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Vho`m n[adVZmMm, `m n[adVZmMm nanaoer Agbo`m
g~Y mMm d `m gm`mV gVb
w Z amIUm`m _`dVu gm_m{OH$
H$VrMm H$_mZo EH$gY hmoV Jobb
o m Vmo g_mOY_hr hmoVm.
n. Zoh$ hUm`Mo, ^maV hr nmM hOma dfmMr _hmZ nanam
Amho. H$mJgo njmZo hr gH$Vr Amn`m Ama^H$mimnmgyZM
Am_gmV H$am`bm gwdmV Ho$br, VgoM VrV `m B{VhmgmV d
ZVahr Pmbobo ~Xb VodT>mM OmUrdnydH $ KS>dZy AmUbo.
H$mJgo Mo VohmMo EH$ ò> ZoVo XmXm^mB ZmamoOr ho amOH$s`
{dMmadV hmoV,o Y_mV KS>dZy AmUmd`m`m Z`m n[adVZmMo
ZoVo hmoV,o naH$s` amOdQ>rZo Xoem`m Ho$bo`m Am{WH$ bwQ>rMo
Vk ^m`H$ma hmoV,o bKw d _`_ CmoJmMo Ama^H$V} d
nwaH$V} hmoVo Am{U g_mOm`m _yb^yV Eo`mMm AmJh YaUmao
Wmoa VdqMVH$hr hmoV.o BbS>`m nmb_Q| >_ò {ZdSy>Z OmD$Z
`mZr ^maVm`m OmJ{VH$ `dWoVrb WmZmMmhr OdiyZ
A`mg Ho$bm hmoVm. Y_mZo nmaer Agbo`m XmXm^mBZm H$mJgo Zo
Amn`m A`jnXr VrZ doim {ZdSy>Z {Xbo, hr EH$M ~m~ `m

gKQ>Zo `m _yi`m gdg_mdoeH$ H${VY_mda H$me Q>mH$Umar
Amho. Amnbr gKQ>Zm gdg_mdoeH$ Agmdr hm {VMo VH$mbrZ
ZoVo H$gm `Z H$arV `mMo EH$ CXmhaU H$mJgo Mo VohmMo g{Md
H$. VobJ `m`m EH$m Zm|XrV gmnS>V.o H$mJgo `m Ama^r`m
A{YdoeZmZm _wgb_mZ Y_mMr _mUgo, Vohm`m ga g`X
Ah_X `m`m ^mdm_wio òV ZgV. `mda Cnm` hUyZ AmnU
Mma _wpc_ {V{ZYtZm dmgIM XoD$Z H$go AmUV Agy ho
VobJ mZr `m Zm|XrV {b{hbo Amho.
H$mJgo gKQ>Zm gdg_mdoeH$M Zho Va g_mOOrdZm`m
gd AJmZm ne H$aUmar H$er amhrb Agm gwdmVrnmgyZMm hm
`Z nwT>o Zm_Xma JmoIbo, \o$amoOehm _ohVm, ~. gwa| ZmW
~ZOu, bmbm bOnVam`, {~{nZM nmb `m ^mdr Zo`mZrhr
OmUrdnydH $ Ho$bm. amOH$s` gwYmaUmMm AmJh YaVmZmM
gm_m{OH$ gwYmaUm KS>{d`mMm `Z `m Q>m _S>irH$Sy>Z
Vohm Pmbm. `m. amZS>o VrV g{H$` ^mJ KoV Zgbo Var `mMr
gKQ>Zo `m `m J^ dmQ>Mmbrda ZOa hmoVr d {Vbm `mMo
_mJXeZhr bm^V hmoV.o `mM H$mimV `m gm`mhZ ^mdr d
am>r` nmVirdarb ZoVo hUyZ nwT>o Ambobo bmoH$_m` {Q>iH$
`mZm Va `m`m Q>rH$mH$mamZrM "Vo`m-Vm~mo`mM'o (hUOo
~hOZ g_mOmMo) ZoVo hQ>b.o {Q>iH$ amOH$maUmEdT>M
o
g_mOH$maUmMo Am{U Y_H$maUmMohr A{YH$mar ^m`H$ma hmoV.o
Xgao H$mhr EH$ Z H$aVm {Q>iH$mZr Ho$di JrVmah` {b{hbo
AgVo Var `mZm {XJV H$sVu bm^br AgVr Ago `m`m{df`r
`mM H$mimV hQ>bo Job.o {Q>iH$mMo _moR>no U EdT>mda _`m{XV
hmoUmao Zmhr. Vo AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmMo n{hbo A{Ib ^maVr` ZoVo
hmoV.o Ia ~w{_mm, ^mdr boIUr d bmoH$moma `mJ
`m`mEdT>M
o `m`m >rMo d$n `m gX^mV gdneu d
XaJm_r hmoV.o nw`m`m boJnmgyZ nyd ~Jmb_Yrb _wgb_mZ
{dUH$am`m XmU AdWon`V nmohmoMUmam {VMm AmdmH$m _moR>m
hmoVm. gmam ~Jmb `mZm "~S>Xo mXm' hUV hmoVm Am{U
_mgnmgyZ {Xrn`V `m`m ZmdmMm Xamam hmoVm. Vo gmao d^d
AWmVM H$mJgo `mhr dmQ>mbm Ambo.
ZVa Ambo`m JmYrOt`m ZoV dmMm AmdmH$mM OmJ{VH$
hmoVm. `m`m ~wrMr Pon gmao OJ {dMmam`m H$joV AmUUmar
Am{U H$V dmMm AmdmH$m g_mOm`m gd AJmZm H$doV KoUmam
hmoVm. Vo dmV`bT>mMo ZoVo hmoVM
o , {edm` ^Jr_w$s,
X{bV_w$s, r_w$s Am{U Xm[a_w $snmgyZ Am__w$sn`V`m
gd jomV `m`m koMm gMma hmoVm. OJâMo VdqMVH$,
dmV`bT>mMo ZoV,o {V^mdV, H$bmH$ma Am{U dkm{ZH$
`m`mH$S>o AmeoZo nmhUmao hmoV.o H$mJgo hr Ho$di ehar
{dMmadVmMr, Y{ZH$ d _`_dJmMr Am{U O_rZXmagaOm_XmamMr gKQ>Zm Z amhVm Jm_rU J[a~mMr, eoVH$ar d
H$m_JmamMr, {`mMr Am{U X{bV, Am{XdmgtMrhr gKQ>Zm
hmdr, Vr qhXE dT>rM _wgb_mZmZmhr `mMr dmQ>mdr EdT>r O~a
d `mnH$ ^y{_H$m KoD$Z `mZr H$mJgo bm _w~ BnmgyZ _{Unyan`V

Am{U H$m_ranmgyZ H$`mHw$_marn`V`m gm_m` _mUgm`m
AVH$aUmV WmZ {_idyZ {Xbo. AmO JmdmoJmdr {XgUmao XmoZ
dm VrZ {nT>mMo `m njmMo H$m`H$V} ho `mbm JmYrOtZr {Xbobo
XoUo Amho ho bjmV `mdo bmJVo... 1921 d 1924 _ò
Pmbo`m _`dVu H$m`Xo_S >im`m (bo{Obo{Q>h Ago br)
{ZdS>UHw $m H$mJgo Zo `m`m ZoV dmV qOH$`m d 1937 _ò
`m H$m`Xo_S >imEdT>M
o gmV am`m`m {d{Y_S>imV ~h_V
{_idyZ Amnbr gaH$maohr WmnZ Ho$br. OZgm_m`m`m
~imda {ZdS>UHw $m qOH$V OmD$Z amOgmoer bT>V XoUmam JmYr
hm Agm_m` ZoVm hmoVm.
`m gm`m dmgmV H$mJgo bm Xoem`m _`__mJu
d^mdY_mMo d$n m H$aUo O_bo. ^maV hm nydmnma
_`__mJu d gdmZm gmo~V KoD$Z OmUmar _Zmod mr OnUmam
g_mO Amho. Vohm d ZVahr EImXXg`m gJr Vmo gVmnmZo
S>m`m dm CO`m ~mOybm PwH$bobm {Xgbm Var gJio
pWaWmda hmoVmM Vmo `m`m _yi _`__mJu d^mdY_mda
Ambobmhr gm`mZr nm{hbm. hm _`__mJ H$mJgo bm Xo`mMo d
`mda `mbm Mmb`mMr {eV d gd` bmd`mMo H$m_M `m
njm`m Ama^r`m Zo`mZr Ho$bo.
1930 _ò H$mJgo `m A`jnXmd$Z ^mfU H$aVmZm
Odmhabmb Zoh$ `m VU Zo`mZo g_mOdmXmMr KmofUm Ho$br
Am{U XoemVrb VUmBMo _Z qOHy$Z KoVbo. VohmnmgyZM Vo
XoemMo gdm{YH$ bmS>H$o d bmoH${` ZoVo ~Zbo. Zoh$ OodT>o
gw{d VodT>M
o gwg H$V Am{U OodT>o A``Zerb VodT>M
o
n[al_r ZoVo hmoV.o B{Vhmgmda `mMm A{YH$ma hmoVm, Vo
H$m`Xon{ S>V hmoV,o OJm`m amOH$maUmMo `mMo AmH$bZ
Vohm`m gd Zo`mV _moR>o hmoVo Am{U VU_Zmda `mMr nH$S>
O~a hmoVr. ^maV dV hmoBn `V H$mJgo Mr gKQ>Zm JmYrOt`m
^mdmV, gaXma nQ>b
o m`m {ZÙmV Am{U Zoh$`m ZoV dmV
_J dmQ>Mmb H$arV am{hbr. hm ^md WoQ> Zoh$`m _`yn`V
hUOo 1964 n`V H$m`_ am{hbm. nwT>o Vmo {daV OmD$Z 67
n`V H$mJgo njmZoM Amnbo nyduMo d$n ~Xbbo.
Zoh$ ho XoemMm B{Vhmg, Y_, nanam, gH$Vr,
_mUygnU, `mVbm _`__mJ, lm, kmZ, {dkmZ, {M{H$gm,
amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU, gmm, godm Am{U nwfr XoIUonU `m
gm`mMo XoemVrb EH$_od {V{ZYr hmoV.o VerM `mMr {V_m
hmoVr Am{U `m gd jomVrb _mUgo d dmh `mM ^mdZoZo
`m`mH$S>o nmhmVhr AgV. `m`m OrdZm`m AIoarg
`m`mdarb Q>rH$m dmTbobr {Xgbr Var `mMr hr
gdg_mdoeH$Vm d gdjo neu {V_m A^J am{hbr.
H$moU`mhr jomVbm AmXe emoYm`bm XgarH$S>o Omdo bmJy Zò
AgoM `m_wio `m H$mimV ~hg ` OZVobm dmQ>V am{hbo...
Zoh$ Jobo Am{U ZoV dmMr hr EH$m_ nanam {dIwabr. EdT>m
gm`m Jmo>tMo g`w $ {V{Z{Yd H$aUmam AmXeM _J Cabm
Zmhr. A_yH$ Jmo>r AmhoV nU V_yH$ Zmhr Aem ~oaOmdOm~m`mZrM dUZo H$aVm `mdr Aer _mUgoM _J amOH$maUmV
nmhmdr bmJbr.. n[aUm_r gm{h`, gH$Vr, Y_, nanam d
A``Zmgma`m jomVbo Zdo nU jor` d bhmZ-_moR>o AmXe
nwT>o Ambo. `mVyZ g_mOH$maUmbm J^Vm Ambr nU `mMo
EH$H|$r AgUo B{VhmgO_m hmoV Job.o ^maVr` amOH$maUm`m
{dH|${V {dH$mgmMr dm AdWoMr ~rOo `m pWVrV AmhoV.
XoemVrb H$mJgo Vo a njmMm Ama^ d {dH$mghr `m gX^mV
nmhUo òWo Amd`H$ Amho. gm`dmXr qH$dm H$`w{ZQ> hm nj
`wamonmV AR>am`m eVH$mVM O_mbm Ambm Am{U 1917 _ò
`mZo a{e`mda Amnbr bmb hH$y _V H$m`_ Ho$br. ^maVmV
`mMr WmnZm 1925 _ò Pmbr. Ama^rMr AZoH$ df} `mda
{~{Q>e gaH$maZo ~Xr KmVbr d `m`m nwT>m`mZm doJdoJ`m
H$Q>m `m AmamonmImbr AQ>H$ H$$Z VwJ mV S>m~ bo. Xg`m
_hm`wm`m AIoa`m H$mimV a{e`m d BbS> `mMo _ Owibo
Vohm `m njmbm _w$ H$$Z Amn`m `w`ZmV gmhm`
H$a`mgmR>r `m gaH$maZo am~dyZ KoVbo. n[aUm_r Vmo
dmV`bT>mnmgyZ d OZ_mZgmnmgyZhr Xa am{hbm.
1906 _ò AmJmImZm`m nwT>mH$mamZo XoemV _wpc_
brJMr WmnZm Pmbr. _wgb_mZm`m doJ`m amOH$maUmMm
Ama^ `mhZ OwZm hmoVm. ga g`X Ah_X `m`m ZoV dmVbo
`mMo AbrJS> ho H|$ EH$mo{Ugm`m eVH$m`m CmamYmVM
~i ~Zbo hmoV.o Cma XoemVrb Xod~X ho H$S>`m Y_n{ S>VmMo
Xgao nrR>hr Vohm g{H$` hmoV.o _wpc_ brJMo amOH$maU
_wgb_mZmgmR>r doJio _VXma gK _mJ`mnmgyZ gw$ Pmbo d nwT>o
nm{H$VmZ`m _mJUrV namd{VV hmoD$Z ^maVmMr \$miUr
KS>dZy AmU`mV Vo èdrhr Pmbo. _wpc_ brJZo H$mJgo da
Vmo qhXM
m nj Ag`mMr Q>rH$m Ama^mnmgyZ Ho$br d dV
^maVmV òUmar `m njmMr amOdQ> _wgb_mZmgmR>r gwa{jV
AgUma Zmhr hm Mma Amnbm _yb_ ~Z{dbm. brJbm {~{Q>e
B{S>`m`m H$mimV Xoem`m Mma am`mV gmm {_i{dVm Ambr.
_m hr Mmahr amò nwT>o nm{H$VmZmV Jo`m_wio brJMm XoemVrb
^md gnw >mV Ambm.
1906 _òM XoemV qhX _hmgôMr WmnZm Pmbr.
_wimV H$mJgo `m _`dVu gKQ>ZVo _wgb_mZmMo m~` dmTy> Zò
ho _`m{XV C{> KoD$Z {Z_mU Pmbobm hm nj 1936 n`V
H$mJgo `mM EH$m CnemIogmaIm H$m_ H$arV am{hbm. H$mJgo Mo
AZoH$ A`j qhX gôMho r A`j Agm`Mo Am{U {VMr
A{YdoeZohr H$mJgo `mM _S>nmV ~hYm âm`Mr. 1936 _ò
Vmo nj H$S>`m qhXdmMm Zmam XoV H$mJgo `m {damoYmV C^m
H$a`mMo H$m_ gmdaH$amZr Ho$bo. naVw {~{Q>em`m `w âVrbm
_XV H$a`m`m gmdaH$am`m YmoaUm_wio `mbmhr OZVo`m
dmV`bT>mMm ^mJ ~ZVm Ambo Zmhr. dmVd ho H$s 36 ZVa
gmdaH$a Am{U `mMr qhX _hmg^m {~{Q>emer bT>`mhZ
H$mJgo erM OmV bT>V am{hbr. hm nj \$magm dmT>bm Zmhr
OJâMo VdqMVH$, dmV`bT>mMo ZoV,o

{V^mdV, H$bmH$ma Am{U dkm{ZH$
`m`mH$S>o AmeoZo nmhUmao hmoV.o
H$mJgo hr Ho$di ehar {dMmadVmMr,
Y{ZH$ d _`_dJmMr Am{U O_rZXmagaOm_XmamMr gKQ>Zm Z amhVm Jm_rU J[a~mMr,
eoVH$ar d H$m_JmamMr, {`mMr Am{U X{bV,
Am{XdmgtMrhr gKQ>Zm hmdr, Vr qhXE dT>rM
_wgb_mZmZmhr `mMr dmQ>mdr EdT>r O~a
d `mnH$ ^y{_H$m KoD$Z `mZr H$mJgo bm
_w~ BnmgyZ _{Unyan`V Am{U H$m_ranmgyZ
H$`mHw$_marn`V`m gm_m` _mUgm`m
AVH$aUmV WmZ {_idyZ {Xbo.
AmO JmdmoJmdr {XgUmao XmoZ dm VrZ {nT>mMo
`m njmMo H$m`H$V} ho `mbm JmYrOtZr {Xbobo
XoUo Amho ho bjmV `mdo bmJVo...
Am{U `mbm `mMo {V{ZYr EImXXgam AndmX dJiVm H$moR>o

{ZdSy>Z AmUUohr O_bo Zmhr.
g_mOdmXr njhr 1925`m gw_mamgM O_mbm Ambm
d dVbm H$mJgo -g_mOdmXr hUdV `m`mM _S>nmV dmT>V
am{hbm. `m`m dV ~R>H$s hmoV, g_mOdmXmdarb {Z>M
o md
H$m`H$ _mMm `mV CXKmof hmoB, _m dmV`bT>mgmR>r `mZo
H$mJgo d JmYrOtMo ZoV dM {eamoYmh _mZbo hmoV.o 1930 _ò
Zoh$Zr H$mJgo `m A`jnXmd$Z g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMr
KmofUm Ho$br Vohm `m njmMm H$m`H$ _M hadbm.
dmV`bT>m`m H$mimVM g_mOdmmMo gKQ>Z H$mJgo nmgyZ
doJio Pmbo. 1952 `m {ZdS>UHw $sV `mbm Ho$ai_ò _`m{XV
è {_imbo. _m Vohm d ZVahr `mbm H$moU`mhr am`mV
d~imda gmm {_i{dVm Ambr Zmhr. AmVmem Vmo nj d `mMm
g_mOdmX `m Xmohr Jmo>r B{VhmgO_m Pm`mJV AmhoV.
dVbm gmH${VH$ hU{dUmar d qhXdmMm dgm
KoVbobr am>r` d`gdo H$ gK hr gKQ>Zmhr 1925 _ò WmnZ
Pmbr. amOH$maUmnmgyZ Xa amh`m`m dVmnm`r Vr dmV`m`m
MidirnmgyZhr gKQ>Zm hUyZ Xa am{hbr. dmV`mrZVa
{VZo OZgK `m amOH$s` njmMr WmnZm H$$Z g{H$`
amOH$maUmV doe Ho$bm. `m njmbm Ama^r \$magm OZmYma
{_imbm Zmhr. _m qhXdmMm dgm Am{U nanamMm A{^_mZ
`mMm CXKmof H$arV d \$maer Am{WH$ ^y{_H$m Z KoVm `m njmZo
g_mOmVrb _`_dJmV Amnbr bmoH${`Vm H$m`_ H$am`bm
gwdmV Ho$br. 1967 `m {ZdS>UHw $sV `m njmbm 7 Q>$o _Vo
{_im`mMo AmT>ibo. AmUr~mUrZVa O`H$mem`m OZVm
njmV {dbrZ Pm`mZVa _m `mMm OZmYma dmT>bm d Vmo
ZVa`m H$mimV H$_mZo dmT>V OmD$Z 1999 _ò `m`m
ZoV dmV am>r` bmoH$emhr AmKmS>rMo gaH$maM XoemV WmnZ
Pmbo. `mgmR>r 1992 _ò `mZo H$mT>bo `m gmo_ZmW Vo
A`mo`m `m aW`moMm d {V`m AIoarg ~m~ar _{eXr`m
Pmbo`m {ddgmMm n[aUm_ _moR>m R>abm. `m AmXmobZmZo H$Yr
Zho VodT>r H$S>`m qhXdmMr ^mdZm EH$m _moR>m dJmV OmJr
Pmbr d VrM `m njmMm AmOhr AmYma ~Zbr Amho. g`m
XoemVrb JwOamV, _`Xoe, N>mrgJS>, H$ZmQ>H$ `mgma`m
_wI am`mV `mMr gaH$mao A{YH$mam$T> AmhoV Am{U
bmoH$gôVhr `mbm _wI {damoYr njmMo WmZ Amho.
dmV`mrZVa`m, 1947 Vo 2011 `m 65 dfm`m
H$mbIS>mMo amOH$s` A`mgmgmR>r Mma ^mJ> H$aVm òVrb.
1) 47 Vo 67 hm H$mJgo njm`m Xoemdarb EH$N>r A_bmMm
H$mi. 2) 67 Vo 84 hm gmmVam`m AZw^dmMm H$mi. 3) 84
Vo 95 hm amOH$s` ApWaVoMm d {V`mer OwidyZ Ko`mMm
H$mi d 4) 95 Vo 2011 hm pWa d$nm`m amOH$s`
~XbmMm nU AmKmS>r gaH$mamMm H$mi. ho H$mb{d^mOZ
A`d{OV dm H$mQ>Ho $moa Zmhr. EH$mM am>OrdZm`m gbJ
dmhmMo A``Z H$aVmZm H$mhr Jmo>r, KQ>Zm, `$s Am{U Z
AZoH$ OmJr d AZoH$ H$mbIS>mV AmT>iV AgVmV. H$m_raMm

