EkonomI Teknik

PENDAHULUAN Investasi dan Beaya

W.01 - 24.04.2012

Introduction
Process engineering economics design operation economic analysis of processing plants. Peters and Timmerhaus (2003), Holland and Wilkinson (1997), and Couper (2003), Brown (2007) : CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES Clark, 1997 : LIMITED in food industry DUE TO lack of engineering and economic data related to the complex food products. Advances in food engineering engineering properties of foods computer application in food process design.

Introduction
Analisis ekonomi
Kajian secara ekonomi terhadap keterwujudan dan kelayakan suatu aktivitas Pengambilan keputusan

Rencana anggaran beaya

Beaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk mewujudkan aktivitas sesuai desainnya Implementasi aktivitas

TAHAPAN KEGIATAN
Pelbagai aspek analisis untuk pencapain target optimal Empat tahapan, yaitu:
1. 2. 3. 4. Studi Perencanaan Pelaksanaan Operasi dan Pemeliharaan

MONEY FLOW IN A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

Assets of food industries : manufacturing plant Initial capital distribution system Investors and Banks Investors (providing a portion of the initial capital) expect to earn a profitable return from devidends and/or increasing in the value of the shares in a stock market banks (providing remainder portion of the initial capital) expect to recover the capital plus the appropriate interests

MONEY FLOW IN A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

Consumers sales income pay the various resources spent in the manufacturing process Gross profit : difference between money flowing in from sales and money flowing out for expenses (manufacturing cost) Net profit : obtained gross profit are subtracted by tax and loan payments divided to dividends payment the retained earnings for reinvestments

MONEY FLOW IN A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

MONEY FLOW IN A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

Survival condition the second important purpose of a business is to enhance its value reflect in market price of publicly traded stock or in calculated book value In theory, stock prices reflect the present value of future cash flows to the stockholders, often estimated as earnings per share In practice, the actual price of a stock is affected by supply and demand, by opinions about the economy, and by opinions about potential changes in future earnings of the firmquickly than profits alone would permit.

MONEY FLOW IN A BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

Most major food companies are stable and have stocks which usually pay dividends, with a balance between debt and equity in their financial structure The ultimate purpose of capital and operating cost estimates to help allocate the funds available for investment to increase the value of the firm Cash is of primary importance in business due to critical to survival and value enhancement

Capital Cost
Capital cost : fixed capital (CF ) or fixed investment : supply the necessary plant facilities working capital (CW) : operation of the plant C T = CF + C W Working capital consists of total amount of money invested in raw materials and supplies carried in stock finished and semi-finished products, accounts receivable and payable cash kept on hand

Fixed Capital Cost

Estimated from empirical rules or approximations. Chilton, 1960; Peters and Timmerhaus, 2003 : Lang method Lang method is estimation of the fixed capital (CF) from the process equipment cost (Ceq), using the empirical equation CF = fL . Ceq Sinnott (1996), Holland and Wilkinson (1997), or Seider et al. (1999) : plants in Chemical Process Industry (CPI), the Lang factor (fL) varies: 3,10 3,80 for solids processing 3,60 4,10 for mixed fluids solids processing 4,70 4,80 for fluids processing

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

Higher fL for gases and liquids processing is due to the higher requirements for piping and valves Generally recognized that the Lang method has the tendency to overestimate the fixed capital cost fL for food industries generally smaller, because of the higher cost of equipment (stainless steel) and less piping fL for food industries should be considered in the range of 1,35 (minimum), 1,80 (most probable), 2,75 (maximum) Bartholomai (1987) and compiled by Marouli and Maroulis (2005) : cost data of various food processing plants

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

Higher fL for gases and liquids processing is due to the higher requirements for piping and valves Generally recognized that the Lang method has the tendency to overestimate the fixed capital cost fL for food industries generally smaller, because of the higher cost of equipment (stainless steel) and less piping fL for food industries should be considered in the range of 1,35 (minimum), 1,80 (most probable), 2,75 (maximum) Bartholomai (1987) and compiled by Marouli and Maroulis (2005) : cost data of various food processing plants

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

Bartholomai (1987) and compiled by Marouli and Maroulis (2005)

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

fL may be greater due to modern food processing plants, using modern instrumentation and process control, environmental protection (effluent treatment), and computers a value of 3 should be considered as safe enough for preliminary estimations for main processing plants or plant expansion, for grass roots (entirely new) plants should be increased to 4

Fixed Capital Cost Lang Factor

Modal tetap
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Beaya Fisik Pabrik / Physical Plant Cost Tanah, bangunan dan halaman Alat, mesin dan pemasangannya Pemipaan Instrumentasi Insulation Listrik Utilitas

Modal tetap
Beaya Langsung Pabrik Beaya Fisik Pabrik (+) 8. Engineering & Construction (20 30% beaya fisik pabrik) Modal Tetap Beaya Langsung Pabrik (+) 9. Jasa kontraktor (4 10% beaya langsung pabrik) 10. Beaya tak terduga (10 25% beaya langsung pabrik)

MODAL TETAP
Estimasi standar pabrik sama, namun beda kapasitas
Ifb = Ifa + (rmb rma)k

Ifb & Ifa : modal tetap pabrik b & a rmb & rma : produksi bulanan pabrik b & a k : konstanta (0.42 1.02)

terminologi
Modal Investasi Modal tetap / fixed capital Modal kerja / working capital Beaya Pabrikasi Beaya langsung / direct cost Beaya tidak langsung / indirect cost tetap (penyusutan, pajak, asuransi) Beaya Umum Administrasi Promosi / pemasaran Riset Bunga
Beaya