Professional Documents
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Lymenes Askhseis Fysikhs
Lymenes Askhseis Fysikhs
Lymenes Askhseis Fysikhs
(, ,
) .
ISBN 978-9963-9609-0-3
: 121, 2064
.. 25042, 1306 ,
: 00357 77777650, : +357 22873037
E-mail: mavromatisbookshops@cytanet.com.cy
, , ,
,
.
,
.
. ,
.
.
:
,
. .
.
Matlab
LaTEX.
.
.
,
.
.
. ,
,
Email: Thpapagiannis@Hotmail.com
: 99458362
4
1
1.1
1. - 1 109:
: -
:
. m ~v
:
P~ = m ~v
. , . ,
.
:
P~ = m1 ~v + m2 ~v + ... + m ~v
P~ = (m1 + m2 + ... + m ) ~v
2. - 2 109:
;
5
1.
:
:
F =
P
t
, ,
.
.
3. - 3 109:
;
:
.
F =
P
t
, .
, ,
.
4. - 4 109:
;
:
, -
.
.
1.1.
5. - 5 109:
,
;
:
!!!
6. - 6 109:
,
;
:
, .
!
7. - 7 109:
; .
:
,
.
.
.
: ,
.
( )
.
8. - 8 109:
.
:
:
1
m v2
2
P = mv
E =
(1.1)
(1.2)
.
1.
1.2 :
P 2 = m2 v 2
(1.3)
1.1 m:
E m =
1
m2 v 2
2
(1.4)
1.3 1.4 :
1
P2
2
P2
=
2m
E m =
E
9. - 10 109:
m1 , m2 .
m2 < m1 ;
:
8
:
P2
2m
E1 = E2
P12
P22
=
2m1
2m2
P12
m1
P12
=
m1 , m2 .
.
:
8
:
E =
P1
P2
2m
E1 2m1 = E2 2m2
= P2
8
1.1.
E1
m2
=
E2
m1
11. - 12 109:
;
:
.
12. - 13 109:
P = f (v) E = f (P )
:
,
P2
: P = mv E = 2m
.
.
1.1
10 5 .
P=f(v)
50
45
40
P (kg m/s)
35
30
25
20
15
m =10 kg
10
m2=5 kg
5
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
v (m/s)
3.5
4.5
E=f(v)
140
120
100
E (J)
80
60
40
m1=10kg
20
m2=5kg
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
v (m/s)
3.5
4.5
1.
13. - 14 109:
F t;
:
t . .
,
.
= F t = P.
14. - 17 109:
:
()
;
()
;
()
;
:
.
()
,
, . ,
.
()
.
()
.
10
1.2.
11
1.2
1. - 11 7:
1, 2 m/s.
( ).
50 g
.
:
F = P
.
t
. ( )
.
v% = 1.2 m/s
v = 0 m/s
.
:
P
m (v v% )
=
t
t
0.05 (0 1.2)
F =
= 0.06 N
1
F =
.
2. - 12 7:
, 5 Kg .
F .
v
1.2.
() F = f (t),
.
F = f (x) x
() P
E ; 0 20s 20 30s.
() P = f (t) E = f (t)
11
1.
45
40
35
v (m/s)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
t (s)
1.2: v = f (t)
:
.
:
2 ,
0 20s 20 30s
.
.
:
a=
40 0
v
=
= 2 m/s
t
20 0
F = m a = 5 2 = 10 N
12
1.2.
13
a=
v
0 40
=
= 4 m/s
t
30 20
F = m a = 5 (4) = 20 N
. :
x=
1
1
a t2 = 2 202 = 400 m
2
2
40m/s.
:
1
a t2
2
= 400 + 40 10 200
= 600 m
1.3.
P E .
P = mv
1
E =
m v2
2
v = f (t)
0 30s. t 20s
P = 5 40 = 200 m/s
1
5 402 = 4000 J
E =
2
P = f (t) E = f (t) 1.4.
13
1.
15
10
5
F (N)
0
5
10
15
20
25
10
15
20
25
30
35
t (s)
15
10
5
F (N)
0
5
10
15
20
25
100
200
300
x (m)
400
500
600
1.2.
15
220
200
180
P (kg.m.s1)
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
20
25
30
35
t (s)
4500
4000
3500
Ek (J)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
10
15
t (s)
1
g t2
2
s
2h
= 0, 8 s
t =
g
v = g t = 8 m/s
h =
P
m (v v% )
=
t
t
0.2 (8 (8))
=
= 3200 N
103
F =
F
15
1.
:
F =
P
+ m g = 3202 N
t
4. - 15 8:
v = 20 m/s, .
75 kg ,
0, 2 s.
.
:
,
v = 20 m/s, v =
0 m/s. :
P
m (v v% )
=
t
t
75 (0 20)
F =
= 7500 N
0.2
F =
E = E E =
E = 15000 J
1
1
2
m v
m v2
2
2
5. - 18 9:
20 g 30 g
30m/s 10m/s ( 1.5).
. )
16
1.2.
17
1.5:
)
.
:
.
.
.
P = P
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = mo vk
m 1 v1 + m 2 v2
mo
0.02 30 + 0.03 (10)
=
0.05
= 6 m/s
vk =
vk
vk
E = E E =
=
1
1
1
mo vk 2 m1 v1 2 + m2 v2 2 =
2
2
2
17
1.
1
1
1
0.05 62 0.02 302 + 0.03 102 =
2
2
2
E = 9.6 J
6. - 19 9:
M1 M2 2 kg 3 kg
6m/s 2m/s ( 1.6) . 0.02 s.
()
()
P1 P2
Po
( ).
() F1 = f (t) F2 = f (t) F1
F2 ( )
M1 M2 .
1.6:
:
.
P = P
18
1.2.
19
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v10 + m2 v20
m1 v1 m1 v10 = m2 v20 m2 v2
m1 (v1 v10 ) = m2 (v20 v2 )
(1.5)
( ) :
E = E
1
1
1
1
2
2
m 1 v1 2 + m 2 v2 2 =
m1 v10 + m2 v20
2
2
2
2
2
(1.6)
v1 + v10 = v2 + v20
(1.7)
1.5 1.7.
, .
. !
6 2 v10
3
(1.8)
.
1.
v1 + v10 = v2 + v20
6 + v10 = 2 + v20
v20 = 8 + v10
(1.9)
1.8 1.9:
6 2 v10
= 8 + v10
3
24 + 3 v10 = 6 2 v10
v10 = 3.6 m/s
1.9:
v20 = 8 + v10
v20 = 4.4 m/s
P1 P2
Po .
P1
P1
P2
P2
=
=
=
=
m1 v1 = 12m/s
m1 v1 0 = 7.2m/s
m2 v2 = 6m/s
m2 v2 0 = 13.2m/s
F1 =
P
7.2 12
=
= 960N
t
0.02
F2 =
P
13.2 + 6
=
= 960N
t
0.02
1.8 :
20
1.2.
21
15
P (kg.m.s1)
10
0
P1
P2
Ptotal
10
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
t (s)
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
1.7:
1000
800
600
400
F (N)
200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
t (s)
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
1.8:
7. - 20 10:
P1 1 kg , m
1.9.
21
1.
m.
35
30
P (kg.m.s1)
25
20
15
10
10
20
30
40
50
t (s)
60
70
80
90
100
1.9:
:
. 1
P = 30 kg m s1 . P = 10 kg m s1 .
1 :
P = 10 kg m s1
m1 v1 = 10 kg m s1
v1 = 10 m/s
,
. m2 .
P = P
22
1.3.
23
30 = (m1 + m2 ) vo
30
= 1 + m2
10
m2 = 2 kg
1.3
1. - 26 12:
M1 4kg
10 m/s M2
16 kg
4 m/s. 0.02 s.
.
() ,
.
.
()
P1 P2
Po
.
() F1 = f (t) F2 = f (t), F1
F2 ( )
M1 M2 .
:
.
:
P = P
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2 ) vo
vo =
23
m 1 v1 + m 2 v2
m1 + m2
.
1.
vo =
4 10 + 16 4
4 + 16
vo = 5.2 m/s
1 2
P1 = f (t), P2 = f (t) Po = f (t).
P1 = m1 v1 = 4 10
P1 = 40 kg m s1
P1 = m1 vo = 4 5.2
P1 = 20.8 kg m s1
P2 = m2 v2 = 16 4
P2 = 64 kg m s1
P2 = m2 vo = 16 5.2
P2 = 83.2 kg m s1
Po = P1 + P2
Po = 104 kg m s1
Po = P1 + P2
Po = 104 kg m s1
. .
F1 =
P
20.8 40
=
t
0.02
F1 = 960 N
24
1.3.
F2 =
25
P
83.2 64
=
t
0.02
F2 = 960 N
1.10
110
100
90
P (kg.m.s1)
80
70
60
P1
50
P2
40
total
30
20
10
0
t (s)
1000
F1
800
F2
600
400
F (N)
200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
t (s)
25
1.
.
P = P
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2 ) vo
vo =
m1 v1 m2 v2
m1 + m2
vo =
4 10 16 4
4 + 16
vo = 1.2 m/s
1 2
P1 = f (t), P2 = f (t) Po = f (t).
P1 = m1 v1 = 4 10
P1 = 40 kg m s1
P1 = m1 vo = 4 (1.2)
P1 = 4.8 kg m s1
P2 = m2 v2 = 16 (4)
P2 = 64 kg m s1
P2 = m2 vo = 16 (1.2)
P2 = 19.2 kg m s1
Po = P1 + P2
Po = 24 kg m s1
Po = P1 + P2
Po = 24 kg m s1
. 26
1.3.
27
F1 =
P
4.8 40
=
t
0.02
F1 = 2240 N
F2 =
P
19.2 (64)
=
t
0.02
F2 = 2240 N
1.11
40
Ptotal
P1
P2
P (kg.m.s1)
20
20
40
60
80
t (s)
2500
2000
F1
1500
F2
1000
F (N)
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
t (s)
27
1.
2. - 28 13:
m = 3 kg .
h1 = 40 m
.
mA = m
mB = 2m
.
3
3
h2 = 20 m
( 1.12). :
() .
() .
() .
()
;
102 s.
1.12:
28
1.3.
29
:
, 20 m.
:
vA = g t
1
h = vA t g t2
2
(1.10)
(1.11)
(1.12)
1.10 t 1.11
:
vA
g
vA 2 1 vA 2
h =
g
2 g
1 vA 2
h =
2 g
t =
vA =
2 g h = 20 m/s
h1 = 40 m :
E =
1
m v2 = 0
2
v2 = 0 v = 0
:
P = P
0 = m A vA + m B vB
0 =
2m
m
20 +
vB
3
3
vB = 10m/s
29
1.
:
E =
1
1
mA vA 2 + mB vB 2
2
2
E =
1
1
1 202 + 2 102
2
2
E = 300 J
.
.
.
.
.
EB0m = EB40m
1
1
2
mB vB 0 = mB g h1 + mB vB 2
2
2
2
vB 0 = 2 g h 1 + vB 2
vB 0 = 30 m/s
. :
!
F =
P
+mg
t
F =
mB (vB 0 vB )
+ mB g
t
30
1.3.
F =
31
2 (30 (30))
+ 2 10
102
F = 12020 N
31
1.
32
2
2.1
1. - 10 28:
2,4 .
, 6/10
. ;
:
:
L = L
I = I
6
I =
I
10
10
2 2, 4
2f =
6
f = 4 /s
2.2
1. - 11 28:
1 Hz
33
2.
. 8 g
0.5 m
. 0.8 Hz .
()
()
.
.
