Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solar Refrigerator
Solar Refrigerator
of Volunteers
in Asia
of
The Design and Develooment Refrigerator by: R.H.L. Exoll, Wijeratna Published by: Asian Institute P.O. Box 2754 Bangkok Thailand
Sommai
a Solar
Powered
Kornsakoo,
and D.G.D.C.
of Technology
Paper copies are $8 in Thailand, $10 in developing countries, and $15 in developed countries. This document is available in microfiche form for $3 per sheet from the Asian Institute of Technology. Available from: Library and Regional Documentation Asian Institute of Technology P.O. Box 2754 Bangkok Thailand Reproduced Technology. by permission Center
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of Technerlegy T haihand
research repori
No. 42
THE DESIGN
AND DEVELOPMENT
OF A SOLAR
POWERED
REFRIGERATOR
Bangkok, February,
Thailand 1936
PREFACE This research refrigeration size report describes work on the development of a solar powered
eventually unit
of a ..-illage
storage
was examined by Mr. D. G. D. C. Wijeratna Report (No. 34). and the experimental and testing unit
Individual by Sommai
Studies
Project
of the unit
(AIT)
is indebted
T'hailand,
support
research
to a proposal
Hz E, Hoelscher, Foundation.
iii)
SUMMARY A small flat plate ammonia-water solar collector intermittent absorption as a first refrigerator with a 1.44 m2 the
step towards
or electricity
is obtained
containing
temperature at 32'C.
from 30C to 88WC and refrigeration overall heat the solar absorbed) work. is
C,9 kg of pure ammonia is condensed temperature coefficient 0.09, which of the ammonia drops of performance though small (cooling
During
is comparable
previously
published
Developments
in the design
are discussed.
(iii)
CONTENTS Preface Summary Contents I. INTRODUCTION The Basis for Objectives of Possibilities The Rationale Considering Solar Energy the Study for Research and Development for Selecting Solar Refrigeration
8 8 9 9 13 15 23 23 24 25 26 28 28 30 32 32 33 33 37 37 37 52 54 55 56 56 ii
iii
iV
II
SOLAR FFFRIGERATION Indices of Performance Operation of the Intermittent Ammonia-Water System Analysis of the Ideal Cycle Rigorous Analysis of the Ammonia-Water Cycle Historical Development DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENTAL UNIT Choice of Configuration Operation of the System Concentration of Aqua-Ammonia Regeneration Phase of the Cycle Refrigeration Phase of the Cycle Collector-Generator Specifications The Volume of the Generator The Size of the Receiver for Ammonia Heat of Generation Heat of Condensation Further Details of the Design EXPERIMENTAL TESTS Relationship between Plate Temperature and Solution Temperature Experimental Results Amount of Ammonia Distilled Cooling Ratio Heat Absorbed by Solution During Regeneration Solar Coefficient of Performance Discussion CONCLUSIONSAND PLANS FOR CONTINUING RESEARCH Conclusions Economic Considerations Modifications The Development of a Village Ice-Maker Alternatives References Appendix A Charging Appendix B Estimation - Equipment of Incident - Procedure Solar Radiation
(iv>
III
IV
59 59 59
60 60
65
67
72
-lI The Basis for Considering Solar important INTRODUCTION Energy reasons for considering countries. solar energy First, as an
available
energy
by arid
populations
to the provision
to the potential
users,
units
the pattern
economics. Objectives of the Study study is part of a project in solar energy utilization units for demonstrating in
the usefulness purposes, The specific area of solar and further, investigation.
the designed
objective utilization
in this
chapter
an
energy to select:
a suitable
and for
a preliminary
-2Possibilities Solar two decades. and conferences comprehensive advisory for energy Research research and Developnent seems to have gathered period with of solar there momentum during the last seminars
solar
energy.
energy
applications
Countries:
NATIONAL ACADEMYOF SCIENCES (1972). those of earlier that solar salt such surve,s evaporation
The conclusions
supersede
and are summarised below. has been a historical, or brines; it remains There
in many countries.
this
process. technology is well established and the needed development and manufacturing for hospitals, schools availit
the technology
in developing
seems to be straightforward. distillation stills for must still be regarded as experimental applications. but small Designs a scale are
now available
-3reasonable involve countries materials degree of confidence. of existing Further technology research in this application would
of tilese
of research
in developing
countries
which could
utilization
of food supplies. in solar heating have been aimed almost countries. entirely The
Research at applications
and development
climates extent
of industrialised
in developing
role
of solar
States
Technological
countries
conditioning
are not known. cycles and systems that can be considered what may be the best countries. There and the of available
There are many refrigeration for scale solar refrigeration. to operate It solar
on which
refrigeration, utilization
be successfully
provided,
-4The possible energy conversion applications of the successful mechanical yet development or electrical of economic energy solar
are wide.
cooking if it
appears
to be simple
advantages
to a degree part
of the cooking
.needs of families,
extensive in social
in India,
acceptance
of these
The conclusions that which drying, are now useful they could distillation solar
at the Panel are summarised thus: or that could be brought results heating. cooling
the solar
processes in
to a stage of development
produce
useful
refrigeration,
within
the decade.
of new technology.
indicates
Stagej
that
conditioning
needs in Asia,
conversion
to mechanical
is best left
countries This
area of study.
