SCREW J1

UNIT 5




SCREW








OBJECTIVES









General Objective : To understand the concept of the working of a screw.


Specific Objectives : At the end of this unit you should be able to :


state the terms that are important for the study of screw.

match the principle of screw working to that of friction on an inclined plane.
use these suitable concepts to solve problem involve.

calculate the answer using these concepts correctly.
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INPUT







5.0 INTRODUCTION


The screws, bolt, studs, nuts etc. are widely used in various machines and structures for
fastenings. These fastenings have screw threads, which are made by cutting a continuous
helical groove on cylindrical surface. If the threads are cut on the outer surface of a solid
rod, these are known as external threads. But if the threads are cut on
the internal surface of a hollow rod, these are known as internal threads.



We use The principle of the
inclined plane in the screw thread
concept/applications.











5.1 THE SQUARE-THREADED SCREW
(a) A Single-Start Thread
Let W be the axial force against which the screw is turned, Fig. 5.1, and P the
tangential force at the mean thread radius necessary to turn the nut. The
development of a thread ia an inclined plane, Fig. 5.2, and turning the nut against
the load is equivalent to moving this load up the plane by the horizontol
force P applied at the mean radius of the thread.
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Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2



The angle o,



Tan o =
p

tD





(b) A Two-Start Thread

For a two-start thread the distance moves axially by the screw in its nut in one
revolution is the lead , which is twice the pitch.



Tan o =

tD

Tan o =
2 p

tD
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5.2 THE VEE-THREADED SCREW

For a V-thread, the normal force between the nut and the screw is increased since the
axial component of this force must equal W. Thus, if the semi-angle of the thread is |,
Fig. 5.3., then normal force = W sec | .

The friction force is therefore increased in the ratio sec | : 1, so that the V-thread is
equivalent to a square thread having a coefficient of friction i
v
sec |







Fig. 5.3
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INPUT





Turning the screw is equivalent to moving a mass of weight W along the inclined plane by a
horizontal force P.



5.3 RAISING LOAD


When the load is raised by the force P the motion is up the plane.(Fig.5.4).



Motion
R
R






_
P
+ _

W

P

W

Fig. 5.4

From the triangle of forces:

Tan ( + _) =
P

w

P = W tan ( + _)
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Torque

The torque T required to rotate the screw against the load is:


T = P (
1
D )

2

0

T =
1
PD
+

2

T =
1
WD tan (A + _)

2
1
P

D
2

Fig. 5.5: Cross-section of Screw



Efficiency
The efficiency of the screw is equal to:
Forward efficiency :
1
forward
= force P required without friction (_ = 0)
force P required with friction

1 =
w tanA

w tan(A + _ )


1 =
tanA

tan(A + _ )



or,

1 = work done on load W in 1 revolution
work done by P in 1 revolution

1 =
we

P(tD)


1 =
w
x
e

P tD
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But,



w
=
1

P tan(A + _ )




and



tanA =

tD




1 =
tanA

tan(A + _ )




Maximum Efficiency




1
mak
=

1 sin _
1 + sin _






Example 5.1

The helix angle of a screw tread is 100. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3 and the mean
diameter of the square thread is 72.5 mm,
calculate: (a) the pitch of the tread,
(b) the efficiency when raising a load of 1 kN, (c)
the torque required.




Solution 5.1

Given:


= 100 = 0.3 D
mean
= 72.5 mm

(a) tan =
p

tD
p = tan 100 (3.14)(72.5)
= 40.1
mm
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0



(b) = tan

= tan
-1
0.3

= 16.70


Efficiency for raise load, 1
=



tanA
tan(A + _ )


1 =
tan10

tan(10
0
+ 16.7
0
)


1 =
0.1763

0.5027

1 = 0.35 x 100%

1 = 35%




(c) Torque, T =
T =
T =
1
WD tan (A + _)

2
1
(1000)(72.5) tan (100 + 16.70)

2
1
(1000)(72.5)(0.5027)

2

T = 18.22 x 10
3
kN mm

T = 18.22 Nm
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5.4 LOAD BEING LOWERED

(i) When _ > I
P is applied to resist the downward movement of the load. Under
this condition the load would just about to move downwards. If P
were not applied in this direction the load would overhaul, that is move
down on its own weight.