2.1:
:
:
I =
n
X
mi ri 2
(2.1)
i=1
L = L
1
E =
I 2
2
= 2
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
2.2
( 2.1),
:
34
2.2.
35
L
I
I
I I
=
=
=
=
L
I
(I + m r2 )
m r 2
m r2
0.008 0.52 5.024
=
= 8 103 kg m2
6.28 5.024
I =
I
.
:
I = I + m r2 = 0.01 kg m2
2.3:
1
8 103 6.282 = 0.1578 J
2
1
=
0.01 5.0242 = 0.1262 J
2
E =
E
: .
.
,
, !
2. - 12 28:
35
2.
.
2 kg m2 .
1.5 rad/s.
1.2 kg m2
()
() . ;
1.8 kg m2 .
,
.
:
( ),
:
L = L
= I
=
I
= 2.5 rad/s
I
2.3:
1
1.2 1.52 = 2.25 J
2
1
1.2 2.52 = 3.75 J
E =
2
E = E E = 1.5 J
E =
1.8 kg m2 . , :
36
2.2.
37
I 0 0
=
I 0
1.2 2.5
= 1.67 rad/s
=
1.8
E0 =
1
1.8 1.672 = 2.5 J
2
3. - 13 28:
120 kg 1 m, .
60kg 10 m/s. ,
;
( : .
: I = 12 m r 2 )
:
:
v
10
=
= 10 rad/s
r
1
2.1
:
I = I + m r2
1
I =
m r2 + m r2
2
1
120 1 + 60 12 = 120 kg m2
I =
2
37
2.
:
I 0 = I + m r0
1
2
I 0 =
m r2 + m r0
2
1
I 0 =
120 1 + 60 02 = 60 kg m2
2
.
:
L = L
I = I 0
=
I 0
120 10
= 20 rad/s
60
= = 10 rad/s
1
120 102 = 6000 J
2
1
60 202 = 12000 J
E =
2
E = E E = 6000 J
E =
4. 14 29:
, 60 kg , 2 m.
360 kg m2 .
1.5 m/s .
38
2.2.
39
() ;
()
. ;
:
.
, .
:
L = L
0 = I I
I = I
=
m r 2
I
=
I
I
60 22 0.75
= 0.5 rad/s
360
v
1.5
=
= 0.75 rad/s
r
2
. .
.
L = L
0 = I I
=
I
00
=
= 0 rad/s
I
360
39
2.
2.3
1. 15 29:
I1
0 . , I2 ,
.
()
I1 , I2 0 .
()
.
()
0
;
:
,
.
, ,
.
:
L = L
I1 0 = (I1 + I2 )
=
I1 0
I1 + I2
. :
E =
40
1
I 2
2
.
2.3.
41
E
=
E
1
2
0 2
(I1 + I2 ) ( II11+I
)
2
1
I1 0 2
2
I1
E
=
E
I1 + I2
2. - 1 135:
l = 0.4 m
.
2
IK = ml
. :
12
()
.
()
.
2.2: .
:
.
.
:
41
2.
Steiner
.
2.5. IK
, IA
, m x
.
IA = IK + m x2
(2.5)
,
2.2
:
I0 = IK + m x2 =
m l2
+ m x2
12
m 0.42
+ m 0.22
12
= 0.0533 m
I0 =
I0
.
,
120. :
I0 =
m l2
= 0.0533 m
3
.
.
!!!
Eo = E
42
2.3.
43
mgl = mg
l
1
+ IO 2
2 2
m 10 0.4 = m 10
0.4 1
+ 0.0533 m 2
2
2
4 = 2s+ 0.0266 2
42
=
= 8.67 rad/s
0.0266
:
v = r
r .
:
3. - 2 135:
0.2 kg R = 0.1 m
IK = 25 m R2 1.75 m ,
30o 2.3. :
()
()
()
.
:
, . .
43
2.
2.3: .
,
.
. ,
,
2.3
, !
. :
, .
I0 = IK + m x2 =
2
m R 2 + m x2
5
2 0.2 0.12
+ 0.2 0.12
5
= 2.8 103 kg m2
I0 =
I0
EA = E
44
2.3.
45
1
I0 2
2
s
2mgh
=
= 50 rad/s
I0
mgh =
,
, :
vK = R = 5 m/s
:
1
m vK 2 = 2.5 J
2
1
I0 2 = 3.5 J
=
2
E =
E
4. - 4 135:
.
2.5 kg m2 .
= 2 rad/s.
,
0.5 kg m2 . :
()
()
.
:
,
,
:
45
2.
L = L
I = I 0
2.5 2
I
=
0
I
0.5
= 10 rad/s
1
I 2 = 5 J
2
1
I 0 2 = 25 J
=
2
E =
E
2.4
1. - 2007-2008:
m1 m2
I . 2.4.
,
h :
v
u
u 2 (m2 m1 ) g h
v=t
I
m1 + m2 +
R2
:
.
1
2. 2 h
46
2.4.
47
2.4: .
1, 2
.
E = E
m2 g h = m1 g h +
1
1
1
m1 v 2 + m2 v 2 + I 2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
m2 g h = m1 g h + v 2 ( m1 + m2 + I 2 )
2
2
2
R
v2 =
2 (m2 g h m1 g h)
m1 + m2 + IR
2
v
u
u 2 (m2 g h m1 g h)
= t
I
m1 + m2 +
R2
2. - 1986:
1 .
47
2.
2 ,
.
:
.
, , .
:
I =
I =
2
X
mi r i 2 = m1 r 2 + m2 r 2
i=1
2
X
r
r
mi ri 2 = m1 ( )2 + m2 ( )2
2
2
i=1
I = 4 I
:
L = L
I 1 = I 2
1
I 1 =
I 2
4
2 = 4 1
3. - 1993:
m1 2r
r . m = 2 m1
1 .
.
2 = 10 Hz . .
1 .
I = 12 m r 2
48
2.4.
49
2.5: - .
:
,
2.5 .
r
1
I = m1 ( )2 + I = m1 r2 + m r2
2
2
5
m1 r 2
I =
4
1
I = m1 r2 + I = m1 r2 + m r2
2
I = 2 m1 r2
:
L = L
I 1 = I 2
5
m1 r2 21 = 2m1 r2 22
4
8
2 = 16 Hz
1 =
5
49
2.
4. - 1996:
R = 20 cm M = 0.5 kg 1 = 120 cycles
min
. m = 100 g
r = 10 cm . ,
.
:
:
I = moo r2 + I = moo r2 +
I = 103 + 0.01 = 0.011
I = I = 0.01
1
m R2
2
L = L
I 1 = I 2
0.011 21 = 0.01 22
2 =
0.011
1
0.01
2 = 132
cycles
= 132
min
cycles
60 s
2 = 2.2 Hz
5. - 1997:
m
M r. 1
K .
v2 .
2 . :
50
2.4.
51
()
() :
m =
i. v2
ii.
iii.
t = 0s t = 0.5s,
t = 0.2s
2.6: - , ) ) .
:
.
:
I = m r2 + I = m r2 +
1
M r2
2
L = I 1
1
L = (m r2 + M r2 ) 1
2
. :
51
2.
.
. ( v = r ).
L = I 2 I
v2
1
v2
M r2 2 m r2
2
r
1
v2
=
M r2 2 m r2
2
r
1
=
M r2 2 m v2 r
2
L =
L
L
.
.
v2
:
L = L
1
1
(m r2 + M r2 ) 1 =
M r2 2 m v2 r
2
2
v2 =
v2 =
1
2
M r2 2 (m r2 + 21 M r2 ) 1
mr
0.1 1
v2 = 40 m/s
.
.
:
E =
1
1
1
I 1 2 = (m r2 + M r2 ) 1 2
2
2
2
52
2.4.
53
1
1
I 2 2 + m v2 2
2
2
E =
1 1
1
( M r 2 ) 2 2 + m v2 2
2 2
2
L = I 1 = 10 kg m2 rad/s
L = I 1 = 1 kg m2 rad/s
L = I 2 = 15 kg m2 rad/s
v2
= 4 kg m2 rad/s
L = I
r
53
2.
16
14
12
L (kg.m2.rad/s)
10
8
6
Ldisc
Lparticle
4
2
0
2
4
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
t (s)
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
2.7: () ()
:
.
2.7
.
.
=
t
I ( )
=
t
L L
=
M = I a=I
M =
L
t
54
2.4.
55
, .
55
2.
56
3.1
1. - 3 41:
.
a = f (t) 3.1.
t = 0.5 s 2 = 10.
10
8
6
4
a (cm/s2)
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
4
t (s)
3.1: ..
57
3.
:
t =
5s.
:
( ) T = 4s
a = 10cm/s2
y0 .
2
2 10
=
=
= 1.58
T
4
a0 = 2 y0
y0 =
a0
10
= 2 2
2
(4)
y0 = 4 cm
:
y = y0 sin(t + )
:
y = y0 sin(t + )
(3.1)
dy
= v = v0 cos(t + )
dt
(3.2)
dv
= a = y0 2 sin(t + )
dt
(3.3)
.
58
3.1.
59
t = 1s a = 10 cm
. 3.3
s2
:
a = y0 2 sin(t + )
2
2
10 = 4 ( )2 sin(
1 + )
4
4
1 = sin( + )
2
=
3.1
:
y = y0 sin(t + )
2
2
0.5 + ) = 4 (
)
y = 4 sin(
2
4
y = 2 2
2. - 4 41:
3.2 y
t ...
:
() t = 4s
() t = 2s
() t = 8s
() t = 8s
() t = 4s
:
.
() t = 4s .
.
.
59
3.
10
8
6
4
y (m)
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
5
t (s)
10
3.2: ..
() t = 2s y = 0.
.
() t = 8s
.
() t = 8s
.
3.1 3.3
y = y0 sin(t + )
a = y0 2 sin(t + )
a = 2 y
() t = 4s .
.
y ymax
:
E =
60
1
k y2
2
.
3.1.
61
3. - 5 42:
l0
m
3.3.
()
; .
()
.
14
12
10
0
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3.3:
:
3.3
( MatLab)
l0 = 20cm x0 = 5cm.
. (x = 15 x = 25).
61
3.
.
.
.
,
, . 3.4
.
14
12
10
0
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
3.4: ,
4. - 6 42:
() .
, ;
()
30o .
;
() .
62
3.1.
63
:
3.5.
3.5:
.
3.5,
. :
W
S
,
.
Sx = S sin
Sy = S cos
,
6o sin = tan = rad .
63
3.
l.
y
y :
Sy = W
Sy = m g
S cos = m g
S =
mg
cos
x
:
Sx
= S sin
mg
cos
Sx = m g tan
,
, ly l.
:
tan =
x
x
=
ly
l
Sx = m g
x
l
(3.4)
, 3.4.
. , 3.4
.
(
Sx = m g xl
F =
kx
64
k =
mg
l
3.1.
65
k = m 2
k =
mg
l
mg
rl
g
=
rl
2
g
=
T
l
m 2 =
T = 2
l
g
:
l, .
g , .
() .
.
.
:
,
. !!!
()
:
6o sin = tan = rad.
.
()
.
. l ly = cos l.
65
3.
5. - 9 43:
- x0 .
:
()
() ,
()
:
.
:
E =
1
1
k x0 2 = m v 0 2
2
2
E =
1
m v0 2
2
E =
1
2m v0 2 = m v0 2
2
.
.
.
k :
k = m 2
k = 2m 2
.
66
3.2.
67
6. - 10 43:
,
;
:
:
- .
(
)
l =
g
,
2
.
,
,
.
3.2
1. - 12 43:
... ( ) 5 2 cm.s2 . 4cm ,
3cm/s. ,
.
