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1
Chng 1
PHP TNH VI PHN HM MT BIN
1. GII HN LIN TC
I. Gii hn ca hm s
V d 1. Cho hm s
2
x 4
f (x)
x 2
. Khi gn cho x ln lt cc gi tr cng dn v 1 t 2 pha

( <1, >1) nhng rt gn 1 th f(x) cng dn v 3
x 0.8 0.9 0.99 0.999 1 1.000001 1.0001 1.001 1.05 1.1
f (x) 2.8 2.9 2.99 2.999 3.000001 3.0001 3.01 3.05 3.1

Tng t khi gn cho x cc gi tr dn v 2 t 2 pha ( <2, >2) nhng rt gn 2 th f(x) cng dn
v 4
x 1.8 1.9 1.99 1.9999 2 2.000001 2.00001 2.001 2.05 2.1
f (x) 3.8 3.9 3.99 3.9999 4.000001 4.00001 4.001 4.05 4.1

Nhn xt rng f(x) khng tn ti gi tr ti 2 nhng cc gi tr ca f(x) khi x dn v 2 cho ta cm
nhn rng f(x) s c gi tr xp x l 4 khi x tin v 2 t c hai pha
1. nh ngha
( ) lim
x a
f x A
= hay ( ) f x A khi x a .
Ch : Trong nh ngha trn, khi ni x dn ti a, c th x > a, cng c th x < a. Nu khi x dn
ti a v pha tri (tc l x dn ti a v x lun nh hn a) m ( ) f x dn ti gii hn A th A gi
l gii hn tri ti a, k hiu l: ( ) lim
x a
f x
.
Tng t, ngi ta nh ngha gii hn phi ti a, k hiu l: ( ) lim
x a
f x
+
.
Hm s ( ) f x c gii hn A khi x a khi v ch khi n gii hn tri ti a v gii hn phi ti a
v hai gii hn y u bng A: ( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
f x f x A
+

= = .
V d 2. Cho hm s ( )
, 0
1 , 0
x x
f x
x x
<
=

>
. Tm gii hn ca ( ) f x ?
Ta thy ( )
0
lim 0
x
f x
= v ( )
0
lim 1
x
f x
+
= .
Do ( ) f x khng c gii hn khi 0 x .
V d 3. Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau khi 0 x :
a)
x
f (x)
x
=
b)
1
f (x)
x
=
V d 4. Tnh gii hn 1 pha, 2 pha cc hm s sau:
ThS Nguyn Trng c www.onthicaohoc.com

2
2
x
x
x
1
a) lim
x
4x 1
b) lim
2x 5
x
c) lim
x 1

( )
x
x
x
x 0
2
x 3
2 3
d) lim
2 3
1
e) lim
x
1
f ) lim
x 3

1
x 1
x 1
1
x 1
x 1
g) lim2
h) lim2
x x 2
l) f (x)
3x x 2
'

1
1
=
!
1

1+

Nhn xt: Hm s c th c gii hn mt pha nhng khng phi lc no cng c gii hn 2 pha
suy ra gii hn khng phi tn ti i vi mi hm s
2. Cc php ton v gii hn
nh l 5. Gi s ( ) lim
x a
f x A
= , ( ) lim
x a
g x B
= . Khi :
i) ( ) ( ) ( )
lim
x a
f x g x A B
=
ii) ( ) ( ) ( )
lim . .
x a
f x g x AB
=
iii)
( )
( )
lim
x a
f x A
g x B
= , nu 0 B .
iv)
n
n
n
x a x a
lim f(x) = limf(x) = A; A 0

, n chn
v)
k
k k
x a x a
limf (x) limf (x) A , k

l
= =
l
l
.
vi)
x a
lim f (x)
f ( x) A
x a
limb b b , b 0
= = .
vii) [ [
( ) b b b
x a x a
lim log f (x) log limf (x) log A(A 0, 0 b 1or b>1)

= = < < .
Ch : Trong qu trnh tm gii hn ca hm s ta nu gp mt s cc dng v nh sau:
0 0
0 0
;0. ; ; ; ; ;1 ;0 , ,...
1 1
0
0
. th phi tm cch bin i kh chng.

V d 3.
a)
( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
limsin limsin
sin 1 4
lim
3 1 lim3 lim lim1 3 2 4 lim 3 1
3 1
2 2
x x
x
x x x x
x x
x
x x x x x x

= = == =
+ + + + +
| |
+
|
\

b)
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
lim( 3).lim 3
3
1.1 1
lim
5 2 lim 5 lim2 10 2 8
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x

= = =

c)
( )
( )
( )
3
3
3
3
3
lim 3
3
lim 0
2 lim 2
x
x
x
x
x
x x
= =

V d 18.

3
a) Xt
2
1
1
lim .
1
x
x
x
y ta gp dng v nh
0
0
. Khi 1, x c th xem 1, x
Ta khai trin
( )( )
2
1 1
1
1
1 1
x x
x
x
x x
+
= = +

.
Do ( )
2
1 1
1
lim lim 1 2
1
x x
x
x
x

= + =
.
b) Tnh
3
2
8
lim
2
x
x
x
.
V ( ) ( )
3 2
8 2 2 4 x x x x = + + nn
( )
3
2
2 2
8
lim lim 2 4 12
2
x x
x
x x
x

= + + =

V d 4. Tnh cc gii hn sau:
( )
( )
5 3
x +
4 3
x +
2
3
x
a) lim 7x 4x 2x 9
b) lim x 4x 2x 9
4x x
c) lim
2x 5

( )

( )
3
x +
2
x
6 3
x +
2
3
x + x
3
3x 5
d) lim
6x 8
x 2
e) lim
3x 6
f ) lim x 5 x
2x 5 x 0
g) f (x) , lim f (x), lim f (x)
3 5x
x 0
1 4x x

'
1 <
1
1
1
=
!

1

1
1

1+

3. Mt s gii hn c bn
x 0
sinx
lim 1
x
=
x 0
tgx
lim 1
x
=
x
x 0
e 1
lim 1
x
=
x 0
ln(1 x)
lim 1
x
=
x 0
1
lim 0( 0)
x
=

4
( )
1
x
x
x x 0
x
x
1
lim 1 e; lim 1 x e
x
1 1
lim 1
x e

1

= =

( )
1

=

( )

a)
0 0 0 0
sin 1 sin 1
lim lim . lim .lim 1.1 1
cos cos
x x x x
tgx x x
x x x x x

= = = =
b) Xt
0
arcsin
lim .
x
x
x
t arcsin x t = , ta c sin . x t = Khi 0 x th 0 t .

