cc sensor o kh CO nh trnh by phn trn, vic tuyn tnh ho hoc to mch khuych i vi h s ln, chnh xc, vic b nhiu, hiu chnh cc thng s cho mch in t tng t thng thng rt phc tp. Cng vic ny s tr nn n gin hn khi s dng cng ngh FPAA
Hong T Uyn
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- S dng cng ngh FPAA s d dng m rng nng cp thit b. V d ta c th o, gim st nhiu kh khc nhau m khng cn phi thit k li mch phn cng, ch cn thay sensor o kh CO bng sensor o kh khc, thay i cc khi chc nng trong chip FPAA. Nh vy vi s linh hot ca cng ngh FPAA thit b c th c nng cp thnh thit b o v gim st nhiu kh. Trong ti ny, tc gi chn sensor o kh CO TSG2442 ca hng Figaro thit k. y l cm bin kiu bn dn, c kch c nh, cng sut tiu th thp, nhy vi kh CO ln, t chu nh hng ca hi m v cc kh khc, c gi thnh r, hot ng n nh tin cy. Di o ca sensor t 30 1000(ppm), p
ng c yu cu gim st nng kh CO gy nguy him n sc khe con ngi. Sau y l mt s c im ca sensor TSG2442 - Cu trc : Sensor c 4 chn, cu trc a tng. Mt lp thy tinh cch nhit c t gia b t nng lm bng RuO2 v cht nn Alumina. Mt i cc bng Au c ni ti b t nng v c ph mt lp cch nhit. Lp nhy cm vi kh CO (lp sensor) c lm bng SnO2, mt cp cc Pt o in tr ca sensor. C b t nng v SnO2 c bao ph bi mt lp cch in. - Mch o c bn:
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Hnh 4-3.1 Mch o c bn i vi sensor TSG2442
Nguyn l lm vic ca cm bin kiu bn dn c trnh by trong phn 2.2.2a). Nng ca kh CO lm thay i in tr Rs ca sensor. Chn 1 v 4 cung cp in p cho b t nng (heater), b t nng c tc dng xc tc cho phn ng hp th oxy trn b mt tinh th SnO2, ng thi tng tnh chn lc i vi kh CO. Chn 2 v 3 c dng o s bin i in tr. sensor hot ng chnh xc cn phi iu khin cc xung cung cp in p cho sensor theo s sau :
Hnh 4- 3.2 S xung in p cp cho sensor o kh CO
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Chu k hot ng ca sensor l 1 giy. VH l in p cung cp cho b t nng, chu k ca VH l mt giy, 14ms u tin VH c in p l 4.8(V), 986ms tip theo VH c in p l 0(V). VC l in p cp cho lp sensor, chu k ca VC cng l 1s, 995ms u tin VC mang gi tr 0(V), 5ms tip theo VC mang gi tr l 5(V). c c c tnh tt nht ca sensor, thi im o nn l sau im gia ca xung VC Cng thc tnh in tr ca sensor :
Rs = Vcc * R L RL Vout
(4.6)
ng c tnh ca sensor :
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Hnh 4-3.3 ng c tnh ca sensor theo nng CO (ppm)
Trong R0 l in tr ca sensor ti nng CO l 100(ppm), R0 c gi tr trong khong 6.81(k) 68.1 (k). Nh vy vi mi sensor cn phi c kim tra xc nh c in tr R0
Hnh 4-3.4 : S nh hng ca nhit n c tnh ca sensor
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Ta thy rng ng c tnh ca sensor b dch chuyn khi nhit thay i. y nhit chun cho hot ng ca sensor l 250C. Nu nhit gim, ng c tnh dch chuyn nn trn, lm cho nng kh CO tng. Nu nhit tng, ng c tnh dch chuyn xung di, lm nng kh CO gim. thit b o nng kh hot ng tt, ta cn phi b nhit . Hng Figaro a ra h s b nhit nh sau. KTemp =
Rs R0
(4.7)
Trong : Rs l in tr ca sensor iu kin nhit thay i R0 l in tr ca sensor iu kin nhit chun 25oC Bng 4.1 : Bng h s b nhit ca sensor TGS2442
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Nhit ( oC ) -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 KTemp 2.72 2.34 1.99 1.70 1.46 1.27 1.12 1.00 0.909 0.839 0.786 0.744 0.712
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14 15
55 60
0.687 0.668
Vi ng c tnh ca sensor nh hnh v, o c nng CO ta phi thc hin cc bc sau: - o in p Vout - o nhit , tm ra h s KTemp - Tnh ra gi tr ca Rs theo cng thc (4.6) - Thc hin b nhit theo h s KTemp - Tnh t s - T
Rs R0
Rs tra theo ng c tnh cho ta s tm c nng kh CO R0
tng ng. qu trnh o c n gin ta s c mt vi bc bin i nh sau: T cng thc (4.6) ta c :

Rs = Vc Vout RL Vout
(4.8)
Chia hai v ca (4.8) cho R0

Rs Vc Vout R L = R0 Vout R0
(4.9)
Nh vy t in p o c u ra ca sensor Vout, nu tnh c v phi ca cng thc (4.9) ta c ngay gi tr ca