R




P
Motion
_
_

P


R
_ - I
W


W

Fig. 5.6

From the triangle of forces:

Tan (_ - I) =
P

w

P = W tan (_ - I)



Efficiency

Downward efficiency :



1
downward
= work done by P in 1 revolution
work done on load W in 1 revolution



1 =
P(tD)

w

1 =
tan(_ I )

tan_
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Example 5.2

Calculate the pitch of a single-start square threaded screw of a jack which will just
allow the load to fall uniformly under its own weight. The mean diameter of the
threads is 8 cm and = 0.08. If the pitch is 15 mm, what is the torque
required to lower a load of 3 kN?

Solution 5.2

If the load is to fall uniformly under its own weight, o = I

Given :

= 0.08 = tan I I = 4.57



Tan o =
p

tD

then, o = I


Tan 4.57 =
p
(3.14)(8)

p = 20
mm


If the pitch is 15 mm, Tan o =
p

tD

Tan o =
15

(3.14)(8)


Tan o = 5.97






Torque, T =
T =

T =
o = 80.49

1
WD tan (o - I)

2
1
(3000)(8)tan (80.49- 4.57)

2

1
(3000)(8)(tan 75 92)

2

T = 2.4
Nm
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(ii) When >

If the angle of friction is greater than the angle of the plane, then it can be seen
from the triangle of force, that force P must be applied to help lower
the load.


Motion



P
R

c




R
c
W

P

W


Fig. 5.7



From the triangle of forces:

Tan ( c ) =
P

w

P = W tan ( c )




Efficiency


1
terbalik
=

tan( )
tan
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Example 5.3

The mean diameter of a squarecthreaded screw jack is 5 cm. The pitch
of the thread is 1 cm. The coefficient of friction is 0.15. What force must
be applied at the end of a 70 cm long lever, which is perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the screw to lower a load of 2 tonnes?



Solution 5.3

Given:

Mean diameter, d = 5 cm Pitch, p = 1 cm
Coefficient of friction, = 0.15 = tan 4 Then, 4 = 8.32
Length of lever, L = 70 cm Load W = 2 t = 2000 kg

Force required to lower the load,

P = W tan (4 )

= 2000 tan (8. 32c3.39)

= 2000 tan 4. 53

= 2000 x 0.0854

= 170.8 kg
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Activity 5A








TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
INPUT!


5.1 A nut on a singlecstart square thread bolt is locked tight by a torque of 6 Nm. The
thread pitch is 5 mm and the mean diameter 6 cm. Calculate :
(a) the axial load on the screw in kilogrammes
(b) the torque required to loosen the nut. = 0.1.



5.2 The total mass of the table of a planning machine and its attached work piece is 350
kg. The table is traversed by a singlecstart square thread of external diameter 45
mm and pitch 10 mm. The pressure of the cutting is 600 N and the speed of
cutting is 6 meters per minute. The coefficient of friction for the table is 0.1 and for the
screw thread is 0.08. Find the power required.



5.3 The mean radius of a screw of a square thread screw jack is 2.5 cm. The pitch of the
thread is 7.5 mm. If the coefficient of friction is 0.12, what effort applied at the end of a
lever 60 cm length is needed to raise a weight of 2000 kg?.



5.4 A screw press is used to compress books. The thread is double thread (square head)
with a pitch of 4 mm and a mean radius of 25 mm. The coefficient of friction for
the contact surfaces of the threads is 0.3. Determine the torque required for a pressure
of
500 N.
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Feedback to Activity 5A







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5.1 161 kg, 3.47 Nm



5.2 191 W



5.3 14.07 kg



5.4 4450 Nmm
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INPUT






5.5 OVERHAULING OF THE SCREW

When the load moves down and overcomes the thread friction by its own weight, it is said
to overhaul. When it moves down against a resisting force P we found that

P = W tan ( _ c _ )



When the load overhauls, P = 0

Therefore,



tan ( _ c _ ) = 0
_ c _ = 0
_ = _
Hence,
when the angle of the inclined plane is equal to the angle of the friction the load will
overhaul.