Vy
0 0 0
0
arcsin 1 1
lim lim lim 1
sin sin
sin
lim
x t t
t
x t
t t
x t
t t

= = = =
c) Tng t,
0
lim 1.
x
arctgx
x
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
2
x 0
sin5x
a) lim
7x
sinx
b) lim
5 x
x
c) lim
tgx
x
d) lim
1 cosx

2
x 0
x 0
x 3sin x
e) lim
x
2x sinx
f ) lim
x

4. V cng b v v cng ln
4.1 nh ngha
Hm s ( ) f x gi l mt v cng b ( vit tt l VCB ) khi x a nu ( ) lim 0.
x a
f x
=
Trong a c th l hu han hay v cng.
Hm s ( ) F x gi l mt v cng ln ( vit tt l VCL) khi x a nu ( ) lim .
x a
F x
= +
C th d dng thy rng nu ( ) f x l mt VCB khi x a th
( )
1
f x
l mt VCL v ngc li.
V d 7. Tnh cc gii hn sau v xc nh cc VCB:

5
x 0
2
x 0
a) lim(1 cosx)
b) limx

x 0
x 0
c) lim(sinx)
d) limx

x 0
x
x 0
e) limln(1 x)
f) lime 1

( )
( )
4
x 0
4
4
x 0
g) lim 3x x
3x x
h) lim
5x

4.2 Tnh cht
Nu ( ) ( ) , f x g x l hai VCB khi x a th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , . f x g x f x g x cng l nhng VCB khi
x a .
Nu ( ) ( ) , f x g x l hai VCL cng du khi x a th ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , . f x g x f x g x cng l mt VCL
khi x a .
V d 8. Tnh gii hn sau
10 8 2 2
x 0
lim(x -7x +x ln(1+2x )(1 cos3x))

4.2 So snh cc VCB
a) Bc ca cc VCB
nh ngha. Gi s ( ) ( ) , x x l hai VCB khi x a . Khi

Nu
( )
( )
lim
x a
x
x
khng tn ti, ta ni rng khng th so snh hai VCB ( ) x v ( ) x .

a)
3
x 0
x
lim 0
x
= . Vi ( )
3
x x = l VCB bc cao hn ( ) x x = khi x 0
b)
3
x 0
x
lim
x
= .Vi ( ) x x = l VCB bc cao hn ( )

3
x x = khi x 0
( )
( )
lim
x a
x
x
=A
( ) x l VCB bc cao hn ( ) x
A=0
A ( ) =
( ) x l VCB bc thp hn ( ) x
( ) x l VCB cng bc ( ) x
A=C ( ) 0,
C=1
( ) x l VCB tng ng ( ) x
K hiu l ( ) ( ) x x

6
c)
3
3
x 0
3x
lim 3
x
= .Vi ( )
3
x 3x = l VCB cng bc ( )
3
x x = khi x 0
d)
x 0
sin(x)
lim 1
x
= . Vi ( ) x sin(x) = l VCB tng ng ( ) x x = khi x 0 .

Trong V d 9.d) th ngi ta thy rng ( ) x (x) s c th gip thay th cc VCB phc tp
bng cc VCB tng ng n gin hn khi tnh gii hn.
b) V cng b tng ng
nh ngha: Hai VCB khi x a gi l tng ng vi nhau nu
( )
( )
lim 1
x a
x
x
= ,
K hiu : ( ) ( ) x x .
Nu ( ) 0 x khi x a th :
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
sin ,
sin ,
x x
acr x x

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
,
tg x x
arctg x x

2
(x)
1 cos (x) ~
2
(x)
ln(1 (x)) ~
2
'
1
1

1
1
1
!
1

1
1
1
1+

[ [
k
(x)
1 (x) 1~ k (x)
e 1~ (x)
'
1

1
!
1

1
+

nh l 1: Nu ( ) x v ( ) x l hai VCB khi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
, , x a x x x x khi x a
th
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
lim lim .
x a x a
x x
x x

=

V d 9. p dng VCB tng ng tnh cc gii hn sau
a)
2
0 0 0 0
sin sin
1 cos 1
2 2
lim lim limsin .lim . 0
2 2 2
2
x x x x
x x
x x
x
x x

= = =
b)
0 0 0
1 1
sin sin
1 1
lim lim limsin
2 2 2
x x x
x
x x
x x

= = nhng khng tn ti
0
1
limsin
x
x
nn hm s khng tn ti
gii hn khi x 0
c)
2
2 2
x 0 x 0
x
2sin
1 cosx 1
2
lim lim
x x 2

= =
d)
2 2
x 0 x 0 x 0
sinx x 1
lim lim lim
x x x

= = =

7
nh l 2: (quy tc ngt b cc VCB bc cao). Nu ( ) ( ) , x x l cc VCB khi ( ) , x a x l
VCB bc cao hn ( ) x th khi x a
( ) ( ) ( ). x x x +
Tht vy, ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
lim lim 1 1 lim 1
x a x a x a
x x x x
x x x

| | +
= + = + =
|
|
\

V d 10.
2 3 2 3
0 0 0 0
3 4 3 4
lim lim lim lim 0;
3 3 3 3

+
= + =
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x

V d 11. Chng minh rng
2 3
sin x x x x + khi 0 x .
Khi 0 x th
3 3
4 4
sin sin ; x x x x =

3 3 3
2 3 2
2 2 4
x x x x x x + = + = .
V bc ca
2
x cao hn bc ca
3
2
x . Do
2 3
sin x x x x + khi 0 x .
a)
2 2
0
sin2 arcsin
lim ;
3
x
x x arctg x
x
+

b)
3 2 4
3 2 3
0
1 cos 2sin sin 3
lim
6sin 5
x
x x x x x
tg x x x x
+ +
+

Gii.
a) Ta c
2 2 2 2
sin2 arcsin 2 2 x x arctg x x x x x + + = khi 0 x
Do
2 2
0 0
sin2 arcsin 2 2
lim lim
3 3 3
x x
x x arctg x x
x x

+
= =
b) Ta bin i t s:
3 2 4 2 3 2 4
1 cos 2sin sin 3 2sin 2sin sin 3
2
x
x x x x x x x x x + + = + +
2
3 4
2 2 3 2
2
x
x x x x
| |
+ +
|
\
khi 0 x
Cn mu s tng ng vi
3 2 3
6 5 x x x x x + khi 0 x
Vy ta c:
0
2
lim 2
x
x
x
= .
V d 13. Tnh cc gii hn sau s dng cc VCB tng ng

8
2 3
2 3
x 1
2x
x 0
2
2
x 0
x 0
ln(1 x 3x 2x )
a) lim
ln(1 3x 4x x )
e 1
b) lim
ln(1 4x)
sin 3x
c) lim
ln (1 2x)
1 2x 1
d) lim
tg3x

( )
( ) ( )
2
10 8 2 2
3 x 7 8
x 0
3 4 x 1
3
6 9 x 1
2
x 7x x ln(1 2x )(1 cos4x)
e) lim
sin x.(e 1).arctg(3x)+x x
(x 1) sin (x 1).(e 1)
f ) lim
1 (x 1) 1 arcsin x-1 x 1

l

l
l

Cch kh dng v nh m 1

Xt gii hn [ ]
g( x)
x a
lim f (x)
trong
x a
limf (x) 1
= v ( )
x a
limg(x)
= . Khi ta c th s dng 2
cch sau kh dng v nh ny
Cch 1
[ ] ( ) ( )
( ) f (x) 1 g(x)
1
g(x) g(x)
f (x) 1
x a x a x a
lim f (x) lim 1 f (x) 1 lim 1 f (x) 1