Rs . Nu c b nhit ta ch vic R0
chia v tri ca (4.9) cho h s b nhit KTemp

R Rs Vc Vout = L R0 Vout K Temp R0
(4.10)
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Nu s dng cng ngh FPAA ta thc hin vic tnh ton v phi rt n gin. Cc bc thc hin khi s dng cng ngh FPAA nh sau : - To bng tra t
Rs in p UCO sao cho UCO tuyn tnh vi nng R0
ca kh CO. Np bng tra vo LUT ca chip FPAA - Lp trnh cc khi chc nng (CAM) thc hin cc php tnh v phi ca cng thc (4.10), kt qu ca cc php tnh s l u vo ca bng tra LUT Nh vy FPAA s c u vo l in p u ra t sensor (Vout), u ra ca FPAA l mt in p (VCO) tuyn tnh vi nng kh CO. y chnh l qu trnh tuyn tnh ho c tnh ca sensor TGS2442.
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Chng 5 : Thit k thit b o kh CO s dng cng ngh FPAA 5.1 Cc bc thit k thit b o kh CO Xc nh yu cu k thut ca thit b Phng php o c th v xy dng phn cng ca thit b Thit k phn mm x l s liu Tin hnh kim tra thc nghim vi thit b o thit k 5.2 Thit k thit b o, gim st kh CO 5.2.1 Yu cu k thut o c nng kh CO trong di t 0 1000 ppm B c nhit v a s nhng sens o kh CO chu tc ng ln t nhit Hin th kt qu o ln mn hnh LCD Kt ni c vi my tnh. D dng thay i, hiu chnh cc thng s ca mch o. C tn hiu bo ng khi nng kh CO vt qu ngng cho php 5.2.2 Thit k phn cng thit b Trn c s yu cu k thut ca thit b, phn cng ca thit b bao gm - Sens o kh CO - Sens o nhit - Mn hnh tinh th lng LCD - Mch truyn tin kt ni vi my tnh RS232
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- Phn chnh ca thit b o gm: Vi mch FPAA x l trung tm PIC18F2320. S khi ca thit b o c m t trn hnh 5.1 :
AN221E04, vi mch
sensor o nhit
LM35D
Vt Vdo Data
LCD
Vout
Sensor o kh CO
AN221E04
DClk AClk
Pic 18F2320
RS232 Bn phm
CS POR
Hnh 5.1 : S khi thit b o kh CO s dng cng ngh FPAA Mch vi x l trung tm B vi x l trung tm dng vi iu khin Pic18F2320, y l vi mch ca hng Microchip, hin nay ang c a chung v s dng rt rng ri v c t hp nhiu mudul chc nng, rt linh ng, d s dng, gi thnh hp l. Vi iu khin Pic18F2320 c - 512 Byte RAM, c th truy cp trc tip hoc gin tip, dng lu cc bin. - 256 Byte EEPROM lu nhng thng s c nh
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- 8Kbyte b nh chng trnh. Tuy nhin Pic18F2320 cho php s dng b nh chng trnh lu gi d liu nh nhng b nh EEPROM thng thng. Nh vy ta c th tn dng c nhng nh khng s dng trong b nh chng trnh. Trong thit b ny d liu np cho AN221E04 c lu trong b nh chng trnh ca Pic18F2320. - C 3 cng vo ra A, B, C. Cc cng vo ra ny c nhiu chc nng, c th lp trnh thay i chc nng ca cc chn ny. V d cc cng ny c th c chn l chn vo hoc chn ra iu khin digital, c th l cc chn analog u vo ca cc b ADC, cc chn truyn nhn ca truyn khng ng b RS232, truyn ng b theo chun SPI, I2C ...vvv - C 4 b Timer/Counter c th lp trnh chn 8 bit hay 16 bit. Trong thit b o kh CO s dng Timer0, Timer1. Timer0 c s dng to ra cc ngt 512s giao tip vi my tnh, LCD, bn phm. Timer1 to ngt 1ms, phc v vic iu khin sensor v o kh CO. - 2 module Capture/Compare/PWM - Cc modul truyn ni tip gm : truyn ng b theo giao thc SPI, giao thc I2C, truyn khng ng b (USART). Trong phn cng ca thit b, ta s dng hai module truyn ni tip l mudule truyn ng b SPI giao tip vi AN221E04, module truyn khng ng b USART giao tip vi my tnh. - Mudule chuyn i analog- digital (ADC) mi knh u vo. ADC c s dng o in p c tuyn tnh ho vi nng kh CO t AN221E04 v o in p u ra ca sensor nhit LM35D.
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- Pic18F2320 c th hot ng vi nhiu tn s khc nhau, tn s ln nht m Pic18F2320 hot ng l 40MHz. Trong phn thit k ta chn tn s cp cho vi iu khin l 4MHz, dao ng theo kiu RC.
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Giao tip gia vi iu khin vi my tnh Vi iu khin kt ni vi my tnh qua mch cch ly quang 4N35 theo chun RS232. Giao tip gia vi iu khin vi AN221E04 Vi mch AN221E04 hot ng mode 0, trao i thng tin vi h vi x l ch. - Vi iu khin cp ngun clock ch (ACLK) cho AN221E04 vi tn s 1MHz thng qua chn CLKOUT - Vi iu khin giao tip vi AN221E04 theo giao thc SPI. Cng C ca vi iu khin c s dng giao tip vi AN221E04, c th nh sau: + RC5 ni vi chn CS2b cho php AN221E04 hot ng + RC2 ni vi chn PORb Reset vi mch AN221E04 + RC3 l chn clock trong giao tip SPI vi AN221E04 + RC4 l chn data trong giao tip SPI vi AN221E04 - in p u ra ca AN221E04 ( t l vi nng kh CO ) c vo mt u vo b bin i tng t s ADC (AN0) ca vi iu khin.
- Hai tn hiu bo chuyn thang tuyn tnh vi iu khin thay i h s tuyn tnh Ktt + RA2 : Bo vi iu khin dng thang tuyn tnh vi h s tuyn tnh Ktt1 + RA3 : Bo vi iu khin dng thang tuyn tnh vi h s tuyn tnh Ktt2 Giao tip gia vi iu khin vi LCD Vi iu khin truyn d liu theo kiu song song 4 bit sang LCD. Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
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+ Chn RB2, RB3 l cc chn iu khin hot ng ca LCD + Chn RB4- RB7 l 4 chn truyn d liu song song 4 bt sang LCD Sensor o nhit LM35D c in p u ra t l vi nhit ( oC ), in p u ra c a ti u vo b bin i tng t khin. Cc chn RA4, RC0, RC1 ca vi iu khin c dng iu khin cp ngun in p xung cho sensor TGS2442 theo ng s hnh 4-3.2. Cc chn RA5, RB0, RB1 c s dng nhn phm 5.2.3 Thit k phn mm 5.2.3.1 Nguyn l hot ng chung ca thit b Vi iu khin nhn phn mm thit lp cu trc cho AN221E04 t my tnh, lu vo b nh EEPROM ca mnh. Sau mi ln PowerOn hoc Reset, vi iu khin c chng trnh t b nh EEPROM ghi vo b nh n ca AN221E04. Qu trnh chuyn ni dung cu hnh t b nh SRAM n sang b nh SRAM cu hnh ch din ra trong vng mt nhp clock. Vic chuyn ni dung ny xy ra t ng ngay sau qu trnh nhn d liu t h vi x l ch. Sau khi c xc lp cu hnh, AN221E04 hot ng nh mch tuyn tnh ho, u vo l in p u ra ( phi tuyn ) ca sensor TGS2442, u ra l in p tuyn tnh vi nng kh CO. in p u ra (VCO )c a vo u vo b ADC ca vi iu khin, vi iu khin o VCO , nhn vi h s tuyn tnh (Ktt ) tm c nng kh CO cn o. b nhit cho sensor, vi iu khin o in p u ra(Vt ) ca cm bin nhit (LM35D), t in p Vt vi iu khin tnh ra nhit , tra bng, tm c s ADC (AN1) ca vi iu
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h s KTemp theo bng 3.1, vi iu khin t ng truyn h s ny xung AN221E04. AN221E04 tnh ton v phi ca cng thc (4.10) vi h s KTemp c truyn xung, in p u ra ca AN2221 c b nhit . Nng kh CO o c, c hin th trn mn hnh LCD. Khi nng kh CO vt qu nhng ngng bo ng, vi iu khin s c nhng tn hiu bo ng tu theo mc nguy him m nng kh CO vt qua. 5.2.3.2 Thit k cc khi chc nng trong AN221E04 Nh gii thiu cc chng 1 v chng 3, cc khi chc nng trong AN221E04 c thit k thng qua phn mm AnadigmDesigner2. Ngi s dng chn cc khi chc nng cn thit trong th vin CAM ca phn mm ny, kt ni vi nhau to thnh h thng mch hon chnh. Ton b cng vic cn thc hin trong AN221E04 l - To nhng khi chc nng thc hin c v phi ca cng thc (4.10) - To bng tra t
RS in p UCO sao cho UCO tuyn tnh vi nng R0
ca kh CO. Bng tra ny c np vo LUT. Cng thc (4.10) : Trong cng thc (4.10) : RL : l gi tr in tr trong mch o kh CO, RL c gi tr khng i R0 : l gi tr in tr ca sensor ti nng kh CO bng 100ppm, nhit 25oC. Nh vy R0 cng c gi tr khng i i vi tng sensor TGS2442.
R Rs Vc Vout = L R0 Vout K Temp R0
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thc hin php tnh ( Vc Vout ) ta cn mt mch tr Php tnh