Z 1947 nmgyZ AmVmn`V VgmM am{hbm Amho. Zoh$ d JmYr
`m Kam`mMr nanamhr VerM Amho. VmH$m{bH$ d$nmMo Z
òVmV Am{U {ZH$mbmV {ZKVmV. nU Xoembm H$mhr Zmgmo~V
XrKH$mi OJmdoM bmJVo. `mMm Ama^ Hw$R>o Am{U eodQ> H$gm
`mMo Zo_Ho$ AmH$bZ ZoV dmEdT>M
o g_mOmbmhr hmoV Zmhr.
amOH$s` {dMmagaUrhr H$mbmZw$n ~XbV AgVmV. qhXdmMm
dgm KoVbobm nyduMm OZgK ^maVr` OZVm nj ~Zbm H$s
JmYrUrV g_mOdmXr hmoVmo d Vmo dVbm go`wbahr hUdVmo.
g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMr ^mfm EHo$H$mir ~mobUmam H$mJgo nj
nwT>o Iw`m d _w$ AW`dWo`m {XeoZo OmVmZm {Xgy bmJVmo.
Z`mZo dV Pmbo`m Xoemg_moa AgVmV Vo gmao Z
^maVmg_moahr hmoV.o \$miUrZo C^m Ho$bobm AmJS>m~| d
{V`m_wio A{ZHo$V Pmbo`m bjmdYr bmoH$mMo nwZdgZ,
XoemVrb ghmeoda gWmZmMo {dbrZrH$aU d am>mMo ^mJmo{bH$
EH$sH$aU, H$m_ramV nm{H$VmZr Q>mi
o rdm`mMo AmH$_U Am{U
{V~oQ>da Vm~m {_idyZ MrZZo ^maVmbm AmUyZ {^S>{dbobr
Amnbr gah... `m{edm` AQ>M
mB, Xm[a{ZdmaU, Am{WH$
d Ammo{JH$ C^maUr `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ Zmgmo~VM XoemV
dYm{ZH$ gaH$maMr C^maUr, gKam`mMr {Z{_Vr d ggXr`
bmoH$emhrMr _whV _ To > ho Vohm`m dV_mZmV hmVmim`Mo
Xoemg_moaMo Z hmoV.o nm{H$VmZZo A_o[aHo$`m _rH$amamV
OmJm {_i{d`mZo d a{e`mMm hH$y _ehm Q>{ cZ hm Zoh$nQ>b
o mZm A_o[aHo$Mo d ^mS>dbXmamMo hVH$ hUV Ag`mZo
`m Xmohr Xoemer _r hmo`mMr e`Vm ~arMer AYHw $ hmoVr.
Vohm`m erV`wmZo X^J bo`m OJmV Z`m naam>r` YmoaUm`m
AmIUrMohr EH$ AmhmZ Xoemg_moa hmoV.o ..`m gd ZmZm Vm|S>
XoV Xoem`m Ama^r`m ZoV dmZo `m Y`mZo Amnbr nmdbo
Q>mH$br `mgmR>r `mMo ZwgVo H$mVHw $M H$$Z ^mJUma Zmhr, `m
nmdbmda ZV_VH$M hmdo bmJob.
hm H$mi XoemVJV am``dWm O{d`mMmM Zmhr, Vr
KS>{d`mMm d {Vbm AmH$ma Xo`mMmhr Amho. hXam~mX,
^monmi, OwZmJS> Am{U H$m_ra hr gWmZo BVa gWmZmgmaIr
^maVmV ghOmghOr gm_rb Pmbr ZmhrV. hXam~mXoV bH$a
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gm_èmbr gWm{ZH$ hmoVm. `m`m amOdQ>rbm AZoH$ XoemMr
_m`Vm hmoVr. {edm` Vmo OJmVbm gdm{YH$ lr_V _mUyghr
hmoVm. dm_r am_mZX VrW `m g`mer `moX>`m`m ZoV dmV gw$
Agbobo hXam~mXoVrb dmV`mMo AmXmobZ `mZo H$_mbr`m
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Owb_w r Zo`mMr `mZo _XV KoVbr hmoVr. hXam~mX ^maVmV
gm_rb Pmbo ZgVo Va hm Xoe ^mJmo{bH$Q>m AIS> Pmbm
ZgVm... A`V Anw`m \$mOm d VwQ>nw `m gm_Jr{Zer Xoe `m

bT>mV CVabm d Ad`m H$mhr VmgmV `mZo Vmo èdr Ho$bm.
OwZmJS>Mo gWmZ JwOamV`m {H$Zm`mdaMo. `mVbr
Om qhX Am{U gWm{ZH$ _wgb_mZ. `mMo {XdmUnX ^w>mo
`m`m nydO
mH$S>o hmoV.o OwZmJS>`m gWm{ZH$mZo ^maVmEodOr
nm{H$VmZmV gh^mJr hmo`mMm {ZU` KoVbm Vohm VoWrb
OZVoZo ^maVm`m ~mOyZo AmXmobZ Ho$bo. n[aUm_r ^maVr`
\$mOmZr H$madmB H$$Z OwZmJS> Vm`mV KoVbo d ^maVmV gm_rb
Ho$bo.
H$m_raMm Z `mhZ doJim hmoVm. Vmo g~Y Xoe
Jwbm~qgJ `m H$m_ra`m Ow`m _hmamOmZr BJO mer hmV{_idUr
H$$Z A{Ve` H$_r XamV (EH$ bj nò) {dH$V KoVbm hmoVm.
erI g_mQ> _hmamOm aU{OVqgJm`m goZVo goZmnVr Agbo`m
Jwbm~qgJmZo I{bVmZ ho {eImMo am` BJO mZm AmVyZ _XV
H$$Z ~wS>{dbo hmoV.o H$m_ramV _wpc_ ~hg ` Va qhX
Ang` hmoV.o `mVyZ H$m_ra`m amOmZo gaH$ma d emgZ
`mVrb _hdmMr nXo amOWmZmVrb S>mJo m `m Amn`m OmVrVrb
bmoH$mZm {Xbr hmoVr. dm^m{dH$M `m gmo{df`rMm \$ma _moR>m
AgVmof bmoH$mV hmoVm. `mVyZ ZVa JmXrda Ambobm amOm h[aqgJ
Amnbo gWmZ ^maVmV {dbrZ H$am`bm amOr ZhVm Am{U
OZVmhr `m`m {damoYmV hmoVr. `m pWVrV nm{H$VmZr Q>mi

o rdmbo
H$m_ramV Kwgbo (AmQ>m~o a 47) Am{U `mZr WoQ> lrZJa`m
npM_obm MmXm {H$bmo_rQ>a AVamda òD$Z Amnbm Vi R>mHo $bm.
Aem AS>MUrV gmnS>bo `m h[aqgJmZo ^maVmMr bH$ar _XV
_m{JVbr Vohm "AmYr gm{_brH$aU d ZVaM bH$ar _XV' Aer
^y{_H$m n. Zoh$`m gaH$maZo KoVbr. Vr _m` H$a`mdmMyZ
amOmbm J`Va ZhVo. òWo AmUIrhr EH$ Zoh_r Xb{ jbr OmUmar
~m~ Zm|X{dbr nm{hOo. OwZmJS> Am{U hXam~mXMr Om qhX~hb
hmoVr. `m_wio Vr ^maVmgmo~V Amho ho OJmbm gmJUo gmono hmoV.o
`mCbQ> H$m_ra hm _wpc_~hb Xoe Ag`mZo Ho$di amOm`m
g_VrZo hmoUmao `mMo gm{_brH$aU bmoH$_Vm`m
{e$m_moV~ mdmMyZ Anwao am{h`mMr Q>rH$m `mda hmoUo Ano{jV
hmoV.o `mgmR>r n. Zoh$`m gaH$maZo h[aqgJmda X~md AmUyZ
`mZo VwJ mV S>m~ bo`m eoI AXm `m bmoH$mZr {ZdS>bo `m
_w`_`mMr gwQ>H$m H$a{dbr. eoa-E-H$m_ra hUyZ A_mn
bmoH${`Vm {_i{dbo`m `m Zo`mMr gm{_brH$aUm`m
OmhraZm`mda ghr hmoD$Z {Vbm amOgmoEdT>M
o bmoH$_VmMohr
nmR>~i {_imbo. `mZVaM ^maVr` bH$a arVga H$m_ramV Ambo
Am{U `mZo H$m_raMm AmOMm Xoe gwa{jV H$$Z KoVbm.
EH$m bH$ar dmVdmMmhr CoI òWo H$aUo d Vmo
"{g_cm H$ama' H$a`mgmR>r ^maVmV Amcoco nm{H$VmZMo nVYmZ Pwp\$H$ma Acr ^wmmo, gmo~V VU ~oZPra...
A`mgH$mZr bjmV KoUo JaOoMo Amho. dmV` {_imbo Vohm

^maVmMr g`g`m \$$ nmM bmI hmoVr. `mVrb XmoZ bmI
drg hOmamZr nm{H$VmZmV OmUo nH$a`m_wio Vr Ad`m 2
bmI 80 hOmamda Ambr. `m VwQ>nw `m \$mO{o Zer H$m_raMo
ajU, \$miUrMm AmH$mV Am{U hXam~mX d OwZmJS>gma`m
gWm{ZH$mMo dmX `mgmaIo Z gmoS>{d`mV OodT>o A{YH$m{YH$
è {_i{dVm òUo e` hmoVo VodT>o Zoh$-nQ>b
o m`m gaH$maZo
Ama^r`m XmoZ dfmVM {_i{dbo. gWmZmMo {dbrZrH$aU Pmbo
Am{U Xoe EH$gY Pmbm. {dWm{nVmMo nwZdgZ Pmbo.
{V~oQ>~m~V \$mago H$mhr H$aUo O_UmaoM Zg`m_wio `m
Xoemda MrZ`m ^wdmbm XoemZo _m`Vm {Xbr. _m `mhr
pWVrV XbmB bm_mH$S>o AgUmao {V~oQ>Mo am> d Y__wInX
^maVmZo ZmH$mabo Zmhr. Y_emim `m h[a`mUmVrb ehamV XbmB
bm_m ho AmOhr `m`m hOmamo AZw`m`mgh ^maVm`m Aml`mZo
amhV AmhoV. H$m_ramV Kwgbo`m nm{H$VmZr Q>mi
o rdm`mer
22 AmQ>m~o a 1947 Vo 1 OmZodmar 49 Ago MmXm _{hZo `w
H$$Z Vmo Xoe XmoZ VVr`memEdT>m _w$ H$a`mV Ambm. `m
AmYr H$m_ra`m _hmamOmbm `m`m BN>{o d nU OZVo`m
nmR>~imda Vo gWmZ ^maVmV {dbrZ H$am`bm bmdbo Job.o
`mM pWVrV XoemZo Amnbo naam>r` YmoaU dV amI`mMo
AmhmZ drH$m$Z ZmZ AbmBZ_|Q> hr `mMr {Xem ~Z{dbr.
Amhr H$moU`mhr JQ>mV gm_rb hmoUma Zmhr, _m òH$
OmJ{VH$ Zm~m~V, `m`m JwUdmo`m {ZH$fmda ^y{_H$m
Ko`mMo dmV`hr gmoS>Uma Zmhr Aer g{H$` VQ>WVoMr
^y{_H$m XoemZo drH$mabr. Zoh$Mo lo>d ho H$s ZmBbmO hUyZ
drH$mabobr hr ^y{_H$mM `mZr OJm`m amOH$maUmV _`dVu
~Z{dbr. OJmVrb XrS>eho Z A{YH$ XoemZr Vr Amnbr _mZbr
d Zm_ hr AmO ApVdmV Agbobr g_mZZr` OmJ{VH$
Midi `mVyZ C^r am{hbr.
{_Pmoam_ d ZmJmbS> `m XoemMr g_`mhr `m H$mimV
C^r am{hbr d {VMo d$nhr doJio hmoV.o ho Xoe Amgm_gmo~V
1826 _ò ^maVmV gm_rb Pmbo. 1929 _ò gm`_Z
H${_eZg_moa gmj XoVmZm "Vwhr ^maV gmoS>mb Vohm Amhmbmhr
Am_`m _OuZwgma _w$ hmo`mMo dmV` m' Aer _mJUr
VoWrb Zo`mZr Ho$br hmoVr. 1947 nydu `m Zo`mer (PoS>. E.
{\$Omo Am{U bmb S>J| m) `j _. JmYtZr dmQ>mKmQ>r H$$Z
^maVmV amh`m{df`r `mMo _Z di{dbo. "{~{Q>emgmo~V EdT>r
df} am{hbmV, AmVm Am_`mgmo~V Xhm df} ahm. `m H$mimV
Vwhmbm {Xr Vw_Mr dmQ>b
o Am{U H$mo{h_m Amhmbm Am_Mo
dmQ>b
o ' Ago JmYrOr `mZm hUmbo hmoV.o `mda "Zoh$ Ago
dmJbo ZmhrV Va' Agm Z {\$OmoZo {dMmabm Vohm "Zoh$`m
Jmo`m Vw_`m dVrZo _r _m`m N>mVrda PobrZ' Ago Cma XoD$Z
JmYrOtZr `mZm Amnbogo Ho$bo hmoV.o .. ^monmi`m
gWm{ZH$mbm g_O mdr bmJbr. BVa gWm{ZH$mZm VZIo
XoD$Z emV H$amdo bmJbo, H$mhtZm YmH$ XnQ>em XmIdmdm
bmJbm. Am{U VodT>mdahr H$mhr gWm{ZH$mZr ^maVm`m

dmV`{XZr Amn`m XoemV H$mio PoS| >o \$S>H$mdyZ `mMr
ZmamOr XmIdm`bm H$_r Ho$bo Zmhr. (Aem gWmZmV H$mhr
_amR>r gWmZmMmhr g_mdoe Amho.)... Vmn`, dV ^maV
AIS> H$am`bm BVHo$ gmao gmonH$ma Vohm H$amdo bmJbo.
^maVmMo VohmMo bH$ar ~i {dMmamV KoVbo H$s ho Agm`
dmQ>mdogo H$m_ VH$mbrZ ZoV dmZo H$_mbr`m gmdYnUo èdr
Ho$bo AgoM H$VkVoZo hUmdo bmJVo.
`mM gw_mamg MrZZo `m`m Vrg bmImda`m bmb
goZ{o Zer {V~oQ> nmXmH$mV H$$Z `mda Amnbr hH$y _V H$m`_
Ho$br. MrZ`m {V~oQ>darb dMdmbm _m`Vm Xo`mIoarO
^maVmH$S>o n`m` ZhVm. J_V hr H$s `mhr H$mimV ^maVmZo
Amnbo bH$a {h_mb` AmobmS>yZ {V~oQ>_ò nmR>dmdo d {MZr
\$mOmMm nmS>md H$amdm Ago hUUmar H$mhr ~mob^mS> _mUgo
XoemV nwT>o Ambobr {Xgbr. ^maVm`m bH$amV VrZ bmI
g{ZH$hr ZmhrV ho R>mD$H$ AgUm`m `m ehm`m _S>irbm
nVYmZ Zoh$ `mZr bH$ar dmVd g_OmdyZ gmJVmZm, Ago
H$aUo hr Am_h`m R>ab
o ho ~Omdbo. `mda "Vwhr nVYmZ
AmhmV, ho gmao H$go H$am`Mo ho Vwhr R>adm`Mo Amho' Ago Cma
XoD$Z hr ehmUr _mUgo Vohm _moH$ir Pmbr hmoVr.
XoemZo g{dYmZ ~Z{dbo, Vo O{dbo Am{U bmoH$emhrMm
AZw^d Zgbo`m XoemV gmgXr` bmoH$emhr H$m`_ Ho$br.
^maVmgmo~V dV Pmbo`m BVa XoemV bH$aemm òV
AgVmZm ^maVmV {ZdS>UHw $m bmoH$m`m AJdiUr nS>`m. _m
eoH$S>mo dfmMr Jwbm_{Jar Am{U byQ> `mZr AmUbobo Xm[a
Zmhrgo H$am`bm Zoh$Mr Voam dfmMr amOdQ> Anwar nS>br. _m
`m H$mimV XoemZo KoVbobm JVrMm doJ nwT>o ~arM df} `mbmM
JmR>Vm Ambm Zmhr. AmdmMyZ _mUgo amh ZòV hUyZ Zoh$Zr
gm`m OJmV {^joMr _mohr_ CKS>br. Amn`m Hw$Mo>Ho $S>o Xbj
H$arV dmV` bT>mMm Vmo ZoVm OJâ {^jmXho r H$arV am{hbm.

_m `mM H$mimV ^mH$am-ZmJb Am{U {hamHy$S>gmaIr MS>
YaUo XoemV C^r am{hbr. {g_|Q> Am{U nmobmXmMo H$n Cô
Pmbo. gwVirMm VmoS>m Z hmoUm`m XoemV aodoMr B{OZo ~Zy
bmJbr, AUw H$m`H$ _mMm Ama^hr `mM H$mimV Pmbm.
dmV`mMm bT>m gw$ AgVmZmM H$mJgo Zo Xoembm Or
AmdmgZo {Xbr `mV EH$ ^mfmdma mVaMZoMo hmoV.o EH$m
^mfoVZy EH$m am`mMm H$ma^ma Mmbbm Va gaH$ma d OZVm
`m`mV OdirH$ Cn hmoD$Z Wm{ZH$ Z doJmZo _mJu
bmJVrb hr `m_mJMr ^mdZm hmoVr. 1950 _òM `mgmR>r
AmXmobZo C^r hmoVmZm {Xgbr Am{U 53 _ò doJ`m
AmY XoemgmR>r nmo>r lram_bw `m`m ZoV dmV `m n[agamV
OZVoMo CJ AmXmobZ Cô Pmbo. XoemV MmXm _wI ^mfm
~mob`m OmVmV d `mV`m AZoH$ ^mfm ~mobUm`mMr g`m
OJmVrb AZoH$ am>r` hU{d`m OmUm`m ^mfmhZ _moR>r Amho.
Aem ^mfmMr {demb amò am>r` EH$m_Voda VmU AmUVrb
Aer ^y{_H$m KoUmar AZoH$ {dMmar _mUgo Vohm XoemV hmoVr. nU

OZ_Vm`m aoQ>mnwT>o `mMm AmdmO X~bm Am{U 1956 _ò
XoemV ^mfmdma mVaMZm {Z_mU Pmbr. `m am`m`m gaH$mamMm
OZVo`m XZ{ XZ Zmer amoOMm g~Y òD$ bmJ`mZo OZVoVrb
`mMo _mhm` dmT>bo d `m _mUmV Vo dmT>bo `m _mUmV
OZVobm d am`mZmhr {Xr XaMr dmQy> bmJbr. n[aUm_r OZVm
d am` gaH$mao `mMo g~Y OdiMo Pmbo Am{U mXo{eH$
amOH$maU dOZXma hm`bm d Vo {XrbmM S>mBo O
S> hm`bmhr
`mM H$mimV gwdmV Pmbr. Vm{_iZmSy>V {dS> _wo H$iK_
(d nwT>o AUm _wH$), AmY XoemV VobJy Xog_, nOm~mV
AH$mbr Xb, {~hmamV am>r` OZVm Xb, Amo[agmV {~Oy OZVm
Xb, ~Jmb d Ho$ai_ò H$`w{ZQ> nj, H$ZmQ>H$mV OZVm Xb
`wZm`Q>So >, CmaXoemV ~hOZ g_mO nj Va _hmam>mV {edgoZm
d _Zgo ho mXo{eH$ nj `mVyZ Cô am{hbo. Vo am`mV EdT>o
~bembr Pmbo H$s ZVa`m H$mimV am>r` hU{dUm`m
njmZmhr H|$mV Amnbr gaH$mao ~Z{dVmZm `mMr _XV `mdr
bmJbr. 1996 ZVa H|$mV gmoda Ambobr gJirM gaH$mao
Aem AmKmS>mMr hmoVr. `mAmYrhr Aem gaH$mamMo `moJ
XoemV Pmbo hmoV.o
am`dma ~bembr Pmbo`m `m njmZr AZoH$Xm Amn`m
mXo{eH$ {hVmbm _hd Xo`mMo d `mgmR>r am>r` {hVmEdT>rM
Xoem`m EH$m_VoMrhr AmoT>mVmU H$a`mMo amOH$maU Ho$bo. Vo
AOyZ hmoVo d Aem doir `mH$S>o hVmenUo nmhm`mIoarO
H$moUmbm H$mhr H$aVm òV Zmhr. AmO {damoYr JQ>mV ~gUmam
EImXm mXo{eH$ nj Cm Amn`m JmoQ>mV òD$ eH$Vmo `mMm
âdgm ~miJUmao am>r` njhr `m`m d `m`m nwT>m`m`m
AmJ{iH$s, MwH$m d gJr ^>mMmahr nmoQ>mV KmbVmV.
_wH$~m~V H$mJgo Zo Am{U ò{X`wanm, ao>t~m~V ^mOnmZo g`m
Zo_Ho$ hoM Mmb{dbo Amho... `m H$mamMm gdmV _moR>m Xn[aUm_
H|$ gaH$ma am`m`m gX^mV X~io hmo`mV Pmbm Amho. 1959
_ò H|$mZo Ho$aiMo gaH$ma ~aImV Ho$bo. (Vgm A{YH$ma
KQ>Zo `m 356 `m H$b_mZo H|$mbm {Xbm Amho) ZVa`m
H$mimV 1971 _ò B{Xam JmYtZr, 1978 _ò _moamaOr
gaH$maZo d nwT>o 1980 _ò B{Xam JmYtZr XoemVrb AZoH$ am`
gaH$mao Ho$di "`mZr OZmYma J_mdbm' ho H$maU nwT>o H$$Z
~aImV Ho$br... AmVm Vmo H$mi _mJo nS>bm Amho. am` gaH$ma
~aImV H$aUo AmVm H|$mbm O_Umao Zmhr. H$maUo amOH$s`
AgmoV dm mXo{eH$ Ap_VoMr, nU dmOno`t`m H$maH$sXunmgyZ
am` gaH$mamMr H|$mH$Sy>Z hmoUmar ~aImVr hm {df` AmVm
B{VhmgO_m Pmbm Amho... KQ>ZZo o Vmo A{YH$ma Ho$ mbm {Xbm
Agbm Var.
62 _ò MrZer Pmbo`m `wmV ^maVmbm _mKma `mdr
bmJbr. _m ZVa VrZM dfmZr nm{H$VmZer Pmbo`m `wmV
^maVmZo `m Xoemda {ZUm`H$ {dO` {_i{dbm. `m `wmZo
^maVmMr _mZ OJmV OodT>r CMmdbr VodT>mM `m`m AIoarg
VmH$X òWo `mZo nm{H$VmZer Omo emVVoMm H$ama Ho$bm `m_wio

`mMm g_mZhr dmT>bm. Vo `w qOHy$Z XoUm`m nVYmZ
bmb~hmXa emr `mZr Amn`m AR>am _{h`m`m H$maH$rXuV
EH$ B{Vhmg KS>{dbm. `mZr {_i{dbo`m {dO`mZVa ^maVmda
namO`mMm gJ nwhm Ambm Zmhr. emrOtZVa H$mJgo njmZo
B{Xam JmYr `mMr nVYmZnXr {ZdS> Ho$br Am{U Xoem`m
B{VhmgmVrb Z`m amOH$s` ndmbm Ama^ Pmbm.
1967 _ò Pmbo`m gmd{H$ {ZdS>UHw $sV VohmMo ò>
g_mOdmXr ZoVo S>m. am__Zmoha bmo{h`m `mZr H$mJgo `m gd
{damoYH$mZm EH$ AmU`mMo èdr amOH$maU Ho$bo.
OZgKmnmgyZ H$`w{ZQ>mn `VMo gd nj d `mMo ZoVo EH$m
H$mJgo {damoYr AmKmS>rV gm_rb H$$Z `m dfu Pmbobr
{ZdS>UHy $ `mZr _moR>m èm{Zer qOH$br. bmoH$gôVrb
H$mJgo Mo ~h_V ~mdrgda Ambo d `mMdoir CmaXoe, {~hma,
~Jmb, _`Xoe `mgma`m XoemVrb _wI gmV am`mV g`w $
{dYm`H$ XbmMr (H$mJgo {damoYr AmKmS>rMr) gaH$mao WmnZ
Pmbr. H$mJgo Mm EH$N>r A_b gnbm Am{U gKam`mV
AZw^dmbm òUmao H|$ Am{U am` `m`mVrb VUmdmMo nd
1962 _ò H$`w{ZQ> njmZo

XmoZ bj bmoH$mMm EH$ {damQ> _moMm
ggXoda ZoD$Z gaH$mabm OZVoMo _mJUrn
gmXa Ho$bo hmoV.o `j n. Zoh$Zr
`m _moMmbm gm_moao OmD$Z Vo drH$mabo hmoV.o
1965 _ò Vohm`m OZgKmZo nmM bmI
bmoH$mMm AgmM ^` _moMm {XrV H$mTy>Z
OZVo`m _mJ`m gaH$mabm gmXa Ho$`m hmo`m.
hmVmbm H$m_, eoVrbm nmUr, A, d,
{Zdmam, ~H$mMo am>r`rH$aU `mgma`m _mJ`m
ho nj Vmoda Amn`m AmXmobZmVyZ H$arV hmoV.o
1967 _Yrb _Vm`m ~oaOo`m èdr Pmbo`m
amOH$maUmZo OZVo`m _mJ`m {damoYH$m`m
amOH$maUm~mhoa Zo`m. 67 ZVa OZVo`m
I`m Zmda EH$hr am>r` AmXmobZ
XoemV Pmbo Zmhr ho òWo Z_yX H$a`mOmoJ.o
ZVa`m H$mimV _VmMr ~oarO KS>dZy AmUy eHo$b
Ago Ap_VmMo amOH$maU XoemV gw$ Pmbo.
XoemV gw$ Pmbo. `m {ZdS>UHw $mZr EH$njr` amOH$s` A_bmMm

