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Hiuvoqy of Ftqnivtqe Svyleu

Ancienv vo Modeqn Svyleu

Hiuvoqy of Svyleu
Built 1631, the Taj Mahal in India

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Throughout history, the diversity of cultures has found expression in many directions, including the way people have designed and furnished their built environment. Design is shaped by many factors, including environmental, religious, and political circumstances. As these factors change, design reflects these changes while building on previous design theories and philosophies. Styles of design, therefore, reflect these social surroundings and their foundations. The term style generally refers to a segment of design history that is typical of an individual, a period, or a philosophy of design. Style may also refer to a particular culture or region. Style categories are developed by historians in an attempt to organize history. In reality, however, styles do not necessarily have sharp starting and stopping points. History is fluid. Designs from one region may influence others, and therefore styles intermingle. Having a working knowledge of these styles is essential. Such understanding deepens the interior designers aesthetic appreciation of design and serves as a basis to foster creative energies. Designers study styles of the past and present to enrich current interior environments. This pectoral essay briefly outlines the major styles that have had an impact on architecture and interior design. The first section, Historical Styles and Their Evolution, reviews classical design styles and how these styles have been adapted through history. The pages on Ancient, Middle Ages, Renaissance, and Baroque eras define universal design styles based on time period classifications; the French, Chinese, Hispanic, African, Japanese, English and American pages define styles that are more typically associated with their respective regions. The second section, Evolution of Modern Design, looks at the development of modern design and how these styles and philosophies have been applied.

Hiuvoqical Svyleu and Theiq Evoltvion


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Interior design and decoration dates back to the Upper Paleolithic era (30,000-10,000 B.C.). Drawings found in caves in Spain and France show evidence of wall decorations using grouping and spacing concepts as well as limited understanding of perspective. Sculptured figures of stone, ivory, and clay depicted the human form and often included enlarged reproductive organs, perhaps to influence fertility and thus the continuation of the species. These drawings and artifacts represent the following important concepts: 1. Creative expression is instinctive. 2. The art of interior design dates from early humankind and serves as an integral part of the human psyche.
Design evolved rapidly through the last several millennia. The Egyptians (circa 3000 B.C) with their sophisticated art and architecture, made a lasting contribution to the interior design field.

AncienvEgypvian (4500330 B.C.)


Known for their pyramids built as tombs for kings and pharaohs n Developed trabeated construction, in which vertical posts support a horizontal lintel n Used hieroglyphics (a system of writing using pictorial symbols)inscribed on walls n Columns, perhaps originally made from papyrus reeds lashed together, Egypvian chaiq s/blocked feev which led to created vertical lines, fluting on columns in later designs n Utilized the mortise and tenon joint in their furniture n Used straw for flooring, therefore furniture was raised on small blocks so animal-shaped legs could be seen n Motifs included the lotus bud, reeds, papyrus and lilies
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Tqabeaved conuvqtcvion

Ancienv Gqeek (3000 B.C.A.D. 150)


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Know for their order, proportion, and refinement of design Built temples to honor their gods, surrounded by open porticos(porches) and columns Developed the truss system, a triangulated loadbearing construction to allow for sloped roofs. The triangle formed by the truss is called a pediment Developed a system of naming the designs and details of columns. These classical orders of architecture, still used today, include the Doric (plain square capital on top of the column), Ionic (capital with spiral design called volute), and Corinthian (capital with two rows of acanthus leaves) Mastered the art of carving marble into a human form. When used for support the human form is called a caryatid Developed the Kilmsos chair

The Paqvhenon Avhenu, Gqeece. 438 B.C.Doqic Coltmnu foqm a poqvico aqotnd vhe btilding

Kliumou Chaiq

Ancienv Rome (750 B.C.-A.D. 40 0)