:
, :
() ...:
x = x0 sin(t + )
v = v0 cos(t + )
a = a0 sin(t + )
67
3.
() a0 = 5 2 cm.s2
() x = 4cm v = 3cm/s
:
4 = x0 sin(t + )
3 = x0 cos(t + )
sin cos. ,
, :
4 = x0 sin(t + )
3 = x0 cos(t + )
16 2 = 2 x0 2 sin2 (t + )
9 2 = 2 x0 2 cos2 (t + )
16 2 + 9 2 = 2 x0 2 [sin2 (t + ) + cos2 (t + )]
16 2 + 9 2 = 2 x0 2
:
2 x0 = 5 2
, :
(x0 2 16) 2 = 9 2
2 x0 = 5 2
(x0 2 16)
5 2
= 9 2
x0
x0 2 16 =
68
9
x0
5
.
3.2.
69
x0 2
x01,2 =
9
x0 16 = 0
5
9
5
( 95 )2 + 4 1 16
21
:
x01 = 5cm x02 = 3.2cm.
.
:
2 x0 = 5 2
2 = 2
=
2
2
T =
=
= 2s
v0 = x0 = 5cm/s
2. - 13 44:
3.6
, ...
..
:
... :
69
3.
15
X: 6
Y: 12
10
X: 3
Y: 6
a (m/s2)
X: 3
Y: 6
10
X: 6
Y: 12
15
6
0
x (m)
3.6: ...
x = x0 sin(t + )
a = x0 2 sin(t + )
a = 2 x
(3.5)
y = x + = 2 = 0.
2 .
...
, .
12 0
= 2
6 0
= 2 = 2
=
2
2
2
=
2T =
T
2
70
3.2.
71
T = 4.44s
3. - 14 44:
2kg ... 0.5m.
D = 200N/m. t1 v1 = 2.5m/s. :
t1
:
m = 2kg
D = 200N/m
t1 v1 = 2.5m/s
s
D = m 2 =
s
200
= 10rad/s
2
t1 .
(x0 , D ) (v1 , m ).
1 x1 :
Eo =
1
D x0 2 = 25J
2
71
3.
E =
E1 =
1
m v1 2 = 6.25J
2
1
D x1 2 = 25 6.25
2
s
x1 =
2 18.75
= 0.433m
200
a1 = 2 x1 = 100 0.433
a1 = 43.3m/s2
4. - 15 44:
0.05kg
x = 5sin(40t + 2 ) x cm, t s.
2 = 10. :
()
()
() t = 0.5s
() t = 0s
t = 0.5s
() ,
:
... :
x = x0 sin(t + )
x = 5 sin(40t + )
2
:
72
3.2.
73
x0 = 5cm
= 40
T = 0.05s
:
v0 = x0 = 0.05 40 = 2 10
1
1
Emax =
m v02 = 0.05 (2 10)2 = 1J
2
2
t = 0.5s
...:
(
F = ma
a = 2 x0 sin(40t + 2 )
)
2
F = 0.05 (40)2 0.05 1 = 40N
F = m 2 x0 sin(40t +
t = 0s t =
0.5s (
). T = 0.05s.
,
, t = 0 x0 = 0.05m.
:
C=
t
0.5
=
= 10
T
0.05
4
,
Soo = C d1o = 2m
73
3.
5. - 17 45:
m h
.
y . k .
kg ;
3.7: h
:
h
.
y .
1 ,
.
1
k y2
2
k y2
m =
2g (h + y)
m g (h + y) =
+
y
74
3.2.
75
6. - 18 45:
3.8 .. T = 2s
,
, x0 20cm.
.
3.8:
:
.
.
3.9.
.
F .
,
.
:
3.9:
75
3.
T = N =mg
Fmax = m a0 = m 2 x0
T = Fmax
m g = m 2 x0
=
2 x0
4 2 x0
= 2
g
T g
= 0.2
7. - 19 45:
3.10
.
K1 = 120N/m K2 = 80N/m.
2kg .
,
... .
3.10:
:
...
,
.
x , 1
K1 2 K2
, 3.11.
76
3.2.
77
1
2 2 .
3.11:
(Hooke)
:
F1 = k1 x
F2 = k2 x
F = F1 F2
F = k1 x k2 x
F = (k1 k2 ) x
(3.6)
3.6 ...
k1 k2 :
2
1
. 2
77
3.
k1 k2 = m 2
4 2
k1 k2
=
2
T
m
s
m 4 2
=
T =
k1 k2
T = 0.2
2 4 2
120 80
8. - 20 46:
(Body Measuring Device - BMMD),
.
.
. K = 600N/m.
0.9s 2.1s
. 2 = 10.
:
, k .
k :
k = m 2
0.9s
2.1s.
k = m
78
3.2.
m =
79
k
2
600
= 12.15kg
4 2
0.92
2
2
k = mo o
= (m + m ) o
2
2
= (m + m ) o
m
m =
m =
2
m
m
2
o
12.15
4 2
2
To
4 2
2
T
12.15 =
2
12.15 To
12.15
2
T
m = 54kg
9. - 25 48:
1 m1 = 1kg
k = 400N/m
x0 = 0.1m .
1 2 m2 = 3kg .
.
:
()
()
:
1
2 .
1
. :
x0 = 0.1m
k = 400N/m
m1 = 100kg
79
3.
3.12: -
m2 = 3kg
:
k = m1 2 = 400
k
400
=
m1
1
=
400 = 20rad/s
2 =
v0 = x0 = 20 0.1
v0 = 2m/s
.
:
E = E
80
3.2.
81
1
1
1
2
m1 v12 =
m1 v1 0 + m2 v22
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
1 22 =
1 v1 0 + 3 v22
2
2
2
3 v22 + v1 0
P
m 1 v1
12
v1 0
= 4
(3.7)
=
=
=
=
P
m 1 v1 0 + m 2 v2
1 v1 0 + 3 v2
2 3 v2
(3.8)
3.7 3.8
:
3 v22 + v1 0 = 4
2 3 v2 = v1 0
3 v22 + (2 3 v2 )2
3 v22 + 4 12 v2 + 9 v22
12 v22
v2
=
=
=
=
4
4
12 v2
1m/s
v1 0 = 1m/s
1 v1 0 = 1m/s.
:
x0 =
v1 0
= 0.05m
,
.
:
81
3.
P = P
m1 v1 = (m1 + m2 ) V
12
m1 v1
=
m1 + m2
1+3
= 0.5m/s
.
s
k = (m1 + m2 ) 2 =
400
= 10rad/s
:
x0 =
3.3
V
0.5
=
= 0.05m/s
10
1. - 27 48:
, ,
6 , 12 6
. 0o C , 10o C 0o C .
... :
()
. 6:00 .
t = 0s.
() 9 .
82
3.3.
83
()
5o C ,
;
:
...
. ..
:
T
4
= 6h t = 0s = 0o C
6h
0 = 10o C .
.. :
= 0 sin(t + )
:
= 10 sin(
2
t + )
46
t = 0s = 0o C
0 + )
12
sin = 0 = 0
0 = 10 sin(
= 10 sin(
t)
12
3.13
83
3.
10
6
t (hours)
10
12
3.13:
, 9..
. t = 0s
6 ..
9 6 = 3.
= 10 sin(
t),
12
= 10 sin(
3) = 10 sin
12
4
= 7o C
t=3
5o C .
:
= 10 sin(
t),
12
84
5o C
.
3.3.
85
5 = 10 sin(
t =
12
6
t) 0.5 = sin( t)
12
12
5
t=
12
6
t = 2h t = 10h
8:00.
16:00, 8
!!!
2. - 29 49:
M = 2kg ..., x0 = 10cm
T ,
K = 800N/m, 3.14.
m = 500g M
v = 4m/s M
.
. :
() T
() T 0
()
()
3.14:
85
3.
:
T :
s
2
k = M =
s
T = 2
k
T = 2
M
2
= 0.314s
800
.
, mo = 2.5kg
r
= 2
mo
= 2
k
2.5
800
T 0 = 0.351s
:
M
(
)
v 2 = x0 =
2
2
x0 =
0.1
T
0.314
v2 = 2m/s
P = P
m v1 + M v2 = (m + M ) V
V
m v1 + M v2
m+M
0.5 4 + 2 2
= 2.4m/s
2.5
86
3.3.
87
.
( ):
= x0 0 x0 0 =
V
V
= 2
T0
x0 0 = 0.134m
3. - 30 49:
M = 1kg k = 200N/m
.
m = 0.2kg v = 2m/s. :
()
()
()
:
.
- ,
.
0 (
),
:
P
0
0
v
=
=
=
=
P
m v + M v
0.2 2 + 1 v
0.4
0.4m/s.
87
3.
.
,
,
Hooke:
F = kx
x =
F
m g
0.2 10
=
=
k
k
200
x = 0.01m
:
Eo = E + E
Eo =
1
1
1
1
M v2 + k x2 = 1 0.42 + 200 0.012
2
2
2
2
Eo = 0.09J
1
m x20
2
s
s
2 Eo
2 0.09
=
=
k
200
Eo =
x0
x0 = 0.03m
4. - 32 50:
k = 100N/m
l0 = lm .
m = 1kg
.
88
3.3.
89
() ...
t =
0s
.
()
()
()
,
.
()
. ; ;
3.15: ) ) )
89
3.
:
...
.
0.
F = 0
F. B = 0 F. = B F. = m g
3.15.
x :
F = B F 0
F 0 = k (x + x) = F. + k x
F. = B = m g
(3.9)
(3.10)
3.9, 3.10:
F 0 = k x
...
.
:
y = y0 sin(t + )
k = m 2
90
3.3.
91
k
= 10rad/s
m
r
T = 2
m
= 0.628s
k
F = k y0 y0 =
mg
= 0.1m
k
t = 0s x0 :
E =
1
k (2 y0 )2 = 2J
2
,
:
1
k y02 = 0.5J
2
= m g h = m g y0 = 1J
1
1
=
m v02 = m ( y0 )2 = 0.5J
2
2
E =
E
E
.
.
91
3.
3.4
1. 2003:
l0 = 10cm k = 100N/cm.
.
() 10cm 15cm
() 15cm 20cm
:
S.I.. k =
10 N/m, l0 = 0.1m. :
4
E0.15 =
1
1
k x2 = 104 0.052 = 12.5J
2
2
E0.2 =
1
1
k x2 = 104 0.12 = 50J
2
2
92
3.4.
93
:
..:
x = x0 sin(t + )
a =
d2 x
= 2 x0 sin(t + )
dt2
a = 2 x
2
.
3.16: a = f (x)
93
3.
3. 1999:
..
3.17.
,
.
x (cm)
0.5
1.5
2
t (s)
2.5
3.5
3.17: x = f (t)
:
:
x0 = 5cm
T = 2s
f =
=
1
= 0.5Hz
T
2
=
T
, (t =
0, x = x0 = 5cm) :
94
3.4.
95
x = x0 sin(t + )
5 = 5 sin( 0 + ) sin = 1
=
2
:
x = 5 sin(t +
)
2
4. 1999:
x = x40 , x0 .
:
.
,
Emax = 12 k x20 .
x40
:
E = Eo E
E =
1
1
x0
k x20 k ( )2
2
2
4
E =
1
x2
15x20
k (x20 0 ) = k (
)
2
16
32
E
E
15x20
32
x20
32
= 15
95
3.
5. 2001:
3.18
v x ...
.
X: 0
Y: 3.142
1
X: 0.2
Y: 0
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
3.18: v = f (x)
:
. ,
.
x = x0 sin(t + )
v = x0 cos(t + )
(3.11)
(3.12)
3.40 ,
:
96
3.4.