1 K Temp RL c th dng mt b khuych i thay th, h s R0
khuych i thay i tu thuc vo KTemp, iu kin chun ( 25oC ) h s khuych i bng

RL R0
Tip theo ta cn b chia thc hin php chia :

(Vc Vout ) RL K Temp R0
Vout
(5.1)
RS bin thin trong R0
Sau khi thc hin php chia, ta c kt qu chnh bng khong 0 3 (V).
Trong th vin CAM, CAM - Tranferfuntion l mt mch truyn t in p vi c tnh hm truyn t c quy nh bi ni dung ca bng tra LUT. CAM ny cho php in p u vo t -3 3(V), u ra t -4 4. Nh vy php o c chnh xc, ta chun ho tn hiu vo CAM Tranferfuntion (
RS ) t 0 R0
3(V) thnh -3 3 (V). thc hin iu ny ta cn thc hin php tnh (

RS -1)*2 R0
(5.2)
Nh vy ta cn c thm mt khi SumDif ( CAM ny cho php thc hin c php cng v tr. Mi nhnh vo u c th lp trnh thay i h s khuych
Hong T Uyn
-79-
thuong@thuongvn.com
i). Kt qu ca php tnh (5.2) s l u vo ca CAM s dng tra bng LUT.
Tranferfuntion, c
thc hin tuyn tnh c nng CO theo in p UCO, ta s thc hin tuyn tnh theo nh hnh 5.2 Do in p ra ca cc on u t 0 4(V) nn ta s dng thm hai b so snh, mc ch bo cho vi iu khin thi im thay i h s tuyn tnh (Ktt) Hnh 5.3 th hin s cc khi chc nng trong AN221E04
CO(ppm )
1000
K tt2
= 250
300
K tt1
100
= 75
K tt
= 25
4(V )
UCO
Hnh 5.2 : th tuyn tnh ho nng CO theo in p
Hong T Uyn
-80-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Hnh 5.3 : S cc khi chc nng trong AN221E04
S cc khi chc nng ca AN221E04 c th hin hnh 5.2. Trong : Khi SumDif : l b cng (tr) in p c th c ti bn lng vo. Cc li vo c th o hoc khng o cho nn ta c th thc hin c php cng v tr thng qua phn t CAM ny. Mi nhnh vo u c th lp trnh thay i h s khuych i. Mch c b chnh in p offset vo phase ly mu tn hiu. Khi GainHalf : CAM ny l tng khuych i mt na chu k ( 1 hoc 2 ca tn hiu switching ). Ngi thit k c th quy nh b khuych i l o hoc khng o, chn phase ly mu l 1 hoc 2, v t h s khuych i trong phm vi cho. in p offset ca mch c b chnh trong phase ly mu.
Hong T Uyn
-81-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Khi Divider : CAM ny thc hin php chia in p (X:Y:k). in p vo pha bn tri (X) chia cho in p vo pha di (Y) c lng t ho vi 8 bit v mt h s chia (k). Ngi thit k lp trnh quy nh gi tr ca k. Khi Comparator : CAM ny l mt mch so snh in p. C th so snh hai in p vo vi nhau, cng c th thc hin so snh in p vo vi im t ca mch, hoc so snh in p vo vi mt in p chun tu chn. Khi Voltage : l mt ngun in p chun c dng ni ti cc im trong mch. Mc in p c th l +3V hoc -3V. Khi TransferFuntion: L mt mch truyn t in p vi c tnh hm truyn t c quy nh bi ni dung ca bng tra LUT. Vi tnh cht ca bng tra LUT, hm truyn t ny c th c m t bng mt tp hp c 256 im gin on. 5.2.3.3 Thit lp bng tra LUT trong AN221E04 Tra theo ng c tnh hnh 4-3.4 ta s c nng ca kh CO theo gi tr ca
Rs nh sau: R0
RS R0
Bng 5.1 Bng biu din nng kh CO v