Known for their engineering expertise, particularly the development of roads and aqueducts Adapted Greek designs Added two classical orders the Tuscan and the Composite order Developed concrete arch, barrel vault and dome Developed pilasters (columns partially embedded in the walls) Motifs included dolphins, eagles, ribbons, swans and grotesques (fanciful human/animal forms)

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Roman Coltmn Oqdequ

nAdded nVitruvius,

two classical orders, the Tuscan

a Roman architect, developed

(similar to Doric but without column fluting) and Composite (capital combines acanthus leaves and volutes)

Standard sizes and dimensions for the architectural orders (columns)

Middle Ageu (325-1500)


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Designs dominated by religion, particularly Christianity Four general divisions: 1. Early Christian era (325-800) characterized b the development of the basilica church plan, rectangular, with side aisles and with clerestory windows lighting the central space Byzantine era (330-1450): church still the dominant building, with domed structures and elaborate mosaic designs 3. Romanesque era (Norman in the British Isles) (800-1150): massive stone structures, including churches, monasteries, and castles, with round arches and heavy columns Gothic era (1150-1500): architectural features commonly associated with ecclesiastical design include the pointed arch and vault, tracery, slender columns in clusters, and buttresses or flying buttresses

Roue

Windos

Govhic Chtqch Plan

Cavhedqal Chaqvqeu, Fqance

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Renaiuuance Svyle (14001660)


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Means rebirth Major influence came from Italy (1400-1580), although it spread throughout Europe Rejected Middle Ages design and returned to classic design motifs Included work by Andrea Palladio, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci
Villa Rotunda, 1550 A.D.

Savonarola Chair

Ivory inlaid Cassapanca

Plan, Villa Rotonda

Baqorte Svyle (1600-1715)


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Means misshapen pearl Major influence came from Italy and France Ornate asymmetrical designs Flamboyant and heavy proportions

Baroque Chair and Loveseat

Baroque Cassone

St. Peters, Rome, Italy

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Coincides with reign of Louis XV Meansrock and shells Flowing, feminine design with delicate decorative details and free-form curves Pastel colors Gilded, painted, or chinoiserie lacquered surfaces on furniture (see Chinese styles) Chinese influence introduced by Madam de Pompadour Motifs included fret designs, and Chinese influences such as exotic flowers, birds, pagodas, monkeys, and mandarins (officials at the royal court)

Fqench Svyleu Rococo-Lotiu XV (1715-1774)

Cabriole legs

Fauteuil

Tete-a-tete

Commode

Fqench Svyleu Neoclauuic-Lotiu XVI (1760-1789)


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Coincides with reign of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette Similar to Rococo, but focused on straight lines, rectangular forms, and symmetrical balance Motifs and designs influenced by the discovery of Pompeii, an ancient GrecoRoman resort city in southern Italy, which had been buried by the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79

Fqench Svyleu Empiqe (1604-1850)


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Coincides with reign of Napoleon Characterized by return of classic Greek, Roman and Egyptian designs Massive, asymmetrical designs

Fqench Svyleu Pqovincial (18vh Cenvtqy Pqeuenv) lesser nobility Designs for
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and merchants Copied or adapted rococo and Neoclassic designs in simpler and unadorned styles

Engliuh Svyleu Elizabevhan, and Jacobean (ciqca 1440n Heavy 1700u)masculine designs
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Architecture characterized by half-timbering and oriel windows (bay windows) Interiors characterized by plain, plastered walls or ornately carved panels Furniture frequently made of oak Elizabethan furniture had bulbous legs Jacobean furniture had turned legs

Engliuh Svyleu Eaqly Geoqgian sivh Qteen Anne (1700-1745)


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Symmetrical designs exhibited dignity and formality, reflecting classic Greek and Roman architecture Queen Anne furniture based on cyma (S) curve Most significant piece of furniture was splatback or fiddleback chair with cabriole leg and pad or club foot. Later chairs had ball and claw foot