In order
to select
a device
-5the following device questions must be answered. especially, What size find What is the need for in Asia? should it be? such a be a
in developing
countries,
or an ice maker?
is devoted
answers to these
A distinguished
comments in an article
ANON., (1963).
"After eight years of study of the problems of applying solar energy in an underdeveloped country I believe that the most promising line of research is to develop an ice making machine. The goal should be a self contained, reliable ice making machine capable of making at least 10 lbs. of ice per sunny day at a cost of one U.S. cent per pound using only solar energy and water as inputs, In tropical countries vast amounts of fresh fruit, vegetabies and fish are lost or their value depreciated by spoilage. This spoilage could be prevented by freezing them with ice... Ice is an important commodity of commerce, fetching as much as 10 U.S. cents per pound in remote areas because of its high cost of transportation (due to melting en-route or the alternative high cost of making it locally at the remote place by electricity or fuel), A foreign made electric refrigerator costs about 250 $ LJ.S,, the cost of a comparable solar icemaker would be at least 250 $ U.S. It may seem strange that a solar ice maker costing 250 $ U.S. would be bought when people were not buying solar cookers at only 10 $ LJ,S, each., The explanation is that the solar ice maker would be bought by traders and shop owners who can easily afford the amount and they would use the ice for preserving their valuable stocks of fresh fruits, fish etc...,.. Also the poor people who produce the fresh fruit, fish etc., can afford to buy ice at about one or two U.S. cents per pound, as it is only a small short-term investment of about 10 or 20 U.S. cents, which they can recover within a faw days after the sale of their frozen products", BA HLI et al. (1970) have studied They state purely the possibilities that solar for the development
of ice makers in Burma. are assured also size observe of success that
ice makers and refrigerators point can either The domestic of view. They
or of community
local
conditions.
-6and refrigerators electrically must be as automatic refrigerators. because there as possible in order solar to compete with ice makers can available for
operated
Community size
would be an operator
the cost
of production
factories
of the consumer would be about one U.S. cent per pound in the cold much higher if a solar in the hot season. They conclude that under these
conditions,
in Burma for
discussing observes
"A very promising application is refrigeration. Refrigeration encompasses household refrigerators, space cooling, air conditioning of buildings etc., but I have chosen to concentrate attention on one particular possible device, a machine for making ice. This is for several reasons, both technological and socio-economic. For one converting the solar radiation into ice solves the problems thing, of intermittency and storage. Ice can be stored for months. Also it is transportable, e.a, An ammonia-water cycle is contemplated. ..*.. Several ice makers and refrigerators using this cycle and solar energy input have been built, The design I have in mind would be constructed of mild steel, and would be rugged and simple without moving parts. The out!ut would be 60-70 kg/day of -1O'C ice, the input would be lo-12 m of solar radiation and the services of a full-time unskilled operator", The answers to the questions viz: is one of the most promising fields for further raised at the beginning of this section
refrigeration
development; An ice maker seems to be the most useful If ice can be made at about is assured. one U.S. cent device in developing countries;
viability
-7A community with size unit producing is loo-150 lbs. of ice a day, for initial
to be preferred
development;
refrigerators
need to be automatic
as far as possible. The first conclusions, The next community experimental experience for objective i.e., that of the study of selecting has been reached a suitable device with for the above further development. of a
As a first
be designed
and built
development.
-8II Some of the theoretical performance A brief of solar SOLAR REFRIGERATION concepts will that are useful in analysing in this chapter. will be the
refrigerators
analysis
be made as this
device
essentially cycle
consists
a cooling in or a
a thermodynamic refrigerators,
employed
conventional focussing
a flat-plate
collector index
to operate
is defined
to heat
supplied.