97
(3.13)
3.42 x0 = 0.2m
v0 = x0 = .
:
x0 =
2
0.2 =
T
= 2.5s
T =
0.2 2
6. 2000:
... x0 T . ( 3.19).
3.19: - ..
:
97
3.
.
.
:
x = x0 sin( tOB )
0.5 x0 = x0 sin( tOB )
tOB =
T
T
tOB =
=
=
6
12
12
.
, , :
x = x0 sin( tOA )
0.707 x0 = x0 sin( tOA )
tOA =
T
T
tOA =
=
=
4
8
8
5
T
24
T
T
+
8
12
7. 2003:
,
y0 2y0 .
:
()
()
()
98
3.4.
99
:
:
r
m
k
r
m
= 2
k
T1 = 2
T2
T1
= 1
T2
k .
:
1
k x20
2
1
=
k (2x0 )2
2
E1 =
E2
E1
=
E2
1
k x20
2
1
k 4x20
2
1
4
a1 = 2 x0
a2 = 2 2x0
2 x0
1
a1
=
=
a2
2 2x0
2
8. 2002:
.. 3.20.
.
99
3.
X: 5
Y: 0.4935
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
a (m/s2)
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
X: 5
Y: 0.4935
0.5
5
0
x (cm)
3.20: a = f (x)
:
:
a0 = 0.493m/s2
x0 = 5cm.
:
s
2
a 0 = x0 =
s
a0
x0
0.493
=
0.05
100
3.4. 101
T =
2
= 2s
3.21
x (cm)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
t (s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
3.21: x = f (t)
9. 2000:
(x)
(x0 ) .
:
:
x =
x0
2
() ,
101
3.
E = Eo E
1
1
x0 2
E =
k x20 k 2
2
2
2
2
1
x
E =
k (x20 + 0 )
2
4
E =
E
E
1
3
k x02
2
4
1
2
k 43 x20
=3
2
1
k x202
2
10. 2001:
.
3.23. :
() (t > 0)
:
i.
ii.
()
.
a0A
,
a0B
a0A , a0B
:
:
: TA = 2s y0A = 10cm
: TB = 4s y0B = 5cm
..
.
T4 = 0.5s
T4 = 1s.
102
3.4. 103
3.22: x = f (t)
.
T2 = 1s T2 = 2s.
:
0.1 ( 2
)2
a0A
y0A A2
2
=
=
=8
2
a0B
y0B B2
0.05 ( 2
)
4
11. 2001:
m = 0.5kg
. F x.
() k
() m
.
i. ;
ii.
;
iii.
;
() 1.3J .
103
3.
4.5
3.5
F (N)
2.5
1.5
0.5
10
x (mm)
12
14
16
18
3.23: F = f (x)
:
.
Hooke F = k x
F = f (x) .
:
k =
F F
x x
k =
50
= 250 N/m
0.02 0
.
, .
104
20
3.4. 105
.
E = 1.3J .
. :
E =
1
k x20 = 1.3 J
2
s
x0 =
2 1.3
= 0.1 m
250
12. 2002:
. m ,
t, .
:
g
s
0
4
10
5,6
20
6,9
30
8
40
8,9
50
9,8
()
.
()
.
;
() ;
:
. k :
105
3.
k = m 2
:
k = m 2
s
k
2
=
m
T
r
T = 2
T2 =
k
m
m
$
k
4 2
m
k
2
T 2 = f (m) 4k . ,
k
:
20 . 20 .
T 2 = f (m)
k .
4 2
k
3.24 :
y y
4 2
=
k
x x
4 2
0.2401 0.04
=
=4
k
0.050 0
k =
4 2
= 9.87 N/m
4
106
3.4. 107
g
0
10
20
30
40
50
s
4
5,6
6,9
8
8,9
9,8
T2
0,2
0,28
0,345
0,4
0,445
0,49
0,04
0,0784
0,119025
0,16
0,198025
0,2401
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
10
15
20
25
m (g)
30
35
40
45
50
3.24: T 2 = f (m)
k
:
k = m 2
m
k
k T2
4 0.04
=
=
=
2
2
4
4 2
m = 4 103 kg = 4 g
107
3.
.
. ,
. 20 .
.
.
13. 2003:
:
()
() , k , .
m, l0 0.
.
i.
.
ii.
.
:
()
. :
F = k
:
.
108
3.4. 109
:
, .
3.25: ) ) )
() ...
.
0.
F = 0
F. B = 0 F. = B F. = m g
3.25.
x :
109
3.
F = B F 0
F 0 = k (l0 + x) = F. + k x
F. = B = m g
(3.14)
(3.15)
(3.16)
F = k x
...
.
:
2
T
k = m 2
(3.17)
(3.18)
3.17, 3.22 :
k = m 2 = m (
2
=
T
2 2
)
T
m
r
m
T = 2
k
.
14. 2002:
:
()
. .
110
3.4. 111
()
. 60kg f =
3.2Hz . f 0 = 2.2Hz . .
() .
f 00 =
2.2Hz .
()
,
.
:
()
.
.
() .
k = m 2
(3.19)
.
:
= 2f
(3.20)
3.22, 3.20 :
k = m (2f )2
(3.21)
k ()
111
3.
!
.
mchair ,
mtot = mchair + mastr .
:
f 02
3.22 2.22
= 60
2.22
mastr = mchair
mastr
mastr = 66.94kg
()
.
f 0
f 00
.
mastr = mchair
(f 2 f 00 2 )
f 00 2
mastr = 64.67kg
2.27kg !!!
()
.
. ,
112
3.4. 113
,
.
15. 1998:
, m, l,
g .
,
.
()
.
()
.
() .
3.26:
:
.
:
.
113
3.
.. .
6
. 3.33
.
3.27:
, ,
l
.
3.33
.
0.
Fy = 0
Sy B = 0 Sy = B
Sy = mg
(3.22)
S :
Sy = S cos
Sx = S sin
114
(3.23)
(3.24)
.
3.4. 115
3.32 3.33
S cos = mg
S=
(3.25)
mg
cos
(3.26)
3.36 3.34 :
Sx =
mg
sin
cos
(3.27)
3.33
l :
sin
x
= tan =
cos
l
(3.28)
3.38 3.37 :
Sx =
mg
x
l
(3.29)
Sx ,
.
.
. D ( ). D = m 2
. :
D=
mg
l
D = m 2
=
2
T
115
3.
m 2 =
mg
g
2 =
l
l
2
g
( )2 =
T
l
s
T = 2
2
=
T
l
g
l
g .
.
g .
:
20 ( n) 3
. 20 20
.
T 2 = f (l) (T 2 =
4 2
g
l)
20 n
.
20 .
116
3.4. 117
, ,
2
2
= 4g g = 4
16. 1999:
; :
() ;
() ;
() ;
:
. .
s
T = 2
l
g
(3.30)
3.30.
.
:
s
T = 2
0
T = 2
T0 =
l
g
v
ul
u
t4
= 2
1
l
= (2
4g
2
l
)
g
1
T
2
.
(g = g6 ),
:
117
3.
T = 2
l
g
v
s
s
u
u
l
6
l
l
T 0 = 2 t g = 2
= 6 (2
)
T0 =
6T
17. 1999:
T m k . .
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
X0
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,15
0,10
0,10
0,20
kg
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,4
0,2
0,2
k N/m
20
20
30
20
20
40
20
T s
0,63
0,77
0,51
0,63
0,89
0,44
0,63
3.1:
m, x0 , k
:
()
.
()
T :
i. X0
ii. m
iii. k
()
T = f (X0 ), T = f (m), T = f (k).
;
118
3.4. 119
() T
.
:
. :
n ( ) n
.
(
)
.
.
y = f (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )
n . y
x1
, x2 ... ...
x1
x1 .
, y ,
,
.
:
i X0 ;
, m k
X0 .
:
119
3.
/
1
4
7
X0
0,10
0,15
0,20
kg
0,2
0,2
0,2
k N/m
20
20
20
T s
0,63
0,63
0,63
3.2: X0 . m, k
.
.
ii m ;
,
X0 k
m.
:
/
1
2
5
X0
0,10
0,10
0,10
kg
0,2
0,3
0,4
k N/m
20
20
20
T s
0,63
0,77
0,89
3.3: m. X0 , k
.
iii k ;
k
, X0 m k .
:
/
1
3
6
X0
0,10
0,10
0,10
kg
0,2
0,2
0,2
k N/m
20
30
40
T s
0,63
0,51
0,44
3.4: k . m, X0
k ,
.
120
3.4. 121
.
2
1.5
T (s)
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0 (m)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
3.28:
.
3.28 .
0.95
0.9
T (s)
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
m (kg)
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.4
3.29:
3.29
.
3.30
.
121
3.
0.65
0.6
T (s)
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
20
22
24
26
28
30
k (N/m)
32
34
36
38
40
3.30:
18. 2004:
:
/
1
2
3
4
5
15
18
20
22
24
3.5: g
()
.
() ;
:
3.5 :
, T T 2 .
10 , 10
. 3.6
122
3.4. 123
T 2 = f (l) (T 2 =
4 2
g
l)
, ,
2
2
= 4g g = 4
/
1
2
3
4
5
15
18
20
22
24
T2
1,5
1,8
2
2,2
2,4
2,25
3,24
4
4,84
5,76
3.6:
g
3.31:
6
5.5
5
T2 (s2)
4.5
4
y = 4.3*x 0.29
3.5
3
data 1
linear
2.5
2
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
l (m)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
3.31:
g
3.6
,
.
.
123
3.
3.31
( ,
x), = 4.3
g.
4 2
4 2
4 2
g=
g=
4.3
g = 9.18
m
s2
,
.
,
l.
.
19. 2002:
3.7.
()
;
()
();
;
()
.
()
T .
124
3.4. 125
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0,5
m(kg)
0,05
0,05
0,02
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
0,05
X0 (cm)
5
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
g sm2
10.0
10.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
10.0
3.7: g
:
. 17
.
( )
, .
i ;
3.7
.
3.8.
/
1
3
1
1
m(kg)
0,05
0,02
X0 (cm)
5
5
g sm2
10.0
10.0
3.8:
(
) .
.
ii ;
.
3.9.
125
3.
/
1
2
1
1
0,05
0,05
5
10
g sm2
10.0
10.0
3.9:
3.9
.
.
. 3.10.
/
1
8
1
0,5
0,05
0,05
5
5
g sm2
10.0
10.0
3.10:
.
. ( T =
q
l
2 g )
.
. 3.32
. a
. a
.
F = m a
SB =ma
S =ma+mg
126
3.4. 127
S = m (a + g)
(3.31)
3.32:
3.31
() g
a
.
15 .
20. 2004:
l
m.
.
() .
()
.
()
.
127
3.
()
, ,
(E = f (x2 ), E = f (x2 ) E =
f (x2 )).
:
.
:
.
.. .
6
. 3.33
.
3.33:
, ,
l
.
3.33
.
0.
128
3.4. 129
Fy = 0
Sy B = 0 Sy = B
Sy = mg
(3.32)
S :
Sy = S cos
Sx = S sin
(3.33)
(3.34)
3.32 3.33
S cos = mg
S=
(3.35)
mg
cos
(3.36)
3.36 3.34 :
Sx =
mg
sin
cos
(3.37)
3.33
l :
sin
x
= tan =
cos
l
(3.38)
3.38 3.37 :
Sx =
mg
x
l
(3.39)
Sx ,
.
.
129
3.
.
1s.
.
s
T = 2
l=g
l = 10
l
g
T2
l
=
2
4
g
T2
4 2
12
= 0.253 m
4 2
0.253 m.