Engliuh Svyleu Middle Geoqgian sivh Chippendale Ftqnivtqe (1700-1745) n Golden Age of
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cabinetmakers, including Thomas Chippendale Chippendale chairs characterized by yokebacks with Chinese, Queen Anne, Gothic, French and Neoclassic influences

Geoqgian/Neoclauuic sivh Adam, Heppleshive, and Sheqavon Ftqnivtqe n Architecture influenced by Roman (1760-1810)more formal Palladian style; even
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Coincided with French Neoclassic style and the discovery of Pompeii Robert Adam and his four sons designed classical interiors. Known for their sideboard designs. Utilized paterae (oval shaped decorations) George Hepplewhite designed furniture with straight, square, tapered legs usually terminating with a spade foot. Known for his shield and heart-shaped chair backs Thomas Sheraton designed furniture with straight lines, and classical motifs such as urns, festoons, and scrolls

Svyleu Colonial Ameqican Influenced by Dutch, (1600-1700) German, Swedish, English,


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French, and Hispanic styles Most common styles: Salt Box, Garrison Jetty, Gambrel and Cape Cod

Svyleu Colonial Ameqican Most common Early (1600-1700) American interiors included
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Tudor, Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Spanish Mission/Colonial style influences In southwest America, furniture designs were called the Santa Fe style and incorporated bold colors and geometric forms

Ameqican Svyleu Colonial Geoqgian (1600-1700)


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Greatly influenced by English Georgian styles with variations in wood usage, specific ornamentation, and proportions

Ameqican Svyleu Neoclauuic (1790-1845)


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Distinctive designs including Federal, Greek Revival, Duncan Phyfe furniture and Empire Furniture Duncan Phyfe furniture characterized by fine proportions and simple lines Empire furniture was bold and monumental Industrial Revolution (circa 1830s-1900) brought about machine-made, massproduced furnishings and a decline in the fine art of furniture making Federal design emphasized Greek and Roman design, rejecting English influence. Thomas Jefferson was an advocate Greek Revival architecture prominent in the South for plantation homes

Vicvoqian Eqa (1840 1920)


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Coincided with reign of Queen Victoria Nostalgia for past styles prevailed with machinery producing intricate designs, details and carvings referred to as gingerbread Four major architectural styles in America included the following: Gothic Revival, Italianate, Mansard, and Queen Anne Interiors were profusely decorated with patterned wall paper, fabrics and rugs Prominent designers include John Belter and Thomas Eastlake

Eaqly Modeqnium (1830 1870u)


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Coincided with Victorian Era and Traditional Revivals Pioneer designers rebelled against historical eclecticism Utilized technological advances in iron frame construction, laminated wood, and plate glass windows Bridged art and technology Earliest designs came from the Shakers Austrian designer Michael Thonet developed process for bending wood into gentle curves Thonets designs still used today, including the famous bentwood rocker and caf chair

Aqvu and Cqafvu Movemenv (1860u 1920u)


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Revolted against machinemade products Advocated handcrafted furnishings Prominent American architects and designers included Gustav Stickley, Frank Lloyd Wright, Henry Hobson Richardson, and Charles and Henry Greene Greene brothers developed the bungalow

Eaqly Modeqnium Skyucqapequ (1880u 1920u)


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Louis Sullivan, father of the skyscraper, is credited with coining the phrase Forms follows function Many skyscrapers reflect the three parts of a column: the base, the shaft, and the capital The Home Insurance Company Building (1883-1885), Chicago, by William LeBaron Jenney, was the first fully steel-frame building. Jenney studied in Paris at LEcole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures.

Aqv Notveat (1890 1910)


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Style based on nature, employing organic flowing forms n Prominent proponents included Victor Horta, Henri van de Velde, Hector Guimard, and Antonio Gaudi n Called Jugendstil in Austria and Germany n Charles Rennie Mackintosh combined aspects of Art Nouveau with strong geometric forms n Louis Comfort Tiffany is best known for Art Nouveau stainedglass designs

Aqv Notveat (1890 1910)


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The Tassel House (18921893) in Brussels, Belgium, is one of Victor Hortas best-known town houses and one of the earliest private residences designed in the Art Nouveau style. Swirling organic forms decorate the entry. The graceful stair railings and supports are fashioned in iron.