(
= + = + ( (
(

Biu thc ( )
1
f (x) 1
x a
lim 1 f (x) 1

(
+ (
(

c dng ( )
1
u
u 0
lim 1 u e
+ = vi u=f(x) -1
Vy gii hn cn tnh c th vit li thnh ( )
( )
( )
x a
f (x) 1 g(x)
1
lim f (x) 1 g(x)
f (x) 1
x a
lim 1 f (x) 1 e

(
+ = (
(

Cch 2
t [ ] [ ] [ ]
g(x) g(x)
y f (x) ln y ln f (x) g(x) ln f (x) = = =
Lc ny ta xt [ ] [ ]
x a x a x a
limln y limg(x) ln f (x) ln y limg(x) ln f (x)

= = vi v phi c dng v nh
*0 . Ph thuc vo tng bi ton m ta c th a cc dng v nh ny v
0
*0
1
=
hay
*0
1
0
=
V d 14. Tnh cc gii hn sau
a) ( )
1
3
0
lim 1 .
x
x
x
+
Ta gp dng1
khi 0 x . Ta c ( ) ( )
1
1
1 1
3
3
3
3
0 0
lim 1 lim 1
x x
x x
x x e e

(
+ = + = =
(

.
b)
2
1
lim 1
x
x
x
| |
+
|
\

y, ta c dng v nh 1
khi x . Ta c

9
2
1
0
2 2
1 1
lim 1 lim 1 1.
x x x
x x
e
x x

(
| | | |
( + = + = =
| |
\ \ (

a)
3
lim
x
x
x
x
+ | |
|
\
b)
3
2
lim
1
x
x
x
x
+
+ | |
|
\

c) So snh cc VCL
Gi s ( ) F x v ( ) G x l hai VCL khi x a .

nh l 3: Nu ( ) F x v ( ) G x l hai VCL khi x a , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
, F x F x G x G x khi x a
th :
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
lim lim
x a x a
F x F x
G x G x

=
nh l 4: Nu ( ) F x v ( ) G x l hai VCL khi x a , ( ) G x l VCL bc thp hn ( ) F x th
khi x a , ( ) ( ) ( ) F x G x F x + (Quy tc ngt b cc VCL).
V d 14. Tnh cc gii hn sau
3 5
3 2
23 5 10 30
13 2 25 30
7 6
) lim
12 6
7 6 4 8
) lim
12 6 1000
x
x
x x x
a
x x x
x x x x x
b
x x x x x
+
+
+ +
+ +

( )
( )
lim
x a
F x
G x
=A
F(x) l VCL bc cao hn G(x)
A=0
A ( ) =
F(x) l VCL bc thp hn G(x)
F(x) l VCL cng bc G(x)
A=C ( ) 0,
C=1
F(x) l VCL tng ng G(x)
K hiu l F(x) G(x)

10
( )
( )
4 2 4
2
) lim 3 1
) lim 1
x
x
c x x x
d x x x
+
+

Gii.
a) Ta c
3 5 3
7 6 7 x x x x + khi x ;
3 2 3
12 6 12 x x x x + khi x .
Vy
3 5 3
3 3 2
7 6 7 7
lim lim
12 12 12 6
x x
x x x x
x x x x

+
= =
+
.
Tng t cho cc cu sau
II. Hm s lin tc
1. nh ngha
Cho f l mt hm s lin tc trong khong (a, b ), x
0
l mt im thuc ( a, b). Ngi ta ni rng
hm s f lin tc ti x
0
nu:
( ) ( )
0
0
lim
x x
f x f x
= . (1)
Nhn xt: d dng trong tnh tan ngi ta thng pht biu nh ngha di dng sau:
i) f(x
0
) phi xc nh
ii)
0
x x
lim f (x)
phi tn ti
iii)
0
0
x x
lim f (x) f (x )
=
V d 15. Xt s lin tc ca cc hm s sau
2
2
2
a) f (x) x 2x 3
x 9
b) g(x)
x 5x 6
=
=

Gii.
a) Ta c
2
f (x) x 2x 3 = l mt hm s s cp nn xc nh, c gii hn
f
x D . Nn hm
s lin tc ti mi x thuc tp xc nh D
f

b) Ta c
2
2
x 9
g(x)
x 5x 6
=

l mt phn thc hu t ( l mt dng ca hm s s cp) nn hm
s xc nh, c gii hn
f
x D \ 2, 3 = . Nn hm s cng lin tc ti mi x thuc D
f
.
Ring ti x=2, 3 ta nghi ng rng hm s c hoc khng lin tc nn ta lm nh sau:
* Khi x= 3 th ta kim tra 3 iu kin ca hm lin tc:
i)
2
2
x 9 0
g(x) g(3)
x 5x 6 0
= =

khng xc nh nn ta c th b qua 2 iu kin kia v kt
lun hm s khng lin tc ti x=3.
* Tng t khi x=2.
V d 15. Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau ti
0
x 0 =

11
( )
2
2x x 0
a)f (x)
sin x
x 0
x

=

<

3 x 0
b)f (x)
sin3x
x 0
x

=

<

c) f (x) x = .

d)
sin2x
f (x)
x
=
nh ngha 2. (Lin tc tri, phi)
* Lin tc tri
Mt hm s f c gi l lin tc tri ti mt im x =c thuc D
f
nu tha mn 3 iu kin sau
- f(c) c nh ngha ( xc nh).
-
x c
limf (x)
phi tn ti.
-
x c
limf (x) f (c)
= .
Ta pht biu tng t cho trng hp lin tc phi.
V d 16. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca x m ti hm s f(x) khng lin tc
2
2
x 1 x 1
a) f (x) x 3x 4 1 x 3
5 x x 3
x
b) g(x)
x 1
'
<
1
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1+
=

2
x 3
c) k(x)
x 3x

V d 17. Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau:
sinx
, khi x 0
x
a)f (x)
1 , khi x 0
1
sin , khi x 0
b)f (x)
x
a , khi x 0
'
1
1

1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
'
1
1

1
=
!
1
1
=
1
+

( )
2
3x
1 cosx
, khi x
x-
c)f (x)
1
, khi x
2
ln(1 2x)
, khi x 0
1 e
d)f (x)
2
, khi x 0
3
'

1
1

1
1

1
=
!
1
1
1
=
1
1
+
'