Rs R0
3
STT 1
Nng kh CO 30
Hong T Uyn
-82-
thuong@thuongvn.com
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
2,4 1,9 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,1 1 0,53 0,36 0,28 0,24 0,2 0,18 0,16 0,14 0,12
thit lp c bng tra LUT da vo s tuyn tnh hnh 5.2 - Vi on tuyn tnh th nht : in p u ra ln nht ca bng LUT l 4(V) ng vi nng ln nht ca CO l 100ppm. Nh vy h s t l Ktt = 25 - on tuyn tnh th hai : in p u ra 4(V) ng vi nng CO l 300ppm. H s t l Ktt1 = 75 - on tuyn tnh th ba : in p u ra 4(V) ng vi nng CO l 1000ppm. H s t l Ktt2 = 250 - Cc gi tr cho trong bng 5.1 l khng lin tc, nn ta thc hin tuyn tnh ho trong tng khong vi phng trnh dng : Hong T Uyn y = a.x + b
-83-
thuong@thuongvn.com
* Tuyn tnh ho on nng CO = 30 40 (ppm) Nng CO = 30 40 (ppm)

Rs = 3 2,4 R0
3 = a.30 + b a = 0,06 2,4 = a.40 + b b = 4,8

Rs = 2,4 1,9 R0
2,4 = a.40 + b a = 0,05 1,9 = a.50 + b b = 4,4

Rs = 1,9 1,1 R0
1,9 = a.50 + b a = 0,02 1,3 = a.90 + b b = 2,9

90 = a.1,1 + b a = 100 100 = a.1 + b b = 200
Rs = 1,1 1 R0
* Tuyn tnh ho on nng CO = 100 200 (ppm)
Hong T Uyn
-84-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Nng CO = 100 200 (ppm)
Rs = 1 0,53 R0
100 = a.1 + b a = 212,766 200 = a.0,53 + b b = 312,766
Rs = 0,53 0,36 R0
200 = a.0,53 + b a = 588,235 300 = a.0,36 + b b = 511,764
Rs = 0,36 0,28 R0
300 = a.0,36 + b a = 1250 400 = a.0,28 + b b = 750
Rs = 0,28 0,2 R0
400 = a.0,28 + b a = 2500 600 = a.0,2 + b b = 1100
* Tuyn tnh ho on nng CO = 600 1000 (ppm)
Hong T Uyn
-85-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Nng CO = 600 1000 (ppm)
Rs = 0,2 0,12 R0
600 = a.0,2 + b a = 5000 1000 = a.0,12 + b b = 1600
Bng 5.2 : Bng tra LUT cho AN221E04