.
,
.
x = x0 sin(t + )
v = x0 cos(t + )
(3.40)
(3.41)
3.40 ,
:
(3.42)
130
3.4. 131
Edyn
Emech
Ekin
3.34: - - x2
E =
m = 0, 25kg k = 50 N
.
m
m = 0, 25kg
3.35. 20cm
t = 0.
()
()
.
()
,
.
() ,
. :
i.
ii.
:
131
3.
3.35:
, .
:
F = k
0.
F = 0
F. (B + B ) = 0 F. = B + B F. = (m + m ) g
3.25.
x :
132
3.4. 133
3.36: ) ) )
F = B + B F 0
F 0 = k (l0 + x) = F. + k x
F. = B + B = (m + m ) g
(3.43)
(3.44)
(3.45)
F = k x
...
133
3.
. :
0
:
s
2
k = m =
s
50
rad
= 10
0.5
s
20cm
.
t = 0 s
20cm:
x = x0 sin(t + 0 )
0.2 = 0.2 sin(10 0 + 0 )
sin(0 ) = 1
0 =
x = 0.2 sin(10t
)
2
.
134
3.4. 135
.
. :
dx
= v = 0.2 10 cos(10t )
dt
2
v = 2 cos(10t )
2
dv
= a = 2 10 sin(10t )
dt
2
a = 20 sin(10t )
2
3.37 3.38 .
v=f(t)
2
1.5
1
v (m/s)
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
t (s)
3.37:
.
3.39
m = 0.25kg ,
:
,
N = 0.
135
3.
a=f(t)
20
15
10
a (m/s2)
5
0
5
10
15
20
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
t (s)
3.38:
3.39:
.
... ,
:
F = N B
N B = k x
N =0
:
136
3.4. 137
B = k x
m g = kx
x=
0.25 10
m g
=
k
50
x = 0.05m
20cm
5cm.
5cm :
)
2
0.05 = 0.2sin(10t )
2
sin(10t ) = 0.25
2
t = 0.182s
22. 1999:
1 2 m1 = 150g m2 = 50g ,
k
3.40.
() 20cm
:
i. k
ii. g = 10 sm2 .
137
3.
()
1 2 2
1 . :
i. x0
ii. .
() 1
t0 , .
() 1
f , 1 ; 1
;
3.40: .
:
.
0.2m. Hooke . Hooke
:
F = kx
F
k =
x
138
(3.46)
.
3.4. 139
:
F .
1 2 .
k
x
3.46 :
k =
F
B1 + B2
=
x
x
k =
m1 g + m2 g
k =
N
0.15 10 + 0.05 10
= 10
0.2
m
,
:
k = m 2 k = m (
k
2
2
= ( )2
=
m
T
T
r
T = 2
2 2
)
T
m
k
(3.47)
3.47 :
s
T = 2
s
T = 2
139
m1 + m2
k
0.2
= 0.89s
10
.
3.
,
m2 = 0.05kg 1 .
,
X0
.
( ) 2
1 .
Hooke
.
F = kx
x =
B1
F
=
k
k
x =
m2 g
x =
0.05 10
= 0.05m
10
1
3.47
1 .
r
T = 2
s
T = 2
m1
k
0.05
= 0.44s
10
1
3.48:
x = x0 sin(t + 0 )
140
(3.48)
3.4. 141
x0 = 0.05m
=
k
m1
10
0.15
= 8.16 rad
s
0 :
3.48 t = 0s
0 =
2
: x = 0.05 sin(8.16t + 2 )
f 1 , .
f
,
f0 . :
= 2f0 f0 =
f0 = 1.298Hz
23. 1998:
m = 0.5kg .
v = 20 sin(5t + 2
), v cm
,t
3
s
s cm.
() y = f (t)
.
() 3.41,
.
()
.
141
3.
3.41: -
:
y = f (t)
. :
v = 20 sin(5t +
2
)
3
v = y0 cos(t + 0 )
:
2
)
3
2
+ )
= 20 sin(5t +
3
2
2
4 3
= 20 sin(5t +
+ )
6
6
2
= 20 sin(5t + + )
6
2
= 20 cos(5t + )
6
v = 20 sin(5t +
v
v
v
v
142
3.4. 143
:
sin( +
) = cos()
2
:
:
, = 5 rad
s
0 :
0 = 6
y0 :
y0 = 20
y0 =
20
20
=
y0 = 4cm
(y cm) :
y = 4 sin(5t +
)
6
.
t = 0s.
0
:
y = 4 sin(5 0 + )
6
y = 4 sin( ) y = 4 0.5
6
y = 2cm
143
3.
3.42:
,
.
y = 2cm y = 4cm.
t = 0s ,
y = 4cm:
)
6
4 = 4 sin(5tA + )
6
sin(5tA + ) = 1
6
5tA + = 5tA =
6
2
2
6
y = 4 sin(5tA +
tA =
tA = 0.209s
24. 2000:
m = 150g ,
3.43 ,
Hz . f = 10
F = 12N . :
()
144
3.4. 145
()
()
()
, :
i. x0
ii.
3.43: .
:
:
k = m 2 k = 0.15 (2 f )2
10
k = 0.15 (2 )2
N
k = 60
m
.
Hooke
k :
145
3.
F =kx
x=
F
12
=
k
60
x = 0.2m
:
EA =
EA =
1
k x2
2
1
60 0.22
2
EA = 1.2J
. ,
. (x0 ),
.
Eo = Emax
EA + EA =
1
k x20
2
EA + 3 EA =
1
k x20
2
1.2 + 3 1.2 =
1
k x20
2
1.2 + 3 1.2 =
1
60 x20
2
146
3.4. 147
x20 =
2 (1.2 + 3 1.2)
60
s
x0 =
2 (1.2 + 3 1.2)
60
x0 = 0.4m
, EA =
3.6J :
EA =
1
m v2
2
1
m v 2 = 3.6
2
s
v=
2 3.6
=
m
v = 6.928
2 3.6
0.15
m
s
25. 2004:
M
T = 2s.
3.44 E
x . :
()
() k
()
() M
()
147
3.
Ekin=f(x)
2.5
x 10
X: 0
Y: 0.002406
E (J)
1.5
0.5
0
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
x (m)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
3.44: M .
()
E
x
:
3.44
:
2.4 103 J .
M x0 = 0.05m.
T = 2s .
k .
.
:
Emax = Emax
1
=
x20
0.052
148
3.4. 149
k = 1.92
N
m
f=
1
1
=
T
2
f = 0.5Hz
:
k = M 2
k
k
M = 2 = 2 2
(T )
1.92
M = 2 2 = 0.195 kg
(2)
:
1
M v02 = Emax
2
1
0.195 v02 = 2.4 103
2
v02 =
2 (2.4 103 )
0.195
s
v0 =
2 (2.4 103 )
= 0.157
0.195
m
s
.
3.45
:
149
3.
1
k x2
2
1
= k (x0 sin(t))2
2
E =
E
E=f(x)
2.5
x 10
E (J)
1.5
0.5
0
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
x (m)
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
3.45: M .
26. 1999:
3.46. , m =
50g , .
f0 = 10Hz .
f (Hz )
f (Hz )
a (cm)
2
2,1
0,7
4
3,9
0,9
6
6
1,3
8
8,1
2,2
9
8,9
3,2
10
10
4
11
11,1
3,1
12
11,9
2,3
14
14,1
1,2
16
16
0,8
18
17,9
0,6
3.11:
()
() :
i.
f = f (f )
ii.
a = f (f )
150
3.4. 151
3.46: .
m =
50g , m0 = 200g (ii);
151
3.
:
3.46,
.
.
.
3.11.
f = f (f ) 3.47 a = f (f )
3.48.
f = f(f)
18
16
14
f (Hz)
12
10
data 1
linear
2
10
f (Hz)
12
14
16
18
3.47: a.
:
. 3.47.
.
,
152
3.4. 153
a=f( f )
4.5
data 1
spline
4
3.5
a (cm)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
10
f (Hz)
12
14
16
18
3.48: a.
. .
(f0 = 10Hz ),
. 3.48.
m = 50g ,
m0 = 200g , .
k
:
k = m 2 = m (2f )2
N
k = 197.39
m
k = m0 2 = m0 (2f 0 )2
s
2f 0 =
m0
1
k
f =
2
m0
f 0 = 5 Hz
0
153
3.
0 5Hz . f =
5Hz .
.
27. 2004:
3.49,
k=4 N
m =
m
0.15kg .
.
= 4 rad
s
x0 .
0.20kg, 0.25kg, 0.30kg, 0.35kg 0.40kg .
()
()
x0 , m
x0 = f (m )
3.49: .
154
3.4. 155
:
.
3.49 = 4 rad
s
,
.
( ),
.
. q f =
k = m(2f )2 .
1
2
k
m
.
. :
1
f=
k
m
f = 2
0,15
0,2
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
k
m
0,822
0,712
0,637
0,581
0,538
0,503
3.12:
. :
= 2f
f =
= 0.637Hz
2
155
3.
.
.
x0 = f (m ), 3.50.
x0
x0=(m)
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
3.50:
.
28. 2005:
(
) 12cm
Hooke . 4cm
F = 0.2N .
14cm 16cm.
:
14cm 16cm
:
14cm
16cm
16cm
156
3.4. 157
14cm. k
:
F = k x k =
k=
0.2
N
=5
0.04
m
1
k x2
2
1
= 5 0.042
2
= 4 103 J
E1216cm =
E1216cm
E1216cm
1
k x2
2
1
= 5 0.022
2
= 1 103 J
E1214cm =
E1214cm
E1214cm
3.
E =
1
k x2 = 0.1J
2
1
k (3x)2
2
1
E0 = k 9 (x)2
2
1
E0 = 9 k (x)2
2
0
E = 9 E = 0.9J
E0 =
30. 2005:
l
.
. = 4l ,
l
g . 3.51.
3.51: .
:
l,
, ,
, 3l
4
, l.
158
3.4. 159
l 3l
.
4
T =
T =
T1 T2
+
2
2
2
r
l
g
2
s
2
s2
3l
4
l
3l
+
g
4g
s
s
l
3
l
T =
+
g
2
g
s
3
l
T = (1 +
)
2
g
T =
T = 5.86
159
l
g
3.
160
4.1
1. - 1 244:
. ;
:
.
. , (
) .
2. - 2 244:
;
;
:
. :
f
y0
161
4.
v
3. - 3 244:
.
:
:
() :
.
.
() :
. .
4. - 4 244:
() ;
() ;
:
()
.
, :
x =
= 1, 2, ...
()
162
4.1.
163
yA = yB
,
vA = vB
.
, :
x =
= 1, 2, ...
5. - 8 244:
;
:
(), .
6. - 9 244:
;
:
.
4.1
= 2 (
t
x
)
T
(4.1)
, :
A = 2 (
t
xA
)
T
163
B = 2 (
t
xB
)
T
4.
= A B
t
xA
t
xB
= 2 (
) 2 (
)
T
= 2
t
xA
t
xB
2
2 + 2
= 2
xB
xA
2
= 2
xB xA
= 2
.
7. - 10 244:
7
;
4
:
. :
= 2
= 2
= 7
7
4
= 2
8. - 11 244:
;
164
4.1.
165
:
.
.
9. - 12 15 244:
;
;
:
.
, .
.
.
:
.
.
x
t = xv .
t = xv .
:
y1 = y0 sin 2(
t
x
)
T
y2 = y0 sin 2(
t
x
+ )
T
= y1 + y2 =
165
4.
t
x
t
x
= y0 sin 2( ) + y0 sin 2( + ) =
T
x
t
x
t
= y0 sin 2( ) + sin 2( + )
T
4.7
.