This
may be applied as
may be defined
heat absorbed by refrigerant during refrigeration heat absorbed by generator contents during regeneration The performance given by heat absorbed by the contents of the generator incident solar radiation on the collector The overall two above defined performance ratios, ratio can now be defined as during refrigeration on the collector of the solar collector can be defined
by a heating
ratio
or explicitly
-9The concepts when analysing Operation of heating ratio and cooling ratio are especially are separate. useful
of the Intermittent
Figures connected
by an overhead
The right
and functions
as the generator-absorber.
hand vessel
as the condenser-evaporator. aqua-ammonia system can be divided phase. which During into the
of the intermittent
the regeneration
is heated
ammonia distills
which
is immersed in a bucket
source
is removed and the drops and the ammonia thus producing absorbs cooling.
The pressure
heat
The weak ammonia solution ammonia and the process evaporated, Analysis Fig. 2,2,
the evaporated is
of the Ideal
- 10 -
Condenser ~hfmnia
--a------a_
Aqua Ammonia----__
-----
Coaling Water
of
the
Regenemtion
Phase
LCooling
Water
Tank
of
the
Refrigeration
Phase
- 11 Energy is transferred . i.e., atmospheric condenser temperature and absorber, at which heat is taken from the cold chamber T cg T . g performing a Ta' at which heat is rejected in the in the form of heat at three temperature levels,
the temperature the temperature It a function reversible rejects is possible equivalent heat engine
Firstly, T
heat at a temperature
producing
and g with
g - Ta T g
temperatures
are measured
temperature of heat
scale. Q, at Tc
a reversible at Ta while
refrigerator absorbing is
a quantity
heat
of work Wca.
The coefficient
of performance
of the refrigerator
W ca
T -Tc a
this If w is made equal to - W ca' ISa absorption refrigerator, The coefficient plant can be defined as 9,/Q,, which
of performance
on combining
becomes,
12 -
RI ///{//J
+--
Heat Engine
d--
Refrigerator
Absorption
Machine
C.O.P.
importance
of this
result
is that
if since
a C.O.P.
for
Ta is fixed
chosen by the designer. Rigorous Analysis of the Ammonia-water presents Cycle analysis of the theoretical for comparison for chart. pressure with aquathe system
a rigorous
are suitable
temperature
2.4 by 1-3-4-6-1. pressure cycle is the more efficient temperature one it cycle is is
the constant
to realise
absorption
cycle
regeneration
consists
of two process
by immersion
temperature 6-l. is
Effective
during
The expression
350
300
250
IL
200
. 150
100 LL Ol f! 5og P @
-50
Weight
Fraction
of
Ammonia
in
Saturated
Liquid
Fig. 2.4 -
Ammonia
Absorption
Cycle
where Lm w;, = = mean latent weight heat of the refrigerant at point during 6. l-3-4 is given by the process 6-1.
the regeneration
process
J
w4
w1 HvdW
of the solution,
suffix
indicating
the point
of the
enthalpy
of the solution,
suffix
indicating
the point
enthalpy
dW
differential for
W4H4
Historical
Development to the Survey of Solar-Powered the first Refrigeration study undertaken carried out by the use of
According
SWARTMAN,HA, and NEWTON(19731, of solar Florida energy by Green. water reflector. for refrigeration
to explore
was probably
by heating parabolic
at the focal
- 16 Oniga reported parabolic reflector in 1937 that researchers in Brazil tried to adapt a
to an absorption stage.
refrigerator
reported producing
the successful
operation
of
250 kilogrammes
vapour-compression by a boiler
conceded
in producing of this
system was
direction
of solar
refrigeration, The first major project on an all solar absorption Fig. refrigeration 2.5 shows the ammonia-water a pipe placed at
system was undertaken general solution the focai vapourized evaporator set-up
is allowed line
from a cold
cf a cylindro-parabolic is subsequently
surrounding reflector
the container
area for
- 17-
----Cooled
Water
Valves
_.. ___------
-Cold
Chamber
Fig. 2.5 - Intermittent Absorption Refrigerator Built by TROMBE and FOEX (1964).
Charging
Mode
@ LiqG Ammonia
Chilled Water
Cooling Mode Fig. 2.6 -The Basic Solar-Powered Intermittent Absorption Refrigerator.
- 18 The design further boiler, although byTrombeand modifications Foex is very promising may be necessary and should be studied
on the solar
collector,
and condenser, Williams and others at the University of Wisconsin rural built areas. a small food
cooler consisted
and stiffened
tubing. This
showed that
refrigeration
cycles.
for
showed that
over R-21-glycol
refrigeration a simple
refrigerator 2.7.
operated
with
collector in this
at Columbo,
refrigerator collector
a flat-plate
absorber.
The solar
collector
cm by 106.7 cm, 0,76 mm thick, 6.35 cm diameter glass covers steel pipes
The plate
to six
were welded
An ammonia-water
was used
Fv
Pressure Gauge
t-s
I 1
-
Fig. 2.7- Schematic Diagram of Solar Refrigerator Operated with Flat-Plate Collector by CHINNAPPA(1962).