Nng kh CO(ppm) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Rs R0
3 2,94 2,88 2,82 2,76 2,7 2,64 2,58 2,52 2,46 2,4 2,35 2,3 2,25 2,2 2,15 2,1 2,05 2 1,95
Rs -1,5)*2 R0
3 2,88 2,76 2,64 2,52 2,4 2,28 2,16 2,04 1,92 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,2 1,1 1 0,9
VCO 1,2 1,24 1,28 1,32 1,36 1,4 1,44 1,48 1,52 1,56 1,6 1,64 1,68 1,72 1,76 1,8 1,84 1,88 1,92 1,96
Hong T Uyn
-86-
thuong@thuongvn.com
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
1,9 1,88 1,86 1,84 1,82 1,8 1,78 1,76 1,74 1,72 1,7 1,68 1,66 1,64 1,62 1,6 1,58 1,56 1,54 1,52 1,5 1,48 1,46 1,44 1,42 1,4 1,38 1,36
0,8 0,76 0,72 0,68 0,64 0,6 0,56 0,52 0,48 0,44 0,4 0,36 0,32 0,28 0,24 0,2 0,16 0,12 0,08 0,04 0 -0,04 -0,08 -0,12 -0,16 -0,2 -0,24 -0,28
2 2,04 2,08 2,12 2,16 2,2 2,24 2,28 2,32 2,36 2,4 2,44 2,48 2,52 2,56 2,6 2,64 2,68 2,72 2,76 2,8 2,84 2,88 2,92 2,96 3 3,04 3,08
Hong T Uyn
-87-
thuong@thuongvn.com
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 100 103 105 108 110 113 115 118
1,34 1,32 1,3 1,28 1,26 1,24 1,22 1,2 1,18 1,16 1,14 1,12 1,1 1,088 1,076 1,064 1,052 1,04 1,028 1,016 1 0,988 0,976 0,964 0,952 0,94 0,928 0,916
-0,32 -0,36 -0,4 -0,44 -0,48 -0,52 -0,56 -0,6 -0,64 -0,68 -0,72 -0,76 -0,8 -0,824 -0,848 -0,872 -0,896 -0,92 -0,944 -0,968 -1 -1,024 -1,048 -1,072 -1,096 -1,12 -1,144 -1,168
3,12 3,16 3,2 3,24 3,28 3,32 3,36 3,4 3,44 3,48 3,52 3,56 3,6 3,64 3,68 3,76 3,8 3,84 3,88 1,307 1,333 1,373 1,4 1,44 1,467 1,507 1,533 1,573
Hong T Uyn
-88-
thuong@thuongvn.com
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
120 123 126 128 131 133 136 138 141 143 146 149 151 154 156 159 161 164 166 169 171 174 177 179 182 184 187 189
0,904 0,892 0,88 0,868 0,856 0,844 0,832 0,82 0,808 0,796 0,784 0,772 0,76 0,748 0,736 0,724 0,712 0,7 0,688 0,676 0,664 0,652 0,64 0,628 0,616 0,604 0,592 0,58
-1,192 -1,216 -1,24 -1,264 -1,288 -1,312 -1,336 -1,36 -1,384 -1,408 -1,432 -1,456 -1,48 -1,504 -1,528 -1,552 -1,576 -1,6 -1,624 -1,648 -1,672 -1,696 -1,72 -1,744 -1,768 -1,792 -1,816 -1,84
1,6 1,64 1,68 1,707 1,748 1,773 1,813 1,84 1,88 1,907 1,947 1,987 2,013 2,053 2,08 2,12 2,147 2,187 2,213 2,253 2,28 2,32 2,36 2,387 2,427 2,453 2,493 2,52
Hong T Uyn
-89-
thuong@thuongvn.com
105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132
192 194 197 200 207 214 221 228 235 242 249 256 264 271 278 285 292 300 315 330 345 360 375 400 430 460 490 520
0,568 0,556 0,544 0,53 0,518 0,506 0,494 0,482 0,470 0,458 0,446 0,434 0,422 0,410 0,398 0,386 0,374 0,36 0,348 0,336 0,324 0,312 0,3 0,28 0,268 0,256 0,244 0,232
-1,864 -1,888 -1,912 -1,94 -1,964 -1,988 -2,012 -2,036 -2,060 -2,084 -2,108 -2,132 -2,156 -2,180 -2,204 -2,228 -2,252 -2,28 -2,304 -2,328 -2,352 -2,376 -2,4 -2,44 -2,464 -2,488 -2,512 -2,536
2,56 2,587 2,627 2,667 2,76 2,853 2,947 3,04 3,133 3,227 3,32 3,413 3,52 3,613 3,707 3,8 1,168 1,2 1,26 1,32 1,38 1,44 1,5 1,6 1,72 1,84 1,96 2,08
Hong T Uyn
-90-
thuong@thuongvn.com
133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142
550 580 600 660 720 780 840 900 960 1000
0,22 0,208 0,2 0,188 0,176 0,164 0,152 0,14 0,128 0,12
-2,56 -2,584 -2,6 -2,624 -2,648 -2,672 -2,696 -2,72 -2,744 -2,76
2,2 2,32 2,4 2,64 2,88 3,12 3,36 3,6 3,84 4
Hong T Uyn
-91-
thuong@thuongvn.com
5.2.3.4 Lu thut ton trong vi iu khin
Power On Reset
- Init cc Port A, B, C - Init khi truyn tin USART - Init LCD - Init cc thanh ghi - Init AN221E04 - Np cu hnh cho AN221E04 - Init cc ngt : Ngt Timer0, Ngt Timer1
i Ngt
Hnh 5.4 Lu khi ng cho vi iu khin
Hong T Uyn
-92-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Ngt Timer0
RxTest Sub
Yes RxTest? No Yes TxTest? No Yes
TxTest Sub
LCDTest Sub
LCDTest? No
KeyTest Sub
Yes
KeyTest? No
RetI Hnh 5.5 Lu thut ton khi ngt Timer0 xy ra
Hong T Uyn
-93-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Ngt Timer0 c dng gi cc chng trnh con nh : - Nhn lnh t my tnh gi xung, x l cc yu cu ca my tnh - Nhn lnh t bn phm - Gi d liu nn my tnh nu c yu cu - Gi d liu o c ln mn hnh LCD Cc chng trnh con : - RxTest? Kim tra xem c d liu t my tnh truyn xung khng. - RxTest Sub : Chng trnh con phc v d liu t my tnh truyn xung - TxTest? Kim tra xem c d liu truyn ln my tnh khng. - TxTest Sub : Chng trnh con phc v truyn d liu ln my tnh - LCDTest? Kim tra xem c d liu gi ra LCD khng. - LCDTest Sub : Chng trnh con phc v gi d liu ra LCD - KeyTest? Kim tra xem c lnh t bn phm khng - KeyTest Sub : Chng trnh con phc v ngt bn phm
Hong T Uyn
-94-
thuong@thuongvn.com
RxTest Sub
Nhn d liu t my tnh, lu vo b nh m
Kim tra cc lnh ca my tnh
Lu d liu vo EEPROM
Yes
Lu d liu No
Gi d liu lnmy tnh
Yes
Gi d liu No Reset AN221E04 No Yes Reset AN221E04
Return Hnh 5.6 Lu thut ton khi vi iu khin nhn c thng tn t my tnh
Hong T Uyn
-95-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Ngt Timer1 -c ADC o CO -Xc nh h s tuyn tnh t chn RA2, RA3 -Dng c flagtmp -Init knh ADC o t0 -Xo c flagCO
Yes flagCO? No flagtmp? No No KTemp miKTemp c Yes Np KTemp mi vo AN221E04 Yes
c ADC o t0 Xo c flagtmp Tnh ton h s b KTemp mi
Tng b m Cnt1ms
No
VC mc cao? Yes Tng CntVCO
CntVCO = 3? No
Yes
Init ADC o CO Dng c flagCO
Hong T Uyn
-96-
thuong@thuongvn.com
t VH mc thp
Yes Cnt1ms =14? No Cnt1ms=995 ? No Yes t VC mc cao Init CntVCO
- Init Cnt1ms - Init CntVCO - t VC mc thp - t VH mc cao - Tnh nng CO - Gi d liu ra mn hnh LCD
Yes
Cnt1ms=1000? No
RetI Hnh 5.7 Lu thut ton khi vi iu khin nhn c ngt Timer1
Ngt Timer1 c s dng to cc in p xung cp cho sensor o kh CO, chn thi im c gi tr vo ADC ng nh hng dn ca nh sn xut, sensor lm vic trong iu kin tt nht v cho kt qu chnh xc nht. Trong : - B m Cnt1ms l b m c 1ms tng mt ln, xc nh thi im lp v xo cc in p VH, VC ht mt chu k o Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin
-97-
thuong@thuongvn.com
- B m CntVCO xc nh thi im o gia ca in p VC - C flagCO bo n thi im c ADC o nng kh CO - C flagtmp bo n thi im c ADC o nhit Hnh 5.8 sau y l s nguyn l ca thit b o nng kh CO
Hong T Uyn
-98-
thuong@thuongvn.com
L1 C10 JP1 1 2 100n GND C12 100n 2 C13 100n L2
U3 D1 U1 VIN GND + 4 + 1 C1 2200uF 7805 VCC VOUT 3 R10 470k VCC Rx R9 4,7k 6 5 4 MCT2 1
R8 TxD 330j 2 GNDC VCC R4 330j 1 2 Tx U2 4N35 6 5 DTR RxD 4 R6 4,7k GNDC R5 470k
C11 100n
BRIDGE 3 GND
2 GND
GND GND POR VCC VCC
VCC
44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34
U8
R15 10k R13 10k R17 10k Q4 NPN D5
VCC VCC D6 LED Q1 R12 10k VCC Heater H-In 1k 4 3 RxD TxD DTR GNDC JP2 1 2 3 4
RA2 GND RA3 GND GND VCC CO GND VCC GND InFP
GND 1 2
IO2N SHIELD AVDD2 VREFMC VREFPC VMRC BVDD BVSS CFGFLGb CS2b CS1b
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
IO4NB IO4PB IO4NC IO4PC IO4ND IO4PD IO3N IO3P EXECUTE PORb DOUTCLK
IO4PA IO4NA O1P O1N AVSS AVDD O2P O2N IO1P IO1N IO2P
AClk GND GND DCLK
GND InFP R1 10k R2 300k Load1 Q2 GND 3 Vt GND GND VCC GND RA0 GND RA1
1 2
AN221E04V2
ACTIVATE ERRb LCCb DIN DVSS DVDD OUTCLK ACLK MODE SVSS DCLK
33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