AB
A+B
) sin(
)
2
2
t
x
t
x
= y0 sin 2( ) + sin 2( + )
T
"
= 2y0 cos(2
"
= 2y0 cos(2
= 2y0 cos(2
t
T
2x
t
T
) sin(2
(4.2)
) sin(2
2t
T
=
t
T
+
2
t
T
) =
x
t
) sin(2 )
cos(x) = cos(x)
:
x
t
= 2y0 cos(2 ) sin(2 )
(4.3)
4.3 .
:
2y0 cos(2 x ) .
.
sin(2 Tt ),
.
166
4.1.
167
, ,
, .
:
cos(2 x ) ,
:
x
cos(2 ) = 1
x
=
x=
= 0, 1, 2, ...
(4.4)
4.4 .
, .
cos(2 x ) 0.
x
cos(2 ) = 0
= (2 + 1)
x = (2 + 1)
= 0, 1, 2, ...
(4.5)
4.5 .
15
. 12
.
.
167
4.
x1o = (2 + 1) ,
4
x =
x1o =
=0
x =
2
4
4
10. - 13 244:
i
h
y = y0 sin 2 ( Tt x ) .
x =
5
;
4
:
, .
0.
, = 2 ( Tt x ).
x = 5
.
4
=0
0 = 2 (
5
t
4 )
T
t
5
=
T
4
5
t= T
4
11. - 14 244:
6 3 .
() ;
() ;
:
.
168
4.1.
169
: 2y0 cos(2 x )
.
.
:
2y0 cos(2 x )
.
:
cos(2
xA
2
) = cos(2 6 ) = cos( ) = 0.5
xB
2
cos(2
) = cos(2 3 ) = cos( ) = 0.5
.
:
:
A = 2y0 0.5
A = y0
:
B = 2y0 (0.5)
B = y0
.
169
4.
4.2
1. - 1 247:
.
-
.
y0 = 0.2m.
0.5m. 5
5sec. t = 0
x = 0
x, , .
:
, :
y0
:
x
y = y0 sin 2(t f )
0.2m
y0 = 0.2m
0.5m.
.
5
t = 5sec.
f=
5
cycles
= = 1Hz
t
5
,
().
170
4.2.
171
x
y = y0 sin 2(t f ) =
x
= 0.2 sin 2(t 1
)
0.5
y = 0.2 sin [2(t 2x)]
2. - 2 248:
y = 2sin (8t
( cm s).
() , , .
() ,
60cm .
() , 13cm
.
:
. :
t
x
y = y0 sin 2( )
T
(4.6)
2:
x
2
(8t )
y = 2sin
2
16
8
x
= 2sin 2( t
)
2
2 16
x
= 2sin 2(4 t )
32
171
x
)
16
4.
4.6
:
y0 = 2cm
4t =
t
T
x
32
v =
t
T = 0.25s
4t
= 32x
= 32cm
x
32
v = 128 cm
0.25
s
T =
1
T
.
:
t=
x
60
=
t = 0.47s
v
128
t = 0s t = 0.47s
. t = 0.47s
yM
x
= 2sin 2(4 t )
32
y=y0 sin[(8tx/16)]
2
1.5
1
yM (cm)
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
t (s)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
4.1: .
t = 13s.
.
172
4.2.
173
x = v t = 128 13 = 1664cm
t = 13s x 0 1664cm.
1600cm 1664cm.
2
1.5
1
y (cm)
0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
x (cm)
4.2: t = 13s.
3. - 3 248:
O1
O2 v = 3 ms .
M d1 = 5m d2 = 7m
. f = 2Hz
y0 = 2cm. M
t1 = 25s t2 = 3.125s.
173
4.
4.3: M .
:
.
M M
.
.
:
y1 = y0 sin 2(
t
x1
)
T
y2 = y0 sin 2(
t
x2
)
T
. x1 x2 . :
= y1 + y2 =
t
x1
t
x2
= y0 sin 2( ) + y0 sin 2( )
T
174
4.2.
175
t
x1
t
x2
= y0 sin 2( ) + sin 2( )
T
4.7
.
= y0 sin 2(
"
"
= 2y0 cos
"
" 2t
= 2y0 cos
= 2y0 cos(
t
x1
t
x2
) + sin 2( )
T
2( Tt
AB
A+B
) sin(
)
2
2
x1
)
2x1
2( Tt
2
2t
T
x2
)
2x2
"
sin
2( Tt
" 2t
sin
(4.7)
2x1
x1
)
+
2
+ 2( Tt
2
2t
T
2x2
x2
)
##
##
4t
(x2 x1 )
2(x2+x1 )
T
) sin(
)
2
2
x2 x1
t
x1 + x2
= 2y0 cos 2 (
) sin 2 (
)
2
T
2
4.8
, x1
x2 .
, 4.8
M
. x1 x2
. (
).
, .
:
v =f =
175
v
= 1.5m
f
.
(4.8)
4.
:
T =
1
1
T = T = 0.5s
f
2
M
M
x2 x1
t
x1 + x2
= 2y0 cos 2 (
) sin 2 (
)
2
T
2
t
5+7
75
= 2 0.02 cos 2 (
) sin 2 (
)
2 1.5
0.5 2 1.5
(4.9)
:
t1 = 25s
y = 16 cos(
x
) sin(80t)
30
x, y cm t s. :
()
()
67.5cm
() 8cm.
176
4.2.
177
:
9 153, :
x
t
= 2y0 cos(2 ) sin(2 )
T
:
2 y0 = 16 y0 = 8cm
x
30
= 2 x =
2 Tt = 80t T
2x30
= 60cm
x
2t
= 80t
T = 0.025s
.
, 9
153.
x = (2 + 1)
= 0, 1, 2, ...
= 0 = 1:
:
4
60
x = (2 0 + 1)
= 15cm
4
x = (2 + 1)
4
60
= 45cm
x = (2 1 + 1)
4
x = (2 + 1)
177
4.
x = 67.5cm.
2y0 cos(2 x ),
:
x
0(67.5) = 2y0 cos(2 )
67.5
0(67.5) = 16 cos(2
)
60
0(67.5) = 11.31cm
y = 8cm.
2y0 cos(2 x ).
:
x
x
2y0 cos(2 ) = 8 16 cos(2 ) = 8
60
16 cos(2
cos(2
x=
x
x
1
) = 8 cos(2 ) =
60
60
2
x
1
x
) = 2
=
60
2
60
3
60
= 10cm
3 2
5. - 6 248:
y =
4 sin(15.7t), (y cm, t s). M1
x1 = 2m ,
t = 3s.
M2 x2 = 5m t1 = 10.25s
t2 = 12.5s.
:
M2
:
178
4.2.
179
M2
,
,
. :
y = y0 sin(
2
t)
T
y = 4 sin(15.7 t)
:
y0 = 4cm
2
T
= 15.7 T =
2
15.7
= 0.4s
t = 3s
M1 x1 = 2m
:
x1
m
= 0.67
t
s
1
v = =vT
T
v=
= 0.267m
179
4.
:
t
x
y = y0 sin 2( )
T
t
x
y = 4 sin 2(
)
0.4 0.267
y = 4 sin [2(2.5 t 3.745 x)]
M2 x x2 ,
t1 t2 .
t1 = 10.25s
4.2.
181
:
,
12 .
,
= 1cm. :
v=
x
21.6
cm
=
v = 18
t
1.2
s
v =f f =
v
f = 18Hz
12 t.
. :
B = 2(t f
xB
)
B
xB
=tf
t=
B
2
+
f
xB
12
2
+
18
8
1
t = 0.778s
t0 = 1.2s
.
.
:
,
181
4.
:
A = 2(t f
xA
)
7. - 8 249:
y = y0 sin [2(2 t 0.01 x)].
x, y cm t s. :
() , ,
()
:
:
t
x
y = y0 sin 2( )
T
y0 = 10cm = 0.1m
t
T
= 2t T = 0.5s
x = 0.01 x = 100cm
1
v = T1 = 100 0.5
v = 200 cm
= 2 ms
s
.
, ,
. .
d
t
x
dy
=
y0 sin 2( )
=
dt
dt
T
2
t
x
y0 cos 2( )
T
T
0 =
(4.10)
2
y0
T
182
4.2.
183
d
d 2
t
x
a=
=
y0 cos 2( )
dt
dt T
T
2
t
x
a = ( )2 y0 sin 2( )
T
T
a0 = (
(4.11)
2 2
) y0
T
2
y 0 = 0.4 ms
T 0
a0 = ( 2
)2 y0 a0 = 1.6
T
0 =
2 sm2
:
4.10 4.11 ,
.
8. - 9 249:
y0 = 10m, f = 10Hz v = 1 ms .
:
:
x
y = y0 sin 2(f t )
.
y0 = 10m
f = 10Hz
v = f =
v
f
1
10
= 0.1m
183
x
y = 10 sin 2(10 t
)
0.1
4.
4.3
1. - 1 272:
l = 1m, m = 5g
.
f = 130.5Hz . ;
:
, .
.
,
.
, .
2 .
:
s
(4.12)
v =f
(4.13)
v=
4.12, F = ml
.
.
:
: l = 2 . 4.12,
4.13 .
F :
s
F
F
( f )2 =
F = ( f )2
f =
l =
=2l
184
4.3.
F = (2 l f )2 =
F =
185
m
(2 l f )2
l
0.005
(2 1 130.5)2
1
F = 340.6N
2. - 2 272:
l1 = 33cm
f1 = 440Hz .
f2 ff12 = 32 ; f2 ;
:
f1 = 440Hz .
l, 2 . :
2
1 = 2 l = 66cm
l=
f2
ff12 = 32 :
f2
3
=
f1
2
v = 1 f1 = 2 f2
:
185
4.
f2
1
=
f1
2
f2
3
=
f1
2
2 =
2
1 = 44cm
3
f2 .
, f2
l0 :
2
44
l0 =
= 22cm
2
l0 =
l0 = 22cm.
11cm
.
f2 :
f2
3
=
f1
2
3
3
f2 = f1 = 440Hz
2
2
f2 = 660Hz
3. - 3 272:
68cm.
v = 340 m
.
s
() ;
()
f2
f2
= 32 ;
f1
186
4.3.
187
:
,
,
.
. , 4 = l, l .
( 4.4).
4.4: .
v = f
:
=l
4
= 4 l = 4 0.68
= 2.72m
:
187
4.
v =f f =
f=
340
= 125Hz
2.72
:
f2
f1
f2
3
2
v = 0 f2 0 = fv
,
0
l0 = 4
f2 :
f1
3
=
f2
2
2
2
f2 = f1 = 125
3
3
f2 = 83.33Hz
:
v = 0 f2 0 =
0 =
340
83.33
0 = 4.08m
:
4.08
0
l0 =
4
4
l0 = 1.02m
l0 =
188
4.3.
189
4. - 7 273:
l = 0.75m .
.
v = 1500 m
s
:
()
() 4
.
:
4 .
4.5.
4.5: , 4 .
l = 3 2 .
2 .
l =3
=
2l
2
3
2 0.75
= 0.5m
.
:
189
4.
v =f f =
1500
= 3000Hz
0.5
f=
5. - 8 273:
y = 10 cos(
x
) sin(50t)
6
x, y cm t s. :
() 1,2
()
:
. ,
(
).
.
y = 2y0 cos(
2 x
) sin(2f t)
y0 : 2y0 = 10 y0 = 5cm
f : 2f = 50 f =
:
2x
x
6
50
2
= 25Hz
= 12cm
2 . x.