- 20 While it has been generally for tests the lower expected temperature that the flat-plate collector in air that would
of generation
required
in the investigation
indicated
collector
to produce
cooling
as low as -12'C.
is noted
at one kg a day per 0.7 m2 of solar investigation refrigerator were not using spectacular, but
surface.
in this
showed that
intermittent
a low temperature can achieve cooling. refrigeration collector schematically. connecting to the
heat collecting
SWARTMAN and SWAMINATHAN(1971) system incorporat-ing at the University The collector-generator a 5.1 cm feeder tubes material water
intermittent
a 1.4 m2 flat-plate
Thin copper
soldered insulation
Ammoniawere tested.
of concentration successful;
evaporator
the evaporation
of Western
Ontario
performance for
NR3-H20 obtained
- 21 -
Rectifying Column
Fig. 2.8 - Intermittent Solar Refrigerator Built at University of Western Ontario by SWARTMAN and SWAMINATHAN (1971)
Top Header -\
Condenser
Fig. 2.9- Solo! Ice Maker Built at the University of Florida by FARBER(1970)
- 22 still unable to make any considerable that lower amount of ice at the evaporator. performance than that NH3-H20. It It
solar
refrigeration collector
system to as the
a flat-plate
of the system.
cm centres
was placed
the absorber-
element.
in the evaporator.
an average
performance surface
of about
per day. as solar system, refrigeration but it should is concenred, be noted that this has been the most
as there
is not available,
- 23 III Choice of Configuration It was stated a solar on either collectors. Flat-plate diffuse provided absorbed solar collectors radiation. are flat Transparent heat blackened covers surfaces to absorb direct may be and power unit earlier that a solar refrigerator unit. flat-plate consists of two components, is based DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENTAL UNIT
power unit
of two basic
or focussing
to reduce solar
or control
losses
energy
is converted
and means are provided Flat-plate position, The basic a parabolic receiver energy element collectors
for
operation
in a fixed
is an optical
device, radiation
e.g., on a
reflector, smaller
a higher
flux.
is more difficult
to operate.
was selected
particular
unit
can be either
a continuous
The continuous
absorption power.
the purpose
where electricity
is unavailable,
the intermittent
refrigeration
- 24 -
refrigeratlzn
cycle
the refrigerant-absorbent
in a separate vapourizes,
container. producing
a cooling
effect
around
The refrigerant
is re-absorbed is a purely
experimental
as possible.
as the absorber.
of the System the regeneration, valve A is open and valve B is closed, heated by the flat-plate returns and the boils,
solution vapour
being
collector
producing header
pressure,
which
to keep it stops
cool,
is uniform
valve A is closed
refrigeration B is opened.
The condenser
Ammonia gapourizes
difference
and evaporator.
The vapourization
of ammonia absorbs
- 25
Valve thermometer Ammonia Receiver Coded in a lank of *+ir: Water Safety Valve Upper Hsdler
Eye
- 26 the surroundings Ammonia vapour bottom header of the evaporator, from the evaporator of the generator solution thus thus producing passes through the incoming absorption the refrigeration the pipe taken vapour bubbles in it. effect. to the through
so that facilitating
are removed from the collector to the sky from the generator the liquid
so that risers.
To accommodate the intermittent is carried the radiation out during is no longer the day
of Aqua-Ammonia is to produce pressure a temperature of anhydrous of 17'F in the evaporator, temperature temperature is
vapour
The temperature
of the absorber
to be 0.46, as point
determining 3.2.
the starting
1 in Fig.
Regeneration
Phase of the Cycle temperature is 86'F. From the p-t-x temperature diagram the saturation Point 2 of (which
of anhydrous
is 170 psia.
can be determined,
the pressure
_----------------em
---------------------
.-----------m---w-
---_---------------
--.
-.
----__
17
0 XL - Weight Fraction
0.40 of Ammonia
in Saturated
Fig.3.2
Ideal
Thermodynamic
Cycle
- 28 does not change during cycle is fixed process l-2) at point 2 are known. attainable determines diagram. point Point with 3 of the the
temperature This
collector,
which
3 and hence
Phase of the Cycle during the refrigeration pressure phase of the cycle, of 45 psia, the solution'is
absorption
temperature
is completed is reabsL,rbed
the solution.
Specifications to keep the unit for as compact as possible. the collector-generator. to resist with corrosion Thus, a four Black iron ft.
sheet
by four dull
black.
was soldered
1 inch
diameter
at four-inch
intervals. for
The ends of the adequate separation a 4-inch gave a liquid level For the The
to headers.