1
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
1+


12
2. Cc v d
V d 18. Tnh
2
2 3
lim
4 2
x
x
x
+
+

Khi x , cc t s v mu s u l cc VCL. Theo nguyn tc ngt b cc VCL

2 2
2
2 3 2
lim lim lim .
4 2 4 4
x x x
x
x x
x x x

+
= =
+

Vy
2
2 3 2
lim
4 2 4
x
x
x
+
+
=
+
,
2
2 3 2
lim
4 2 4
x
x
x
+
=
+

V d 19. Tm
2
3
lim 5
x
x
x
+
.
Ta c
2 2
lim
2
3 3
lim 5 5 5 25
x
x x
x x
x
+ +
= = =
V d 20. Tm
3
1
2 2
lim .
26 3
x
x
x
+

Ta phi kh dng v nh
0
0
. t
3
26 x z + = , suy ra
3
26 x z = .
Khi 1 x th
3
27 z hay 3 z . Ta c

( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
3 3 2
3
2
3
2 26 2 2 27 2 3 3 9
2 2 2 54
2 3 9
3 3 3 3 26 3
z z z z z
x z
z z
z z z z x
+ +

= = = = = + +
+

khi 3. z
Vy
( )
2
3
1 3
2 2
lim lim2 3 9 54
26 3
x z
x
z z
x

= + + =
+

V d 21. Tm
6
sin
6
lim .
3 2cos x
x
x
| |
|
\

t ( )
sin
6
,
3 2cos
x
f x
x
| |
|
\
=
c dng
0
0
khi
6
x

. t .
6
x z
= Khi
6
x

th 0 z . Ta c
( )
2
2sin cos
sin sin
2 2
3 3 cos sin
3.2sin 2sin cos 3 2cos
2 2 2 6
z z
z z
f x
z z z
z z
z

= = = =
| | +
+ +
|
\

cos
2
3sin cos
2 2
z
z z
=
+
(khi 0 z ).
Vy ( )
0
6
cos
2
lim lim 1
3sin cos
2 2
z
x
z
f x
z z

= =
+


13
V d 22. Tm
3
0
sin
lim .
x
tgx x
x

t ( )
3
sin
,
tgx x
f x
x
= ta c dng
0
0
khi 0 x . Ta c
( )
( )
2
3 3 3
2sin .sin
sin 1 cos
sin sin cos
2
.
cos cos cos
x
x
x x
x x x
f x
x x x x x x
= = =

khi
2
2
2
0, sin , sin
2 2 4
x x x
x x x
| |
=
|
\

Vy ( )
2
2
3 3
0 0 0 0
2sin .sin 2 .
2 1
2 4
lim lim lim lim .
cos cos 4cos 2
x x x x
x x
x x
f x
x x x x x

= = = =
V d 23. Tm ( )
1
3
0
lim 1 .
x
x
x
+
Ta gp dng1
khi 0 x . Ta c ( ) ( )
1
1
1 1
3
3
3
3
0 0
lim 1 lim 1
x x
x x
x x e e

(
+ = + = =
(

.
V d 24. Tm
( )
0
ln 1
lim
3 1
x
x
x

Ta phi kh dng v nh
0
0
. Khi 0 x th : ( ) ln 1 x x + v 3 1 ln3.
x
x
Vy
( )
0 0
ln 1
1
lim lim .
3 1 ln3 ln3
x
x x
x
x
x

+
= =

2
2
x 2x 2
x 1
x
x
2
x 1
2
x
x
x x
2
x 0
2x 1
a) lim
2x 3
x 2x 1
b) lim
3x 3
5 4
c) lim
x x

( )
1

( )
l
l
l
l

3. im gin on ca hm s
Hm s ( ) f x gi l gin on ti
0
x nu n khng lin tc ti
0
x . Vy
0
x l im gin
on ca hm s ( ) f x nu:
- Hoc ( ) f x khng xc nh ti
0
x ;
- Hoc ( ) f x xc nh ti
0
x , nhng ( ) ( )
0
0
lim
x x
f x f x
;

14
- Hoc khng tn ti ( )
0
lim .
x x
f x

V d 26. Hm s ( )
sin
2
x
f x = khng xc nh ti x = 0, nhng
0
sin
lim 0
2
x
x
= .
Vy x = 0 l im gan on b c. Nu ta b sung gi tr ( ) 0 1 f = , th hm s tr nn lin
tc c ti x = 0.
V d 27. Hm s ( )
1
1
x
f x
x
+
=

0
0
khix
khix
>

Xc nh ti mi x , nhng
( ) ( )
0 0
lim 1 1 lim
x x
f x f x
+

= = . Vy x = 0 l im gin on
V d 28. Hm s ( )
1
f x
x
= khng xc nh ti x = 0.
V
0 0
1 1
lim , lim
x x
x x
+

= + = , im x = 0 l im gin on
V d 29. Tm im gin an ca cc hm s sau:
3 2
5 2x
a) f (x)
x x 4
b) g(x) x 2x
3
x 1
c) h(x)
x 1
3 x 1
=
= (

V d 30. Tm a, b cc hm s sau lin tc
a)
ax+1 x
2
f (x)
sinx+b x
2
'

1
1

1
1
1
=
!
1

1

1
1
1+
c)
2
x x 1
f (x)
x ax+b |x|>1
'
1
1
=
!
1

1+

b)
3
(x 1) x 0
f (x) ax+b 0<x<1
x x 1
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1

1+
d)
2
2
(x 1)
| x | 1
x 1
f (x) a x=-1
b x=1
'
1
1

1
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1+


15
BI TP
Bi 1. Tnh gii hn 1 pha cc hm s sau
1
1 x
x 5
x 1
x
x
x x
2 x
x x 2
6
a) lim
d) lim3
x 5
2 3 1
b) lim e) lim
2 3 x
x ln(1 e )
f ) lim c) lim
cosx-1 x

Bi 2. Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau, nu tn ti
( )
2 2
x 3 x 3
2
2
2
x 3
x 1
4
3
2
x 1 h 0
3
t 0
h 0
x x 12 x x 12
a) lim e) lim
x 3 x 3
x 2
x x 2
b) lim
f ) lim
x x 6
x 3x 2
1 h 1 x 1
g) lim c) lim
x 1 h
9 t
(2 h) 8
d) lim
h) lim
3 t h

4
t 0
x 9
2
x 9
2
x 1
1 1
t 0
h 0
2
x 1
x 2
2 t 2
x 16
k) lim
o) lim
t
x 2
x 81
1 2
l) lim
p) lim
x 3
x 1 x 1
1 1
(3 h) 3
m) lim
q) lim
t t 1 t
h
1 1
x x
i) lim
x 2
n) lim
1 x
x 2
l
l
l

l
l
l

Bi 3. Gii thch ti sao khi vit
2
x x 6
x 3
x 2

=
li sai trong khi vit

( )
2
x 2 x 2
x x 6
lim lim x 3
x 2

=
li ng.
Bi 4. Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau, nu tn ti. Nu khng tn ti gii thch ti sao

16
2
x 1.5
x 4
x 4 x 0
x 2
x 0
2x 3x
d) lim
a) lim x 4
2x 3
x 4
1 1
b) lim e) lim
x 4 x x
x 2
1 1
c) lim
f ) lim
x 2
x x