Aqv Notveat (1890 1910)

Modeqn Svyleu Oqganic Aqchivecvtqe (1920-1950)


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Characterized by a building that appears to grow out of the land (Falling Water (1936), Mill Run, PA) Greatest proponent was Frank Lloyd Wright Wright developed prairie style house

Modeqn Svyleu Inveqnavional Svyle (1924 1950)


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Style based on functionalism and purity of line Form follows function coined by architect Philip Johnson Common materials included reinforced concrete, stucco, steel, and glass Stark white finishes Open floor plan and large expanses of glass International design movement leading to the fully developed style included the following: 1. The Secession an artistic movement in Austria led by Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, and Josef Hoffmann. 2. De Stijl a movement in Holland that reduced design to its basic elements, including the use of only red, blue, yellow, black, gray, and white

Modeqn Svyleu Inveqnavional Svyle


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3. Baushaus an experimental design school in Germany formed to simplify design to its purest state, incorporating machine-age manufacturing. School was closed by the Nazis in 1933, and designers fled to America. Most famous proponents included Walter Gropius, Marcel Bruer, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Mies coined the phrase Less is more. 4. Le Corbusier (Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris) a giant of modern architecture;studio was in Paris. Designed the Villa Savoye, the chapel at Ronchamp, and classic furniture pieces

LE CORBUSIER CHAISE LOUNGE BAUHAUS DESIGN MODERN PERIOD


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Description : The Le Corbusier Chaise Lounge (LC4) is the best known and most successful of his designs that first exhibited at the Salon D' Automne in 1929. The Le Corbusier Chaise Lounge (LC4) was designed in 1928 for the furnishing of a villa in the Ville d' Avray, and utilizes exposed structural elements with padded leather cushion and headrest. Le Corbusier was borne Charles Edouard Jeanneret, and is widely considered the most important Modernist chair designer in France. As a spirited advocate of Modernism, he created a range of chairs that express his ideals with great sophistication. The Le Corbusier Chaise Lounge (LC4) allows you to select from the various choices of positions for guaranteed comfort. Chrome plated frame structure and matte black steel base. Along with Walter Gropius, Mies Van der Rohe and Theo Van Doesburg, Le Corbusier was the father of Modernism. Born Charles-Edouard Jeanneret in 1887 in Switzerland, Le Corbusier had great interest in the visual arts at an early age. At age 23, he was an active designer and during time in Berlin, met the famed Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe. It was a meeting that would have vast impact on 20th century design. During his career, Le Corbusier spent much of his efforts on designing building and environments for urbanism. His designs called for large blocks of cell-like individual apartments stacked one on top of the other, with plans that included a living room, bedrooms, and kitchen. Around this thought process, he design entire cities. Le Corbusier's impact on furniture continues to impact current design. He designed several chromed steel tubular designs between 1928 and 1929. Made in Italy. Dimensions: H 28 3/4" x D 22 1/2" x W 63" Materials: Chaise, tubular chrome frame and base with upholstered mattress and foam headrest. Base made of black lacquered steel. Black leather and pony hide are in-stock. Colored leathers are factory direct.