To provide
of the water
The liquid
a pipe
2 inches
of the colletitor-generator
is shown in Fig.
- 29 -
t -Thermameter 1
tl56-y -i--------------
-Top
v
bd8r
l-
Dottom Header
Fig.3.3 -
Solar
Collector
- Generator
- 30 To prevent foam four inches heat loss thick at the rear of the collector-generator insulation. polystyrene
The top and bottom headers were also covers thermally in front insulated of the collecting % in thick glass was'
surface used.
supported
Ordinary
window glass
covers
covers
was 20 degrees
to the
the unit
The Volume of the Generator The volume of the generator dimensions is used to determine calculated the quantity below from the standard of aqua-ammonia level pipe
in the generator
(half ft
ft3/Et
0.328
ft3
0.105 0.639
ft3 ft3
Total
volume
- 31Surface area of the liquid in the top header half = = = = Specific volume of aqua-ammonia 1, Vl 2, V2 3, V3 4, V4 in generator with weight 0.639 is ft3 of 0.46 aqua-ammonia at 86'F = 33.281 lbs is = = = = 0.0192 0.0205 0.0202 0.01895 ft3/lb ft3/lb ft3/lb ft3/lb ID.x 4.026 225,456 1.565 ft2 Lull length in x 56 in in2
0'.639/0.0192
x 0.0205
Rise in liquid
Therefore,
of ammonia of water X
0.605
in liquid
Volume of 29.953
lbs of aqua-ammonia
at 103'F
is 29.953 x 0.01895
=
0.568
ft3
Decrease Fall
in liquid
for
Ammonia = = 3.328/37.16 = 40, 4-inch = 3.328 0.089 pipe. 12.18 in. was made of lbs ft3.
Weight of ammonia distilled This ammonia has volume (at 86F) Let the ammonia receiver Required length
= 0.089/0.0882
(condenser-evaporator)
Heat of Generation Let enthalpy enthalpy of 3.328 of 29.953 lbs of 0.40 aqua-ammonia at 189'F = H3,
lbs of ammonia vapour at mean generation 178'~ lbs of 0.46 aqua-ammonia at 86'F
- 33 From fig. 3.2: Hl HA H3 Therefore, Daily global = = = 33.281 x (-55) 627 75 H3 + HA - Hl surface r: = = = = = -1830 2086 2246 6162 Btu. Btu. Btu. Btu. -1
3.328 x 29.953 = x
on horizontal
4 by 4 feet per day Therefore, generation. 7. Heat of Condensation After Enthalpy rectification of 3.328 the ammonia has a temperature at temperature of 120F. 120'F = at pressure 170 psia = = constant within 2110 and 462 1648 Btu. Btu. Btu. the solar energy incident on the collector is 3.7 times
surface
the heat of
Enthalpy
of 3.328 86O~
temperature Total
2110 - 462
at a temperature
lF by immersing
it
during
the generation
cycle. Further
by a wooden stand.
of the Design pipe was used to connect of this pipe rising the generator to the ammonia reservoir. was used The absorption 3.4.
vertically
as a rectifier line
to remove water
.--.-- -
.--a-----
--------1 I
I I IL3 I> me a -I
- 35 -
Fig.35
- Solar - Powered
Refrigerator
- 36 -
There were two ammonia shut-off pressure in the system was indicated to the generator
valves
to control
the system.
The one
by two bourdon-type
ammonia gauges;
was at the top of the tube was also used at the top of
A thermometer
the rectifier
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS and Solution charged with Temperature water and temperature temperature out (see Fig. than the (T P)
The collector-generator meazarements and solution 4.1). were made to find temperature
between
Lhe plate
(TL) m that
was lower
corresponding that
temperature
2.4'F.
However,
The average
to the generator
temperatures.
EXDeriUEntd
Results After evacuation, A). the system was charged The results obtained during with four 0,46 aqua-ammonia test solution
These runs were performed 4.3 are the plate from the calibration temperature
on nearly (Tp),
temperature
pressure
rectifier period.
(T3) during
the generation
evaporator
temperature temperature
derived for
pressure, 4,4.
and absorption
The theoretical
and actual
and l-2-3-4-5
(April
22,1975)
30
1 lo 1
9.00
IO.00
Time - hrs
II.00
25 Time - hrs
12.00 12 0
(April
(April
23,1975)
43% 8.00
I 9.00
1 1 10.00 Time-hrs
8 II.00
IL 90
I
2 80 F al k70 p 65
?!