( )

( )

Bi 5. Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau
2
2
x 0
2
2
x
x 0
5
2 5
x 0
5
x
20 30
50
x
2 20
3 10
x 2
x 1
a) lim
2x x 1
x 1
b) lim
2x x 1
(1 x)(1 2x)(1 3x) 1
c) lim
x
(1 x) (1 5x)
d) lim
x x
(x 1)(x 2)(x 3)(x 4)(x 5)
e) lim
(5x 1)
(2x 3) (3x 2)
f ) lim
(2x 1)
(x x 2)
g) lim
(x 12x 16)
h) lim

( )
3 2
3 2
x 1
3
2
x 2
x 3
2
x
x
2
2
x 2
x
x 7x 4x 2
k) lim
5x 7x x 3
x 8
l) lim
x 3x 10
2 x 1
m) lim
2x 5 1
n) lim x 3 x x 2
o) lim 2x
3x 5x 2
x x 6
x x x
t) lim
x 1

( )
1

( )
1

( )

( )
1

( )
( )
( )
2
2
x
3 2
3
x 2
3
x 1
x 4
1 4x x 3
p) lim x x x 2
x 3x 9x 2
q) lim
x x 6
1 x
r) lim
1 x
1 2x 3
s) lim
x 2

( )
1

( )
1

( )

Bi 6. Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau

17
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
x 2
2
x 4
3 4
3
x
3
x 2
2 2
x x
3 2 3
3 3
x
x
3
x 0 x 4
1 x x 7 2x x
x 2
a) lim
f ) lim
x 2x
x 5x 4
x x x
x 6 2
b) lim
g) lim
2x 1
x 8
c) lim x x x x h) lim x 7 x 1
k) lim x x 1 x
d) lim x 1 x
1 cx 1 1 2x 3
l) lim e) lim
x
x 2

( )

Bi 7. p dng VCB tnh cc gii hn sau:
1.
x 0
1 sin 4x cos4x
lim
1 sin 4x cos4x

+
2.
2
2
x 0
1
lim cot g x
sin x
| |
|
\

3.
2
x 0
1 cos 4x
lim
x.tg2x
4.
x 0
cos4x-cos5x.cos3x
lim
2x.sinx
| |
|
\

5.
3
x 0
sin 2x tg2x
lim
x
| |
|
\
6.
3
x 0
tgx+1 sinx+1
lim
x
| |
|
|
\

7.
x 0
ln(1 6x) ln(1 2x)
lim
2x
+ + | |
|
\
8.
x 0
ln(cos4x)
lim
ln(cos2x)
| |
|
\

9.
x a
sinx-sina
lim
x a
10.
x 0
sin5x
lim
tg8x

11.
x / 2
lim x tgx
2
| |
|
\
12.
x 0
1 2x 1
lim
tg3x
+

13.
2
2
x 0
sin 3x
lim
ln (1 2x)
+
14.
2x
x 0
e 1
lim
ln(1 4x)

15.
2 3
2 3
x 1
ln(1 x 3x 2x )
lim
ln(1 3x 4x x )
+ +
+ +
16.
2
x 0
ln(1 cosx)
lim
ln(1 x )
+
+

17.
3
5
2 x 0 3
(1 x) 1
lim
(1 x) (1 x) 1

+ +
19.
3
4
x 0
8 3x 2
lim
16 4x 2
+
+

20.
2
x 0
1 1 4x
lim
1 1 arctgx

21.
[ ]
3 1 x
x 1
e 1
lim
ln cos(x-1)

22.
x 0
1 2x 1
lim
tg3x
+
23.
3
4
x 0
8 3x 2
lim
16 5x 2
+
+


18
24.
2
x 0
x
arcsin
1-x
lim
ln(1 x)
| |
|
\
25.
2
x 1/ 2
4x 1
lim
arcsin(1 2x)

26.
x 1
x 1
sin(e 1)
lim
ln(x)
27.
2
x 0
ln(cosx)
lim
ln(1 x )
+

28.
2
2
x 2
arctg(2-x)+sin(x-2)
lim
x 4
29.
4 2 3
x 0
1 x x 1
lim
ln cosx
+ +

30.
2 3
x 0
2sin x x ln(1 x)
lim
x x x
+
+ + +
+
31.
3
7 x
3
x 0
xarcsin x(e 1)
lim
tg x.ln(1 3x)
+
+

Bi 8. p dng cc VCB tnh cc gii hn sau
3
2
x
3x 4
2
1 x
x
2
x
x 1
2 x 1
2
1 x
2
x
2
x
x c
x
1
x a
x a
x 2
3x x 1
a) lim
e) lim
x 3
2x x 1
x 1
b) lim x 1
f ) lim
x 9
x 1
x 5a
c) lim g) lim
x 2b
sin2x
d) lim
sin 2a

( )

( )
1

( )

( )
1

( )
1

( )
x
x 0
x
x 0
tgx
x
2
1 2x
h) lim cos( x)
k) lim(sinx)

l.
0
1 2 1
lim
3
x
x
tg x
+
m.
( )
2
2
0
sin 3
lim
ln 1 2
x
x
x
+

n.
( )
2
0
1
lim
ln 1 4
x
x
e
x
o.
( )
( )
2 3
2 3
1
ln 1 3 2
lim
ln 1 3 4
x
x x x
x x x
+ +
+ +

k.
( )
2
0
ln cos
lim
ln 1
x
x
x
+

p.
( )
( ) ( )
3
5
2 0
3
1 1
lim
1 1 1
x
x
x x

+ +
q.
3
4
0
8 3 2
lim
16 4 2
x
x
x
+
+

x.
2
0
1 1 4
lim
1 1
x
x
arctgx

y.
( )
3 1
1
1
lim
ln cos 1
x
x
e
x
(

Bi 9. Xt tnh lin tc ca cc hm s sau

19
2
2
2
3
x 4
, khi x 2
a)f (x)
x-2
a , khi x 2 x , khi x 1
e)f (x)
x ax+b ,khi
x 1 , khi x 1
b)f (x)
ax 2 , khi x 1
ax 1 , khi x
2
c) f (x)
sinx b , khi x
2
(x 1) , khi x 0
d)f (x) ax+b , khi 0<x<1
x , khi x 1
'
1
1

1
=
!
1
1
= 1
+
=
'

1
1
=
!
1

1+
'

1
1

1
1
1
=
!
1

1

1
1
1+
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1

1+

2
2
x 1
(x 1)
, khi x 1
x 1
f ) f (x)
a ,khi x 1
b , khi x 1
x
xcos
3
2
, x , \ 0,
sinx 2 3
g)f (x) a , x 0
b , x
'
1
1
!
1
1+
'
1
1

1
1

1
=
!
= 1
1
1
1
=
1
+
'
1
1
1 l

1
l 1
1
l
1 l
1
1
= =
!
1
1
= 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+