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Wauuily Chaiq Bathatu Deuign Modeqn Peqiod


Description : Marcel Breuer's Wassily chair (1925) is one of the most famous products of the Bauhaus. It is a club armchair with all the stuffing taken out, leaving an almost skeletal framework and taut lengths of fabric on which to sit and rest one's back and arms. Marcel Breuer is considered one of the fathers of Modernism. During his career he was an architect, teacher and furniture designer. Breuer is famous for number of furniture designs, though perhaps no chair design is more famous than his Wassily Chair. Marcel Breuer designed the No. B3 chair, commonly known as the Wassily Chair, in 1925 for Wassily Kandinsky's residence at the Dessau Bauhaus. Eventually the chair took the name "Wassily" from its intended recipient. The Wassily chair was later produced in collaboration with Karl Koerner, who was the head smith at the Junkerswerken in Dessau. Over the next four years, the chair went through a transformation while Marcel Breuer was employed by Standard-Mobel. The Wassily chair was again redesigned for Thonet, after his resignation from Standard-Mobel, and would remain the permanent design for Marcel Breuer's revolutionary chair. Made in Italy. Dimensions: H 29" D 30 1/4" W 30 1/4; SH 16"; ArH 22 1/2" Materials: Armchair with hide and tubular steel frame. Chrome plated or lacquered. Steel back and armrests in hide. Welded and polished caps

Maqcel BqeteqCeuca Cane Chaiq Bathatu Deuign Modeqn Peqiod


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Description : Marcel Breuer designed the Cesca Chair in 1928 with the interest of comfort in mind. He choose to use one continuous steel tube in a cantilever style, a style that many designers at the time were using, including Mart Stam and Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe. He rounded the front edge of the Cesca seat so as not to cut into the sitter's legs. Breuer's version with a beech wood seat and back was nevertheless a brilliant solution to the structural stiffness of a cantilever frame. This Breuer chair was named "Cesca" as a tribute to his daughter Cheska.

Marcel Breuer, designer of the Cesca Cane Chair, is considered one of the fathers of Modernism. During his career he was an architect, teacher and furniture designer. As a student and teacher at the Bauhaus School, Breuer focused on the integration of technology, materials and art.
Breuer is famous for a number of furniture designs, though perhaps no chair design is more famous than his Wassily Chair. Designed in 1925, the Wassily chair was the first bent-tubular steel-framed chair. The chair is very simple in form; yet quite comfortable and exemplary in its use of the Bauhaus design philosophy. Made in Italy. Dimensions: H 31 1/2" D 23 1/2" W 18 1/2" Materials: Steel tubular structure, chromium-plated or lacquered. Seat and back in cane with natural or black beech edge.

Maqchel Bqeteq Bathatu Deuign


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Maqcel Bqeteq Wauuily Chaiq $1029.0 0


Maqcel Bqeteq Ceuca Cane

Modeqn Svyleu Aqv Deco (1909 1940)


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Decorative style advocating strong geometric forms including the pyramid, ziggurat (stepped pyramid), zigzag, and sunburst n Inspired by the glamour of movies and stage, jazz music, African art, and new technology n Prominent designers included Paul Frankl and Donald Deskey n Eliel Saarinen, a Finnish-born designer, started the prestigious Cranbrook Academy in Michigan

Modeqn Svyleu Pouv Woqld Waq II (1950u 1970u)


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New architectural directions New technology included airconditioning, suspended ceilings, synthetic fibers, and plastics Scandinavian designers included Alvar Aalto, Eero Aarnio, and Hans Wegner Italian designers in particular exploited the use of plastics American designers included the following: 1. Charles and Ray Eames pioneered chairs constructed of molded plywood and fiberglass 2. Eero Saarinen came to the U.S.with his fater Eliel; known for his womb and tulip chairs 3. Buckminster Fuller known for his geodesic domes

Modeqn Svyleu Pouv Modeqnium (1960u Pqeuenv)


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The style borrows from the past but in extremely contemporary terms Major exponents include Michael Graves, Robert Venturi,Robert Stern, and Philip Johnson Furniture styles include the Craft Revival, Art Furniture, Ergonomic Furniture, and most recently furniture to meet the needs of a mobile work force Other design trends: 1. High tech Style 2. Memphis Style 3. Classic Modernism 4. Deconstructivism Frank o. Gehry

Modeqn Svyleu Pouv Modeqnium (1960u Pqeuenv)

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