GND
4 3
Data GND VCC
R11 GND
R16 10k
U6 TGS2442 JP4 1 2 3 4 5 6
U7 VCC1
LM35D
VCC VOUT
12 VCC 13 VCC 14 15 16 17 VCC 18 GND 19 20 CS2b 21 GND 22
Load2
Q3 RB7 RB6 RB5 RB4 JP5 1 2 3 4
GND
2 GND
GND D4 2 Res CO Vt RA2 RA3 MCLR/VPP/THV RB7/PGD RA0/AN0 RB6/PGC RA1/AN1 RB5 RA2/AN2/VREFRB4 RA3/AN3/VREF+ RB3/PGM RA4/T0CKI RB2 RA5/SS/AN4 RB1 GND1 RB0/INT OSC1/CLKIN VDD OSC2/CLKOUT GND2 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RC7/RX/DT RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RC6/TX/CK RC2/CCP1 RC5/SDO RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 RB7 RB6 RB5 RB4 RA0 RA1 K2 K1 VCC GND Rx Tx CS2b Data R14 47k Res RB7 RB6 VCC GND JP3 1 2 3 4 5 1 VCC R18 10k K1 VCC R19 10k K2 R20 10k K3
C2 100nF VCC
C4 100nF GND
C5 100nF R3 10k
U4 VCC 1 2 3 4 5 Load2 6 K3 7 GND 8 9 AClk 10 Heater 11 Load 12 POR 13 DCLK 14
PIC16F876
K1 K2 K3 GND
JP6 1 2 3 4
R7 4.7k
C3 47pF GND
Title <Title> Size A Date: Document Number <Doc> Friday , Nov ember 10, 2006 Sheet 1 of 1 Rev <Rev C
Hong T Uyn
Hnh 5.8 : S nguyn l v cc H b o nng khin CO Ngnh o lng ca thit thng iu kh
-99-
thuong@thuongvn.com
5.3 Kt qu ca qu trnh thit k Do kinh nghim v thi gian thit k c nhiu hn ch nn thit b thit k cha c hon thin. Thit b c mt s modul hot ng tt. Sau y l cc kt qu t c ca thit b. Mch phn cng
sensor o nhit Vi iu khin Pic18F2320 Mn hnh LCD
Cng RS323 (ni vi my tnh)
sensor o kh CO
Chip FPAA AN221E04
Hnh 5.9 Phn cng thit b o kh CO
Phn mm giao din vi iu khin c th nhn c d liu cu hnh ca AN221E04 t my tnh( c to ra bng phn mm AnadigmDesigner2, c nh dng di dng file binary. V d tn file DokhiCO.bin ) v giao tip vi ngi s dng cn
Hong T Uyn
-100-
thuong@thuongvn.com
c phn mm giao din. Phn mm ny c thit k bng Visual Basic v c th hin nh hnh 5.10:
Hnh 5.10 Phn mm giao din ca thit b o kh CO
Phn mm giao din c cc chc nng nh sau: - Khi ngi s dng n nt Send Data , chng trnh s c file d liu cu hnh ca AN221E04, gi d liu xung vi iu khin, ng thi hin th nhng d liu gi ln TextBox Hong T Uyn D liu gi ti vi iu
-101-
thuong@thuongvn.com
khin
. Lable
ACK
nhp nhy, bo hiu vi iu khin ang nhn
d liu. Khi qu trnh nhn kt thc, vi iu khin gi tn hiu bo kt thc v nhn ACK s hin th Successful . Vi iu khin sau
khi nhn c d liu s ghi d liu vo EEPROM. - kim tra d liu vi iu khin nhn c c ng vi d liu gi i khng, ngi s dng n nt Receive Data, vi iu khin s gi d liu c trong EEPROM ln my tnh thng qua chun RS232. D liu my tnh nhn c hin th trn TextBox khin - Hai Frame PORbit v CS2bbit c s dng iu khin chn chip v Reset cho AN221E04 - Khi ngi s dng n nt WrFPAA, vi iu khin s np d liu trong EEPROM vo AN22104 - Nt Exit thot khi chng trnh Cc modul hot ng ca vi iu khin - Vi iu khin giao tip vi LCD, LCD hin th c tt c cc d liu m vi iu khin gi ra - Giao tip c vi my tnh, nhn c nhng d liu v lnh m my tnh gi xung, gi ln my tnh nhng d liu m my tnh yu cu. - Vi iu khin giao tip c vi chip AN221E04. iu c th hin nh sau: khi vi iu khin np vo AN221E04 d liu cu hnh, tn hiu bo nhn cu hnh ca AN221E04 c xc lp ( c th : chn s 33_ACTIVATE mc cao bo hiu cu hnh FPAA c D liu nhn t vi iu
Hong T Uyn
-102-
thuong@thuongvn.com
np, chn s 32_ERRb mc cao bo hiu khng c li khi np cu hnh), ng thi khi th mt s khi chc nng v d mch khuch i, mch cng, u ra p ng ng. Cc modul trn u c gi t ngt Timer0. Sau y l cc chng trnh con thc hin ngt Timer0 v cc modul trn. org 0 ; a ch ca vector Reset
goto Init org 0x8 ; a ch ca vector ngt
goto IntTmr0 ;------ Chng trnh Init cc modul ca vi iu khin ----;( Lu thut ton th hin hnh 5.5) Init call call call call call call call call loop goto Loop ; Chng trnh con phc v ngt Timer0 ( Lu thut ton th hin hnh 5.6 ) IntTmr0 btfss intcon,tmr0if,0 Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin PortInit UsartInit LcdInit InitReg LCDscr ReadEE WrFPAA IntInit ; Init cc cng ; Init cng USART ; Init mn hnh LCD ; Init mn hnh LCD ; Hin th ln mn hnh LCD ; c cc thng s c ghi trong trong EEPROM ; Ghi d liu cu hnh, khi ng cho AN221E04 ; Khi ng cc ngt
-103-
thuong@thuongvn.com
retfie call call call call EndTm0 bcf retfie ;------ Chng trnh con RxTest (( Lu thut ton th hin hnh 5.7) ;Trong mt Frame d liu gi t my tnh xung byte u tin (STX) bo hiu ;bt u mt Frame, byte tip theo l byte lnh, tip n l 7 byte d liu, 1 byte ;kim tra li, cui cng l byte bo kt thc Frame(ETX) RxTest btfss Pir1,Rcif,0 ; Kim tra c d liu t my tnh truyn ; xung khng return movf movwf xorlw btfss goto bsf clrf clrf return Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin RcReg,w,0 DatTmp,0 STX status,z,0 Rx1 BitBuf,fSTX,0 RxCnt,0 RxBcc,0 ; Kim tra k t bo bt u mt Frame intcon,tmr0if,0 RxTest TxTest LCDTest KeyTest
-104-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Rx1 btfss return movf xorlw btfss goto bsf bcf bcf movf btfss return goto ComSwitch ;Nhy n chng trnh x l thng tin nhn c t my tnh Rx2 movf andlw addlw movwf movf movwf xorwf bcf incf Hong T Uyn RxCnt,w,0 0x0f RxBuf fsr0l,0 DatTmp,w,0 indf0,0 RxBcc,f,0 indf0,7,0 RxCnt,f,0 Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin ;Lu d liu nhn c vo RAM DatTmp,w,0 ETX status,z,0 Rx2 portb,0,0 BitBuf,fSTX,0 RxBcc,7,0 RxBcc,w,0 status,z,0 ; Kim tra k t kt thc mt Frame BitBuf,fSTX,0
-105-
thuong@thuongvn.com
return
Hong T Uyn
-106-
thuong@thuongvn.com
;--------------------------------ComSwitch movf rlncf andlw addwf goto pcl,w,0 RxBuf,w,0 0x1f pcl,f,0 StData ; Byte lnh=0: bo Frame u ca d liu ; cu hnh goto ConData ; Byte lnh=1: bo cc Frame tip theo ; ca d liu cu hnh goto EndData ; Byte lnh=3: bo cc Frame cui ; ca d liu cu hnh goto SendData ; Byte lnh=5: yu cu gi d liu cu ;hnh nhn ln my tnh goto SetPOR ; Byte lnh = 7:Dng chn POR iu ; khin AN221E04 goto ClrPOR ; Byte lnh =9:Xo chn POR iu khin ; AN221E04 goto SetCS2b ; Byte lnh = 11:Dng chn CS2b iu ; khin AN221E04 goto ClrCS2b ; Byte lnh = 13:Xo chn CS2b iu ; khin AN221E04 goto WrFPAA ; Byte lnh = 15:Np d liu cu hnh cho ; AN221E04 Return Hong T Uyn Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin ;Kim tra byte lnh
-107-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Hot ng ca AN221E04
Nhng hn ch ca thit b - Do in p u ra ca AN221E04 l in p vi sai, in p vo b bin i ADC ca vi iu khin l in p n so vi t h thng nn cha hin th c kt qu o ln mn hnh LCD. Hng khc phc : C th dng khi chc nng bin i tng t s
(ADC- SAR) trong chip FPAA, kt qu bin i ca SAR- ADC c th c dn ra ngoi di dng m nh phn ni tip, khi phn t mch ra phi c lp cu hnh hot ng mode digital. thc hin c iu ny th thit b cn phi c 2 chip FPAA v ti nguyn ca 1 chip c s dng ht cho vic tuyn tnh ho (hnh 5.3) - Cha to c mi trng kh CO kim tra sensor, nh gi sai s ca thit b Nhng kh khn trong qu trnh thit k - Vic t mua c sensor mt nhiu thi gian do th trng Vit Nam khng c, phi t mua Singapor - Vic kim tra, nh thang cho sensor kh khn v khng c thit b. - Vic to ra mi trng th sensor khng c.
Hong T Uyn
-108-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Kt lun v Hng Pht trin