(dZ nmQ>u S>m{ _ZoqQ>J {gpQ>_) H$mbIS> gn{dbm. ~hnjr`
amOdQ>r, am`mV mXo{eH$ njmMm ^md Am{U `mVyZ {Z_mU
Pmbobo EHy$UM ApWaVoMo gmdQ> Ago amOH$maU XoemV gw$
Pmbo. nydu H$Yr ZhVr Vr YmaXma amOH$s` VoT> amOH$maUmV
Ambr. gmmYmar Am{U {damoYH$ `m`mVrb EHo$H$miMo gmhmX
gnbo Am{U gmao amOH$maUM H$S>dQ> hmoD$Z Job.o
ho n[adVZ da Co{I`m_mUo Ho$di amOH$s` ZhVo. Vo
gm_m{OH$, Ym{_H$, OmVr` d Am{WH$ Aem gJ`m jomVrb
~XbmZr KS>{dbo`m _mZ{gH$ n[adVZmMr n[aUVr gmJUmao
hmoV.o {edm` Vo D$dJm_r, g_mOm`m gd VamVrb _mUgm`m
CM d _moR>o hmo`mMo Am{U `mZm Am_^mZ òD$Z dVMr _hmm
H$iV Om`mMohr hmoV.o .. gm_m` _mUgo _moR>r hmoD$ bmJbr H$s
nyduMr _moR>r _mUgo `mZm bhmZ {Xgy bmJVmV. nydu`m
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`mAmYrhr Pmbr hmoVr. 1952 _ò {ZdS>bo `m bmoH$gôV
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g_r `m gm`mZr `m n[adVZmbm _XV Ho$br d Vo gwghr
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doir Ambobo {Xgbo. OZVo`m Zmda AmXmobZo C^ma`mMm
`mMm B{Vhmg `mVyZ gnw >mV Ambm. 1962 _ò H$`w{ZQ>
njmZo XmoZ bj bmoH$mMm EH$ {damQ> _moMm ggXoda ZoD$Z
gaH$mabm OZVoMo _mJUrn gmXa Ho$bo hmoV.o `j n. Zoh$Zr
`m _moMmbm gm_moao OmD$Z Vo drH$mabo hmoV.o 1965 _ò
Vohm`m OZgKmZo nmM bmI bmoH$mMm AgmM ^` _moMm
{XrV H$mTy>Z OZVo`m _mJ`m gaH$mabm gmXa Ho$`m hmo`m.
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am>r`rH$aU `mgma`m _mJ`m ho nj Vmoda Amn`m
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èdr Pmbo`m amOH$maUmZo OZVo`m _mJ`m {damoYH$m`m
amOH$maUm~mhoa Zo`m. 67 ZVa OZVo`m I`m Zmda EH$hr
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ZVa`m H$mimV _VmMr ~oarO KS>dZy AmUy eHo$b Ago
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o o nmUr, H$Yr
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Agbobm g~Y gnbm.
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Xo`mgmR>r B{Xam JmYt`m H$mJgo njmZo J[a~r hQ>md hm
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AmXmobZmbm mogmhZ d ghH$m` XoD$Z B{Xam JmYtZr Vmo dV
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hOmamo H$m`H$V} VwJ mV S>m~ bo. AmUr~mUrda gmam Xoe gVmnbm
AgVmZmM 1977 `m {ZdS>UHw $m Omhra Pm`m d `mV {damoYr
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_Vo AmnbrM Ag`mMm ^_ Pmbobo Vo nj d `mMo nwT>mar
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nU OmVrgmaImM Y_mMm Cn`moJhr
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J[a~r H$_r hmdr.
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Vwhmbm H$O XoUma, `mVyZ Vwhr nm{hOo Vo `m`Mo Am{U J[a~r
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o mb`m
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hr H$b_o dJiVm A` _OHy$a AOmV N>mnrbM hmoVm.
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.20000 Ago {bhZ AOXmamMr ghr `m`Mr. AOmda ghr
{X cr n ^m H$ a Omo er
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AOXmamH$Sy>Z Jm_godH$mZo 500 {dbm`Vr H$m|~S>m Ago {bhZ
KoVbo d `mda .50000 Aer aH$_ R>mHo $y Z {Xbr. hm AO
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{dbm`Vr H$m|~S>m nmierb H$m?' Va Vmo "hmo' hUmbm. `mda
_r AOXmambm nwT>o {dMmabo, "Vy hmo H$gm H$m` hUmbmg?'
`mda `mMo hUUo Ago "^mD$gmho~mZr g~gwQ>r (g~{gS>r)
{_iob Ago gm{JVbo. Vo hUmbo H$s g_mZr her, ~b KoD$Z
MmbUma Zmhr. Vy Bbm`Vr H$m|~S>m Ko. _r hUbmo "H$m|~S>m Va
H$m|~S>m, H$OmdaM `m``m Va KoD$Z Q>mHy$.' AOXmamMo ho

hUUo EoH$`mda _r `mbm Z {dMmabm H$s "{dbm`Vr
H$m|~S>rbm Xoer H$m|~S>m Mmbob H$m?' `mda Vmo hUmbm
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Vmg H$me bmJVmo Am{U `mMm n[aUm_ hUyZ Xa gdrg
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ho Vwbm _mhrV Amho H$m?' Vmo hUmbm "Zmhr', "_J Vy `m
H$OH$aUmda ghr H$m Ho$brg?' `mda `mMo Cma "^mD$gmho~
(Jm_godH$) hUmbo g~gwQ>r ôQ>ob, H$a ghr.' ho gJio g^mfU
Mmby AgVmZm Jm_godH$ JmbmV`m JmbmV hgV hmoVm. _r
`mbm {dMmabo, "Aem _mUgmbm {dbm`Vr H$m|~S>mgmR>r H$O
_mJ`mgmR>r ghr H$m H$am`bm bmdbr?' `mda nmZmMm Vmo~am
hiyhiy MmdV Jm_godH$ WS>nUo CXJmabm, "amdgmho~mZr
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Q>mH$m ~XbyZ C{>.' _r {dMmabo "hUOo H$go?' `mda Vmo
hgVhgV hUmbm "~H$ _ZO
o abm H$OmMo C{> ~Xbm`Mr nmda
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H$nmimbm hmVgwm bmdy eH$bmo Zmhr, H$maU CO`m hmVmV noZ
d S>m`m hmVmImbr AOmMm J>m hmoVm. ~H$o `m _ZO
o aH$So>
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hema hmoVm. `mgmR>r `mbm H$O {Xbo, nU {Ohmn[afX,
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bm^YmaH$mn`V `moOZm `mo`H$mao H$er nmoMdm`Mr `m~b
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hmoVm. J`mV gmo`mMr MoZ, Xhm ~moQ>mV Mma AmJR>m,
Vm~mabobo S>mi
o ,o ^H$_ Xoh`>r d nmT>am dN> P~mb|Jm
KmVbobm hm _mZmOr EdT>m EonVXma AgyZ J[a~raofI
o mbr H$gm
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m`bm AmUVmo.' _r {dMmabo, "Var nU Jm_godH$mZo `mMo
({_gogMo) Zmd hUyZ H$go KoVbo?' `mda _mZmOr hUmbm
"{V`m Zmdmda H$_r O_rZ Amho hUyZ Vr An^yYmaH$ Amho,
Hw$Qw>~ VrM MmbdVo hUyZ Hw$Qw>~_wI Amho Am{U d^mdmZo
Jar~ Amho.' _r {dMmabo "Am{WH$ J[a~rda ~r.nr.Eb.`mXr
R>aVo.' `mda Vmo hUmbm "Amhr ~mYbo`m MmirV
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o mb`m `mXrV ~gdb.' AWmVM ho
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AemM EH$m {d>b qMYy eoS>JM
o m H$mJXnmda gm H$a`mMm
Z~a Ambm. Vmo bJ~JrZo nwT>o Ambm Q>nnS>_Yo S>m`m hmVmMm
AJR>m {Ôdbm d IwUm Ho$bo`m OmJmda âmâ Qo>H$dV Jobm. ho
Pm`mZVa _r EH$m am_^mD$Zm hQ>bo "am_^mD$ Vwhr {d>b`m
AJR>mg_moa "XVya H$am.' (hUOo ghr {ZemUr S>m`m hmVmMm
AJR>m {d>b qMYy eoS>Jo `mMm Amho... am_^mD$ Ago `m
AJR>mMo g`mnZ H$am.) `mda {dR>Q>b qMYy eoS>Jo hUVmo
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ghr ~r òV!o '
AmUIr J_V hUOo `m {d>b qMYy eoS>JM
o r ghr
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Ago nyU Zmd {bh eH$Vmog H$m?' `mda Vmo "Zmhr' hUmbm. _r
{dMmabo "Vwbm {d>b qMYy Ago {b{hVm òV Zmhr?' `mda `mMo
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gw{eV _mUg Am{U Am_`mdmZr AeV _mUg {M_Ur
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ho EoH$y Z _m`m _ZmV Z Ambm H$s gmjaVoMo A_wH$ Q>Ho$ C{>
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gaH$mar ÙoMr AZmWm, ~rnrEb `mXrVrb H$mhr ~moJg
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~H$o V`m "g_m Q>mn 'bm (gd Q>m\$bm) AmdVmZ (Am_U)
m`bm Ambm. `m_wio Amhr XmoZ VrZ OUmZr Mma _bmda`m
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hmoVm Vmo hUmbm "Vw_`mdmZr Am_`mV no{e{\$H$ Q>mB_ ZgVmo.
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ZhVo. nU Jo`mJo`m Amhm MmKm`m J`m_ò "{d.qM.'Zo hma
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Agm JbH$m Pmbm. Ogo H$mhr gmho~ IwMu{~Ja ~gVM ZmhrV.
Agmo. _r "{d.qM.'bm {dMmabo, "Zdam-Zdar EH$_oH$mZm hma H$dm
KmbUma?' Vmo hUmbm "KmbVrb gmdH$me, H$embm H$miOr
H$aVm.' bmH$S>r KmoS>mda A{_Vm^ ~ZMm _wIdQ>m KmVbobm
_mUyg S>mZg H$arV hmoVm d bmD$g {nMada "_oao AJZo_o Vwhmam
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bJrZ bmdm`bm ~m_U nm{hOoM. `mbm _Jbm>H$o òV ZhVr. Vmo
am_ajm hUVm hmoVm. H$Xm{MV BWbr nVhr Ver Agob. nU
am_ajm hUVmZmhr Vmo AZoH$ MwH$m H$arV hmoVm, Cmahr R>rH$
ZhVo. _r "{d.qM.'bm {dMmabo, "{dR>m~o m Aao Ago H$m` hUVmo`
hm ~mU, am_ajm Va am_ajm nU Vrhr MwH$sMr Am{U Cmahr
MwH$sMo? ho H$g H$m` MmbV Vwhmbm?' `mda hgV hgV {d.{M.
hUmbm, "EH$ YognmS>m (XoenmS>o) JmdmV amhVmo `mbm bJrZ
bmdm`bm Y$Z AmZVmV d X{jUm Xo`mV. hema hema ~m_Z
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bmdm`bm ~m_Z nmÒoM. hr dmS>d{S>bmMr nanam nmibrM
nm{hOo.'
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_mhrV ZhVr. EH$Xm _mPr _moQ>ma~mBH$ {~KS>br hUyZ _r nYam
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Oo_Vo_ Cô amhm`bm OmJm {_imbr. EH$ ImVoXma S>m`ha
grQ>`m _mJ`m AmS>`m grQ>da ~gbm hmoVm. CMqZM Aem `m
am_m Zmdm`m ImVoXmamZo _bm nm{hbo. _Yo ~aoM bmoH$ Cô hmoVo
Var Vmo {VWyZ _m`mer _moR>mZo ~moby bmJbm "gmho~ {hOrQ>
(phOrQ>)bm H$dm òUma? Amnbo herMo naH$aZ (H$aU)
H$am`Mo Amho.' _r hQ>bo "òD$ òD$. ZVa gmJVmo.' `mda Vmo

hUmbm, "AmmmM gmJm, _gmbm H$m|~S>r V`ma Ro>dVmo, H$dm
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AmdmOmV ~mobbm H$s "gm`~mMo Zmd Omoer gmho~ hm`, Vmo
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S>mcS>mVbm adm H$$. nU H$dm òUma Vo {Z{N>N>V gmJm.' _r
hQ>bo "_bm S>mcS>mVbm nU ZH$mo Am{U ew VwnmVbm adm
({eam) nU ZH$mo. Am{\$g_ò òD$Z ôQ> _J ò`mMr VmarI
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{eam mdm bmJV Zmhr ho OJOmhra (qH$dm EgQ>r Omhra) Pmbo.
-5_r amhV hmoVmo Vr ObqgMZ {d^mJmMr H$mbZr hmoVr.
a`m`m EH$m H$mon`mdaMm ~R>m B_maVrV ~H$o `m gWoMo
Am{\$g, ~mOybm JmoS>mD$Z d `m`m ~mOybm _mPm bmH$. g_moa
nmoQ> Am{\$g AemM EH$m B_maVrV hmoV.o e{Zdmar XwnmaMr doi
hmoVr. nmoQ>mVyZ OmoamOmoamV "Mb Om, Mb Om' Agm AmdmO EoH$y
Ambm. _r {enm`mbm hQ>b,o "_mohZ H$m` Mmbbo Amho g_moa?'
Vmo OmD$Z ~KyZ Ambm d òVmZm {MUH$m~mB Zmdm`m _`_d`rZ
d H$nmimda Hw$ Hy$ Zgbo`m ~mBbm KoD$Z Ambm. {V`m hmVmV
EH$ H$S>rMm S>~m hmoVm d `mV ngo hmoV.o {Vbm Vo nmoQ>mV Ro>dm`Mo
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Am{U XmoZ n`mMr òH$s drg drg ZmoQ>mM
r AZoH$ ^|S>mi
o r
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{VWo Jobr hmoVr Am{U {VMr mnQ>u nmhZ nmoQ>_mVaZo {Vbm "BWo
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{Vbm ho ngo H$go O_dbo Ago {dMmabo AgVm Vr hUmbr, "_bm
nmoa Zmhr hUyZ gmga`m bmoH$mZr amS>md ({dYdm) Pm`mZVa
hmH$byZ {Xbo, eoOma`m JmdmV ^mdm~amo~a amhVo. {d[aHo$eZ
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drg drgMr ^|S>mi
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hUmbr, "hmVmbm Ym ~moQ>, nm`mbm Ym ~moQ> Aer _moOZy Pmbr
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r) gwair Pmbr
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gm{JVbo. nmdVr KoD$Z Om`mnydu {MUH$m~mBZo _m EH$ {gga
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bmoH$mH$Sy>Z Am{U g`m ^mdmH$Sy>Z \$gdUyH$ Pm`mda
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nmM df} hmoVmo. 1976 Vo 1981 `m H$mbmdYrV _r `m
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H$ S>m Q>aZo OZmdao VnmgyZ òH$ JmB-her`m H$mZmbm
{~bm bmdVmo VohmnmgyZ {d`mMo gajU gw$ hmoV.o ' `mda Vmo
bJoM {dMmaVmo, "`m bmpQ>H$`m ~mirbm ({~`mbm) EH$eo
gmR> nò hmo`?' _r hQ>b,o "Ahmo, Vgo Zmhr, Vr hg _obr Va
`mMr ânmB...' `mda Vmo _moR>m AmdmOmV hUVmo, "_mPr hg
_aobM H$er? Amhr Hw$Z~r {Omnmda (OZmdamda) nmoamdmZr o_
H$aVmo.' _r hQ>b,o "am_amd, gH$Q> H$mhr gmJZy òV Zmhr. AnKmV
Pmbm, gmn Mmdbm, Vmn Ambm, AmOma Pmbm, CnMma {_imbo
ZmhrV, CnMma {_iyZhr OZmda XJmdbo Va Xmdm gmXa Ho$`mZVa
Vmo _Oay Pm`mda {d`mMo ngo {_iVmV.' nU Var H$mhr `mMo

g_mYmZ Pmbo Zmhr. Vmo hUVmo, "AmnyZ `m {OmnmMr nmoamdmUr
H$miOr KoUma Vo _aobM H$go Am{U `mMm B_m nm{hOo H$embm
Am{U ho EH$eo gmR> nò H$emnm`r?'
`mda Amhr EH$m MmbyZ Ambo`m gYrMm bmoH${ejUmgmR>r Cn`moJ H$$Z KoVbm. AerM EH$ hg AMmZH$
_obr. {^dm AOwZ m ZmdmMm ImVoXma OdiOdi aS>VM Ambm.
Aer AMmZH$ hg _obr H$er? _r hQ>bo "hmQ> AQ>H$ Ambm
Agob.' Vmo hUVmo "hg nm`mda ZoD$Z AmUbr Vda dmZH$s
(MmJbr) hmoVr Am{U JmoR>mV òD$Z ~gbr Vr CR>brM Zmhr ho
H$g?' Amhr newd
H$ S>m Q>abm ~mobmdbo. `mZo hg
X`{dH$mamZo _o`mMo Omhra Ho$bo. nMZm_m Ho$bm. \$moQ>mo H$mT>bm.
{d_m H$nZrMo \$m_ ^$Z {Xbo. `mda ImVoXma {^dm AOwZ mMr
ghr KoVbr. Amhr {e\$mag Ho$br H$s {d`m`m nyU aH$_oMm
Xmdm _Oay hmdm. {d_m H$nZrMo A{YH$mar hUmbo H$s Xmdm
_Oaw rbm EH$ AmR>dS>m bmJob. `mZVa ~H$o `m ZmdmZo MoH$
{_iob. `mMr hg _obr Vmo {^dm AOwZ m hm ImVoXma XyY
gmogm`Q>r A`j _{hnVamdmMm Jmddmbm hmoVm. _{hnVamdmbm
_r hQ>bo H$s \$V Vw_`m JmdMo Zmhr Va nMH$moerV`m gd
JmdmVbo ImVoXma ~mobdm. `m`m gôV AmnU {d_m H$nZrMm
Xmdm _Oay Pm`mMo Omhra H$$ d ZdrZ H$O{dVaU H$$Z ZdrZ
hg KoUma Ag`mMo Omhra H$$. _{hnVamdmZo MH$ hS>b
(hS>{~bo) dmQ>br. nmMeo _mUgmMr g^m Pmbr. _r d _mPo
ghH$mar, {d_m H$nZrMo A{YH$mar, Vmbw`mMo g^mnVr d
~rS>rAmo Aem gdmMr ^mfUo Pmbr. ma^r _{hnVamdmZr gdmMo
dmJV Ho$bo d _mPo H$mVHw $ H$$Z _bm ^mfU H$am`bm gm{JVbo.
_r hQ>b,o "{^dm AOwZ mMr hg _aU nmdbr, AMmZH$ Jobr.
`mbm AmO Xhm {Xdg Pmbo. nU `m Xhm`mbm `m herMm OUy
nwZO_ Pmbm. hm nhm {d_m H$nZrMm Mma hOmamMm MoH$. `mVyZ
ZdrZ hg KoUma hUOo OUy H$mhr nwZO_. Mma hOmamMm MoH$
nmhZ nmMeo bmoH$ Am`M{H$V Pmbo. nwhm H$moUr "B`m`m
EH$eo gmR> n`m`m Amo`m~b' {dMmabo Zmhr. Aem H$mao
~qH$J godm Zgbo`m (AZ~H$S>) jomV Anman[aH$ {d_m (ZmZ
Q>{S>eZb Bewag) `m {d`mMm gma Amhr Ho$bm. Z`m
`wJm`m gmo`r Zm__m {H$_VrV A{dH${gV ^mJmV Zo`m
nm{hOoV `m "Q>Z'â {WAarbm Am_`m ~H$o `m H$m`jo mV
"J_ 'â pQ>H$b H$$Z XmId`mMr EH$hr gYr Amhr gmoS>V
ZhVmo.
`m ^mJmV 1981 Vo 1984 hr gmSo>VrZ df} godm Pm`mZVa
_mPr ~Xbr aZm{Jarbm H$a`mMr ~H$o Mr Am{\$g AmS>a Ambr.
(`m_mUo _r {VH$So> Jobmo.) ho òWrb ImVoXmamZm AmdS>bo Zmhr.
~Xbr hmo`mnydu Vo hoS>Am{\$gbm OZab _ZO
o a gmho~mZm
ôQ>m`bm Job.o _{hnVamd OrE_ gmho~mZm hUmbo "AmVm Va Hw$Ro>
{dH$mgmbm gwdmV Pmbr Amho Am{U Vwhr Omoergmho~mMr ~Xbr
Ho$br ho ~ao Zmhr. Ago MmJbo A{YH$mar Jobo Va Amhr Hw$UmH$So>
AmeoZo nhm`Mo?' OrE_ gmho~ `mZm hUmbo, "Am_`m ~H$o Mm

òH$ A{YH$mar MmJbm Amho. Omoerbm H$m` gmoZ bmJb Amho
H$m? Vwhr naV OmD$ eH$Vm.' _{hnVamd d `mMo gmWrXma
"Vm|S>mV _ma`mJV' dmQy>Z naV Ambo. Agmo.
`m ^mJmV eoVH$`m~amo~a `mnm`merhr g~Y Ambm. `mMo
~aoM {H$go AmhoV, nU AmUIr EH$ Jmo> hUOo òWrb EH$
S>m Q>a lr.dm_Z gh~wo `mZr Amhmbm Iyn _XV Ho$br.
Wm{ZH$ bmoH$m`m JwU d AdJwUm~b _m{hVr {XbrM nU
`pVe: _bm XwIbo, Iwnbo Vohm H$miOr KoVbr. MmJbo H$m_
H$aUm`m _m`mgma`m ~mho$Z Ambo`m A{YH$m`mZm
{Z:dmWnUo _XV H$aUo hm `mMm d^md hmoVm. noeQ >_mJo XmoZ
nò \$s KoD$Z Vo _o{S>H$b pQ>g H$am`Mo. hr EH$H$mao
g_mOgodmM hmoVr. `mZm Vmbw`m`m amOH$maUmMr _m{hVr
hmoVr. Vo dV: amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{bV hmoVo nU `m`m
_m{hVrMm Amhmbm Iyn Cn`moJ hmoV Ago. AbrH$So>M ho S>m Q>a
dmabo.
- 10 "B`mMm bo_ ôQ>`m_wi'o H$m`jo mV Am_`m H$m_mMr
"bB npb{eQ>r' Pmbr. EH$ {XdoH$a AmS>ZmdmMm eoVH$ar hmoVm.
Vmo XwYmMm OmoS>YX m H$arV Ago. "`m ^mJmVbo Vobr g_mOmMo
{XdoH$a AmhrM.' Aer `mZo dV:Mr AmoiI H$$Z {Xbr.
ehamV OmVrMm CboI Z H$aUo ho CnMmambm Y$Z (_Za\w$b)
_mZbo OmVo. nU IoS>mV "hm Amn`mnH$s ( _amR>m)', "Vmo
Vobr', "hm Ymo~r' Aer {~ZYmVnUo OmV gmJVmV. \$V
AbrH$So> _mJmgdJu`m`m OmVrMo Zmd KoUo MmaMmKmV Q>miVmV
H$maU `m OmVtMm hUt_òg
w m CboI H$aUo Jwhm Amho.
EH$Xm EH$ ImVoXma ZdrZ _mUgmbm KoD$Z Ambm d ~H$o V `mMo
ImVo CKS>`mMr {dZVr H$$ bmJbm. _r `mMo Zmd {dMmabo, Vmo
hUmbm ~maHy$ H$Um AmT>md. `mda Vmo OwZm ImVoXma hUVmo,
"gmho~, hm AmT>md hm`mMm Amho, nU ~am Amho..(?)' `m
YVuda {XdoH$a Vo`mMm hmoVm, nU ~am hmoVm, J{Verb hmoVm.
IoS>mV OmVrd$Z hUrhr Iyn AgVmV (~m_Zmbm {bdZ,
Hw$Z`mbm XmZ Am{U... bm JmZ.) _m`mgma`mbm OmVtMm
CboI nQ>V ZhVm, naVw hr nydu`m ~bwVXo mar nVrVyZ
Ambobr nanam Agob. Agm hm {XdoH$a XwYmMm OmoS>YX m H$arV
Ago. Amhr {d`m`m H$m_mMr npb{e>r Ho$`mZVa EH$Xm Vmo
_bm `m`m Kar `mMm JmoR>m XmIdm`bm KoD$Z Jobm. {VWo
Amhr (~H$o Zo) H$Onaw dR>m Ho$bo`m her `mZo XmId`m.
`m`m ~mOybm ~mYbo`m `m`m VrZ her hmo`m. "gmho~, `m
XmoZ Vw_`m her Am{U `m VrZ _m`m m`hoQ>.' _r {dMmabo,
"XmoZ npbH$ Am{U VrZ m`hoQ>?' `m`m ImoM bjmV Ambr.
Vmo hUmbm "H$O \o$Sy>Z hm`M Amho hUyZ Vw_`m (~H$o `m)
hQ>b.o ' nwT>o `mMm Z hmoVm H$s _m`m m`hoQ> hetMm {d_m
CVadVm òBb
H$m? _r gm{JVbo, newd
H$ S>mQ>aH$Sy>Z her
VnmgyZ KoD$Z {d`mMm hVm âm, _J {d_m gajU gw$ hmoBb

