2 Atomic structure and bonding in solids

2.5 Bonding force & energies

Take ionic solids as an example z1
r

z2

(a) Attractive force (coulombic force) F A !

FA = k ( z1 q )( z 2 q ) k 0 = 9109 Vm/c r2

Electronic Repulsive Force F R FR = bnn r n +1

(b) Bonding energy E 0

E = Fdr

E = FA dr + FR dr = E A + E R

At equilibrium, there is no net force FA + FR = 0 = 0 0 :equilibrium spacing for many atoms , 0 ~ 3A Three MSE properties can be obtained this cure: (1) bonding energy (2) CTE (3) Yongs modulus (1) Bonding energy : deep & narrow trough Large bonding energy Higher melting point (2) CTE Deep & narrow higher degree of symmetry of the curve CTE = f (degree of symmetry of the curve) = f (depth of the trough) () symmetry , (3) Youngs modulus F = E = A0 CTE A 0 is constant

l l 0 r r0 r = = 1 l0 r0 r0

F 2U =E 2 r r

 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds

1. ionic bonding Compounds composed of both metallic & non-metallic elements Bonding force: coulombic force Attractive energy: Repulsive energy:

Ex. NaCl, MgO Bonding energy 600~1500 KJ/mole Bond itself is non-directional, but properties are anisotropic 2. Covalent Bonding Sharing of es between adjacent atoms Each atoms contributes at least one electron to the bond . Non-metallic element molecules (H 2 , Cl 2 ) & molecules containing dissimiless atoms. Ex. CH 4 Cl 2 H 2 O Bonding energy : Si 450 C diamond 713

3. Metallic bonding - metals & their alloys () es are free to drift throughout the entire metal forming sea of es, or electron cloud 68~850 KJ/mole

 2.7 Secondary Bonding or Van Der Waals Bonding

Secondary bonding arises from Dioples

Hydrogen bonding (a) Fluctuating induced dipole bonds

(b) Polar molecule induces dipole bonds Asymmetrical arrangement

(c) permanent dipole bonds HF HF H2O H2O H-F, H-O, H-N Typical 10KJ/mole H2O ~ 51KJ/mole Bonding energy of (c) (b), (a)

Read 3.1 ~ 3.3 1.8 ~ 3.11