(April
18,1975)
Time - hrs
Fig.4.1 - Observations
on
Plate
and
Solution
Temperatures
C 4 3@. 2 e@@ee I 0 -I zoo 8.00 9.00 10.00 II.00 12.00 Time - hrs 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 a e ee @e e e a
w D
Fig.42
between Runs.
Plate
and
Solution
Temperature
( Tp - TL ) : Mean
of
l9C
2a 24( 2a 2a
IL , I30 aa 2120 L z ; II0 IO0 90 80 70 60 6( 4c 2c Q I 7.00 1 I 8.00 I I 9.00 I I IO.00 I 11.00 Time - hrs
I I I I
. .E 14( x
= Solution Temperature = Solution Vapour Pressure = Ammonia Vapour Temperature Leaving Rectifier q Condenser Coaling Water Temp.
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00 -
Fig.43 - Observations
during
Refrigeration
Test
on
May 9, 1975
41
- 42 -
0 - aJlI+DJadUJCtl
II
24r
18l i7( Ia
2of I81 Plate Temperature l6( Solution Temperature Solution Vapour Pressure Ammonia Vapour Temperature Leaving Rectifier r3 Condenser Cooling Water Temperature
IL
I 4 I
T-
--
k-----x
8.00
9.00
10.00
II.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17
Time - hrs.
Fig.4.6
- Observations
during
Regeneration
Test
on
May
IO, 1975
Evcporrrhx
Pressure
r Evaporator 60-
TemDerature
50 -
Absorption 3OL
Ul 0 I IO I 20 I 30 1 40
Pressure
I 50 I 60 1 70 I 1 1 I I I
80 Time - min
90
100
II0
120
130
Fig.4.7 - Observations
during
Refrigeration
Test
on
May
IO, 1975
I%
l8C 17c I60 I50 h Ol 5 + 0 & E z 140 I30 I20 II0
----__
33 OF
Theoretical
Cycle -4
a I I I
I I
TO =F
-Actual
Cycle
-w-----m__
)2OF OF
90
-we--__
VP--_
---_-
go;
I
I I 0.40 of
i I I II 0.417 Ammonia
._
I 0.44 in Saturated
I 0.48
.
I I
0.52
Fig.4.8
- Actual
and
Theoretical
Solution
Cycles
for
Test
on
26r
18(
TL T2 T3
= =
Plate Temperature
Solution Temperature Solution Vapour Pressure = Ammonia Vapour Temperature Leaving Rectifier Condenser Cooling Water Temperature
8(
I I I 1 I
700
8.00
9.00
10.00
II .oo
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17
Fig.49
- Observations
during
Regerwation
Test
on
May
14, 1975
( I69 psia)
9 Absorption Temperature
IOC
0 .:: & 2 In 0) L
9 80
70
60
3(
Evaporator
Pressure ( P3 1
Evaporator
Temperature
2(
I(
Absorption
I I I
Pressure
I 1 I I I I I I
I I I
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Time -min.
80
90
IO0
II0
I20
130
I40
Fig.4.10 - Observations
during
Refrigeration
Test
on
May
I 4, 1975
- 48 -
IA I 5 Fi g P
Piate Temperature Solution Temperature Solution Vapour Pressure Ammonia Vapour Temperature Leaving Rectifier Condenser Colling Water Temperature
8( 6( 4( 2(
I
I I
I
8.00
9.00
10.00
Il.00 Time -
12.00 hrs.
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
Fig.4.12
- Observations
during
Regeneration
Test
on
May
17, 1975
I2
9(
-~-~~x=.---x-
x-v
xl-
Y-x-----X-----
IO
7(
I
LJl 0 I
61
3(
Evaporator
Pressure
Evaporator
Temperature
-L-m 5( 2c
4(
IC
d T
Absorption
Pressure
3(
I 10
I 20
1 30
I 40
I 50
I 60
70 Time -min
80
90
100
II0
120
I30
140
I50
Fig.4.13
- Observations
during
Refrigeration
Test
on
May
17, 1975
91 OF
i I
Theoretical Cycle -1 I I I
<
70F
c- Actual
Cycle
--_:
-----I. i
l-1
32OF 34OF 0.36 XL -Weight 3.38 Fraction 0.40 of Ammonia 0.42 in 0.425 0.44 Liquid 0.46 - lb. NH3 0.48 0.50 0.52
3 3 0.34
Saturated
and
Theoretical
Solution
Cycles
for
Test
ivo. 6
(May 17,1975)
- 52 The analysis of the test.on May 14th 1975 (Figures 4.9, 4.10, and 4.11)
is given as an example below, Amount of Ammonia Distilled Initially we have: Concentratfon Total weight of solution of solution = = = = concentration 4.11, 0.46 33.281 15.309 17.972 lbs lbs lbs
of the solution
in the collector-
generator
as shown in Fig.