.
Amd`H$ Vo H$mJXn (\$m_) âm`Mo. {XdoH$abm AmZX Pmbm.
H$maU `mbm "B_m ôQ>Uma' hmoVm. `mZo IwerV _bm Mhm
nmObm, Ka XmIdbo. Mhm {nVm{nVm AmnU _miH$ar H$go
AmhmoV, `mZoemoar (kmZoar) dmMVmo, nmoamZbm~r diU bmdbo
Amho Ago dV:~b A{^_mZmZo gmJV hmoVm. kmZoar~b _r
`mbm A{YH$ {dMm$ bmJbmo. `mMr `mZo g_nH$ Cmao {Xbr
Am{U da Agohr gm{JVbo H$s "`mZoemoar dmMm`m ~gbmo AZ BMy
(qdMy) Mmdbm Var dmMZ nwao hmoB nmdVmo Wm~Zma hmB.' _r
hQ>b,o H$_mb Amho? EdT>r EH$mJVm. hUOo Vwhr IaM
Xod^V AmhmV. nU nwT>o `mbm EH$ Z {dMmabm, "Vwhr
XwYmMm YXm H$aVm; XwYmV nmUr {H$Vr KmbVm?' {XdoH$a JS>~S>bm
Zmhr. Vmo hUmbm "H$_r gag nmZr Kmbm`mM nmÒo, H$maZ
b~mS>r{edm` nM hmB. nM ZoQ>H$m H$amdm Am{U doimV doi
ma^r _{hnVamdmZr gdmMo dmJV Ho$bo

d _mPo H$mVHw $ H$$Z _bm
^mfU H$am`bm gm{JVbo. _r hQ>b,o
"{^dm AOwZ mMr hg _aU nmdbr,
AMmZH$ Jobr. `mbm AmO Xhm {Xdg Pmbo.
nU `m Xhm`mbm `m herMm OUy
nwZO_ Pmbm. hm nhm {d_m H$nZrMm
Mma hOmamMm MoH$. `mVyZ ZdrZ hg KoUma
hUOo OUy H$mhr nwZO_. Mma hOmamMm
MoH$ nmhZ nmMeo bmoH$ Am`M{H$V Pmbo.
nwhm H$moUr "B`m`m EH$eo gmR> n`m`m
Amo`m~b' {dMmabo Zmhr. Aem H$mao
~qH$J godm Zgbo`m (AZ~H$S>) jomV
Anman[aH$ {d_m (ZmZ Q>{S>eZb Bewag)
`m {d`mMm gma Amhr Ho$bm. Z`m `wJm`m
gmo`r Zm__m {H$_VrV A{dH${gV ^mJmV
Zo`m nm{hOoV `m "Q>Z'â {WAarbm
Am_`m ~H$o `m H$m`jo mV "J_ 'â
pQ>H$b H$$Z XmId`mMr EH$hr gYr
Amhr gmoS>V ZhVmo.
H$mTy>Z Xod^Vr ~r H$amdr.' ho Vmo ~mobV AgVmZm _mPo bj

`m`m KamV`m XmoZ {edU`mH$So> Job.o _r hQ>bo "dm, XmoZ
{edUò {XgVmV?' Vmo hUmbm "EH$ {dYdm`m H$s__Yo
(H$s__ò) ôQ>b Am{U EH$ {ZamYma H$s__Yo ôQ>b. ' _r
{dMmabo "{dYdm`m H$s__ò H$moU? Am{U {ZamYma`m
pH$__ò H$moU?' "EH$ ^BZ BYdm Pmbr {Vbm gmga`mZr
hmòar hOo _m`mH$So> naV YmSy>Z {Xbo, {Vbm BYdm nwZadgZ
`moOZoV ~gdb Am{U {ZamYma_Yo _m`m AR>am dfm`m nmoambm
~gdb.' _r {dMmab, "Vw_Mm _wbJm _J {ZamYma H$gm?'
{XdoH$a hUVmV "Am_Xmamer ^mS>yZ `mbm {ZamYma_Yo ~gdyZ
KoVbm. BbojZ`m Q>m`_mbm Am_Xma Am_`m _mJo_mJo {\$$
bmJVmo, Vmo {ZdSy>Z Am`mda Amhr `m`m _mJo_mJo {\$aVmo.
Ambr H$s_ H$s KoVbr bmdyZ. _r Am_Xmambm hQ>b,o hm AO
nmhZ ~rS>rAmobm {M>r {bhZ Xo.' Am_Xma hUVmo, VwPm gIm
_wbJm {ZamYma H$gm? `mda _r `mbm Pmnbo. "{ZdS>UHw $sgmR>r
Amhr Vw`m_mJo {\$abmo, Vwbm _V ôQ>br. AmVm Amhmbm EImX
{ebmB _erZ ôQ>md hUb Va Amhmbm Z BMmaVmog?
Vm~S>Vmo~ ~rS>rAmobm {e\$mag {bhZ Xo.' Agm Pmnbm `mbm.
_J Ambm bmBZrda Am{U `mMr {M>r nmhZ ~rS>rAmo gmho~mZr
nU Amn`mbm H$s__Yo ~gdyZ KoVbo. `m_wio ho BYdm ^`ZrMo
_erZ Am{Z ho _m`m _wbmMo Aem XmoZ _{eZr AmhoV. _wbmbm
gOrd JmYr {ZamYma `moOZoV ~gdbm. {XdoH$amMr hr H$V~Jmar
nmhZ _r WH$ Pmbmo. qdMy Mmdbm Var kmZoar Z gmoS>U,o
b~mS>r{edm` nM Zmhr `m CVr_mUo XwYmV nmUr KmbUo d
dV:`m _wbmbm "{ZamYma'_ò ~g{dUo ho ~`mM Jar~
~mnS>m JmdH$`mZm O_Uma Zmhr, nU Vb~wr`m {XdoH$ambm
_m O_bo. {XdoH$amer _y`m~m~V dmX KmbUo _bm `m doir
eV dmQ>bo Zmhr. `m`m VrZ m`hoQ> hetMm {d_m
H$a`m~m~V `mbm _mJXeZ Ho$bo d _r {ZKmbmo.
- 11 _{hnVamdm`m JmdmVrb JmdH$`mZm EH$m nmdgm`m`m
gwdmVrbm _r gw~mîrMr bmJdS> H$a`m`m `moOZoMr _m{hVr
{Xbr. amono nw`mbm eoVH$ar H$mbO
o _ò _mo\$V dmQ>br OmV hmoVr.
_{hnVamdmZr {VH$Sy>Z òUmam B[aJoeZMm EH$ Q>H$ nH$S>bm d amono
JmdmV AmUbr. EH$ H$m`H$ _ KoD$Z Vr dmQ>br. nw`m`m nonamV
d AmH$medmUrda Amhr ~mV_rgwm {Xbr. bmoH$mMm ~H$o daMm
{dmg dmT>bm.
EH$Xm _{hnVamdm`m JmdmVrb Xhm-~mam OUm`m gm_mBH$
_mbH$sMm EH$ nmoQ>Iam~ O{_ZrMm VwH$S>m (eoVr bmJdS> Zgbobo
EH$ _miamZ) EH$m \$bmomZ H$$ BpN>Um`m ~mhoa`m
_mUgmbm {dH$m`Mo R>adbo, nU `m`m d{H$bmZo nmR>{dbobm
IaoXrIVmMm H$mJX JmdH$`mZr _bm JmdmV ~mobmdyZ dmMm`bm
{Xbm d "gmho~ Vwhr hm H$mJX ~amo~a Amho Ago hUmbmV Va
Amhr gm H$$.' Ago gm{JVbo. JmdH$ar, IaoXrXma, `mMm
dH$sb d _r Aer ~R>H$ Pmbr. _r "AmoH$o ' hQ>`mda gdmZr

gm Ho$`m. IaoXrXma Am`M{H$V Pmbm. am>r`rH$V ~H$o `m
_ZO
o a`m eXmbm EdTo> dOZ? nwT>o `m `dhmam_wio Am_`m
~H$o bm {S>nm{PQ>hr ânya {_imbo.
(~H$o Mr gmogm`Q>r d emIm `m Xmohr {R>H$mUr H$m_ H$a`m`m
H$mbmdYrV `m Vmbw`mVrb AZoH$ Jmdm_ò _r `j OmD$Z
Ambmo. ImVoXma doimodi
o r H$m_m`m {Z{_mmZo ôQ>V am{hbo.
`mMr H$m_o H$a`m`m {Z{_mmZo ~H$o Mr {gpQ>_ `m`mgmR>r
MmJ`mH$mao H$m`mpdV Ho$br. {edm` ghH$ma, _hgyb,
H$m`Xm, gw`dWm am~dUmao nmo{bg d H$moQ>, H${f d H${f {dVma
`mgmaIr {Ohm n[afX d nMm`V g{_Vr`m _m`_mVyZ
MmbUmar ImVr, `mMo {Z`_, Vo am~{dUmao A{YH$mar d H$_Mmar
_S>ir Am{U `m gdmda VWmH${WV {ZÙ Ro>dUmar nwT>mar _S>ir
hr gd OdiyZ nmhm`bm {_imbr. ~`mM Jmo>r H$iVZH$iV
{eH$Vm Am`m. MmJbr, dmBQ>, m_m{UH$, ^> Aer AZoH$
_mUgo OdiyZ ~{KVbr.)
- 12 _hgyb Im`mV gdgmYmaUnUo ngo ImUmam VU_yb
(Jmg$Q>) nmVirdaMm H$_Mmar hUOo VbmR>r. gmV, gmV A,
~mam `m aoho`y aoH$mS>_mUo {Xbm OmUmam CVmam hUOo gmV~mam
CVmam. `m`mda Zm|Xr H$am`Mo H$m_ VbmR>mMo. `mV H$mhr
\o$a\$ma H$am`Mo AgVrb Va nopgb Zm|X H$am`Mo H$m_ `mMo. hr
Zm|X emBMr (H$m`_) H$am`Mo H$m_ gH$b BZnoQ>a (gH$b)Mo.
Aem EH$m gH$b~b H$mhr JmdH$`mZr Vmo "bBM ngo _mJVmo'
hUyZ VhgrbXmamH$So> VH$ma H$am`Mo R>adbo. JmdmVbo "g_Xo
JwS > JwS >' (JwS > hUOo H$m`H$V}) Vmbw`mbm Job.o amdgmho~m`m
(VhgrbXmam`m) qnO`mVM (Ho${~Z_Yo) {eabo.
amdgmho~m`m _m{hVr`m EH$m nwT>m`mbm nwT>o KmVbo hUyZ
amdgmho~mZr `mMo JmhmUo EoH$bo. "Vw_`m gH$bZo {Mar{_ar
KoVbr Va Am_Mr H$m` ~r H$brQ> hm`, nZ EH$ nopebd|Q>r
H$m`_ H$am`bm BVHo$ ngo _mJm`Mo? H$m` _moJbmB bmdbr hmò,
gmho~ Vwhr dmBMg bj Kmbm.' Ago gdmZr JbH$m H$$Z
gm{JVbo. `mda amdgmho~mZr gdmZm emV hm`bm gm{JVbo.
AmnU `m~m~VrV bj Kmby hUmbo. nU gd _hgyb {d^mJmbm
Xmof XoD$ ZH$m Ag gmJVmZm `mZr {dMmabo, "hmVmMr nmMhr ~moQ>
H$m` gmaIr AgVmV H$m?' `mda gd JmdH$ar nmhmV am{hbo. nU
`m JQ>mVbo EH$ nmQ>rb hUmbo, "amdgmho~, hmVmMr nmMr ~moQ>o
gmaIr ZgVmV ho ~amo~a, nU ImVmZm Vr EH$ hmoVmV ho~r ~amo~a
hmò H$s hmB?' ho EoH$y Z amdgmho~ AdmH$ Pmbo. gaH$mar Im`mV
ImVmZm hmVmMr nmMhr ~moQ>o EH$ hmoVmV hm `dhmaMmVw`mMm eoam
_m$Z nmQ>bmZr gdmZm {dMma H$am`mbm bmdbo. nwT>o `m gH$b
BnoQ>aMr Xwg`m gH$b_ò ~Xbr Pmbr d Z VmnwaVm
{_Q>bm Ago H$ibo.
- 13 EH$Xm Vmbw`mVrb gd ~H$m`m emIm~YH$mMr

AmÀmaS>rnr g~Y r ~R>H$ Vmbw`m`m {R>H$mUr EHo$ {Xder
Xwnmar XmoZ dmOVm Am`mo{OV Ho$`mMo ~rS>rAmoMo n Ambo.
nMm`V g{_VrMo g^mnVr, ~rS>rAmo, AmÀmaS>rnrMo H$m_
nmhmUmao {Ohm n[afX/nMm`V g{_VrMo Am{\$ga d gd _ZO
o g
Aer ~R>H$ hmoUma d `mV H$m_mMm AmT>mdm KoUma Agm AO|S>m
hmoVm. _r XmoZ dmOVm nmoMbmo, nU _rqQ>J XmoZEodOr VrZ dmOVm
Ag`mMo gwYm[aV gyMZmn _bm {_imbo ZhVo. `m_wio
Vmbw`m`m {R>H$mUmhZ emIo`m Jmdr naV Om`mEodOr {VWoM
nMm`V g{_Vr hmb_ò Wm~`mMo R>a{dbo. `mM {R>H$mUr XrS>
dmOon`V nyU Vmbw`mVrb ganMmMr Am_g^m Pmbr hmoVr.
`m`m A`jWmZr g^mnVr lr.aJZmWamd hmoV.o Vog
w m
AmÀmaS>rnr`m _rqQ>JgmR>r {VWoM Wm~Zy am{hbo hmoV.o Xa`mZ
H$mhr ganM aJZmWamdmer Jnm _ma`mgmR>r {VWo ~gyZ hmoV.o
_bm nmhVmM gdmZr "am_ am_! ~gm ~gm!' Ago hgV_wImZr
Cma H$mT>bo d Amhr gdOU ~mobV ~gbmo.
"H$mhr hUm g^mnVr gmho~, Omoer gmho~mMo H$m_ bB ^mar,
`mZr JmoaJ[a~mMr bB H$m_ Ho$br, g_Xo `m`mda Iye hm`V.'
Ago EH$ ganM ~mobbm.
"`mMo H$m_ {Z`_mV ~gVo `mbm Omoergmho~mZo H$dm _mKmar
nmR>dbm Ag PmbM Zmhr.' Xwgam ganM hUmbm.
"AmO ~mH$s`m `mH$m ~Km Am{Z _hmam> `mH$ ~Km.
_hmam> `mH$ Am{Z Omoergmho~mM J[a~mda bB `mZ.' {Vgam
ganM ~mobbm.
aJZmWamd g^mnVr _hmoX` WmoS>o mgbo. S>mo `mdaMr Q>mno r
H$mT>br. S>mHo $o ImOdbo. Q>mno r ZrQ> KS>r H$$Z nwhm S>mo `mda
KmVbr. Am{U hUmbo, "Omoer gmho~mZr H$O {Xbo Vo H$m` `m`m
{IemVyZ {Xbo H$m`?' `mda EH$ ganM hUmbm, "nU {Xbo Zm?
`mnydu {H$Vr ~H$mZr {H$Vr H$O {Xb?' aJZmWamdmMm nwT>Mm Z
"hUOo _hmam> ~H$o ZoM H$O {Xbo Zm? _wm bjmV `m ho _hmam>
~H$o Mo ngo AmhoV.' `mda Xwgam ganM hUmbm, "_hmamQ> ~H$o Zo
H$O nwadR>m H$am`bm H$mT>bm `mMr A_b~OmdUr Omoer gmho~mZr
MmJbr Ho$br.' Varhr aJZmWamdmZr Amnbm _wm nwT>o aoQ>bm "B{Xam
JmYtZr ~H$mMo am>r`rH$aU Ho$bo, `m_wio _hmam> ~H$o bm IoS>oJmdmV
H$Onaw dR>m H$aUo ^mJ nS>b.o ZmhrVa `m ~H$m _w~ B-nw`m`m ~mhoa
H$Yr H$O XoV hmo`m H$m?' `mda EH$ ganM hUmbo, "B{Xam
JmYtZr am>r`rH$aU Ho$bo nU nwT>o _hmam> ~H$o Mm H$O nwadR>m
`dpWV Mmbbm Amho Zm? BVa ~H$mZr H$m` Ho$bo?' aJZmWamd
nwT>o hUmbo, "_hmam> ~H$o Zo H${fjomgmR>r H$Onaw dR>m Ho$bm,
`m~b Zm~mX ~H$o H$Sy>Z nwZ{dm ôQ>V.o ' Zm~mS>bm `mZr "Zm~mX'
hQ>b.o (~mX Z hmoVm H$OmMo nwZ{dm hUyZ Zm~mX). _r
aJZmWamdmZm hQ>b,o "dm! g^mnVrgmho~, Vwhmbm MmJbr _m{hVr
Amho. ~H$sJUmbr H$er MmbVo Vwhmbm R>mD$H$ Amho.' `mda
aJZmWamd hUmbo, "Omoergmho~, _r Vw_`m {damoYr ~mobV Zmhr,
nU `m ganMmZm ngm H$gm òVmo ho H$ibo nm{hOo, H$m` ~amo~a H$s

Zmhr?' Am{U OmoamV hgbo. _r hQ>b,o "~amo~a Amho. bmoH$mZm hr
{gpQ>_ H$ibr nm{hOo. Aer MMm PmbrM nm{hOo.' EH$m ganMmZo
{dMmabo, "g^mnVrgmho~ hr Zm~mX ~H$ Hw$Ro> AgVo? H$O dmQ>m`bm
BVH$m ngm {V`mH$So> Hw$Ry>Z òVmo?'
_r Iwbmgm Ho$bm H$s Zm~mS> ~H$ Amho. ZeZb ~H$ \$ma
A{JH$Ma AS> $ab So>hbn_|Q> hUOo eoVr d Jm_rU
{dH$mgmgmR>r am>r` ~H$. hr nwZ{dm XoV.o g^mnVrgmho~ hUmbo,
"Omoergmho~ Vw_Mo hUUo na\o$Q> Amho. Am_`m {Xbr`m
Q>S>rQy>a_ò Amhmbm nwZ{dm hUOo H$m` Vo gm{JVbo. _hmam>
~H$o Zo H$O _Oay H$$Z dmQ>n H$am`Mo. `mMm Vmd ~H$
nmVirda V`ma H$$Z Zm~mXbm nmR>dm`Mm, `m_mUo Zm~mX
~H$ _hmam> ~H$o bm nwZ{dm XoV.o nU Zm~mX ~H$o bm nwZ{dm "dS>
~H$' XoVo ho eoVH$`mZm _mhrV Amho H$m?'
EH$m ganMmZo {dMmabo, "g^mnVrgmho~ hr dS> ~H$ H$m`
AgVo?' g^mnVr hUVmV, "bB _moR>r ~H$, Xw{Z`mâ òH$
XoemV `mMo hm{ng AgVo Am{Z A_o[aHo$V hoS>hmnrg Amho. H$m`
Omoergmho~, ~amo~a H$s Zmhr.' _r hQ>b,o "g^mnVr gmho~
Vw_`m Q>S>r Q>>ya _Yo dS> ~H$ d Zm~mS>Mr \$maM MmJbr _m{hVr
{Xbobr {XgVo.' `mda g^mnVr gmho~m`m Moh`mda Ago hm`
PiH$bo H$s dS> ~H$o VyZ (OUyH$mhr dS>m`m nma`mVyZ) Zm~mX
~H$o `m I{O`mV ngo Ambo Vo B{Xam JmYtZr _hmam> ~H$o _m\$V
bmoH$mZm dmQ>b,o ho gd Am_`m njm_wiM
o Pmbobo Amho- Ago
`mZr `m hm`mVyZ gm{JVbo. Varhr eodQ>r EH$ ganM ~mobbo,
"g^mnVr gmho~, Vo H$m`~r Agmo, dS> ~H$ Agmo, Zm~mS> Agmo,
_hmam> ~H$ Agmo, Omoer gmho~mZr bmoH$mMr H$m_o Ho$br hr Q> \$Q>
Amho.' `mda aJZmWamd _m`mH$So> nmhV hUmbo, "_hmam> ~H$
Vwhmbm nJma XoVo Vo ho H$m_ H$a`mgmR>rM H$s Zmhr? dmBQ> dmQy>Z
KoD$ ZH$m, nU _r hUVmo Vo Iao H$s Zmhr.' `mda _r hQ>b,o
"g^mnVrgmho~ Vwhr eâ Q>Ho$ ~amo~a ~mobVmV. nU Ho$di
ZmoH$ar H$$Z nJma KoUmao AZoH$ AgVmV. AmnU bmoH$mMr H$m_o
H$$Z `moOZmZm AW {Xbm nm{hOo, H$mQo>H$moanUo A_b~OmdUr
Ho$br nm{hOo `m ^mdZoZo _r gdm`m ghH$m`mZo H$m_ H$aVmo. B{Xam
JmYt`m _ZmV JmoaJ[a~mMo H$`mU H$a`mMo {dMma {H$Vrhr
Agbo Var OmJoda Cô amhZ Amhr AmÀmaS>rnrgma`m `moOZm
am~dm``m AmhoV Am{U `m`m bm^mWuMo bmoH${ejU
H$amd`mMo H$m_ Amn`mgma`mZr H$am`Mo Amho.' `mda g^mnVr
gmho~mZr H$mhr {V{H$`m {Xbr Zmhr. nU Vo EoH$y Z "bB ^mar' Ago
XmoZ VrZ ganM Cmabo. Am{U Am_Mr AZmnMm[aH$ ~R>H$
g_mV hmoD$Z VrZ dmOVm hmoUm`m AmÀmaS>rnr`m AmnMm[aH$
~R>H$sgmR>r Amhr V`ma Pmbmo.
- 14 da {b{h`m_mUo emIo_m\$V XwH$mZXma, `mnmar, N>mQo >oN>mQo >o
CmoJ dJaZ| mhr Amhr ~qH$J godm XoV Agy. _r Z`mZo H$m_eoV
emIoMm emIm~YH$ hUyZ Oy Pmbmo Vohm EH$ ImVoXma _m`m

Ho${~Z_ò Ambm. `mZo {dMmabo, "Pmbo H$m gw$?' _r hQ>b,o
"Zmhr.' nwhm XmoZ VrZ {XdgmZr Ambm, "Pmbo H$m gw$?' _r
hQ>b,o "Amn Zmhr.' _m`m bjmV Ambo H$s Vmo H$O
{dVaUm~m~V {dMmaVmo Amho. _r ò`mnydu emIoV Agbo`m
EH$m H$_Mm`mbm {dMmabo, hm ImVoXma ho Ago dmadma H$m
{dMmaVmo Amho. `mda Vmo H$_Mmar hUmbm, "Vw_`m AmYr`m
gmho~mH$So> H$OH$aU H$a`mgmR>r hm ImVoXma òV Ago. Xadoir
`mbm gmho~ gmJV "g`m ~X Amho.' Vmo WmoS>m {XdgmZr nwhm
`m`Mm "H$O {dVaU Pmbo H$m gw$' Ago {dMmam`Mm. gmho~
hUm`Mo g`m ~X Amho. H$maU e`Vmo ZdrZ H$Onaw dR>m
H$am`Mm Zmhr Ago `mMo YmoaU Agmdo. nwT>`m doib
o m Vmo
ImVoXma Ambm. `mZo {dMmabo, "Pmbo H$m gw$?' _r hQ>b,o "hmo
Pmbo gw$.' `mbm ~X Zimbm nmUr Am`mda Ogm AmZX hmoBb
Vgm Pmbm. _r `mMo {H$amUm _mb XwH$mZm`m H$emoS>rQ>Mo H$aU