The efficiency of such a screw when raising a load is given by:

1 =
tan_

tan(_ + _ )


but _ = _

tan_

1 =
tan 2_
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Example 5.4


A load of 6 kN is lifted by a jack having a singlecstart square thread screw of 45
mm core diameter and pitch 10 mm. The load revolves with the screw and
the coefficient of friction at the screw thread is 0.05. Find the torque required to lift the load.
Show that the load will overhaul.



Solution 5.4


Given:

W = 6000 N D
mean
= 45
+


1
x 10 = 50 mm = 0.05 p = 10
mm

2

Then,


tan _ = tan =
p

tD
tan _ = 0.05 tan =
10

(3.14)(50)
_ = 2.86 tan = 0.0637
= 3.64


Torque required, T =
1
WD tan (_ + _)

2
=
1
(6000)(50) tan (3.64 + 2.86)

2
= 3000(50) tan (6.50)

= 3000(50) (0.114)

= 17.1 Nm



Efficiency, i =


i =

tan_
tan(_ + _ )
tan 3.64
0

tan(3.64
0
+ 2.86
0
)
i =
0.0636

0.114
i = 0.558
i = 56% > 50% (overhauling)
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Activity 5B







TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING BEFORE YOU CONTINUE WITH THE NEXT
INPUT!


5.5 The drum of a windlass is 10 cm in diameter and the effort is applied to the handle 60
cm from the axis. Find the effort necessary to support a weight of mass 120 kg.


5.6 A wheel and axle is used to raise a load of mass 50 kg. The radius of the wheel is 50
cm and while it makes seven revolutions the load rises 3.3 m. What is the smallest
force that will support the load?.


5.7 A table carrying a machine tool is traversed by a threecstart screw of 6 mm pitch
and external diameter 23 mm. The mass of the table is 200 kg and the coefficient
of friction between the table and its guides is 0.1. The screw is driven by a motor at 12
rev/s. Find the speed of operation of the tool, the power required and the coefficient of friction
for the thread if the efficiency is 70 percent.


5.8 A differential pulley, the two parts of which have respectively twenty four and twenty five
teeth, is used to raise a weight of mass 500 kg. Show by sketch how the apparatus is
used, and determine its velocity ratio. Find also what effort must be exerted if the efficiency is
60 percent.
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Feedback To Activity 5B







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5.5 10 gN


5.6 7
1
gN

2


5.7 12.96 rnrmm, 60.5 W, 0.11


5.8 50, 16
2
gN.

3
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SELF-ASSESSMENT 5










You are approachmmg success. Try all the questions mm thms selfcassessremt sectmom amd check
your amswers wmth those gmvem mm the Feedback om SelfcAssessremt 5 gmvem om the mext page.
If you face amy problers, dmscuss mt wmth your lecturer. Good luck.



1. Fmmd the torque to ramse a load of 6 kN usmmg a screw jack wmth a doublecstart square
thread, comtammmmg two threads per centimeter and a mean diameter of 60 mm. =
0.12. What ms the torque requmred to lower the load?




2. A lathe saddle of rass 30 kg ms traversed by a smmglecstart squarecthread screw of 10
rr pmtch amd ream dmareter 40 rr. If the vertmcal force om the cuttmmg tool ms 250 N,
fmmd the torque at the screw requmred to traverse the saddle. The coeffmcmemt of frmctmom
betweem saddle amd lathe bed amd for the screw thread ms 0.15.



3. A doublecstart squarecthread screw has a pmtch of 20 rr amd a ream dmareter of 100
rr, i = 0.03. Calculate mts effmcmemcy whem ramsmmg a load.



4. A load of 2500 N ms to be ramsed by a screw jack wmth ream dmareter of 75 rr amd
pmtch of 12 rr. Fmmd the effmcmemcy of the screw jack, mf the coeffmcmemt of frmctmom
betweem the screw amd mut ms 0.075.
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Feedback to Self-Assessment 5











Have you tried the questions????? If YES, check your answers now




1. 31.4 Nr , 12 Nr


2. 0.376 Nr


3. 80.5 %


4. 41.5 %

CONGRATULATIONS!!!!..
May success be with you
always.