Response to hemorrhage worksheet 1) Immediate Effects on Mean Arterial Pressure

1A
Blood volume

1B
Venous return

1C
Down EDV

1F
down

1E

MAP

Cardiac down output

1D
stroke volume

Magnitude: - 30 mm Hg

2) Short term responses to hypotension

2A (from 1F)
Down

2C
up

2B

MAP

Baroreceptor Down activity

Sympathetic output to blood vessels

2D 2I
Cardiac output

2F
up

up

Heart rate

Epinephrine levels

2E 2G
up

up

Sympathetic output to heart

Venous return

2J
up

MAP

2H
up

Magnitude: +18 mm Hg

Total peripheral resistance

Questions, Parts 1) and 2): 1) What is the net change in MAP after blood loss? What is responsible for reducing the magnitude of the initial fall in MAP
12 mmHg net change, if recoverable, responsible for reducing magnitude of initial fall, are the baroreceptors which led to increased sympathetic activity vasoconstriction

2) Why is the change in venous return (box 2G) so important in raising MAP?
to increase the stroke volume (Due to frank starling Law) of the ventricles which will increase MAP since it increases cardiac output.

3) What is the neural pathway that produces the change in epinephrine levels indicated in box 2D?
Activation of the the sympathetic preganglonic fibers innervating the adrena medulla inducing secretion of epinephrine

4) What is the mechanism behind changes in boxes 2G and 2H?

increased symptathetic activity, which is epinephrine which causes vasoconstriction and increase ventricular constriction which then causes veins to lower blood carrying capacity and increases pressure and venous return and resistance.

3) Fluid shifts
3A (From 2C)
up Sympathetic output to blood vessels

3C
Blood volume

3B
up

Arteriolar vascular resistance

3D
down

Pc

3G
up

Blood volume

3F
reabsorption

3E

Net filtration lower pressure

Questions: 1) Consider the change indicated in box 3G. If the subject does not bleed anymore or consume fluid, where does the change in blood volume come from?
Interstitial fluids are returned to plasma

2) Will the change shown in 3G improve the problem of hypotension? How? 3) What will be the effect of the above fluid shift on hematocrit (% of blood consisting of cells)?
yes, by increasing blood volume, the lack of pressure is resolved since there is a higher amount of volume in vessels thus EDV increases, SV increases which increases CO and eventually MAP