Bi 10. Hy phn lai im gin an ca cc hm s sau
2
3
3 2
x
1 x
a)y
d)y
x x 6
1 x
1
1 1
b)y
x 1
x x 1
e)y
1 1
1
c)y
x 1 x
x 3x 4x
=
=

=


20
2.O HM VI PHN
I. o hm
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trong khang ( ) , a b v ( )
0
, x a b . Nu tn ti gii hn ca t s
( )
( ) ( )
0
0 '
0
x x
0
f x f x
f x lim
x x
(2.1)
Khi
0
x x th gii hn y c gi l o hm ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti im
0
x , k hiu l
( )
'
0
f x hay ( )
'
0
y x .
V d 31. Cho hm s
x 1
e x 2
, khi x 1
y f (x)
x 1
m , khi x 1
'
1
1

1
1
= =
!
1
1
=
1
1+

a) Xc nh m hm s lin tc ti x =-1
b) Tm f(-1) ng vi m va tm c trong cu a
V d 32. Cho hm s
2x 1 cosx
, khi x 0
y f (x)
x
m , khi x 0
'
1

1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
= 1
1+

a) Xc nh m hm s lin tc ti x=0
b) Tm f(0) ng vi m va tm c trong cu a
2. Cc quy tc tnh o hm
2.1 o hm ca tng, tch, thng ca hai hm s
Nu cc hm s ( ) ( ) , u u x v v x = = c o hm ti x th:
a) ( ) ( ) u x v x + cng c o hm ti x v ( )
'
' '
u v u v + = + .
b) ( ) ( ) . u x v x cng c o hm ti x v ( )
'
' '
. . . u v u v v u = + .
c)
( )
( )
u x
v x
cng c o hm ti x, tr khi ( ) 0 v x v
'
' '
2
. . u u v v u
v v
| |
=
|
\
.
2.2 o hm ca hm s hp
Nu hm s ( ) u g x = c o hm theo x, hm ( ) y f x = c o hm theo u th hm s hp
( ) y f g x = (

c o hm theo x v ( ) ( ) ( )
' ' '
. y x y u u x = .
V d 33. Cho ( ) sin cos y x = . Tnh y?
t cos , sin u x y x = = . Vy ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' ' '
. cos . sin cos cos .sin y x y u u x u x x x = = = .
2.3 o hm ca hm s ngc
nh l 17. Nu hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm ti x, ( )
'
0 f x , v nu hm s ( ) y f x = c
hm s ngc ( ) x y = th hm s ( ) x y = c o hm ti ( ) y f x = v ta c ( )
( )
'
'
1
y
f x
= .
p dng nh l ny ta c th tm o hm ca mt s hm lng gic ngc sau;

21
a) ( )
'
2
1
arcsin , 1.
1
x x
x
=

b) ( )
'
2
1
arccos , 1.
1
x x
x
=

c) ( )
'
2
1
arc .
1
tgx
x
=
+

d) ( )
'
2
1
arc .
1
cotgx
x
=
+

V d 34. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
3
2
2 5x 1 2
a) f (x) arcsin(3x 3) cos(x x 1)
b) g(x) acrtg(3x 3x 2) e ln(3x 3x)
=
=

2.4 Bng o hm ca cc hm s s cp c bn
Hm s o hm Hm s o hm
C 0 cosx -sinx
x
1
x

tgx
2
1
cos x

x
a (0 a 1) <
x
a lna
cotgx
2
1
sin x

x
e
x
e
arcsinx
2
1
1 x

a
log x 1
xlna

arccosx
2
1
1 x

ln x 1
x

arctgx
2
1
1 x

sin x
cos x arccotgx
2
1
1 x

V d 35. Tnh o hm cc hm s sau
x
x
x
x
e
a) y x
b) y 2
c)y x
=
=
=

2
x
x
x
cosx
d) y x
b) y x
c)y sinx
=
=
=

2.5 o hm mt pha
Cho hm s f v
0 f
x D . Cc gii hn hu hn
0
0
0
x x
0
f (x) f (x )
f '(x ) lim
x x
,
0
0
0
x x
0
f (x) f (x )
f '(x ) lim
x x

gi l cc o hm mt pha, ln lt l o hm tri, phi ca f ti x
0


22
Nhn xt:
i) C nhng hm s khng c o hm ti mt im theo nh ngha.
ii) Nu f xc nh trn [a,b] th vic i hi o hm hai pha ti a, b l v ngha.
nh l 17
Hm s f c o hm ti x
o
khi v ch khi n c o hm tri, phi ti x
o
v chng bng nhau
0 0 0
f '(x ) f '(x ) f '(x )

= =
Nhn xt:
1) Nu
0 0
'( ) '( ) f x f x
+
th ( ) f x khng c o hm ti x
0
. V mt hnh hc, tip tuyn tri v
tip tuyn phi ca th hm s ( ) y f x = ti im ( ) ( )
0 0
, x f x khng trng nhau.
2) Ngi ta ni hm s ( ) f x c o hm trong khong ( a, b) nu n c o hm ti mi im
trong khong , hm s ( ) f x c o hm trn on [ a, b] nu n c o hm ti mi im
trong khong (a, b), c o hm phi ti a v o hm tri ti b.
V d 36. Tm o hm phi, o hm tri ca cc hm s sau ti im ch ra
2
x
2
a) f (x) x , x 0
b) f (x) x 5x 6 , x 2, x 3
c) f (x) 2 2 , x 1
d) f (x) sinx , x 0, x
= =
= = =
= =
= = =

V d 37. Cho hm s
bx
2
(x a)e , khi x 0
y f (x)
ax bx 1 , khi x 0
'
1 <
1
= =
!
1

1+

Tm a,b hm s c o hm ti x
0
=0.
3 o hm cp cao
Nu hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm th ( )
' '
y f x = gi l o hm cp 1 ca x. o hm, nu c,
ca o hm cp 1 gi l o hm cp 2, k hiu l ( )
" "
y f x = .
Vy ( ) ( )
'
" " '
y f x f x ( = =

.
Tng t o hm ca o hm cp ( n-1) ca f(x) gi l o hm cp n, k hiu l
( )
( )
n
f x . Vy
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
'
1 n n n
y f x f x
(
= =

.
V d 38. ( ) , 0 y x x
= > . Ta c:

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
' 1
" 2
''' 3
.
,
1 ,
1 2 ,
..........................................
1 2 ... 1
n n
y x
y x
y x
y n x
=
=
=
= +

c bit, nu
*
n = th
n
y x = ,
' 1 n
y nx

= ,

23

( )
( ) ( ) . 1 . 2 ...2.1 !
n
y n n n n = =
Do
( )
0
m
y = nu m > n.
V d 39. sin y x = . Tnh
( ) n
y ?
Ta c:
'
cos sin ,
2
y x x
| |
= = +
|
\