_Oay Ho$bo. `mbm Am` Am{U AmZX Pm`mMo {Xgbo. H$maU
_ZO
o a "~X Amho' AemgmR>r gmJm`Mm H$s Cm WH$~mH$s Pmbr
Va Amn`mbm H$moUr Z {dMmam`bm ZH$mo. Amn`m hmVyZ
H$mhr H$m` Pmbo Zmhr Var Mmbob, nU Amn`mda H$mhr
{dMmaUm `m`bm ZH$mo. H$O XoUo hUOo OmoIr_. `m`m {Z`_ d
AQ>tMo nmbZ hm`bm nm{hOo. H$mJXn ZrQ> KoVbo nm{hOoV.
nmR>naw mdm (_m{ZQ>[aJ) dgwbr dJao gJioM Ambo. `mnojm \$V
Ro>dr `m`mV, Jn ~gmdo CJmMM PJPJ H$am`Mr Zmhr,
~H$o `m ZmoH$arV òUmar OmoIr_ ZH$mo, \$m`Xo nm{hOoV. H$mhr
A{YH$m`mMm OUy H$mhr AgmM {dMma Agm`Mm.
nwT>o `m H$OXmambm H$O {dVaU Ho$bo d `mbm Xa_hm Q>mH $
Qo>Q>_Q| > m`bm gm{JVbo. Vo H$mhr `mZo {Xbo Zmhr. Xa_hmMo
Qo>Q>_Q| > {Xbo nm{hOo Agm _r AmJh Yabm. Vmo H$Yr Zmhr
hUm`Mm Zmhr, nU Qo>Q>_Q| > m`Mmhr Zmhr. _J _r EH$Xm
`m`m XwH$mZmV Jobmo. `mbm Qo>Q>_Q| >Mm \$m_ {Xbm hmoVm Vmo
`m`m S>md a_YyZ ~mhoa H$mT>m`bm bmdbm. `mV `mbm _mbmMo
dUZ {bhm`bm gm{JVbo. Vmo hUmbm"eâ H$maMm _mb
Amho.' _r hQ>b"o Ym`, S>mir, gm~U, Vobo dJao Aer dJdmar
H$a. `mMr `mXr OmoS> d Qo>Q>_Q| >_ò Ago Vnerb {bhr H$s {H$Vr
{H$bmo/ZJ _mb òH$ H$maMm Amho dJa.o ' `mZo Vo gJio
_moR>m _wpH$brZo {b{hbo Am{U {dMmabo, "ho gd ~H$o bm H$m
bmJVo?' _r hQ>b,o "Amhr _mbmMo ZOaJhmU (hm`nmo{WHo$eZ)
KoVmo. hUOo `m _mbmda ~H$o Mm MmO AgVmo. H$mhr H$maUmZo
WH$~mH$s Pmbr Va ~H$ Vwhmbm ZmoQ>rg XoD$Z Vm~m KoD$ eH$Vo.'
ho MmO dJao ~hYm `mbm H$ibo Zmhr. Vmo hUmbm, "amoO _r
~H$o V òVmo. _r dV: ~H$o bm hm`nmo{WHo$eZ Amho! Vwhr H$embm
H$miOr H$aVm.' ho EoH$y Z _bm jUâ dmQ>bo H$s `m `mnm`m`m
eQ>md aM "hm`nmo{WHo$Qo>S> Qw> ~H$' Agm {eH$m _mamdm.
- 15 H$m_eoV JmdmMr dVr Vohm gmYmaU nmM hOma hmoVr. H$mhr

amOWmZr `mnmar JmdmH$Sy>Z XmoZ nmM hOma nò KoD$Z
a`m`m ~mOy`m MmirV "AmJo XwH$mZ, nrNo> _H$mZ' Aer OmJm
^mS>mZo KoD$Z AJXr n{h`m {XdgmnmgyZ _mbmMr IaoXr {dH$r
gw$ H$arV. nw`mhZ gwdmVrbm amoI d ZVa Amn`m {~amXar`m
KmD$H$ `mnmamH$Sy>Z H$mhr CYma Ago H$aV Wm{ZH$ bmoH$mZm
amoI-CYma Agm _mb {dHy$Z `dhma gw$ H$arV. hmV^>rgmR>r
H$mim Jyi CYmarda XoD$Z `mda O~aXV Z\$m H$aUmam EH$
`mnmar _r nm{hbm Amho. nwT>o doJdoJ`m H$ma`m _mbmMm
`mnma H$arV Jo`m Vrg dfmV hm `mnmar H$moQ>mYre Pmbm
Amho Ago H$ibo. {ejU ~oVmMoM Agmdo. nU `dhmakmZ d
Amn`m g_mOmMm nmqR>~m KoV `mo`doir _mJUr_mUo _mb
IaoXr H$$Z Zo_`m JmhH$mbm amoIrZo d CYmarZo (CYmar Hw$Umbm
{H$Vr m`Mr `mMm Zo_H$m AXmO KoV) {dH$m`Mm d ânya Z\$m
H$_dm`Mm. MS> _ohZV. am{Xdg VmoM {dMma. ~H$ hm{bSo>
Zmhr, gQ>aSo> gS>o Zmhr. Hw$Umer nJm `m`Mm Zmhr. Omo nj gmoda
òBb
`m`mer OwidyZ `m`Mo. AgmM EH$ `mnmar
AmohaS>mQ> _mJm`bm Ambm. _r hQ>b,o "Amhr Agm
AmohaS>mQ> XoV Zmhr, nm{hOo Va H$emoS>rQ> `m. `mgmR>r Vw_Mr
{heo~nHo$ XmIdm d VmaU H$m` XoUma Vo gmJm.' Vmo hUmbm,
"A_wH$ `mnm`mZm Vwhr AmohaS>mQ> {Xbm Amho, _bm H$m Zmhr
XoV?' _r hQ>b,o "`m `mnm`mZm ~H$o Zo H$emoS>rQ> {Xbo Amho.'
`mda Vmo hUVmo, "Am_`m nemZo H$aQ> AH$mD$Q>_YyZ Amhr
KoVmo Vmo S>mQ>, ~H$o `m nemVyZ KoVmo Vmo AmohaS>mQ>.' Vohm
_m`m bjmV Ambo H$s {S>_mS> S>mQ> H$aQ> AH$mD$Q>_YyZ KoVbm
H$s, `mbm Vmo S>mQ> hUVmo. H$eH${S>Q> ImVo _Oay H$$Z `mbm
aH$_ Zmdo Q>mHy$Z Vmo {S>_mS> S>mQ> KoBb
`mbm Vmo AmohaS>mQ>
hUVmo.
- 16 _r `m emIoV Oy hmo`mnydu AmYr`m emIm `dWmnH$mZo
EH$m JmdmVrb _moR>o eoVH$ar Agbo`m Mma ^mdm`m g`w V
Im`mda O_rZ gwYmaUm H$a`mgmR>r _`_ _wXVH$O Am{U
{nH$mgmR>r An_wXV H$O {Xbo hmoVo Vo W{H$V (AmohaS>)y Pmbo
hmoV.o `m H$OmMm nmR>naw dR>m H$a`mgmR>r _r `m JmdmV Jobmo.
Jmdm`m hrV doe Ho$`m~amo~a bmJbo Vo `mMo MS> _moR>o ~R>o
Ka. EH$ ^mD$ nmo{bgnmQ>rb, EH$ ^mD$ ganM Ago XmoKO
o U
nXm{YH$mar hr hmoV.o _r `mMr Zmdo {dMmabr Vohm `mZr "Vwhr
~H$o Mo _ZO
o a' Ago _bm bJoM AmoiIbo. AmYr`m _ZO
o aZo bB
_XV Ho$br Ago `m _ZO
o aMo d ~H$o Mo H$mVHw $ H$$Z _mPo dmJV
Ho$bo. _r Xadm`mVyZ nwT>o òVmM `mZr _bm _moR>m o_mZo EH$m
_moR>m JmXrda ~g{dbo. EdTo> o_ nm{h`mda _r {dMma Ho$bm H$s
WH$~mH$sMo WmoS>o ZVa {dMm$. n{hbm "Wmoabm', Xwgam "EH$ Z~a
_Ydm', {Vgam "XmoZ Z~a _Ydm' d MmWm "YmH$bm' Ago
MmKO
o U Jw`mJmoqdXmZo EH$ amhV hmoV.o _m Wmoa`mMm A{YH$ma
AWmVM _moR>m hmoVm d A` VrZ ^mD$ `m`m hmVmImbMo
H$_Mmar dmQ>Vrb Ago hmoV.o Wmoa`mZo _bm JmXrda ~gdbo
Am{U Qo>H$m`bm bmoS> {Xbm. _rgwm _ZO
o a hUyZ Oam Xm~mVM
bmoS>mbm Qo>H$y Z ~gbmo Am{U _m`m bjmV Ambo H$s bmoS>mMo
H$mnS> {VaJr P|S>mMo Amho. Ho$ear, nmT>am, {hadm Am{U _Ymo_Y
MaIm. _r ghOnUo {dMmabo, "~m~wamd gJ`m Jmm, Cem,
bmoS> {VaJr H$m?' `mda ho Wmoabo EdTo> Iyf Pmbo H$s, "gmho~
Jmm, Cem, bmoS>M H$m` nmoam`m hS>oS> ~{Z`Z ~r {VaJr
H$mnS>m`m AmhoV.' _r hQ>b, "njmda Vw_Mr EdT>r {Z>m
hUOo H$_mb Amho?' `mda ~m~wamd AJXr A{^_mZmZo gmJy
bmJbo H$s _hm_m JmYtnmgyZ Am_`m JmdmMr Or njmer {Z>m
Owibr Vr B{Xam JmYr Am{U AmVm amOrd JmYr, gO` JmYr
Ambo Var {Z>m VerM H$m`_ Amho. JmdmV dmQ>m``m H$mnS>r
P|S>mMm Q>mH $ Amn`mH$So>M òVmo. nU Amn`m EH$m hmHo$Zo nyU
JmdmMo _VXmZ Am_`m njmbm hmoV.o _J P|S>o dmQ>`mMm ZM
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Am{U am{hbm H$nS>m Va nmoamZm hS>oS> (AS>adoAa) Am{U ~{Z`Z
{edm. njmer EdT>r OdirH$ hUOo {deof Amho Ago _r
hQ>`mda ~m~wamd hUVmV, "gmho~ P|S>mM H$m` KoD$Z
~gbmV (Ia Va _r P|S>m`m JmXrdaM ~gbmo hmoVmo.) JmdMm
Qo>br{hOZ gaH$mar `moOZoVZy Ambm Vmo Am_`mM KamV ~gdbm
Amho, H$maU Xwg`m Hw$UmMo AmnOoeZ hmB. N>m`mJrV ~Km`bm
JmdmVbr ~m`H$m nmoa Am_`m KarM òVmV.'
WmoS>mdoimZo _r H$Om`m WH$~mH$s ~b {dMmabo, Wmoabm
hUmbm, "gmho~ EdT>m _moR>m ~maXmZm hZ`mda WmoS> H$_rOmV hZma.' _r {dMmab, "nrH$ dmZH$ (MmJb) {ZKmb H$s
Zmhr, _J ^$Z H$m Q>mH$V Zmhr ~H$o Mm hVm?' ~m~wamd hUVmV,
"^$ H$s amd, Amhr Hw$R> niyZ Mmbbmo AmhmoV?' _r hQ>b,o
"Vwhr doido a H$OhVo âbo H$s XS>mMo `mO bmJV Zmhr, Vw_Mr
nVhr dmT>V,o nwhm H$O bmJb H$s {_iV.' ~m~wamd hUVmV,
"gmho~ Vw_Mr `moar ({WAar) ~amo~a Amho nU òhmamV
(`dhmamV) _mJ-hmoa hmoVM
. KamV nVrg _mUg. _r
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MmKm`m ghm ~m`H$m (XmoKm`m XmoZ-XmoZ AmhoV) Am{U Vodrg
nmoa, Pmbr nVrg. nU g_m H$m_mMr _r bmBZ bmdyZ {Xbr
Amho. AmB-dS>rb bB hmVmao hV. `mM XwIb-Iwnb `mM
~KVmo, H$maU _r H$ma^mar. XmoZ ^mD$ amoO gH$mi-g`mH$mi
eoVmda. EH$ ^mD$ her`m Ymam H$mT>Vmo d nmR>dm`Mr `dWm
H$aVmo. AS>`m-nS>`mbm _r AmhoM. _m`m Xmohr ~m`H$m
dnmH$ amYVmV, g_m nmoamM H$_r OmV `mM ~KVmV. EH$
Z~a _Y`m`m Xmohr ~m`H$m eoVmda OmVmV. XmoZ Z~a
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YmH$`mMr ~m`H$mo eoU JmoR>m H$aVo. `m YmH$`m XmoKr am{hbo`m
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bmoUr H$mT>VmV, Q>mB_ am{hbm Va H$m|~S>m ~r nmiVmV. g_Xr

_mZg bB {~Pr. Hw$Z`m`m nanMmV bB H$m_. IM ~r
_m`Xi. am{hbr Vw_Mr naV\o$S>. nU `m dfu XwH$mZXmamH$Sy>Z
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AmhoM, H$miOr H$$ ZH$m. Amhr niyZ OmV Zmhr. Vw_M ^$.'
_r `m`mH$So> H$O\$o S>rMr {Z{V VmarI _m{JVbr. `mZo
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Ho$br nm{hOo. ho Amhmbm g_Obo nm{hOo. Vwhmbm Ago H$O
dgwbrgmR>r `m`bm bmdU Amhmbm emo^V Zmhr. `m Am_`m
"AmO-Cm' H$am``m gd`r_wiM
o Amhr _mJo am{hbmo. nU ~a
Pmb AmO Vwhr AmbmV. Vw_Mo nm` Am_`m Kambm bmJbo.
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\$V H$Odgwbr`m Zmo{Q>erZoM XoU e` hmoV VoM H$amd bmJb.
nwT>o H$m`Xoera ZmoQ>rg Am{U ZVa H$moQ>mV Xmdm XmIb H$amdm
bmJbm. `dhmam`m Jmo>r `dhmamZM hmoVmV, ho ~m~yamdmZm
nwT>o Vmo nmoQ>_mVa EH$Xm ôQ>bm d hUmbm,

"H$m` `m AS>m`mMr H$m_ H$aVm gmho~,
{dZmH$maU Amnbm doi \w$H$Q> KmbdVm?
_r Va {Vbm hmH$byZM {Xbr.' _r hQ>b,o
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JmoaJo md (nyd) _w~ B 400063.
Mob. 9420689618
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PARAS ENTERPRISES
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Off. 24/166 Pradhikarn, Nigdi,
Pune 411044.
Factory : A-60 MIDC
Baramati 413102
O. P. Garg
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gdmX _moH$`m Am{U AZmnMm[aH$ dmVmdaUmV \w$bV hmoV.o

dJm`m Am{U `moJemim`m ~mhoahr, AJXr H${Q>Z_ò Am{U
H$a_~moS>d ahr m`mnH$ d {dm`m_ò ej{UH$ gdmX dmadma
Am{U ghO hmoV AgV. `m gdm_ò m.{^S>o d m. VmH$dco `m
XmoZ {ejUVkmMr H$nH$Vm, {Z`moOZ, Vi_i Am{U `mg
`mMm nXmonXr `` òV Ago. EH$ AmXe ej{UH$ dmVmdaU `m
m`mnH$`rZo Amn`m Anma H$>mV Zy `jmV CVadb hmoV.
EH$m m`mnH$m`m {eH${d`m{df`r Amhr {dm`mZr
ZmIwfr `$ H$aVmM VmH$dco gamZr H$mhr Vk m`mnH$mMm JQ>
~Zdbm. `mV EH$m godm{Zdm Aem {ZUmV d {dmWu{`
m`mnH$mZm `m`m Kar dV: VnaVoZo OmD$Z gamZr {Z_{V
Ho$b. nwT>`mM AmR>dS>mnmgyZ `m CH$> m`mnH$mMm JQ>
Amhmbm Vmo {df` {eH$dy bmJbm. H$mhr `m`mZ dV:
gamZrM {Xbr. Vr Va Ho$di A{V_ hmoVr. BVa {df`m~amo~aM
Vmohr {df` {eH$`mMm _Z_wamX Am{U AdUZr` Agm AmZX
Amhr bwQ>bm. ^{d`mVrb narjoM AmoP gXd _mZJwQ>rda
R>do Um`m {dH$V {ejU `dWonj
o m dV_mZmVrb A``Zm`m
AmZXmV qM~ {ÔdUmar {ejU{H$`m H$er AgVo `mMm
AZw^d gamZr Amhmbm {Xbm hmoVm.
ga dV: AZoH$ `m`mZmZm n{h`m amJVo Am_`m~amo~a
~gbo, MM}V gm_rb Pmbo Am{U Amhmbm gdm}H$> JwUdmoM
{ejU {_iV Amho mMr `mZr dV: Imr H$$Z KoVbr.
AZoH$ `m`mZ Am{U JW m_YyZ H$Yrhr ZrQ> g_OmdyZ gmJVm
òUma Zmhr Agm, {dm`mbm H|$q~X _mZUm`m, AmZXXm`H$
Am{U XO}Xma {ejU{H$òMm dVwnmR> `mZr Amn`m
AmMaUmVyZ Am_`mg_moa R>do bm hmoVm.
EdT>r A`mdV gJUH$ gw{dYm

Amn`m H$ng_ò XoUma nwUo {dmnrR>
ho XoemVb n{hb {dmnrR> hmoV.
`mM dfu ^maVm`m CmoJ_`mZr
Am`~rE_ `m gJUH$ H$nZrbm ^maVmVyZ
Jmem JwS >mi`mg ^mJ nmS>b hmoV.
`m nm^_y rda, gamZr {H$Vr H$m{VH$maH$
Am{U gaH$mar dmhm{d nmD$b Q>mH$b hmoV
ho bjmV òBb
. AmOhr gmYo `{$JV
gJUH$ Ko`mV _{hZmoZ _{hZo
{Z{dXmMm Kmoi KmbUmar Am{U
{dH$V KoVbobo gJUH$ Imo`mV nS>Zy R>do Umar
{dmnrR> nm{hbr H$r gamZr `m doir Ho$bo`m
H$m`mM _hd bjmV òV.
1980 `m XeH$mVcm H$m`wQ>a
nwT>o ZH$Mo A`j Pm`mda ApIb ^maVr` nmVird$Z

_hm{dmb`rZ d {dmnrR>r` {ejUm`m JwUdmo`m
_y`_mnZmMo {ZH$f R>adVmZm gamZr {ejUmVrb {Zdoe (input)
Am{U `mMr {Znmr (output) `mnojm {ejUm`m {H$òbm
(throughput) JwUdmm _y`_mnZmV AZ`gmYmaU _hd
{Xbob Amn`mbm {XgV. am>r` nmVirdarb _H$ moH$mP__ò
nmohmoMbo`m `m`mVrb {ejU gwYmaH$mMm dmg EH$m
N>mQo >mem {d^mJm`m _m`H$moH$mP__ò H$gm gw$ hmoVm ho Amhr
OdiyZ AZw^db Amho. AWnU
y {ejUmgmR>r nmofH$ Aem _yV
Am{U A_yV nmV`mdarb ej{UH$ n`mdaUmM _hd,
ej{UH$ CnH$_ Am{U gdmX `m`m gmV`mM _hd, A``Z,
gemoYZ, A`mnZ Am{U _y`_mnZ `mVrb nananyaH$Vm,
gWm`m Ho$di B_maVrnj
o m {dm`m`m {dH$mgmbm
mW{_H$Vm Xo`mdarb â, B. KQ>H$mMm g_mdoe Agbobr
{ejU{H$`m H$er n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoVo ho kmZ `mZr Amn`m
OmUrdnydH $ H$VrVyZ d AIS> `moJmVyZ {_idb. nwT>o ho
H$_erb kmZ am>r` nmVirdarb ZH$`m YmoaU {Z{VrV {H$Vr
_mobmM R>ab ho AmnU gJ`mZr AZw^db Amho.
3) AmYr {dmWu{dH$mg _J `dWmnZ
1978 gmbr Amhr `m doir nX`wma nXdr`m Xg`m
dfmbm Jobmo, Vohm gamMr nwUo {dmnrR>m`m Hw$bJw$nXr {Z`w$r
Pmbr. ~hYm Vo ^maVmVbo `m doiMo gdmV VU Hw$bJw$
AgmdoV. {dkmZ emIoVrb m`mnH$ W_M `m`m $nmZo nwUo
{dmnrR>m`m Hw$bJw$nXr {Z`w$ Pmbm hmoVm.
`mZr nX drH$m$Z H$mhr {XdgM Pmbo hmoV.o AemVM
EHo$ {Xder Hw$bJw$ Mr JmS>r Am_`m nXmW{dkmZ {d^mJm`m
B_maVrg_moa Wm~br. Hw$R>bmhr JmOmdmOm Z H$aVm Am{U
Hw$R>bmhr bdmO_m ~amo~a Z AmUVm, hmVmV Xhm-~mam
Cman{H$m KoD$Z ga emVnUo g_moa`m EH$m dJImobrVrb
{ejH$m`m IwMuV OmD$Z ~gbo. Vo Hw$bJw$ hmo`mnydu Omo {df`
{eH$dV AgV `m`m MmMUr narjo`m Cman{H$m `mZr
VnmgyZ AmU`m hmo`m. `m ~hYm `mZr Vnmgbo`m eodQ>`m
Cman{H$m Agm`mV.
`m`m Zoh_r`m nVr_mUo `m {dm`mZr `m
{b{h`m hmo`m, `mnH$r òH$ {dm`mbm `mMr Cman{H$m
g_moa R>do Zy A`mgH$_mVrb Hw$R>br H$aU `mbm ZrQ> g_Obr
AmhoV Am{U Hw$R>`m_ò A{YH$ gImob A`mg H$a`mMr JaO
Amho Am{U Vmo H$gm H$amdm `mM `{$JV _mJXeZ H$$Z XmoZ
VmgmZr Vo JmS>rVyZ {dmnrR>m`m _w` B_maVrVrb Amn`m
H$m`mb`mV naVbo.
Cman{Ho$`m _y`mH$ZmVyZ {dm`mbm Ho$di JwU {_iyZ
nwago o Zmhr Va `m JwUmH$ZmMm Ad`mW `mbm g_Obm nm{hOo,
`m`m ~bWmZmMm Am{U C{UdmMm AXmO Ambm nm{hOo Am{U
nwT>rb {dH$mgmgmR>r Amd`H$ {Xem Am{U _mJXeZ {_imb
nm{hOo, hm {dMma Amn`m Hw$bJw$nXm`m H$m`~mh`mVhr