Kt qu ca bn lun vn Bn lun vn i su tm hiu v phn tch cng ngh FPAA, kh nng ng dng v nhng th mnh m cng ngh FPAA mang li trong vic thit k ch to mch in t tng t. Sau khi phn tch tm hiu v nghin cu cng ngh FPAA, bn lun vn trnh by mt ng dng ca cng ngh FPAA trong lnh vc o lng, l thit k thit b o kh CO. Lun vn cng trnh by tm quan trng ca vic o, gim st kh CO, s nh hng ca nng kh CO n mi trng v sc kho ca con ngi. Lun vn thit k c phn cng thit b o, xy dng c phn mm, cho chy th nghim v mt s module hot ng. Tuy nhin do thi gian hn ch, thit b o cha hot ng hon chnh, qu trnh thc nghim v kim tra kt qu o cha thc hin c. Hy vng rng vi vic nghin cu cng ngh FPAA, qua vic thc hin lun vn ny c th gip nhiu trong vic trin khai lp t, ch to mt thit b o, thit b th nghim hon chnh phc v cho cng tc o lng, gim st mt s kh c hi cho mi trng v sc kho con ngi, bo m an ton cho ngi lao ng. Hng pht trin ca lun vn Vi nhng u im ca cng ngh FPAA, thit b o kh CO hon ton c th c nng cp thnh thit b o a kh.
Hong T Uyn
-109-
thuong@thuongvn.com
Ngi s dng c th thay i sensor o kh, chn ch tng ng vi sensor kh chn bng cch n phm. Vi iu khin khi nhn c ch o kh t bn phm s t ng np cu hnh mch o tng ng vi sensor vo chp FPAA. Hoc thit b o a kh c th t hp nhiu sensor trn mt thit b( do FPAA c 7 u vo ). Khi cn o kh no th ngi s dng n phm chn ch o kh . Vi iu khin np vo chip FPAA chng trnh tng ng vi kh chn v chy chng chnh tng ng vi ch o kh .
Hong T Uyn