( )
''
cos sin 2 ,
2 2
................................
sin .
2
n
y x x
y x n

| | | |
= + = +
| |
\ \
| |
= +
|
\

V d 40.Tnh o hm cp n cc hm s sau
3x
a) f (x) e
b) f(x) =cosx
=

Cng thc Leibniz
Gi s cc hm s u(x), v(x) c o hm lin tip n cp n. Khi , ta c
( )
( )
( )
0
. ,
n
n
n k k k
n
k
uv C u v
=
=

trong
( )
!
! !
k
n
n
C
k n k
=
,
( ) ( ) 0 0
, . u u v v = =
Cng thc trn gi l cng thc Leibniz, c chng minh bng phng php quy np.
Ngai ra ta cn mt vi quy tc tnh o hm cp cao khc nh sau:
( )
( )
n
(n)
n
n n
cu cu
u v u v
=
=

V d 41. Tnh
( ) n
y nu
( )
2
2 3
x
y x x e = + .
t
( )
2
, 2 3
x
u e v x x = = + . Ta c
( ) n x
u e = ,
' '' '''
2 2, 2, 0 v x v v = + = = .
Do :
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) 1 2
0 2 1 2
. 2 3 2 2 .2
n n n
n x x x
n n n
y C e x x C e x C e

= + + + +

( ) ( )
( )
2
1
2 3 2 2 .2
2
x x x
n n
e x x ne x e
= + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 3 1 2 1 3
x x
e x n x n n n e x n x n n ( ( = + + + + = + + + +

.
V d 42. Tnh o hm cp n cc hm s sau:
3 3x
n n 1
0 1 n
a)y x x e
b)y a x a x ... a
1 x
c)y
1 x
=
=


24
II. Vi phn
1. nh ngha
Cho hm s ( ) y f x = c o hm ti x, theo nh ngha ca o hm: ( )
'
x 0
y
f x lim ,
x

trong
( ) ( ) y f x x f x = + .
Vy khi ( )
'
y
x 0, f x
x
= +
vi 0 khi 0 x .
Do : ( ) ( ) ( )
'
y f x x f x f x . x x = + = + .
S hng x l mt VCB bc cao hn x . Do , y v ( )
'
f x x l hai VCB tng ng.
Biu thc ( )
'
f x x gi l vi phn ca hm s ( ) y f x = ti x, k hiu l dy hay df(x). Vy
( )
'
dy f x x = .
* Nu hm s c vi phn ti x, ta ni f(x) kh vi ti x. Nh vy, i vi hm s mt bin s, khi
nim hm s c o hm ti x v hm s kh vi ti x tng ng nhau.
* Nu y x = th 1. dy dx x = = . Vy i vi bin s c lp x, ta c dx x = . Do , ta c th
vit: ( )
'
dy f x dx = .
nh l 18. Hm s f kh vi ti x
0
khi v ch khi n c o hm ti im
V d 43: Nu 1 ln y x = + , th
'
1 1
.
2 1 ln
y
x x
=
+
. Do
1
2 1 ln
dy dx
x x
=
+
.
V d 44. Tm m,n cc hm s sau:
2
2
x , khi x 1
a) f (x)
x , khi x 1
m nx khi x 1
b) f (x) 1
khi x 1
x
'

1
1
=
!
1

1+
'
1 <
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1+

i) Lin tc trn
ii) Kh vi trn
2. Vi phn ca tng, tch, thng
T cng thc o hm ca tng, tch, thng ca hai hm s suy ra:

( )
( )
( )
2
.
0.
d u v du dv
d u v udv vdu
u vdu udv
d v
v v
+ = +
= +
| |
=
|
\

3. Vi phn cp cao
Vi phn cp hai ca hm s f ti mt im no l vi phn ti im y ca vi phn ( cp mt)
df v k hiu d
2
f. Vy
2
d f d(df ) =
Tng t, vi phn cp n ca f l vi phn ca vi phn cp n-1 ca n

25
n n 1
d f d(d f )
=
Ch : Khi tnh vi phn cp cao th dx l mt s bt k khng ph thuc vo x, nn o hm
( hoc vi phn) ca n s bng 0. Vy
2 2
3 2 2 3
d f d(df ) d(f ' dx) df '.dx (f '' dx)dx f '' dx
d f d(d f ) d(f '' dx ) f ''' dx
...
= = = = =
= = =
D thy l
n n n
d f f dx =
Mt s quy tc i vi vi phn cp cao
n n
n n n
n
n k n k k 0 0
n
k 0
d (cu) cd (u)
d (u v) d u d v
d (uv) C d u.d v (d u u, d v v)
=
=
=
= = =

4. ng dng vi phn vo tnh gn ng ( T c)
V khi 0 x , ( ) ( )
0 0
f x x f x + l VCB tng ng vi ( )
'
0
f x x , nn khi x kh nh, ta c cng
thc gn ng ( ) ( ) ( )
'
0 0 0
. f x x f x f x x + + .
V d 45. Tnh y v dy nu ( )
3 2
2 1 y f x x x x = = + + , nu x bin thin t 2 n 2,01.
Ta c
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
' 2
'
'
2 9;
2, 01 9,140701;
2, 01 2 0,140701;
3 2 2;
2 14;
2 . 14.0, 01 0,14.
f
f
y f f
f x x x
f
dy f x
=
=
= =
= +
=
= = =

V d 67. Tnh gn ng
4
15, 8 .
Ta cn tnh gn ng ( )
1
4
y f x x = = ti 16 0,2. t
0
16, 0, 2 x x = = . Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
'
0 0 0
. f x x f x f x x + + . V ( ) ( )
3
' 4
4
0
3 4
1 1
16 2,
4
4
f x f x x
x
= = = =
( )
'
0
3 4
1 1
,
32
4 16
f x = = , ta c
4
4
0, 2
15, 8 16 2 0, 0062 1, 9938.
32
=
V d 46. Tnh gn ng
3
28
5. Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh (T c)
5.1 nh l Rolle. Nu f lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b) v ( ) ( ) f a f b = th ( ) ( )
'
, : 0 c a b f c = .
5.2 nh l Lagrange ( nh l gi tr trung bnh)

26
Nu f lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b) ( ) a b th ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
'
, :
f b f a
c a b f c
b a
hay
( ) ( ) ( )( )
'
f b f a f c b a = .
5.3 nh l Cauchy.
Nu , f g lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b) v ( ) ( )
'
0, , g x x a b th:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
'
'
, :
f b f a f c
c a b
g b g a g c
.
6. Cng thc Taylor Maclaurin.
nh l 19. Nu f c o hm cp n l
( ) n
f lin tc trn [a, b] v f c o hm cp n + 1 trn (a,
b) th ( ) , c a b sao cho: ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
0
! 1 !
k n
n
k n
k
f a f c
f b b a b a
k n
+
+
=
= +
+