`mZr H$VrZo Onbm hmoVm.
Amhr gd {dmWu Ajae: AM{~V Pmbmo. Hw$bJw$
hUOo ghgm Z {XgUmar `$r AerM `m H$mimVbr {V_m
hmoVr. naVw A``Z, A`mnZ Am{U _y`_mnZ ho {H$Vr
nananyaH$ AgVmV ho `m`m `m `j H$VrVyZ Amhmbm
nmhm`bm {_imb hmoV. A``Z-gemoYZ-A`mnZ-_y`_mnZ
Am{U {dmWu{dH$mg hmM {dmnrR>mMm Jm^m Amho.
Hw$bJw$nXm`m `dWmnZm`m `VVoV `mbm X`_ WmZ
XoVm òUma Zmhr, `mMm _y{V_V dVwnmR> EH$m N>mQo >mem H$VrVyZ
`mZr KmbyZ {Xbm hmoVm.
4) gJUH$ ndmMr gwdmV
gamZr Hw$bJw$nXm`m H$ma{H$Xu`m n{h`mM dfmV
(1978 gmbr) BVa m`mnH$m`m ghH$m`mZo nwUo {dmnrR>mV
EH$m ^` B_maVrV `m doiMm A`mdV gJUH$ H$m`mpdV
H$$Z {dmWu, gemoYH$ d N>mQo >o d _moR>o CmoOH$ `m`mgmR>r Vmo
Iwbm Ho$bm. hm gJUH$ Iyn I{MH$ hmoVm. `mbm bmJUmar
dmVmZwH$y bZ `dWmM _wir 40 Q>Zmda hmoVr. `m gJUH$mM
H$mS>> arS>a, bmBZ qQ>a, B. {d{dY ^mJ B_maVrV CMbyZ
AmU`mgmR>r EH$mM doir 16-16 H$_Mmar bmJbo hmoVo ho
Amhr {dm`mZr _moR>m Hw$VyhbmZo nm{hb hmoV. `m gJUH$
H|$mV moJq _J`m gm`-A`mgH$_mV doe Ko`mgmR>r 400
n`mM ewH$ Amd`H$ hmoV. Vo Zm__m ewH$ _{ZAmS>a Zo _bm
nw`mbm nmR>dU Am_`m H${Z> _`_dJu` Hw$Qw>~ mbm `m
H$mimV ~aM OS> Job. _mPr AmB Am{U _r `m`mV`m `m
doi`m n`dhmamV Vo {Vq~{~V Pmbob Amho. `md$Z
{dmnrR>mgmR>r `j gJUH$ IaoXr H$aU {H$Vr H$R>rU Job
Agob Am{U gamZm `mgmR>r {XrV {H$Vr H$> nS>bo AgVrb
`mMr H$nZmM Ho$bobr ~ar.
`m gJUH$m`m CXKmQ>ZgJr VH$mbrZ _w`_r
lr.eaX ndma `mZr gam`m Xa>rMr Am{U nwT>mH$mamMr
_w$H$R>mZo egm Ho$br hmoVr. `mM ~ZmdQ>rMm gJUH$ _w~ Bbm
nmobrg Im`mV Jwho AdofUmgmR>r EH$ dfmndy uM ~gd`mM
`mZr Z_yX Ho$b hmoV. gJUH$mM `wJ òV Amho Am{U {dmnrR>mZ r
`mH$S>o Xbj
Z H$aVm nwUo {dmnrR>mM AZwH$aU H$amd Ag
gwM{db hmoV.
EdT>r A`mdV gJUH$ gw{dYm Amn`m H$ng_ò XoUma
nwUo {dmnrR> ho XoemVb n{hb {dmnrR> hmoV. `mM dfu
^maVm`m CmoJ_`mZr Am`~rE_ `m gJUH$ H$nZrbm
^maVmVyZ Jmem JwS >mi`mg ^mJ nmS>b hmoV. `m nm^_y rda,
gamZr {H$Vr H$m{VH$maH$ Am{U gaH$mar dmhm{d nmD$b
Q>mH$b hmoV ho bjmV òBb
. AmOhr gmYo `{$JV gJUH$
Ko`mV _{hZmoZ _{hZo {Z{dXmMm Kmoi KmbUmar Am{U {dH$V
KoVbobo gJUH$ Imo`mV nS>Zy R>do Umar {dmnrR> nm{hbr H$r
gamZr `m doir Ho$bo`m H$m`mM _hd bjmV òV. `mgmR>r

`mZr Ho$dT> `dWmnZH$me` Am{U ZoV dJwU nUmbm bmdbo
AgVrb `mMr H$nZm H$aVm òV.o pW{VerbVobm J{V_mZVoZM
qOH$Vm òV, ho `m`m H$m`nVrM d{e>` nwT>o AZoH$Xm

AZw^dmbm òV am{hb. `m gJUH$ H|$m_wiM
o nwUo ho gJUH$
A`mgH$_mM d CmoJmM _hdmM H|$ hUyZ nwT>o ò`mg
gwdmV Pmbr.
`m gJUH$ H|$mVyZ XoemVrb d naXoemVrb AZoH$ ImOJr
d emgH$r` CmoJ, {ejU, gemoYZ Am{U godmjomVrb
gWmZm gJUH$ d _m{hVr VkmZ jomV g_W ZoV d XoUmar EH$
{nT>rM {Z_mU Pmbr. hm gam`m Xa>rMm Am{U AmYw{ZH$VoMm
`mg KoUm`m ej{UH$ YmoaUmMm n[anmH$ hmoVm. `mZVa XmoZM
dfmV gmQ>dA
o a B{O{Z`gMr n{hbr VwH$S>r A_o[aHo$bm Jobr
Am{U Am`.Q>r. jomV ^maV EH$m {ZUm`H$ ^y{_Ho$V Om`mH$S>o
n{hb nmD$b nS>b. 1981 Vo 1990`m XeH$mAIoa naXoemV
Jobo `m gmQ>dA
o a B{O{Z`gMr g`m EH$ bmImda Jobr. `mV
nwUHo $amM _mU bjUr` hmoV. gamZr {dmnrR>mV AmUbo`m
gJUH$ H$mVrM Vo EH$ `\${bV hmoV.
`m gJUH$m`m AmJ_Zm_wio nwUo {dmnrR>mV`m
gemoYZmbm Zd n[a_mU bm^b Am{U JV OJmVrb
gemoYH$m~amo~a amh`mMr j_Vmhr m Pmbr. _m`mgmaIo
AZoH$ {dmWu `m gw{dYoMm Cn`moJ H$$Z H$`wQ>e
o Zb
gm`gog_ò XO}Xma gemoYZ H$m{eV H$$ eH$bo.
gemoYZmgmR>r JV gJUH$ dmna`mV AmOhr nwUo {dmnrR>
AmKmR>rda Amho. `mMr gwdmV gam`m ^{d`doYr ZoV dm_wio
Pmbr. Agm AmYw{ZH$VoMm `mg hm gamZr _mS>bo `m ej{UH$
ò`YmoaUmMm Am{U `yhaMZoMm A{d^m` ^mJ AgVmo ho
AmOhr Amn`m ``mbm òV.
5) "Q>mn -Qy>-~mQ>_'H$S>>yZ "~mQ>g-An'H$S>>o
1980-81 `m gw_mamg _r nw`mVrb EH$m AJJ`
_hm{dmb`mV nXmW{dkmZ {df` {eH$dV hmoVmo. Hw$bJw$ `m
Zm`mZo gamZr {S>>nmQ>_ Q| >b H$mogg} `m gwYmaUm Vohm am~dm`bm
gwdmV Ho$br hmoVr. `mZwgma m`mnH$mZm {dm`m`m Am{U
g_mOm`m JaOmZgw ma A`mYw{ZH$ kmZmda AmYm[aV dV:Mo
A`mgH$_ V`ma H$a`mM dmV` Xo`mV Amb hmoV.
A`mgH$_ V`ma H$aU, `m`m A`mg d `moJ gm{h`mMr
{Z{_Vr Am{U OwidmOwid H$aU, `mM A`mnZ H$aU,
n{H$m H$mT>U, Cman{H$m VnmgU Am{U {ZH$mb V`ma H$$Z
{dmnrR>mH$S>o nmR>dZy Vmo {dmnrR>m_m\$V Omhra H$$Z
{dm`mZm XoU, Aer gd H$m_ H$a`mM dmV` Agm
A`mgH$_ gwM{dUm`m m`mnH$mbm qH$dm `m`m JQ>mbm
{dmgmZ Xo`mV Amb hmoV.
\$maM WmoS>m m`mnH$mZr `mV gh^mJ KoVbm. _r _m
`mV CS>r Q>mH$m`M R>adb. `m doir _r 23 dfmMm hmoVmo. H$mhr
E{S>gZZo Anma H$> d H$nH$VoZo

gemoYZ H$$Z EH$m KamV {Xdm bmdU
hoM _wimV nwago H$m{VH$maH$ AgV.
òH$ KamV {Xdm bmd`mM CmaXm{`d
`mM ZgyZ g_mOmM AgV.
gJ_Zoa `moJm`m èpdVoZV a Var
`mM AZwgaU H$aU ho
BVa _hm{dmb`mM CmaXm{`d hmoV.
nU Vg XXd mZ Pmb Zmhr.
`moJemioV Wm_g E{S>gZ
m`mnH$mZm ~amo~a KoD$Z `m YmoaUmZwgma nw`mVrb

_m`H$momoggo a`m jomVrb CmoJm`m JaOm bjmV KoD$Z
E_.Egr.gmR>r Oo A`mgH$_ Amhr Mmbdbo `mbm Cm_
{VgmX {_imbm. EH$hr {dmWu ~oH$ma am{hbm Zmhr. Jm_rU
^mJmVyZ {ejUmgmR>r nw`mV Ambobr _wb Am_{dmgmZo
CmoJmV {d> Pmbr.
CmoJmMo {V{ZYr {Z`{_VnUo {e{jV _Zw`~imMr
_mJUr H$aV am{hbo. Xadfu A`mgH$_ A`mdV H$aV ahmU ho
`m_wio AmoKmZM Amb Am{U AWmVM _mPhr kmZ A`mdV
hmoV am{hb. ZdZdrZ {eH$V amhmU Am{U `mMm WoQ> Cn`moJ
{dm`mZm `m`m H$[aAagmR>r hmoV Amho ho nmhm`bm {_iU,
`mnojm Xgam H$moUVm AmZX I`m {ejH$mbm hdm AgVmo?
C {ejUgWm Am{U CmoJ `m`mV gm_O`, ghH$m`,
^mJrXmar H$er KS>dmdr `mda doiImD$ Am{U {ZaWH$ n[agdmX

Ko`mnojm, ga `m`m `j H$VrVyZ, `moJmVZy Am{U YmS>gr
{ZU`mVZy {H$Vr {dbjU n[aUm_ gmYV hmoVo `mMr {MVr, _bm
gmV dfm`m _m`m m`mnH$r H$m`H$mimV {_iV am{hbr.
noT>r`m gwYmaUonj
o m {S>nmQ>_ Q| >b H$mogg} gwYmaUoMr H$mhr
d{e>` _bm OmUdbr. m`mnH$mZm gwYmaUm d[a> nmVird$Z
nmR>d`mnojm Ho$di YmoaU{Z{Vr daVr H$$Z gdmV VimV`m
m`mnH$mbmM gwYmaUoMm AJXV Am{U AmoZa ~Zd`mV Amb
hmoV. "Q>mn -Qy>-~mQ>_' nojm "~mQ>g-An' m Z`m AmoMMm hm
CH$> `moJ hmoVm. AmOhr ga `mM AmoMMm Zoh_r nwaH$ma H$aV
AgVmV. `mM~amo~a Ho$di "kmZmgmR>r kmZmr'EodOr,
kmZmrMm g~Y CmoJmer Am{U CnmXH$ H$m_mer bmd`m`m
gH$nZobm gamZr `m {dbjU `yhaMZoVZy _yV d$n {Xb hmoV.
{ejU d {ejUgWo`m Hw$n Um~mhoaM OJ Am{U g_mO `mMm WoQ>
Odg~Y OmoS>`m`m `m`m YmoaUmMm _bm Iyn H$mhr {eH$dyZ
OmUmam Vmo AZw^d hmoVm. CmoJmVrb bmoH$ Amn`m g_`mda MMm
H$am`bm, H$me` m Ho$bo`m {dm`mMr _mJUr H$am`bm,
CmoJmVbr BZmohoeg eoAa H$am`bm Oohm _hm{dmb`mV òV,
Vohm AmnU {ejH$ Ag`mMm A{^_mZ dmQ>V Ago. AOyZ ZoQ>mZo
C JwUdmoM A`mnZ H$am`bm \y$Vu {_iV Ago. Ho$di Xgar
MmJbr gYr {_ion`V ZmBbmOmZo {ejH$mMr ZmoH$ar H$amdr Ag Z
dmQ>Vm AmnU Vo H$[aAa H$amd Ag `m_wiMo _bm dmQ>V am{hb.
6) C{ejUmMo Zdo m$n : gJ_Zoa `moJ
1981-82 gmbr _r nw`mVrb EH$m _hm{dmb`mV
{eH$dV hmoVmo. `m doir Hw$bJw$ Agbo`m gamZr _hm{dmb`rZ
{ejUm`m nwZaMZoMm AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bm hmoVm. H$mbOo
`dWmnZmZo m`mnH$mer `m AmamIS>mda MMm Am`mo{OV Ho$br
hmoVr. _hm{dmb`rZ {ejUmV `dgm` {ejUmMm AV^md H$$Z
{dm`mZm amoOJmam{^_wI H$a`mM `mV Vm{dV Ho$b hmoV.
`m`m gdmJrU `{$_d {dH$mgmMm {dMma `mV hmoVm. `m
{Z{_mmZ EHy$UM _hm{dmb`rZ {ejUm`m AmH${V~YmV _yb^yV
~Xb g^dV hmoVm. `mV {ejUm`m C{>mM m g_mOm`m JaOmer
W_M {ZH$Q>Mm g~Y òUma hmoVm. g_mOmVrb {d{dY CnmXZ
{H$`mer _hm{dmb`rZ {ejU Am{U AWmVM {dmWu Am{U
{ejH$ OmoS>bo OmUma hmoV.o _hm{dmb`rZ {ejUmZVa ~hg `
{dm`mZm ôS>gmdUmar ~oH$marMr e`Vmhr H$mhr Aer H$_r
hmoUma hmoVr. `mV ehar Am{U Jm_rU Aem Xmohr Vamdarb
g_mOm`m JaOmMm {dMma H$a`mV Ambm hmoVm. nXmW{dkmZ
{d^mJmV `mnydu H$nnV Am{U H$`wQ>a moJq _J, _moeZ {nMa
\$moQ>mJo m \$r, h`y_ Q>o ZmbmOr, B. Cn`mo{OV EopN>H$ {df`
A`mgH$_mV AmU`mMm èdr `moJ gamZr Ho$bm hmoVm. AmO
`m jomV AmKmS>rda Agbobo {H$òH$ bmoH$ `m doi`m
nXmW{dkmZ emIo`m `m EopN>H$ {df`mMo {dmWu AmhoV. `m
{df`m_i
w o ej{UH$ n`mdaUmV {dbjU Cgmh Am{U MV`
OmUdV Ago; hm _m`mgma`m AZoH$mMm AZw^d hmoVm.

{ejU Am{U g_mO, {ejU Am{U CmoJ, {ejU Am{U
CnmXZ d godm jo nanam{^_wI hmo`mgmR>r Ho$di MMm qH$dm
n[agdmX Z H$aVm gamZr EH$ n> Am{U H$mb~ Agm
YmoaUm_H$ AmamIS>mM _hm{dmb`m`m {dMmamW Am{U
AWmVM EopN>H$ drH$VrgmR>r R>do bm hmoVm. nU ~hg `
_hm{dmb`mVrb {ejH$mZr Am{U `dWmnZmZr `m `moOZoH$S>o
nmR> {\$adbr. Ow`mM nR>S>rMr, emIm-CnemIm`m ~{XV
`dWoMr d g_mOm`m JaOmer, {dm`m`m amoOJmamer,
`m`m `{$_d {dH$mgmer Xamd`mZohr g~Y Zgbobr
Amnbr VWmH${WV {ejUnVrM H$er `mo` Amho, ho Zdr
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`m boImMm eodQ> H$aVmZm `m {d{e> {dMmam`m CH$mVr_mJrb
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n[aerbZ;
OrdZmgmR>r Am{U OrdZmH$adr AmOrdZ {ejU (learning for life, learning through life and learning
throughout life) hr _hm_m JmYrMr Z`r Vmbr_ gH$nZm;
^jH$m`m, ~mS>Ji
w m`m, emofH$m`m AW`dWoEdo Or,
VgM dV:bm A{YH$ KoD$Z Xg`mbm H$_r XoUm`m `mnmar
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ahm`mEodOr BVamZm XoV ahm`mMr godm{Z>m Aer S>m. Oo.gr.
Hw$_manmZr gemo{Ybobr {MaWm`r AW`dWoMr gH$nZm;
kmZmr Am{U \$bXm`r CnmXH$ H$m_ `m`mVrb AôX

n> H$aUmar d `mVyZ ~wrMm Am{U g_mOmMm {dH$mg gmYUmar
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gh`moJ {gmV;
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gH$nZm;
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aMZm_H$ gKfmMr aUZrVr;
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Ag _hm_m \w$`mZr _mS>bb
o naIS> {dcofU;
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`m`m eydmda _mV H$a`mgmR>r Cn`w$ Aem gmd{H$
{ejUmMm _.\w$`mZr hQ>a H${_eZnwT>o Yabobm AmJh;
{do{dZm _{V Jobr, _{V{dZm J{V Jobr &
J{V{dZm {dm Job,o {dmm{dZm ey IMbo &
BVHo$ gJio AZW EH$m A{doZo Ho$bo &&
`m n[apWVrda _mV H$aV {dkmZmZo `moJ _{V Ambr, `moJ _{VZo VZrVr bm^br&
VZrVrZo JVr gmYbr, JVrZo {dm Ambo &
{dmo eyd Job,o ho gd `moJ {doZo Ho$bo &&
ho VimJmimVrb eoVH$`m`m g_rgmR>r Am`w`â
`moJaV AgUm`m _.\w$`mH$S>Zy \y$Vu KoD$Z m.lr.A.
Xm^mobH$amZr `moJn[adma gaMZoV hH$_r, {dH$_r mjnrH$
KoD$Z {g Ho$bob ZdqMVZ; nmCbmo \$o AarMr emo{fVm`m,
XS>nbo`m`m OmUrd OmJVrMr "noS>J mJr Am\$ X Amo S>' `m
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Am{U d`gK Q>ZmVyZ Xm[a {Z_yb
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{XJO nydg aw r`m {dMmamM, H$m`mM Am{U VdqMVZmM
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{>H$moZmVyZ H$g OmoS>Zy KoVm òBb
`mda qMVZ H$aV AmhoV.
Amn`m g_mOm`m ~Xb`m g_`mMo ^mZ amIV, `mV {Z_mU
hmoV Agbo`m {dH$mg {H$`m, bmoH$Midir, B`mXrMm
_mJmodm KoV AmhoV.
Amn`m g_mOm`m XrKH$mbrZ J^ra g_`mda _mV H$$
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dV`m gOZerbVoMr namH$m>m H$$Z {dH${gV H$a`mMm
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hmoV Amho ho _r OdiyZ AZw^dVmo Amho. `m`mgma`m AmOrdZ
{dm`mbm, `moJdrambm, {ejU jomVrb M|O_oH$abm d
g_mO{Z> VdqMVH$mbm `m H$m`mV nwano ay ghH$m` H$aU hoM
_mP H$V` Amho Am{U Ahmo^m`hr!
{ddoH$ gmdV
`dWmnH$r` gMmbH$, _hmam> kmZ _hm_S>i
Mob. 98220 52914
E-mail - md@mkcl.org
boImVrb VrZhr CnerfH$mZm

EH$ A` H$g Amho. Vmo _m`m
dMm[aH$ Am{U ~m{H$ j_VoMm
AmOMm narK Amho. Vo _mPo
AmOMo {j{VO Amho. boImV H$mhr {R>H$mUr
XoOm dy \$sb Agob, ^{d`mV
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Va H$mhr dm`mda hgy òBb.
g`m BVHo$M hmVmiVmZmhr
X_N>mH$ hmoV Amho. EdT>o Z Am{U
EdT>o Hw$Vyhb `m_mJo hmVmer
ânya doi Amho ho H$maUhr Agob.
ho {dH$irV {dMma OwiVrb
Vmo "jU EH$ A_VmMm' Agob.
JmJu Am{U JmV_ ~wmMm dmagm
A{^_mZmZo gmJVm `mdm, BVnV J^Vm
`m Vmoimâ _|XygmR>r H$Xm{MV Am` Amho.
nU hm dmg EH$mM doir
{IidyZ R>odUmam Amho
Am{U _w$ H$aUmamhr.
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coIZmmao BVamn`V nmohmoMd`mMr Vrd D$_u. coIZdoS>. H$maUo
AZoH$, nU Cnm` EH$M. AIS> {chrV amhmUo. _J AmoiIr`m
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R>odm`cm dmMH$mMm {VgmX _XVrMm R>acm. ho coIZdoS> EoZ
âmV AgVmZm VwV coI {chm`Mm Vmd g_moa Amcm. hm
AmZX _m H$mhr jUmVM Amogacm. dV:~c {chm`Mo?
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âUma ZmhrV Agm XwH$mi, Vo ZVa {dMmamMm _hmnya Aer
AdWm Pmcr.
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H$m~yV AmUVmZm MmJcrM AmoT>mVmU Pmcr. Anojo_mUo
gwdmVrcmM _|Xycm {PU{P`m Am`m, amoOMr gmYrgwYr
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EH$ {Xem {_iV Jocr. AmOn`V dmQ>mcm òVrc Vgo _|XyV
H$m|~coco AZw^d, Zm|Xr `mZm AmH$ma òD$ cmJcm...
hm coI dmMVmZm dMm[aH$ gcJVm, AZw^d, EnmoOa,
d`, Jm^r` dJao ~m~VrVcr H${Z>Vm dm`modm`r OmUdoc.
CmamY AmYrM òD$Z Jocm Am{U nydmY ZwH$VmM gw$ hmoVmo`.
`m_wio {dMmamMr ga{_gi Pmcr Amho. Anman[aH$
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dV_mZ mYm`H$_, ZOrH$`m Am{U Xya`m ^{d`mMo
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dJao eX IynM AWnyU Am{U Zo_Ho$ AmhoV. `mcm \$maVa
AmamIS>m qH$dm H$Mm _gwXm hUVm òBc.
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R>mH$Umao. `mVrc ~arMer Vdo gwn[a{MV AmhoV. nU òH$
`Vr, {VMo OrdZ, OS>UKS>U gdmWmZo `w{ZH$ AgVo. {edm`,
Am`w`m`m dmQ>MmcrV H$mhr ZdrZ Vdmer AmoiI hmoVo. Ago
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df} AYmamV AgUmam ncy AMmZH$ COoS>mV òVmo Am{U S>moio
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qcg Iyn H$m_r òVmV. H$YrH$Yr Va `mMr gdm{YH$ JaO
AgVo Vmo gX^q~Xy gmnS>Vmo Am{U EH$mM X_mV AZoH$ VwH$S>o

qH$dm {R>nHo$ OwiyZ OmVmV. AJXr `m H$Wo_mUo...
JwHw$cm`m WoZgw ma EH$ {e` Odi`m JmdmV
_mYwH$argmR>r OmVmo. Iyn C{eam naVVmo Am{U Vmohr OI_r
AdWoV. mW{_H$ CnMmamZVa Jw$ {e`mcm Am_r`VoZo
{dMmaVmV, ""dgm, VwPr hr AdWm H$er Pmcr?'' H$idiV
{e` gmJVmo, ""JwXod, _r `m JmdmV Jocmo hmoVmo {VWo EH$
{ngmicocm hmr Yw_mHy$i KmcV hmoVm. gJio JmdH$ar gamdam
niV hmoVo; nU JWmVrc CnXoemMo _aU H$$Z _r VH$ Ho$cm...
_m`m_mUoM `m hmr_òhr ~ Amho, `m_wio Vmo _cm
H$moUVrhr BOm H$aUma Zmhr. hUyZ _r a`mV VgmM C^m
am{hcmo Am{U Xwg`mM jUr `m hmrZo gm|S>oV nH$Sy>Z _cm Xyada
\o$Hy$Z {Xco. H$gm~gm _r Aml_mV naVcmo.'' _Xp_V H$aV Jw$
CXJmaco, ""Vy JW mV gm{JVcocm CnXoe AYmM Am_gmV Ho$cm
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gJ`mZm AmoaSy>Z a`mVyZ ~mOycm Om`cm gmJV hmoVm, `m
_mhVmMo Vy EoH$co AgVog Va hr XwKQ>Zm KS>cr ZgVr. AmVm `m
KQ>ZoVyZ hm ~moY `m`Mm H$s MamMamV ~VdmMm Ae AmhoM
Am{U ho Vd H$Yrhr H$moUmMo A{hV H$aV Zmhr. AmnU _m
{ddoH$s Am{U OmJ$H$ Agm`cm hdo.'' hr H$Wm dmMcr Am{U
"Bc_ {H$Vm~ go Zht AmVm, Cgo CVmX Mm{hò!'' `m hUrMm
AW C_Jcm. Agm Jw$-AZw^d, Anè, AmnXm, MwH$m qH$dm
gXoh `Vr Aem H$moU`mhr $nmV ôQy> eH$Vmo, {e` H$m`_
V`ma hdm. eoH$S>mo JW A`mgyZ {_imcoco kmZ `j OrdZmer
H$go g~ H$am`Mo, hr nwT>Mr V`mar Jw$Mo ~moQ> Y$ZM MT>Vm
òVo. CgZo ehmUnU EoZdoir VmoH$S>o nS>Vo. One has to pass
through the drill at least once.
H$moaS>m R>UR>UrV VH$ `j OrdZmV Cn`wV ZgVmo. `mcm