Luan Van

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B gio dc v o to

Trng i hc bch khoa H Ni

Lun vn thc s khoa hc

Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh FPAA trong o Lng iu Khin

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: Pgs.ts Phm th ngc yn

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Hnh 2 - 1.1 Nguyn l chuyn mch t in

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Hnh2 -1.2. Mch khuch i o dng t in chuyn mch

Hnh 2-1.3. Mch khuch i o trng thi 1(a), 2(b)

Kt qu ta c mch hnh 2-1.2 l mt tng khuch i o vi h s khuch i:

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

1.4. Mch khuch i khng o dng t in chuyn mch

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

1.5. Mch khuch i hn hp

Hnh 2 - 1.6. Mch so snh

2.1.2.3. Mch tch phn

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Hnh 2-1.7. Mch tch phn

Do vy in p ca mch trn ti chu k th i s l

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

2.1.2.4 Mch vi phn

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

thuc vo in dung ca t in v tn s chuyn mch, R =

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

1.9. Chuyn mch t in to in tr dng (a) v m (b)

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Vin Vout RF RA + RF Vout

1.10. Mch khuch i khng o (a) v o (b) dng in tr

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Kt hp c hai iu kin ta c biu thc tnh in p ra ca mch Hnh 21.11, nh sau:

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

1.12. Cc trng thi ca php chuyn mch t in

l tn hiu gin on theo thi gian (sampled data - ly mu)

1.13. Dng tn hiu analog trong FPAA

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

theo nh tiu chun Nyquist l khng tho ng.

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Hnh 2-1.14. Cu trc hon chnh ca mt b khuch i trong FPAA

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Hnh 2-2.1. Cu trc tng th ca AN10E40

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Configuration Data shift Register

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

A[0] WRITEb READb WAIT D[7:0] CLK RESETb

Hnh 2-2.2. Np cu hnh cho FPAA t mt h Vi x l

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

AN10E40 EPROM ni tip

POR MODE [2]

Hnh 2-2.3. Np cu hnh cho FPAA t mt b nh EPROM ni tip

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

Hnh2- 2.4. Hnh thc cc vi mch FPAA th h th hai

Ngnh o lng v cc H thng iu khin

ACLK/ SPIP OUTCLK/ SPMEM

Oscillator & Clocks Analog Logic

Shadow RAM Configuration RAM

Configuration RAM Shadow RAM

Giao din lp cu hnh