:
x. =
12
=
2
2
x. = 6cm
190
4.4. YOUNG
191
4.4 Young
4.4.1
1.
;
;
:
.
Huygens :
.
4.6: ) ) .
191
4.
2. - 1 283:
;
:
.
,
4.6.
3. - 2 283:
;
:
,
. .
4. - 3 283:
;
:
.
5. - 4 283:
Young .
.
:
Young
4.7.
1
2. 1 2 2 .
192
4.4. YOUNG
193
4.7: Young
, .
.
.
,
, .
x = k
(4.14)
x = (2k + 1)
193
(4.15)
4.
x ,
k
.
2, x = O2.
4.7 2.
2 - - 1 :
O2
a
O2 = sin a
sin =
D
:
sin tan
:
tan =
yk
D
x =
yk
a
D
(4.16)
:
4.14 4.16
yk
a
D
x = k
x =
yk
a = k
D
194
(4.17)
4.4. YOUNG
195
4.15 4.16
yk
a
D
x = (2k + 1)
2
x =
yk
a = (2k + 1)
D
2
(4.18)
.
6. - 5 285:
()
;
() ;
:
5,
. 4.14 yk :
yk
a=k
D
Dk
yk =
a
(4.19)
:
4.19
.
k
.
195
4.
:
.
, a a 4.19 yk
. (k )
.
:
.
4.4.2
1. - 1 285:
Young .
a = 0.5 103 m
D = 2m
x = 10 103 m
()
()
;
:
. , :
yk =
Dk
a
.
196
4.4. YOUNG
197
x 5
. k = 5.
yk =
=
Dk
yk a
=
a
Dk
10 103 0.5 103
25
= 5 107 m
.
a0 = 2a yk = Dk
.
a
2. - 2 285:
Young
= 5.89 107 m 2m .
1.178cm.
() ;
() ( =
4.5 107 m),
;
() ()
.
:
a.
D = 2m
y10 = 1.178cm
k = 10
= 5.89 107 m
197
4.
yk =
:
Dk
a
Dk
a
Dk
2 10 5.89 107
a=
=
yk
0.01178
yk =
a = 1 103 m = 1mm
, =
4.5 107 m. yk yk+1 .
o = yk+1 yk :
o = yk+1 yk =
D (k + 1) D k
=
a
a
Dk D1 Dk
=
+
a
a
a
=
o =
D
a
o =
D
2 4.5 107
=
a
1 103
o = 9 104 m = 0.9mm
:
y5 =
D 5
2 5 4.5 107
=
a
1 103
4.5.
199
4.5
1. 2005:
4.8
4.9
.
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
y(m)
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
x (m)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
1.4
1.6
4.8: .
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
y(m)
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
t (s)
1.2
4.9: .
:
()
199
4.
()
()
:
4.8
. 2
.
= 0.04m
4.9,
,
.
.
.
:
T = 0.8s
v = T :
v=
0.04
=
T
0.8
v = 0.05
m
s
2. 1993:
4.10
y = f (x)
t = t0 . 50Hz 0
. :
() t0
200
4.5.
201
()
()
()
, dAB = 0.3m, t = t + 0.01s.
xA = 0.9m xB = 1.2m
()
, = f (x),
t = t0 .
0.4
0.3
0.2
y (m)
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0,3
0,6
x (m)
0,9
1,2
4.10: .
:
4.10.
.
:
= 0.6m
f = 50Hz , :
v = f = 0.6 50
v = 30
m
s
201
4.
4.10
0.9m t0 . v =
t0 :
v=
x
t
x
x
0.9
t0 = =
t
v
30
t0 = 0.03s
:
x
y = y0 sin 2(t f )
y0
y0 = 0.4m.
:
x
y = y0 sin 2(t f )
x
)
y = 0.4 sin 2(50t
0.6
t = t + 0.01s.
:
yB
x
t = t + 0.01s = 0.04s
xB
)
0.6
1.2
yB = 0.4 sin 2(50 0.04
)
0.6
yB = 0m
yB = 0.4 sin 2(50t
202
4.5.
203
() t = t +
0.01s = 0.04s
:
B =
d
xB
0.4 sin 2(50t
)
dt
0.6
xB
)
0.6
1.2
B = 2 50 0.4 cos 2(50 0.04
)
0.6
m
B = 40
s
B = 2 50 0.4 cos 2(50t
=
(x) t = t0 .
t0 :
x
= 2(t0 f )
= 2(50 0.03
x
)
0.6
t0 = 0.03s x = 0.9m:
10
9
8
7
(rad)
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
x (m)
4.11: t = t0 .
203
4.
3. 1992:
x y = 0.02sin(20t 0.5x).
.
. :
()
() t = 0.2s
.
() x,
t = 0.3s,
.
()
y = 0.015m .
()
,
.
:
.
.
t
x
y = y0 sin 2( )
T
y = y0 sin(
2
2
t
x)
T
vT
.
:
y = 0.02sin(20t 0.5x)
y = y0 sin(
2
2
t
x)
T
vT
204
4.5.
205
y0 = 0.02m
2
T
= 20 T = 0.1s
2
2
= 0.5 v =
vT
0.5 T
v = 40
m
s
t = 0.2s .
v = 40 m
s
: x = v t = 40 0.2 = 8m
0.02
0.015
0.01
y (m)
0.005
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
4
x (m)
4.12: t = 0.2s.
t = 0.3s.
= 20t 0.5x t = 0.3
.
x = v t = 40 0.3 = 12m
y = 0.015m
.
205
4.
20
18
16
14
(rad)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
6
x (m)
10
12
4.13: t = 0.3s.
y = 0.02sin(20t 0.5x)
v=
dy
= 20 0.02cos(20t 0.5x)
dt
a=
dv
d2 y
=
= (20)2 0.02sin(20t 0.5x)
dt2
dt
sin(20t0.5x)
. .
:
y = 0.02sin(20t 0.5x)
0.015 = 0.02sin(20t 0.5x)
3
sin(20t 0.5x) =
4
sin2 + cos2 = 1
:
4.5.
207
v = 20 0.02cos(20t 0.5x)
v = 20 0.02 0.6614 = 0.83
m
s
m
s2
, .
y0 = 0.01m,f = 20Hz
+
.
:
.
v = f = fv = 40
= 2m
20
x
y = 0.01sin 2(f t + )
x
y = 0.01sin 2(20 t + )
2
207
4.
4. 2003:
4.14
t0 , f =
0.25Hz . :
()
xA = 0.5cm xB = 2cm
() t = t0 + 1s
3
y (cm)
0.5
1.5
2.5
x (cm)
3.5
4.5
4.14: t = t0 .
:
.
= 2 ( Tt x ) + 0 .
.
t0 .
= 2cm, 4.14
v = f = 2 0.25 = 0.5 cm
s
t0
.
4cm v = 0.5 cm
s
v=
x
4
x
t0 = =
t0
v
0.5
t0 = 8s
208
4.5.
209
= A B =
t
xA
t
xB
= 2 (
) + 0 2 (
) 0 =
T
8 2
8 0.5
) 2 ( ) =
= 2 (
4
2
4 2
= 2 1.75 2 1
= 1.5
t = t0 + 1s.
1s T4 T = 4s.
t = t0 = 8s.
1s
0.
t = 9s , xA =
0.5cm.
0.5
)
2
x
y = 2sin 2(f t + )
y = 2sin 2(0.25 9 +
y=0
5. 1991:
Young
= 6 107 m.
S1 = 1mm.
D = 2m,
S2 = 3mm. .
209
4.
:
:
o = yk+1 yk =
D (k + 1) D k
=
a
a
Dk D1 Dk
=
+
a
a
a
=
o =
D
a
.
D
D 0 = D + D .
o =
D
a
0o =
D0
0o =
(D + D)
(4.20)
(4.21)
a 4.20 D 4.21.
D=
a o
0o
ao
+ D)
(4.22)
4.22 a
. :
210
4.5.
211
= 6 107 m
S1 = o = 1mm
S2 = 0o = 3mm
D = 2m
0o
ao
+ D)
a 0o = a o + D
a (0o o ) = D
a=
2 6 107
D
=
0o o
0.003 0.001
a = 6 104 m
6. 2005:
f = 2Hz , y0 = 0.01m v = 0.1 m
.
s
. t0 = 0s
.
x1 = 0.4m 1 x2 = 0.6m 1 = 2.
:
()
1 1
t0 = 0s
.
()
.
()
, ,
0 t 8s.
211
4.
4.15: .
:
1
,
:
y0 = 0.01m
f = 2Hz
v = 0.1 m
s
=
v
f
0.1
2
= 0.05m
x
y = y0 sin 2(f t )
:
212
4.5.
213
x
y = y0 sin 2(f t )
y = 0.01sin 2(2t
x
)
0.05
,
.
.
3 161
:
= 2y0 cos 2 (
x2 x1
t
x1 + x2
) sin 2 (
)
2
T
2
() -1 1
0 .
:
x2 x1
cos 2 (
)
2
0.6 0.4
= cos 2 (
)
2 0.05
0.2
= cos 2 ( )
0.1
= cos(4) = 1
,
.
,
0 t 8s.
.
:
, , .
.
213
4.
.
.
1
:
v=
x1
x1
0.4
t1 =
=
t1
v
0.1
t1 = 4s
, 2
:
v=
x2
x2
0.6
t2 =
=
t2
v
0.1
t = 6s
:
0 t 4s
4 t 6s 1
y = 0.01sin 2(2t
x
)
0.05
6 t 8s
x2 x1
t
x 1 + x2
= 2y0 cos 2 (
) sin 2 (
)
2
T
2
4.16.
214
4.5.
215
0.02
0.015
0.01
(m)
0.005
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
4
t (s)
4.16:
t.
215
4.
216
5
5.1
1. II - 1 24:
,
, 5.1.
.
I=f(t)
Io
t1
t2
t3
5.1: t.
:
217
5.
.
5.1
E = L
dI
dt
(5.1)
5.1
.
.
5.1
() : 0 I0 0
t1 .
:
E = L
dI
I
= L
dt
t
E = L
(I0 0)
(t1 0)
E = L
I0
t1
() : I = I0
t1 t2 .
:
E = L
E = L
dI
I
= L
dt
t
(I0 I0 )
(t2 t1 )
E = 0
() : I0 0
t2 t3 . :
218
5.1.
219
E = L
dI
I
= L
dt
t
E = L
(0 I0 )
(t3 t2 )
E = L
I0
t3 t2
5.2.
L*I_0\(t3t2)
L*I_0\t1
t1
t2
t3
5.2: t.
2. II - 6 26:
5.3
.
.
:
Faraday :
:
219
5.
=f(t)
20
15
10
(Wb)
5
0
5
10
15
20
0.5
1.5
2
t (s)
2.5
3.5
5.3: t.
E =
(5.2)
= 1.
(), 5.3
( )
.
5.2.
() : = 0 =
20W b t = 0 t = 2s.
:
E=
20 0
=
t
20
E=
20
= 10 V
2
() : = 20 =
20W b t = 2 t = 4s.
:
220
5.1.
221
E=
20 (20)
=
t
42
E=
40
= 20 V
2
t
5.4.
V=f(t)
15
10
5
V (v)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.5
1.5
2
t (s)
2.5
3.5
5.4: t.
3. II - 1 27:
5.5
. SA , SB = 2 SA
S = 3 SA . :
() ;
() ;
.
:
. W eber W b.
:
221
5.
5.5: .
= B S = BScos
(5.3)
B
S
1 S
B .
5.6
.
5.3
5.6 :
() :
A = B SA = BSA cos
A = BSA cos900 = 0 W b
() :
B = B SB = BSB cos
B = BSB cos00 = 2BSA W b
1
,
.