{ddoH$mMr OmoS> Agm`cmM hdr. VH$aZmcm {ddoH$mMo H$m|XU
hdoM. JmS>rcm pQ>A[aJ hrc Am{U ~og Xmohr hdoV. H$maU,

hdo `m {R>H$mUr OmVm òUo Am{U hdo VoWo Wm~Vm òUo `m Xmohr
j_Vm JmS>rV AgUo Ano{jV Amho. Varhr `m VdmV Z ~gUm`m
AZoH$ Jmo>r AZoH$Xm KS>VmV, H$am`m cmJVmV. VH$ Am{U
{ddoH$mMm {H$Vrhr H$sg nmS>cm Var H$YrH$Yr _mJ {_iV Zmhr.
{H$Vrhr AmQ>m{nQ>m Ho$cm Var H$mhr KQ>H$ Amn`m
{ZÙm~mhoaM amhVmV. nU S>m|Ja dV:hZ _m`m dmQ>oVyZ
~mOyc hmoBc `mMr dmQ> ~KV nm``mer ~gyZ am{hco Va nwT>Mm
gJim dmgM IwQ>Vmo. _mJo {\$aUo hm n`m` ZmhrM. S>m|Ja MTy>Z
nma H$aUo qH$dm `mcm digm KmcyZ ncrH$S>o OmUo ho XmoZM
n`m` AmhoV. hr An[ahm`Vm drH$maUo dmQ>Vo {VVHo$ gmono ZgVo.
nU `mcm {Z`VreaUVm, AJ{VH$Vm g_O`mEodOr OJ`mMo
VdkmZ _mZco Va dmg gwIH$a hmoVmo. Am`w`mV EH$Var {eIa
`ZnydH$ nmXmH$mV Ho$co`m `Vr Zoh_r g`V{Mm, gVw{cV
Am{U emVdm AgVmV. {eIa ga H$aUo Am{U {VWo nm` amodyZ
Cô amhmUo hUOo H$m`, ho `mZr AZw^dcoco AgVo. {eIamda
nmohmoMUo EdT>mM Coe ZgVmo, Va {VWo {Q>Hy$Z amhmUo Am{U nwT>Mo
{eIa ga H$aUo ho Iao AmhmZ AgVo. nm``mer KwQ>_iV
{eIa MTy>Z Om`m`m \w$ema`m _maUmao nm``mcmM amhVmV.
Nothing in this universe is two dimensional.
AmnU _m {ZaVa "_r Am{U _mPo' Agm XmoZM {_Vt_ò {dMma

H$aVmo. {Vgar {_Vr Agy eH$Vo hr e`VmM ZmH$maVmo.
AYyZ_YyZ dV:`m narKmncrH$S>o nmhm`mMr gd` Agmdr.
gYr {_imcr H$s Jm|YiyZ Om`cm hmoV Zmhr. gamdco`m ZOaoZo
Iyn H$mhr ZdrZ, _m{cH$ {Q>nVm òVo. J^Vm dmT>`m
d`m~amo~a òVoM Ago Zmhr. H$maU Zoh_r \$V O{dH$ d`mMm
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AmhmZ Ago XmoZ Am`m_ AmhoV. The very essence of
life is unpredictability.
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EH$ doJimM ncy g_Ooc Am{U OmUrd g_ hmoBc, hm _wm
Xwc{j`mOmoJr Amho?
AmOMr VUmB gVV H$[aà, ngm, {V>m `m_mJo YmdV
Am`w`mV \${Q>`g Am{U ~[a`g

`mMm g_Vmoc gmYV _mJH$_Um H$aVmZm
H$amdo cmJUmao `mJ Am{U {_iUmao cm^
`mMm Vmi_oi Xadoir ~gVmo?
EImmMo OrdZ AJXr gai aofogmaIo AgVo,
Va EImm`m Am`w`mV H$cmQ>UrMo
BVHo$ jU òVmV H$s Vmo ^y{_Vr {dg$Z Omdm.
Ago hmo`m_mJo H$m` H$maU Agmdo?
n{h`m `VrMr IwOr _hdmH$mjm H$s
{VMr n[apWVrer OwidyZ Ko`mMr cdMrH$Vm?
Xwg`m `VrMr VmpdH$ H$R>moaVm,
O~aXV BN>meVr H$s PnmQ>`mgmaIm
AmH$mjmMm nmR>cmJ H$am`Mr dmr?
AgVo, {Vcm gm_m{OH$ ^mZ Am{U dV_mZmMo Jm^r` Zmhr Agm

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Ago AZoH$ VUmZr H$$Z XmIdco Amho. `m gJ`mMm O_
gWm{ZH$ qH$dm CmoJnVr Kam`mV Pmcocm Zmhr. gm_m`
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A{^ZoVo BVamnj
o m cdH$a Am{U MmJ`m [aVrZo CH$mV
hmoVmV? {XdgmV VrZ {eQ>g Am{U òH$ {eQ>_ò ZdrZ Zmd,
ZdrZ ZmVr, ZdrZ ^y{_H$m, ZdrZ JoQ>An, CmoJnVr Vo {^H$mar,
IoimSy> Vo AnJ, geV Zm`H$ Vo {dH$V IcZm`H$, {dH$o Vm Vo
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XoUmam U. ^y{_H$mMm AmdmH$m Ajae: A_`mX Amho. Aem
^y{_H$m_i
w o narK XmdVmo H$s ^md{ZH$ A{cVVm òV?o
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H$m hmoBZ m nU ^md{ZH$ JwV dUwH$sMm H$mi Am{U `m H$gm~mhoa
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^y{_Ho$V AS>H$y Z nS>m`cm hmoV Zgoc? EImXr Img cH$~
dV:`m Am`w`mVhr AmUmdr hm _moh hmoV Agoc? `pVJV
gH$Q>m`m gJr Am{\$g_ò Imcr _mZ KmcyZ, EH$hr eX Z
~mocVm H$go~go H$m_ CaH$Vm òV.o A{^Zo`mZm hr gdcV {_iVo?
g`mH$mir n[admamVrc H$moUmMoVar cZ Am{U Xwnmar
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^ZmQ> H$m_So >r B_moQ> H$am`Mr. EdT>r ^md{ZH$ A{cVVm Am{U
g`_Z amIUo gmono AgVo? S>m Q>a Am{U doXZm `mMo AZmoIo ZmVo
AgVo, Vgo A{^ZoVm Am{U ^mdZm{dH$ma `mMho r AgVo?
The tinsel town where fortunes fluctuate
from friday to friday. {MnQ> CmoJmMo `WmW dUZ H$aUmao
ho eX. BVa `dgm`m`m VwcZoZo `m CmoJmVrc naVm`mMr

A{Z{VVm ~arM OmV Amho. {deof Anojm ZgUmam gmYmgm
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nU VodT>mM CH$Q>VoZo ho {MnQ> nm{hco H$m OmVmV? g_moa
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gJ`mV {deof hUOo H$UYdc Vo BQ>_ZH$ca hm H$m{VH$mar
~Xc. Oo H$cmH$ma, {XXeH$, Vk `m Q>mpPeZ_YyZ Joco
`mMm AZw^d H$m` Agoc? `mMm H$Zhmg {H$Vr Am{U H$gm
g_ Pmcm Agoc? n{h`mXm "cmo _moeZ' grZ nmhVmZm
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Amd`H$ Vr H$meò `mZr H$YrM Am_gmV Ho$cocr AgVmV,
nU `m_wio `m`m gwdmVr`m H$m_mVcm "amZog' hadyZ OmV
Zmhr? Xhm-nYam df} `mM `mM R>moH$io~mO ^y{_H$m. `mMm
H$[aà Jm\$ qH$dm H$cmH$ma `m $nmVrc CH$mVr {XgV Zmhr Vr
`mM_wio? ~mocnQ>m`m EH$ eVH$m`m XrK B{VhmgmV {H$Vrhr
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g_mZZr` AndmX dJiVm {MnQ>mMo H$Wm{df` Am{U `m_ò
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{MnQ>, Q>rhr `m _m`_mZm {H$E{Q>h, Vm{H$, c_ag,

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Zmhr? VwcZoZo H$_r Anrc, ey` c_a, ey` {\$_r _gmcm hr
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Zg`mZo H$moUmcm {dnZmdWm Amcr H$s hihi `V
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g_mOmMr {Zanoj godm H$amdr hr Anojm {H$VnV amV Amho?
Am{U g~{YV `VrZmhr `mg Am{U `dhma ho VmaV`
~miJUo EdT>o H$R>rU H$m Omdo?
AZmnMm[aH$, KaJwVr Jnm _maVmZm H$mQ>oH$moa {Z`_ nmimdo

hm AmJh AVwV Amho. nU gmdO{ZH$ `mgnrR>md$Z H$mhreo
cmoH$mer AmnMm[aH$ gdmX gmYVmZm dVm hUyZ gm^mim`Mr
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AmnU OUy eoOmar ~gco`m `Vrer ~mocVmo` Aem WmQ>mV
~hwVHo$OU H$m ~mocVmV? ~moc`mMm doJ, eXmMo Cma,
AmdmOmMr nmVir `mMo ^mZ R>odco Va lmoVo JwVyZ amhmVmV hm
gmYm {Z`_ Amho. òH$ OU lmoVm AgVmZm d`mH$Sy>Z `mM
Anojm H$aVmo. _J dV: dVm Pm`mda _m hoM {Z`_
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hdo `mMm AZoH$ `mV `VrZm {dga H$m nS>V Agmdm?
{edm` Iyn ~mocbo Am{U ~mocVmZm OmS>OyS> eX dmnaco H$s
^mfU, `m`mZ XO}Xma hmoVo hm Jag_O H$Yr Xya hmoUma?
H$m`H$_mMo gygMmcZ H$a`mMr `m{H$, H${_ nV ~XcyZ
ZdrZ nm`S>m nmS>`mMo YmS>g H$moUr XmIdUma Zmhr H$m?
What we do does not define who we are.
Amnco H$m_ hr Amncr AmoiI AgVo Ago hUVmV. nU AZoH$

`Vr `mo` gYr {_imcr Zmhr hUyZ qH$dm VS>OmoS> hUyZ
H$mhr H$mi j_Vonojm H$_r _hdmMo H$m_ H$aVmV. gYr
{_iVmM nyU VmH$XrZo âmar KoVmV. {\${Zg_mUo. qH$~hZm
Xadoir nmVm Am{U nX `mMm _oi H$moR>o ~gVmo! Varhr
EImm`m H$m_md$Z `mMr nmVm H$m` Agoc hm AXmO
~mYm`Mr {d{M gd` H$m AgVo? òH$ Jmo> H$moUmcmVar {g
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dV:cm dV:`m {ZH$fmda {g H$am`cm ho Amd`H$ Amho.
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eodQ>r Agm Vmio~X _mS>Uo IaM Ae` Amho?
EImm KQ>Zdo a A{^m` XoVmZm, ZdrZ ghH$m`m~c
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nydJhXy{fV, Q>moH$mMr qH$dm {Xem^yc H$aUmar Ag`mMr
e`Vm AgVmZm Amnco _V `mdaM AmYm[aV H$go H$m` Agy
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AgyZhr?
g_nXW X~md. {nAa oea. H$mhr OUm`m OrdZmVrc
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~`mMXm ~mocbo OmVo. emiH$ar _wco, H$mco{O`g, J{hUr,
H$moU`mhr jomV H$[aAa H$aUmao Aem gJ`m`m ~m~VrV hm
X~md doJdoJ`m d$nmV H$m_ H$aVmo. ~hVoH$ doim H$mhr
AZno{jV qH$dm YH$mXm`H$ KS>co H$s `mMo Imna `m
X~mdm`m _m`mda \$moS>co OmVo. EImm `VrMr dV {ZU`
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doim gH$mam_H$ ^md nmS>Vmo? hmM X~md EImmcm MwH$sMo
nmD$c Q>mH$`mnmgyZ namdm Zmhr H$$ eH$V?
Jmo>r amhZ OmVmV H$am``m? Aem Jmo>tMm {dMma gmoSy>Z XoD$Z

hmVmV`m Jmo>tH$S>o cj mdo H$s eodQ>n`V `m {_i{d`mgmR>r
YS>nS> H$amdr? Am`w`mV \${Q>`g Am{U ~[a`g `mMm g_Vmoc
gmYV _mJH$_Um H$aVmZm H$amdo cmJUmao `mJ Am{U {_iUmao
cm^ `mMm Vmi_oi Xadoir ~gVmo? EImmMo OrdZ AJXr
gai aofogmaIo AgVo, Va EImm`m Am`w`mV H$cmQ>UrMo
BVHo$ jU òVmV H$s Vmo ^y{_Vr {dg$Z Omdm. Ago hmo`m_mJo
H$m` H$maU Agmdo? n{h`m `VrMr IwOr _hdmH$mjm H$s
{VMr n[apWVrer OwidyZ Ko`mMr cdMrH$Vm? Xwg`m
`VrMr VmpdH$ H$R>moaVm, O~aXV BN>meVr H$s
PnmQ>`mgmaIm AmH$mjmMm nmR>cmJ H$am`Mr dmr?
amoO`m YmdnirV BH$S>{o VH$S>o nhm`cm \w$agV ZgVoM, nU
ghO ZOa Q>mH$cr, Var cjmV òVo H$s, gJio OU EH$mM
gm`mVyZ H$mT>`mgmaIo AmhoV. EH$gmaIoM H$nS>o, ^mfm,
AmdS>r{ZdS>r, AmOy~mOyMo cmImo OU H$aVm`V hUyZ AmnUhr
H$am`Mo, ho AYmZwH$aU H$emcm? AJXr dmhm`m {d nmohUo
gJ`mZm e` Zgco Var dV:Mo Ago doJio ApVd AgyM
Zò? Agm {H$_mZ EH$ JwU, EH$ H$me` Oo Amn`mcm
hOmam|`m JXuVyZ doJim H$mTy> eHo$c? Eg \$Q>a!
{ejU, H$[aà, \${_cr, [aQ>mà_|Q> hr AmXe Am`w`mMr

`m`m Amho H$s, g_mO_m` gwa{jV Am`w`mMr MmH$Q>?
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\$moQ>moJm{\$H$ _o_ar AgUo ho daXmZ H$s emn? Am`w`m`m

òH$ Q>`mdarc H$moS>H$ _mo_|Q>g h`m Vohm arco H$aVm òVmV
hm \$m`Xm, H$s `mM _Vr_ò {VV`mM {S>Q>og_ò Zm|Xdco
~mocnQ>m`m EH$ eVH$m`m

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r JrVH$ma, gJrVH$ma `mMr g`m
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gJ`m rgwc^ ^md^mdZm ~m` {S>\$mQ>
"Vmo' JrVH$maM `V H$aVmo.
"{V`m' ^mdZm dfmZwdf} "`m`m'
coIUrVyZM H$m AdVaV AmhoV?
Aer Ag` JmUr {Z{ddmXnUo Cm_M AmhoV.
nU H$moUr _wcJr qH$dm r `m ^mdZm
H$mJXmda H$m CVady eH$V Zmhr?
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qH$dm A`VM AgVo hUyZ?
Jococo ^rfU gJ {nN>m gmoS>V ZmhrV hm VmoQ>m? EImXm gJ,

gdmX qH$dm `Vr {dg$Z Om`Mm AmQ>moH$mQ> `Z H$aV
AgVmZm `m gJmMr, `VrMr AmR>dU H$$Z XoUm`m Jmo>r,
eX dmadma g_moa H$m òV ahmdoV? Vohr BV`m VrdVoZo H$s, OUy
H$mhr Vmo gJ, Vo eX, Vr `Vr jUâhr {d_aUmV OmD$ Z
Xo`mMm H$moUrVar MJ ~mYcm`.
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dmQ> nmhV AgVrc? hdr Vr \o$_ pcH$ Ho$`mda `mZm Vr
H$_o`mV H$X Ho$`mMo g_mYmZ dmQ>V Agoc, H$s Vo Xw_ui `
dV:`m S>mo`mZr nmhVm Z Am`m~c hihi dmQ>V Agoc?
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Ammm _m`m hmVmV H$_oam AgVm Va!' Ago dmQ>V Agoc `mZm?
EImXr dVy qH$dm Vd ho H$mc~m qH$dm H$mcmVrV

H$em`m AmYmamda R>a{dcr OmVmV? {Zdi `m H$mimnwaVr
EImm Jmo>rMr Cn`wVVm qH$dm JaO gncr H$s Vr dVy
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EH$ eVH$ hr {H$Vr ZJ` Am{U {ZaWH$ ~m~ Amho. Varhr
AmnU òH$ ~m~rda darcnH$s EH$ {eH$m H$m _maVmo? H$s `m
Xmohr ~m~r `pVgmnoj AgVmV? Am{U hoM {ZH$f _mZdr
Zm`mZmhr cmJy nS>VmV?
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IaoXrMr VmarI A{Zhgar hUyZ gmOar H$m H$$ Zò? {Z`{_V
XoI^mc Agoc Va Cm_M, nU `m {XdgmgmR>r H$ma nm_ò
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Q>mH$co`m chmZghmZ Xw`m, MH$mMH$ BQ>o[a`g, H$ca
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goQ>r, {nH$An, _m`coO ho gJio EH$mM ~OoQ>_ò Am{U
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gXmgdH$mi gJir gwIo hmV OmoSy>Z g_moa C^r AgmdrV qH$dm
dmgmV diUo, ImMIiJo, KmQ> ZgmdoV hr Anojm {H$VnV
amV Amho?
XZ{XZ H$m_mVyZ ~oH$ KoUo hUOo doioMm An``, gw>rV

{\$am`cm OmUo hUOo AZmd`H$ IM, {MnQ> hUOo
gwgH$mar _wco {~KS>`mMr gmo`, òVmOmVm Bpce_ò ~mocUo
hUOo AmJmD$nUm, _moR>mZo JmUr hUUo hUOo dm`m Jo`mMo

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AmZbmBZ Am{U N>mnrb eXH$moe Mmibo, AmoiIr`m
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doe H$aVmZmM ôQ>bb
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You are my passion, my fascination. You cast
spell on me. You fascinate me' ho eX A{^`$sbm
doJ`mM CMrda ZoVmV. Mm{_g H$moS> H$s_Mr "{H$gr nmJb

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gnZm hr ghr _oam AnZm hmo Vw_' hr Mmamoir {dgaUo e`M Zmhr.
XwXd mZo `mVbr {Vgar Amoi _m H$mhr Ho$`m AmR>dV Zmhrò. \$$
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Am\$ bS>abS>' hm {H$Vm~ _m`m Zmdmda O_m hmoBb ~hXm.
You are dead if you do not reach the line on time
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~miJVm "`m nm_am kmZ H$m` R>mdo' Aer H$~wbr XoD$Z Q>mH$Vo.
_mPm {dmg Amho 'If I can do somethig, so can any-
body'
\$$ WmoS>mgm doS>onUm H$am`Mo YmS>g hdo. JXu, Jm|JmQ>,

dmao_mn VwVr, An> {dMma, d|YionUm, XwQ>nr dVZ,
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Zhmir Amho. _oS>Z B{ZO!
S>m. `moVr nmQ>rb

jrp2009@rediffmail.com
Mob. 9881812923
(nwUo {dmnrR>mV ~m`moQ>oZmcmOr {df`mV

AmR> df} gemoYZ Ho$co Amho.)
1960 `m XeH$mVrc Jm_OrdZmMo {M

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gX^mVrc gemoYZmMmM AmYma Ko`mV Amcocm hmoVm. Xoem`m
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XoemVrc J[a~rMo _moO_mn `mM nVrcm AZwg$Z H$a`mMm
n[anmR> H|$r` {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo 1980 `m XeH$mV
drH$macm. naV,w BWo EH$ AS>MU C^r am{hcr. Vr AS>MU Aer

H$s, VUYmò Am{U S>mir dJiVm XoemVrc Hw$Qw>~ o AWdm
`Vtmao dmna`m OmUm`m A` {OZgm`m dVw$n
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Ho$cr OmV Zgo. Ho$di BVHo$M Zmhr Va, `Vt`m
Cn^moJIMm~m~VMr Z_wZm nmhUr H$aUmar gd}jUohr 1974
gmcmnmgyZ Xa nmM dfmVZy EH$XmM hmoD$ cmJcr. Xm[aafo M
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H$maU_r_mgm nwT>rc_mUo :
1) XoemVrc ZmJ[aH$m`m Cn^moJIMm~m~V am>r` Z_wZm
nmhUr gKQ>ZVo \}$ 1973-74 `m dfmV H$a`mV Amcoco gd}jU
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nm`m^yV _mZco, hrM _wimV _m`m coIr IoXOZH$ ~m~ R>aVo.
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dfmVrc Ho$di ZD$ _{h`m`mM H$mcmdYrMm AV^md `m
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gd}jUmgmR>r {ZdS>`mV Amco`m Z_wZm cmoH$gòMo
AmH$ma_mZhr Cn^moJIMm`m nmhUrgmR>r Eadr {ZdS>`mV
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y dfmgmR>r H$a`mV Amco`m Cn^moJIM gd}jUmMr
AmH$So>dmar cmH$S>mdmcm g{_VrZo dmnamd`mg hdr hmoVr. Iao
nmhVm, 1972-73 ho eoVr`m >rZo H$_mcrMo Ag_mYmZH$maH$
df R>aco hmoV.o `m_wi,o cmH$S>mdmcm g{_VrZo 1972-73 `m
dfmEdo Or 1977-78 `m dfmgmR>r am>r` Z_wZm nmhUr gKQ>ZZo o
gH${cV Ho$cocr
Cn^moJIMmgX ^mVrc AmH$So>dmar
A`mgmgmR>r dmnaUo ho gdmWmZo A{YH$ C{MV R>aco AgVo. hr
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bmoH$gòM H|$rH$aU hmo`mMr dmr `mZVa`m 20 dfmV
A{YH$ gKZ ~Zbobr {XgVo. 2001 _ò XoemV Or H$mhr ZmJar
bmoH$g`m hmoVr, `mVrb 69 Q>$o bmoH$g`m _moR>m ehamV
EH$dQ>bb
o r hmoVr. `m ImbmoImb, 20 hOmamnj
o m A{YH$
bmoH$g`m Agbo`m {R>H$mUrM eharH$aUmMr {H$`m g~i
hmoVmZm {XgVo. WmoS>`mV, ^maVmVrb WbmVamMr {H$`m
IoS>mVZy ehamH$S>o hmoVo Amho Ag Zmhr Va bhmZ ehamH$Sy>Z
_moR>m eham_ò Om`mMr dmrhr Amn`m XoemV A{Ve`
~iH$Q> Amho. hUOo ^maVmV bhmZ ehamMr dmT> hmoV Zmhrò
qH$dm IoS>Jo mdmZm ehamM $n òV Zmhrò. Or ZmJar bmoH$g`m
dmT>Vo Amho, Vr AmYrM ApVdmV Agbo`m _moR>m ehamV
dmT>Vo Amho, Am{U `m_wio `m _moR>m ehamM `dWmnZ
{Xdg|{Xdg O{Q>b ~ZV Mmbb Amho. `m _mUmV Wm{ZH$
dam` gWmdarb VmU dmT>Vmo Amho. n`m`mZo _moR>m
eham_Yrc nm`m^yV gw{dYm d godm `mMm XOm KgaVmo Amho. hm
Ag_Vmob A{YH$ dmTy> Zò `mgmR>r bhmZ AmH$ma_mZm`m ZmJar
H|$m_Yrc dmT>rMr {H$`m J{V_mZ ~ZUo, bhmZ AmH$mamMr

eha {Z_mU hmoU, eham`m gòV dmT> hmoU Amd`H$ Amho.
`mMmM AW, {dH|${V ZmJar {dH$mgmbm MmbZm XoUmao gwn>
YmoaU Adb~U hr Amnbr AmOMr _moR>r JaO Amho. XwXd mMr
~m~ Aer H$s, dmV`moma 65 dfmZV ahr ZmJar {dH$mgmM
gwn> YmoaU AmnU AmIbob Zmhr. AmnU 11 nMdm{fH$
`moOZm nyU Ho$`m. Ammo{JH$ {dH$mgmM YmoaU AmnU doimodi
o r
Omhra H$aV Ambobmo AmhmoV. naH$s` JwV dUyH$, `mnma,
Am`mV-{Z`mV, bmoH$g`m {ZÙ, qgMZ, eoVr {dH$mg Aem
gd _hdm`m jomgX ^mV AmnU doimodi
o r YmoaU AmIV,
am~dV Amcocmo AmhmoV. nU, gw{d{hV, gw{Z`mo{OV, gw{Z`{V,
{dH|${V d gV{w bV Aem H$ma`m ZmJar {dH$mgm~m~VM YmoaU
AmnU AmOda H$mJXmonrgwm V`ma Ho$bob Zmhr. Xoem`m
Vamda Am{U am`m`m Vamdahr Aem YmoaUmMm A^md hoM
ZmJarH$aUm`m AmO`m AH$mi{dH$mi g_`mM _yi Amho.
_hmam>mgma`m XoeâmV {dH$mgm`m {H$òV AmKmS>rda
Agco`m am`mVrc ZmJarH$aUhr `mg AndmX Zmhr.
5ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV _hmam> ho Amn`m XoemVb