Weight of ammonia Weight of ammonia + Weight of water Since the weight of water Weight of ammonia in solution Therefore, amount of ammonia distilled was also determined
= E = =
0.416 17.972 12.800 2,509 lbs, lbs. lbs. the liquid section,
of the receiver, Let A be the cross section area of the liquid, cross level section, above the center of the
is equal to Al + v
Ammonia
Receiver
\-
-\ - - -\--
-.
--
--.---L:--.L-----
-- __
+-.p-&-----/
-- -~I&z-iygz;;/ ---I---ii-\/
- z -- -- zJs-I/ -- -.-. \
\ ~ --..-+----
&
Bulls Eye
Drain
Valve
FULL
SCALE
Fig. 4.15 -
Cross - Section
Ammonia
Receiver
where A We have after this R = 8R2 2 = 2.013 run + h k??? inches, + R2 arcsin 1 = 1.25 ft, and 1 . v = 0.00105 This gives 0.0666 tuft. tuft; and
h was observed
to be 0.3 inches. =
We now have from the ammonia tables: Ammonia temperature Density Therefore, This calculated of liquid of liquid ammonia ammonia distilled with the quantity = = 86'~ 37.16 = lb ft-3
weight
is in good agreement
solution.
the actual
thermodynamiccycle
Cooling
of the cycle
of the system
- 55 -
lrhere Qc = = cooling available during refrigeration period, during period and regeneration.
Qg
by collector-generator refrigeration
during
can be calculated
of liquid = =
ammonia at 86'F
(169.2
psia)
has enthalpy
2.509
lbs
of ammonia vapour = =
Therefore,
cooling
Heat Absorbed
by Solution
of 30.772 = H3,
of 2.509 lbs of ammonia vapour at mean generation = HA, lbs of 0,46 Hl, aqua-ammonia at
temperature
of 33.281 86O~ =
4.11, = = = 33.281 x (-55) = = = -1830 1568 2431 = = Btu Btu Btu H3 + HA + Hl 5829 Btu
heat absorbed
by solution
Therefore,
cooling
ratio
1200.8/5829 0.209
as the ratio
absorbed
by the collector
as . For the run on May 14th the amount of solar = 13,237 Btu. 1200.8/13,237 0.0907 runs are summarized in Table 4.1.
can be calculated
= =
of all
four
experimental
the cooling
ratio
C.O.P.
studies
is difficult
Swartman found the absorption in the refrigeration within two hours took half
was completed
of the evaporator
9 Regeneration Initial Initial mass of soln. soln. temp. (lb) (OF) 33.28 84 186 196 80-94 (Btu) (Btu) 22257 12018 0.44 1.19
17
temp. press
radiation plate
- 58 -
Photograph
Shows
- 59 V Conclusions The capability solar of AIT in the design, construction, and operation Furthermore, in accordance well the with the of a CONCLUSIONSAND PLANS FOR CONTINUING RESEARCH
powered refrigerator conditions specifications. The new feature to the bottom the refrigeration
were found
underis
by previous operation.
of obtaining
Economic Considerations The cost depreciation of making this and maintenance The cooling of ice, experimental is 10 percent effect unit was 15,500 bahts. If annual
of the cost,
day is 4 bahts.
obtained
of the solar
of ice would
This is eleven
produced
energy,
distance.
- 60 -
Modifications Work is at present The first is an expansion under way to test value with two new features coil on the refrigerator. connected coils between will mirror of
The evaporator
be used to cool a box for making used to enhance the solar the mirror attachment will heating
is a flat positions
of the generator.
Various
be tested, are shown in Fig. Ice Maker for domestic or village use. The 5.1,
These two new features The Development A solar larger cheaper. test using a solar oil village of a Village
be to design,
100 kilogrammes
producing surface
collecting
20 square metres, of the system will will with capacity be avoided be improved by keeping in several ways. High
temperatures constant
The thermal
be reduced header.
of a larger
diameter
exchangers during
regeneration 5.2.