222
5.1.
223
5.6: .
() :
= B S = BS cos
= 3BSA cos600 = 1.5BSA W b
.
4. II - 2 27:
1 T ,
15 , , 20cm.
.
,
, 0.1s.
:
d = 20cm.
:
0.2
d
S = r2 = ( )2 = ( )2
2
2
2
S = 0.0314m
.
223
5.
= 00 .
B
, B =
2
Faraday
:
E =
E =
t
B Scos B Scos
0.5 0.0314 1 1 0.0314 1
= 15
t
0.1
E = 2.353 V
5. II - 3 27:
, ,
v = 360km/h.
l = 30m.
B = 0.3 104 T .
:
,
.
.
Faraday.
S.I
:
v = 360
km
1000m
m
= 360
= 100
h
3600s
s
.
.
Faraday
:
224
5.1.
225
E=
= (BS)
t
t
E = B
x
(l x) = B l
t
t
0.1 ms . ,
.
:
E=
= (BS)
t
t
E = B
B = E
t
1
S
t
= 18 103
225
0.1
5.
B = 18 102 T
7. II - 5 28:
, a = 0.4m,
. Bz
5.7. E = f (t) ,
.
Bz=f(t)
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
Bz (T)
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0.05
8
t(ms)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
5.7: Bz
t.
:
Faraday. .
B , Bz .
:
E=
= (BS)
t
t
E = S
226
Bz
t
(5.4)
.
5.1.
227
5.4
5.7 7
.
:
z
5.7 B
.
t
S = a a = 0.16m2
1:
E = S
Bz
0.4 0
= 0.16
t
(3 0) 103
E = 21.33 V
2:
E = S
Bz
0.4 0.4
= 0.16
t
(5 3) 103
E=0 V
3:
E = S
Bz
0 0.4
= 0.16
t
(7 5) 103
E = 32 V
4:
E = S
00
Bz
= 0.4
t
(9 7) 103
E=0 V
5:
E = S
Bz
0.4 0
= 0.4
t
(12 9) 103
E = 21.33 V
227
5.
6:
E = S
Bz
0.4 0.4
= 0.16
t
(14 12) 103
E=0 V
7:
E = S
Bz
0 0.4
= 0.16
t
(16 14) 103
E = 32 V
5.8
E=f( t )
40
30
E(v)
20
10
10
20
30
8
9
t ( ms )
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
5.8: E t.
8. II - 6 28:
5.9 ,
l = 1m = 20 rad
s
, B = 0.5T .
228
5.1.
229
5.9:
.
.
.
:
. ,
.
, :
, ,
.
Faraday .
:
=
T =
2
2
2
T =
=
20
s
10
r = l = 1m :
S = r2 = 12
229
5.
S = m2
:
S
ST
=
=
t
T
10
S
= 10
t
m2
s
Faraday .
:
.
1800 B
5.10.
:
:
E=
S
(B S) = B
t
t
.
5.10: S B
E=
= (B S)
t
t
230
5.1.
E = B
231
S
cos = 0.5 10 cos1800 = 0.5 10 (1)
t
E=5 V
9. II - 7 28:
B = 0.2T 5.11.
v = 15 m
t = 0 .
s
xA = 0.5m. :
() ,
() ;
5.11: .
:
5.11 v = 15 m
s
.
. 5.12
. :
231
5.
5.12: .
S
=B
t
t
(l x)
=B
t
t
l = .
=Bl
=Blv
t
t
. Faraday
= 1
:
E =
= 1.5 V
t
10. II - 8 28:
1m, 103
30cm2 .
. ,
232
5.1.
233
= 1950;
:
5.5:
E = L
I
t
(5.5)
. 5.5
Faraday. Faraday
.
:
,
.
B=
E =
0 N I
l
(5.6)
d
d
= (B S)
dt
dt
E =
dS
dB
S
B
dt
dt
E =
I
d( 0 N
)
l
S
dt
E =
0 N
dI
S
l
dt
dS
=0
dt
5.5,
:
L=
0 N S
233
5.
0 = 4 107
N = 103
l = 1m
S = 30 104 m2
L=
L = 3.77 mH
. 5.5
= 1950 :
L=
0 N S
L = 1950 3.77
L = 7.35 H
11. - - 23:
A1 y1 A2 y2
1m .
A1 A2 , , .. E = 20V r = 2.
, l = 1m, m = 0.3kg 8,
, A1 y1 A2 y2
.
B = 1T , A1 y1 A2 y2 .
.
t = 0s . :
()
.
234
5.1.
235
()
() vo ,
v = vo .
() I
v , I = f (v)
.
() v = vo , :
i.
ii.
iii. .
5.13: .
235
5.
:
. , Faraday
.. .
()
.
r = 2
RK = 8.
, ,
:
Ro = r + RK = 2 + 8
Ro = 10
Ohm :
I=
V
20
=
Ro
10
I=2 A
()
.
F = m a
.
:
B = mg = 0.3 10 = 3 N
Laplace FL = B I L = 1 2 1 = 2
F = m a
a=
B FL
F
=
m
m
a=
32
m
= 3.33 2
0.3
s
236
5.1.
237
5.14: .
()
.
,
Faraday ... ...
E
I = R Laplace
o
FL = B I L. FL
a = 0 sm2
.
F = 0 ..
Faraday.
F = 0 FL B = 0
FL = B B Io L = mg
Io =
mg
=3 A
BL
.
Faraday
.
237
5.
I =
E
20
=
=2 A
R
10
..
..
:
I = Io I = 3 2 = 1 A
E = I Ro = 1 10 = 10V
Faraday :
S
= B
t
t
(l y)
l
= B
l = .
=0
t
t
E =
E
E = B l
vo =
y
= B l vo
t
E
10
=
Bl
11
vo = 10
m
s
vo =
10 ms
()
.
:
I = I + I
I=
E
+ t
Ro
Ro
Bvl
Ro
v
I =2+
10
I =2+
238
5.1.
239
5.15.
I=f(v)
4
3.5
3
I (A)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
10
v (m/s)
12
14
16
18
20
5.15: , I , v .
() :
i. :
P = I V = 3 20
P = 60 W
ii. :
P = I Vo = 3 30
P = 90 W
iii. :
P = I Vo = P P = 90 60
P = 30 W
12. 2004:
OX1 OX2 , O ,
239
5.
X1 OX2 , .
yy 0 v
X1 OX2 .
.
B ,
5.16. t0 = 0s yy 0
O t(t > 0s)
OX1 OX2 . :
5.16: .
() Faraday
()
t.
() t, ...
E = (2Bv 2 tan)t
() OX1 OX2
yy 0 r .
()
.
() ,
240
5.1.
241
.
.
:
() Faraday :
()
.
5.16 2 .
x v t
v = xt
.
KM
x
x=vt
tan =
(5.7)
(5.8)
KM
=vt
tan
KM = tan v t
K = 2KM = 2 tan v t
, E = o
,
2
5.16 :
S=
K x
241
5.
S=
(2 tan v t) (v t)
2
S = tan v 2 t2
()
Faraday :
E =
d
d
= (B S)
dt
dt
E = B
dS
dt
E = B
d(tan v 2 t2 )
dt
E = 2Btan v 2 t
()
:
RK = r K
RK = 2r tan v t
()
. ..
,
Ohm,
:
I =
I =
Ro
2Btan v 2 t
2r tan v t
I =
242
Bv
r
.
5.1.
243
()
Laplace FL .
0
(
), vo .
:
F = FL
F = B I L
Bv
F = B (
) (2 tan v t)
r
B 2 v2
F =
2tan t
r
13. :
.
5.17: Biot-Savart.
:
Biot-Savart
5.9:
243
5.
= 0
dB
I ds sin
4R2
(5.9)
I
ds
Biot-Savart = 0 = 2 .
:
= 2 .
ds
ds = Rd
:
= 0
dB
B=
B=
I ds sin
4R2
Z 2
0
Z 2
0
I ds sin
4R2
I R d sin( 2 )
0
4R2
B=
0 I Z 2
0 I
d =
[]2
4R 0
4R 0
B=
0 I
2R
244
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 . . .
1.3 . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
. . . . . . . . . .
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3
4
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4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 . .
4.4 Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
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33
33
33
40
46
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57
57
67
82
92
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161
161
170
184
191
191
196
199
5
217
5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
245
246
1.1 P = f (v), E = f (p) . . . . .
1.2 v = f (t) . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 F = f (t) F = f (x) . . . .
1.4 P = f (t) E = f (t) . .
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.7 .
1.8 .
1.9 .
1.10 P = f (t) E = f (t) . .
1.11 P = f (t) E = f (t) . .
1.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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9
12
14
15
17
18
21
21
22
25
27
28
. . . .
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- . . . . . . . . . . . .
- , ) ) . . .
() ()
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34
41
44
47
49
51
54
3.1 .. . . .
3.2 .. . .
3.3
3.4 , . .
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 ... . . .
3.7 h . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 . .
3.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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57
60
61
62
63
70
74
75
75
76
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
247
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3.11 . . .
3.12 - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.15 ) ) ) . . .
3.16 a = f (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.17 x = f (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.18 v = f (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.19 - .. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.20 a = f (x) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.21 x = f (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.22 x = f (t) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.23 F = f (x) . . . . . . .
3.24 T 2 = f (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.25 ) ) ) . . .
3.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.27 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.31
g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.33 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.34 - - x2 .
3.35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.36 ) ) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.39
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.41 - . . . . . . . . .
3.42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.43 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.44 M . .
3.45 M .
3.46 . . . . . . .
3.47 a. . . . . . . . .
3.48 a. . . . . . . . . .
248
77
80
84
85
89
93
94
96
97
100
101
103
104
107
109
113
114
121
121
122
123
127
128
131
132
133
135
136
136
138
142
144
145
148
150
151
152
153
249
3.49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
3.50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
3.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
t = 13s. . . . . . . . . . . . 173
M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
. . . . . . . . 187
, 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
) ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.7 Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.9 . . . . . . . . 199
4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.11 t = t0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
4.12 t = 0.2s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.13 t = 0.3s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
4.14 t = t0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.15 . . 212
4.16
t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
t. . . . . . .
t. . . . . .
t. .
t. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
Bz
t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.8 E t. . . . . .
5.9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
5.10 S B
5.11 . . . . . . . . . . .
5.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.15 , I , v . . . . . .
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
249
217
219
220
221
222
223
226
228
229
230
231
232
235
237
239
5.16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5.17 Biot-Savart. . . . . 243
250
3.1
m, x0 , k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 X0 . m, k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 m. X0 , k . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 k . m, X0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 g . . . .
3.6
g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 g . . . .
3.8 . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 . . . . . . . . .
3.10 . . . .
3.11 . . . . . . . . . .
3.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
251
118
120
120
120
122
123
125
125
126
126
150
155
252
[1] . , . (1997), ,
7 ,
[2] . , . (1998): , 7 ,
[3] . , . (1987):
2, 3 ,
[4] . , . , . (2001):
, ,
[5] . , . , . , . (2001):
, ,
[6] . , . , . , . , .
, . , . , . , .
. , . , . , . , . ,
. (2007): ,
,
[7] Tom Duncan (1973): Advanced Physics, 5th Edition, London Hodder
Murray, a member of the Hodder Murray Headline Group
[8] Mark Ellse, Chris Honeywill (2003): Waves and our Universe, Revised
Edition, Nelson and Thornes Cheltenham, United Kingdom
[9] Harvey J. Greenberg (2004): A Simplified Introduction to LaTEX , University of Colorado, Denver
253
[10] Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl (2000):
The Not So Short Introduction to LaTEX 2
254