AJgo a am` Amho. am`mMm hm bm{H$H$ `m`m WmnZonmgyZ
Amho. 1960 _ò _hmam>mMr WmnZm Pmbr. `mZVa bJoMM
hUOo 1961 gmcr Pmco`m OZJUZonmgyZ Vo 2011 `m
OZJUZon`VMr AmH$S>do mar, ZmJarH$aUm`m gX^mV _hmam>
AJ^mJr am{h`mMo XmIdyZ XoV.o 1961 _ò XoenmVirda 18
Q>$o bmoH$g`m ZmJar {d^mJmV hmoVr, _hmam>mV `m doir Vr 28
Q>$o BVH$s hmoVr. 2001 `m AmH$S>do marZwgma XoenmVirdarb
ZmJarH$aUmMr gamgar 28 Q>`m`m KamV hmoVr, Vohm
_hmam>mVrb ZmJarH$aUmMr gamgar 42 Q>`mda nmohmoMbr
hmoVr. hr AmH$S>do mar nmhVmZm AmnU ho bjmV KoVb nm{hOo H$s
AmnU bmoH$gòZo Am{U AmH$mamZo _moR>m AgUm`m
am`m~m~VM ~mobVmo`. {Xr, {nwam, nm{S>Mao r, `mgma`m
am`m~m~V ~mobm`cm Job Va {VWbr ZmJarH$aUmMr nmVir
_hmam>mnojm A{YH$ {Xgob, nU `mbm AW Zmhr. H$maU `m
am`mVrb bmoH$g`m A{Ve` H$_r Amho.
ZmJarH$aUm`m ~m~VrV 2001 `m OZJUZm AmH$S>-o
dmarZwgma, Vm{_iZmSy>Zo _hmam>mda AmKmS>r KoVbr hmoVr.
ZmJarH$aUmMr gamgar nmVir Vm{_iZmSy>_ò Vohm 44 Q>o$
BVH$s hmoVr. _hmam>mV hrM nmVir Vohm 42.5 Q>`mda hmoVr.
`mMm AW _hmam> ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV _mJo nS>Vmo` Ag
Zmhr. H$maU ZmJar bmoH$gòM `jmVb AmH$ma_mZ nm{hb
Va Vm{_iZmSy>`m VwcZoV _hmam> {H$VrVar nwT>o Amho. 2001
_ò ZmJar bmoH$gòM _hmam>mVrc AmH$ma_mZ 4 H$moQ>r 11
bmI BVHo$ hmoV.o `mM dfu Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb ZmJar bmoH$gòMo
AmH$ma_mZ Oo_Vo_ 2 H$moQ>r 75 bmI (_hmam>m`m 60 Q>$o )

BVHo$ hmoV.o ehar bmoH$g`m dmT>rV _hmam> ho nydmnma XoemV
AmKmS>rda am{hbob am` Amho. gmh{OH$M, ZmJarH$aUm`m
{dH$mgmM `dWmnZ H$m`j_nUo H$a`mgX^mV `m g_`m
AmO am`mV C`m R>mH$bo`m {XgVmV, `mM d$n JwV mJwV rM
d O{Q>b Amho. `m {MmMo A{YH$ Vnerb OmUyZ KoVbo Va
ZmJarH$aUm`m {dH$mgmM Amn`m am`mVrc `dWmnZ
AmhmZm_H$ H$m Amho `mMm CbJS>m hmoBb
. _hmam>mV nydunmgyZ
{dH$mgm`m ~m~VrV _moR>r g_`m am{hcobr Amho Am{U Vr
hUOo Am{WH$ {dH$mgm`m {H$òVrc mXo{eH$ Ag_VmocmMr.
am`mVrb Mma ^mJmo{bH$ mV (n{M_ _hmam>, H$moH$U,
_amR>dmS>m, {dX^) `mZmV KoVbo Va npM_ _hmam> {dH$mgm`m
~m~VrV Iyn nwT>o Amho. hm Ag_Vmob {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>Vmo Amho.
ZmJar {dH$mgm`m ~m~VrVhr hm Ag_Vmob {VVH$mM Amho.
`m_wio `m AgVb
w ZmM `dWmnZ H$aU ho _w` AmhmZ Amho,
H$maU `m Ag_VmobmVyZM BVa AZoH$ Z CX^dV AmhoV,
CX^dUma AmhoV.
_hmam>mV ghm _hgyb {d^mJ AmhoV- H$moH$U, Zm{eH$,
nwU,o AmaJ m~mX, A_amdVr, ZmJnya. `m ghm {d^mJmVrb H$moH$U
{d^mJ hm ZmJarH$aUmMr nmVir, ZmJar bmoH$g`m dmT>rMm
Xedm{fH$ doJ, ZmJar {d^mJmMr EHy$U g`m d `m gòVrc dmT>
`m gd ~m~VrV AmKmS>rda Amho. 1961 _ò ZmJarH$aUmMr
am`mMr gamgar nmVir 28 Q>$o hmoVr, Vohm H$moH$U {d^mJmV hrM
gamgar 56 Q>$o BVH$s hmoVr. AmO H$moH$U {d^mJmV, _w~ B eha
{Ohm, _w~ B CnZJa {Ohm, R>mUo, aZm{Jar, qgYwXJw Am{U am`JS>
Ago ghm {Oho òVmV. H$moH$U {d^mJ ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV
AmKmS>rda H$m Amho, `mM Cma BWoM {_iV. _hmam>mMr amOH$s`
AmO OmJ{VH$ nmVirda AWH$maU,

amOH$maU, `mnma-CmoJ Aem doJdoJ`m
H$maUmZr _mo`m`m ~Zbo`m ehamZm
dV:Mr Aer EH$ JVr bm^bobr Amho,
`m`m {dH$mgmbm KmQ> XoUmao KQ>H$
A{YH$ JwV mJwV rMo d `m{_l ~Zbobo AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$ nmVirda emKm`, Q>m{o H$`mo, `y`mH$ ,
n[ag, bS>Z, _w~ B, H$mobH$mVm AemgmaIr Or
_moR>r eha AmhoV, `m eham`m {dH$mgmMr
{H$`m OmJ{VH$ AWH$maUm`m {dH$mgm`m
{H$òM A{^ AJ ~Zbocr Amho.
`m Q>`mda Oohm ZmJarH$aU òD$Z nmohmoMV
Vohm `m ZmJarH$aUmMr {Xem, `mMm doJ
Am{U `mMr OS>UKS>U R>adUmao KQ>H$
`mMr `m{_lVm dmT>V OmVo. `m_mUmV
ehar {dVmamM, eharH$aUmM Am{U
ZmJar {dH$mgm`m {H$òM `dWmnZ H$aU
A{YH$ JwV mJwV rM ~ZV OmV. ^maVmVrb
ZmJarH$aU AmO Zo_H$ `mM Q>`mda òD$Z
nmohmoMbob Amho.
amOYmZr Am{U XoemMr Am{WH$ amOYmZr Agm bm{H$H$ Agbobr

_w~ B H$moH$U {d^mJmV _moS>V Ag`mZo Am{U _w~ Bbm AZwbjyZ
ZmJarH$aUmM H|$rH$aU Jobr gmS>Vo rZ eVHo$ Mmby Ag`mZo
eharH$aUmV H$moH$U {d^mJ AmKmS>rda {XgU dm^m{dH$ Amho.
nU Jo`m 50 dfmV hr {H$`m AmUIrZM ^$_ Pmbr Amho.
2001 _ò _hmam>mMr ZmJarH$aUmMr Q>$o dmar 42 Aer hmoVr,
ZmJarH$aUmMr Va H$moH$UMr gamgar 75 Q>$o .
_w~ B dJiyZ _hmam>mMr ZmJarH$aUmMr nmVir nmhm`Mr
R>adb Va {M H$g {XgV? 1961`m AmH$S>do marZwgma am`mMr
ZmJarH$aUmMr gamgar nmVir 28 Q>$o hmoVr, nU _w~ B dJibr
VrM nmVir 20 Q>`mn`V CVaVo. am>r` nmVirdarb
ZmJarH$aUmMr gamgar d _w~ B dJiyZ _hmam>mMr ZmJarH$aUmMr
gamgar `mV _J \$ma AVa amhmV Zmhr. 2001 Mr AmH$S>do mar
nm{hbr Va, _hmam>mMr ZmJarH$aUmMr gamgar 42 Q>$o BVH$s
hmoVr Am{U _w~ B dJibr Va hr gamgar 34 Q>$o hmoV.o hUOo
am>r` gamgarnojm (31 Q>$o ) \$ma OmV Zmhr. am`m`m
ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV _w~ BMo AgUmao _hd ho Ago Amho.
ZmJarH$aUmM {M A` _hgwbr {d^mJmV H$g {XgV?
1961 _ò _hmam>mVrb EHy$U ZmJar bmoH$gòVrb 44 Q>$o
ZmJar bmoH$g`m EH$Q>m H$moH$U {d^mJmV hmoVr. 2001 _ò hr
Q>$o dmar WmoS>r OmV, hUOo 46 Q>$o Amho. `mMmM AW, Jo`m 50
dfmV ZmJarH$aUm`m ~m~mVrV H$moH$U {d^mJ AmKmS>rda
Ag`mM {M H$m`_ Amho. H$moH$U`m ImbmoImb AmhoV, nwU,o
Zm{eH$ d ZmJnya ho A` VrZ _hgwbr {d^mJ. _w~ B-nwU-o Zm{eH$
hm {H$moU Am{WH$ {dH$mgm`m ~m~VrV nydmnmaM nwT>o Amho,
ZmJarH$aUm`m ~m~VrVhr AgM Amho. H$moH$U, Zm{eH$ Am{U nwUo
`mM VrZ {d^mJmV am`mVrc EHy$U ehar cmoH$gònH $s 74-75
Qo$ ehar cmoH$g`m EH$dQ>`mMm n[anmR> WoQ> 1961 gmcmnmgyZ
AmOda H$m`_M Amho.
ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV gmV`mZo {nN>mS>rda am{hboco
{XgVmV AmaJ m~mX d A_amdVr ho XmoZ _hgwbr {d^mJ. `mVhr
AmaJ m~mX {d^mJ gdmV {nN>mS>rda Amho. {deof hUOo ghm
_hgybr {d^mJmV AmaJ m~mX hm gdmV _moR>m {d^mJ Amho.
AmaJ m~mX {d^mJmV EHy$U AmR> {Oho AmhoV. EHo$ H$mir {ZOm_r
amOdQ>rMm ^mJ Agbobm hm {d^mJ Jobr 50 df {nN>mS>rdaM
am{hbm Amho. 1961 _ò AmaJ m~mX {d^mJmMr ZmJarH$aUmMr
nmVir Oo_Vo_ 12.5 Q>$o BVH$s hmoVr, 2001 _ò hr gamgar
nmVir 24.5 Q>$o hmoVr. T>m~o i_mZmZo, _w~ B d bJVMm n[aga,
npM_ _hmam> Am{U Zm{eH$`m OdiMm ^mJ `mM n[agamV
ZmJarH$aU A{YH$ Amho. `mMm AM~m dmQ>`mM H$maU Zmhr.
H$maU am`mVrb ~hVme Ammo{JH$ JwV dUyH$, Ammo{JH$
amoOJma `mM VrZ _hgyb {d^mJmV EH$dQ>cb
o m Amho. am`mV
òD$ KmVbobo ~hVHo $ gd {deof Am{WH$ joo `mM VrZ _hgwbr
{d^mJmV òD$ KmVbr AmhoV. `m_wio Am{WH$ {dH$mgm`m `m
Ag_VmobmM {Vq~~ ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV nS>U dm^m{dH$
Amho. am`mVrb ZmJar {d^mJmMr Or dmT> hmoVo Amho, `mVhr `m

Ag_VmobmM {Vq~~ {XgV. CXmhaUmW, 1961 _ò _hmam>mV
268 ZmJar H|$ qH$dm ZmJar {d^mJ hmoV,o 2001 _ò hr g`m
378 Pmbr. nU J_V hUOo 1961 _ò, 268 nH$s gdm{YH$,
hUOo 60 ZmJar {d^mJ nwUo _hgwbr {d^mJmV hmoV.o 2001 _ò
`m ~m~VrV H$moH$U {d^mJmZo AmKmS>r KoVbr Amho. 378 nH$s
gdm{YH$, hUOo 79 ZmJar H|$ H$moH$U {d^mJmV hmoVr.
AmaJ m~mX d A_amdVr `m XmoZ _hgwbr {d^mJmV Jo`m 50
dfmV `mhr ~m~VrV A`n dmT> Pm`mMo {XgVo. `m gX^mVrb
AmH$S>do mar {OVH$s aOH$ {VVH$sM qMVmOZH$ Amho. 1961 _ò
AmaJ m~mX {d^mJmV 53 ZmJar H|$ hmoVr. 2001 _ò hrM
g`m 57 Pmbr. hUOo Jo`m 50 dfmV AmaJ m~mX {d^mJmV
Ho$di Mma ZmJar H|$mMr â> nS>br. A_amdVr {d^mJhr
`m~m~VrV AmaJ m~mX {d^mJm`m hmVmV hmV KmbyZ Mmbbm
Amho. 1961 _ò A_amdVr {d^mJmV 39 ZmJar H|$o hmoV,o hr
g`m 2001 _ò 47 Pmbr. hUOo ZmJar H|$m`m gòV â
nS>U ho ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òVrc Oo _hdmM AJ _mZb OmV,
`mhr ~m~VrV am`mV Iyn _moR>m {d^mJr` Ag_Vmob {XgVmo.
AmaJ m~mX d A_amdVr {d^mJmV ZmJar H|$m`m gòV {deof
â nS>VmZm {XgV Zmhr. `m XmoZ {d^mJmV eharH$aU {dVmaV`,
ehar bmoH$g`mhr dmT>Vò , nU ehamMr g`m dmT>V Zmhr.
hUOo `m XmoZ {d^mJmV eharH$aUmMr {H$`m Hw$ {R>V AdWoV
Amho. H$maU ApVdmV Agbo`mM ehamMm {dVma hmoU qH$dm
`mMr bmoH$g`m dmT>V amhmU hr {H$`m ZmJarH$aUm`m >rZo
MmJbr Zmhr. EHo$H$mir IoS>o Agbob Jmd eha Z ~ZU qH$dm
bhmZ ehamMo $nmVa _moR>m ehamV Z hmoU ho ZmJarH$aUm`m
>rZo {ZH$mon JUVm òV Zmhr.
1961 Vo 2001 `m 50 dfmV am`mVrb ehar
bmoH$gòV nmdUoMmanQ> dmT> KSy>Z Ambr. 1961 _ò ehar
bmoH$g`m 1 H$moQ>r 12 bmI BVH$s hmoVr, 2001 _ò Vr 4
H$moQ>r 11 bmI Pmbr. hUOo 268 Q>$o BVH$s MS> dmT> 1961
Vo 2001 `m Xa`mZ ehar bmoH$gòV KSy>Z Ambr. nU `mM
H$mimV bhmZ_moR>m ehamV {H$Vr â nS>br... Va Ho$di 41
Q>$o . 1961 _ò bhmZ_moR>m ZmJar H|$mMr g`m 268 BVH$s
hmoVr, 2001 _ò Vr 378 Pmbr (Ho$di 110 H|$mMr â
nS>br) ZmJar OrdZmMm XOm doJdoJ`m H$mao gmV`mZo H$m
T>mgiVmo Amho, `mM J_H$ BWo gmnS>V. nmUrnwadR>m,
Ob{Z:gmaU, H$M`mMr {dhodmQ>, Amamo`, Ka~mYUr,
{Xdm~mr, aVo, H$m`Xm d gw`dWm B`mXr nm`m^yV godmgw{dYm
`m`mdaMm VmU gmV`mZo dmT>Vmo` `mMm H$m`H$maU^md hm
Agm Amho.
am`mVrb ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV {Vg`m H$maMm Omo
Ag_Vmob Amho Vmohr aOH$ d qMVmOZH$ Amho. am`mVrb EHy$U
ZmJar bmoH$gònH $s 95 Vo 97 Q>$o bmoH$g`m "Q>Q >Qw >ar
Q>mCg'_ò EH$dQ>cb
o r Amho. ("Q>Q >Qw >ar Q>mCg' hUOo {OWo
ehar Wm{ZH$ dam` gWm AmhoV Aer {R>H$mUo.)

_hmZJanm{bH$m`m gòV AbrH$S>o Iyn â nS>br Amho.
`mMmM AW nydu ZJanm{bH$m Agbo`m ZmJar {d^mJmV
bmoH$g`m Iyn dmT>br Am{U `m_wio `mZm _hmZJanm{bH$mMm
XOm mdm bmJbm. 1961 _ò _w~ B, nwU,o ZmJnya `m VrZM
_hmZJanm{bH$m _hmam>mV hmo`m. nwT>`m 20 dfmV, (hUOo
1981 n`V) gmobmnya d AmaJ m~mX `m XmoZM _hmZJanm{bH$mMr
â nS>br. nU 1981 Vmo 2001 `m 20 dfmV _m 10
_hmZJanm{bH$mMr â nS>br. am`mVrb ZmJar bmoH$gònH $s
{H$Vr bmoH$g`m _hmZJanm{bH$m jomV gm_mdbobr Amho ho
{M nm{hb Va {XgUma dmVd IamoIaM {d_`H$maH$ Amho.
1961 _ò EHy$U ZmJar bmoH$gònH $s 48 Q>$o bmoH$g`m
_w~ B, nwUo Am{U ZmJnya `m VrZ _hmZJanm{bH$m jomV hmoVr,
2001 _ò 63 Q>$o ZmJar bmoH$g`m 15 _hmZJanm{bH$mV
EH$dQ>bb
o r hmoVr. gdM _hmZJanm{bH$m`m j_Vm VmU`m
Jo`mV Ag Oo {M {XgV`, `mM H$maU BWo Amho.
AmUIr EH$ _Ooera {M Ago Amho... 1961 _ò
am`mV Or EH$Xa ehar cmoH$g`m hmoVr {VMo _hmZJanm{cH$m
Am{U ZJanm{cH$m jomVrc {d^mOZ Odinmg g_g_mZ hmoV.o
hUOo VrZ _hmZJanm{bH$mV {_iyZ 48 Q>$o bmoH$g`m Va
220 ZJanm{bH$mV {_iyZ 47 Q>$o bmoH$g`m gm_mdbobr
hmoVr. 2001 _ò _hmZJanm{bH$m jomVrb bmoH$g`m 63 Q>$o
Pmbr Va ZJanm{bH$m jomVrb bmoH$g`m 32 Q>`mn`V
KQ>cr. `mMm AW, am`mV _moR>r ehao dmT>VmhoV, {dVmaVmhoV,
`mbm Ho$di Jm_rU ^mJmVZy hmoUma WbmVa H$maUr^yV ZgyZ,
bhmZ ehamVZy _moR>m ehamV hmoUma WbmVahr {VVH$M
H$maUr^yV Amho.
-6_hmam>m`m ZmJarH$aUm`m {H$òV Ogm {d^mJr`

Ag_Vmob {XgVmo, VgmM Ag_Vmoc doJdoJ`m H$ma`m
eham`m doJdoJ`m H$ma`m dmT>rVhr {XgVmo. EH$ bmImhZ
A{YH$ bmoH$gòMr ehaM _moR>m doJmZo dmT>VmhoV, ho XoemVrb
BVa eham_mUoM _hmam>mVrb eham`m ~m~VrVhr Iao Amho.
1961 `m AmH$S>do marZwgma, EH$ bmImnojm A{YH$ bmoH$g`m
Agbo`m eham_ò XoemV 51 Q>$o bmoH$g`m EH$dQ>bb
o r
hmoVr, `m doir _hmam>mV hr AmH$S>odmar 66 Q>o$ BVH$s hmoVr.
2001 _ò hr dmr A{YH$ ~iH$Q> Pmbobr {XgVo. XoeâmV
2001 _ò 28 H$moQ>r 50 bmI ehar bmoH$g`m hmoVr, `mnH$s
69 Q>$o bmoH$g`m EH$ cmI dm `mnojm A{YH$ cmoH$g`m
AgUm`m ehamV EH$dQ>bb
o r hmoVr. hoM _mU _hmam>mV 80
Q>$o BVH$ hmoV. _moR>m ehamVrb Wm{ZH$ dam` gWm
_oQ>mHw$Q>rg H$m Am`m AmhoV, ho `md$Z nwhm EH$Xm n> hmoV.o
{d_mZ H|$ gaH$maZo, Odmhabmb Zoh$ ZmJar nwZ{Z_mU
`moOZm am~dbobr Amho, Vr `mM H$ma`m, hUOo _moR>m

ehamgmR>r am~dbobr Amho. `m `moOZoZgw ma Wm{ZH$ dam`
gWmZm H|$ gaH$ma H$O$nmZo {ZYr nwadVo. Ago AWgmhm`
{_iU C{MV Agb Var, EH$ Jmo> bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo. Vr
hUOo ^mS>dbr IMmgmR>rM ho AWgmhm` nwadb OmV.
nmUrnwadR>m, Ob{Z:gmaU, H$Mam {Z_yb
Z, aVo gwYmaUm
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Za| Xm^mocH$a
gnmXH$, gmYZm

Sadhana Diwali 2011

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