refrigeration,
\ c
Packed Column Separator
1
> I
Ammonia Heat Receiver Condenser
Exchanger
I
3 N
Solar
Hea?er
New
Solar
Powered
Ice - Making
System
- 63 In the daytime, Strong solution during regeneration, valve A is open, and B is closed. passes through the heat to the bottom in a coil in the
exchanger
to the bottom
refrigeration, passes
exchanger,
The vapour
is then absorbed
of the reservoir. cooled by exposure In this reported before, problems. Alternatives It has recently
surrounding
the condenser
to the night
of all
the individual
units
been combined
to present
any serious
technical
been reported
by GUPTA (1976)
that
and of is
thiocyanate coefficient
of performance of rectification
times
in ammonia-water collector
systems will
25 m2 in area will
"It is much easier to cool to 50F or 60F and provide a decreased .oeo. humidity than it is to refrigerate food to ice temperature. Intensive research should 'be directed toward inexpensive 9.. . . indigenous equipment to provide such cooling in cellars which Stationary flat plate collectors might be partly underground, with selective surfaces could be used rather than movable and operation by manpower of the developing focussing collectors, countries in their rural areas will be cheaper than automatic There is a machines which require larger capital investment, challenging problem of operating such solar coolers in remote areas where electricity is not available.'.! The remarks refrigeration that there made above show that for lfnes the development areas of solar powered field, and
to be followed.
keep in contributions
these development
and is capable
of making significant
- 65 REFERENCES ANON., (1963), BA HLI, F., A Case for (1970), a Solar Ice Maker, for Solar Solar Energy L p.1. Ice Makers. Australia. Vapour International
et al
Possib!lities Conference,
Solar
Energy Society
Melbourne,
(1961),
Experimental Cycle
Refrigeration
Employing
Systems of Ammonia-Water, pp. l-18. CHINNAPPA, J. C. V., Operated DATTA, C. L., Working (1962),
and Ammonia-Lithium
Energy -5
Relevance
to Developing
Group on the Use of Wind and Solar Division, ESCAP, Bangkok. of a Compact Solar Solar
Resources
Refrigeration
System, Paper No. 6/58, Conference, GUPTA, C. L., Melbourne, (1976), Solar
Energy Society
in India,;Working Energy,
Paper,
Expert
Working Resources
Group on the Use of Wind and Solar Division, ESCAP, Bangkok. Decentralized Institute
Countries, Paper
and Development
Academy of Sciences,
- 66 -
SWARTMAN,R. K., Refrigeration, 73-WA/Sol-6. SWARTMAN,R. K., Mechanical TROMBE, F., with
HA, V..H.,
(1973),
the American
of Mechanical
(1971),
Solar
Powered Refrigerator,
Machine Vol.
of Energy,
4, U.N. Publication
- 67 APPENDIX A -Charging For this research, a solution of ammonia in water was required. it directly It is
strength.
periodic or if
any reason.
gauge
Rubber hose Potassium Weighing Valves Vacuum pump. dichromate scale, O-200 lbs
Al,
It
impairs
a vacuum pump is required. dichromate internal (1 ounce per 60 pounds) of the solarto
fs advisable
corrosion
system.
- 68 The following steps V-2, all are taken in the charging air procedure:
a) b) C) d) e> f) Ed h)
Open V-6,
V-l,
Weigh the empty aqua-ammonia Open V-l, reservoir; V-2 and V-5 to let close V-5 and V-2. to let
Open V-3 and V-4 gently slowly Allow into the reservoir,
16.1 pounds
of
liquid
&dnia
then close V-3 and V-4. for about six or eight hours after which
to cool fall
the solar
Remove the aqua-ammonia to the refrigeration To get charging the vapour pressure watering flow unit
as shown in Fig.
pressure
is stopped
, a
Aqua
- Ammonia v-2
Reservoir
V-6
L Rubber
HOSI?
Fig. Al
Mixing
Equipment
- 70 -
Fig. A2 - Mixing
Equipment
- 71 -
- 72 APPENDIX B Estimation It of Incident is assumed that Solar Radiation radiation in May in Bangkok the diffuse radiation is 200 on an and is one
We shall is a linear
assume that
function
of the angle
of inclination
of the maximum amount when the plane is vertical. The angle of inclination = 20 degrees to the horizontal. (D') is estimated Therefore, to be
collector
global
radiation
Institute
installed
engineering During
The results
the period
of the tests
radiation
to estimate
the component
on the collector, (Q) = collector = = direct (Q') D' + (Q-200) 178 + (Q-200) cos 20" x 0.94 -2 -1 cal cm day , radiation + diffuse radiation,
on the inclined
global
radiation.
55C i 500
100
P -- ----Fig. 01 -
-Global of
May 1975----
-----
___-
_ .__ .__ 4
Doily
Institute
S&or
Radiation
at
The
Asian
Technology
- 74 -
467 429
-1
Therefore,
= =
i
-2 -1 cal cm day -1 on 4' x 4' collecting 24,514 Btu. day 16,342 Btu per 8 hours. cover = solar 90 percent, energy will therefore, be transmitted cover.
area
by the glass
of the original
incident
90 percent
to the collector
is about
should
be emphasized
that
the estimates
obtained
by this
method