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 ' ''
2 1
...
1! 2! ! 1 !
n n
n n
f a f a f a f c
f a b a b a b a b a
n n
+
+
= + + + + +
+
.
Cng thc trn c gi l cng thc khai trin Taylor ca f ti a .
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1
1 !
n
n
n
f c
R b a
n
+
+
=

+
gi l sai s ( d s ) bc n ca cng thc khai trin Taylor ca f ti a.
Nhn xt:
Khi n = 0 th cng thc trn tr thnh cng thc Lagrange.
Khi a = 0 th cng thc Taylor gi l cng thc Maclaurin.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 ' ''
2 1
0 0 0
0 ...
1! 2! ! 1 !
n n
n n
f f f f c
f b f b b b b
n n
+
+
= + + + + +
+
.
Pht biu khc:
Cho hm s f c o hm cp n + 1 trn khong m I cha a. Khi ( ) , , x I c a x hoc
( ) , c x a sao cho
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 ' ''
2 1
...
1! 2! ! 1 !
n n
n n
f a f a f a f c
f x f a x a x a x a x a
n n
+
+
= + + + + +
+
.
V d 47. Vit cng thc khai trin Taylor ca f(x) ti x = 0 vi
a) ( )
x
f x e = b) ( ) sin f x x = c) ( ) ( ) ln 1 f x x = + .
Gii.
a) ( )
x
f x e = , ( )
( )
( )
'
,...,
n x x
f x e f x e = =
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 ' ''
2 1
0 1,
0 0 0
0 ...
1! 2! ! 1 !
n
n n
n n
f n
f f f f c
f x f x x x x
n n
+
+
=
= + + + + +
+

vi ( ) 0, c x hoc ( ) , 0 c x .

27

( )
2 3 1
1 ...
2! 3! ! 1 !
n x n
x
x x x e x
e x
n n
+
= + + + + + +
+
vi 0 1 < < .
b) ( ) sin f x x = . Ta c:
( )
( ) sin
2
n
f x x n
| |
= +
|
\

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
0 2
0 sin
2
1 2 1
n
k
n k
f n
n k
=
| |
= =

|
= + \

Vy cng thc khai trin Taylor ca sinx ti 0 l:
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2 1 3 5 7
2 3
1 1 cos
sin ...
3! 5! 7! 2 1 ! 2 3 !
k k
k
k
x x
x x x
x x x
k k
+
+
+

= + + + +
+ +
vi 0 1 < < .
Nu sai s dng li o hm bc 2k + 2 ta c:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 1 3 5 7
2 2
sin 2 2
1
2
sin ...
3! 5! 7! 2 1 ! 2 2 !
k
k
k
x k
x
x x x
x x x
k k
+
+
| |
+ +
|
\
= + + + +
+ +

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2 1 3
2 2
1 1 sin
...
3! 2 1 ! 2 2 !
k k
k
k
x x
x
x x
k k
+
+
+

= + + +
+ +
.
c) ( ) ( ) ln 1 f x x = + ,
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
' '' '''
2 3
1 1 !
1 1 2
, , ,...,
1
1 1 1
n
n
n
n
f x f x f x f x
x
x x x
= = = =
+
+ + +

( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 1 1 !
n
n
f n
=
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 ' ''
2 1
0 0 0
0 ...
1! 2! ! 1 !
n n
n n
f f f f x
f x f x x x x
n n
+
+
= + + + + +
+
vi 0 1 < < .
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
1
1 2
1
1 1
ln 1 ...
2
1 1
n n
n n
n
x x
x
x x
n
n x
+
+

+ = + + +
+ +
vi 0 1 < < .
V d 48. Tnh gn ng e vi sai s nh hn 0,0001.
Ta c:
( )
2 3 1
1 ...
2! 3! ! 1 !
n x n
x
x x x e x
e x
n n
+
= + + + + + +
+
, 0 1 < < .
Vi
1
2
x = th:
( )
2 3 1
2
1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2
1 ...
2 2! 3! ! 1 !
n n
e
e
n n
+
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
\ \ \ \
= + + + + + +
+

Nhn xt
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
1 1
1
3 2
1 ! 2 1 ! 2 1 !
n
n n
e
e
n n n
+
+ +
| |
|
\
<
+ + +
vi 0 1 < <

28
sai s nh hn 0,0001 ta cn chn n tha
( )
( )
1
1
3
0, 0001 2 1 ! 30000
2 1 !
n
n
n
n
+
+
< + >
+
(*)
(*) ng vi mi 5 n . Vy chn n = 5 ta c:
2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2!2 3!2 4!2 5!2
e A + + + + + = tha iu kin 0, 0001 e A e A = < .
V d 49. Tnh gn ng sin1 vi sai s nh hn
6
10
.
Ta c: vi 0 1 < <
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
2 1
3
2 1
1 1 cos
sin ...
3! 2 1 ! 2 1 !
k k
k
k
x x x
x x x
k k
+

= + + +
+

Cho x = 1 ta c

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1 1 cos 1
sin1 1 ...
3! 2 1 ! 2 1 !
k k
k k

= + + +
+

Sai s
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
6
1 cos
1
10 , 5
2 1 ! 2 1 !
k
k
k k
< <
+ +

Chn k = 5 ta c ( )
4 1 1
sin1 1 ... 1
3! 9!
B + + = tha iu kin
6
sin1 10 B

< .
7. Qui tc LHospital
7.1 Dng
0
0

Cho , f g lin tc trn khong m I cha a v ( ) ( ) 0 f a g a = = . Gi s , f g kh vi ti
{ } ( ) { }
'
\ , 0 \ x I a g x x I a v
( )
( )
'
'
lim
x a
f x
L
g x
= ( L hu hn hoc v hn) th
( )
( )
( )
( )
'
'
x a x a
f x f x
lim lim L
g x g x

= = .
Lu : Nu
( )
( )
'
'
x a
f x
lim
g x
vn c dng v nh
0
0
th ta tip tc ly o hm cp 2 v c tip tc
nh vy cho n khi c mt gi tr xc nh L ( hu hn hoc v hn)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '' n
' '' n
x a x a x a x a
f x f x f x f x
lim lim lim .... lim L
g x g x g x g x

= = = = =
V d 50. Tnh
0
2sin
lim
sin
x x
x
e e x
x x

Ta c
0 0 0 0
2sin 2cos 2sin 2cos
lim lim lim lim 4
sin 1 cos sin cos
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
e e x e e x e e x e e x
x x x x x

+ + + +
= = = =

.
V d 51.

29
3
2
x 1
3
x 0
x 2x 1
a) lim
3x 4x 1
x sinx
b) lim
x

7.2 Dng

Cho I l mt khong m cha a. Gi s , f g xc nh v c o hm hu hn trn
{ } ( ) { }
'
\ , 0 \ I a g x x I a . Nu ( ) ( ) lim lim
x a x a
f x g x

= = + v
( )
( )
'
lim
'
x a
f x
L
g x
= ( L hu hn
hoc v hn) th
( )
( )
( )
( )
x a x a
f x f ' x
lim lim L
g x g' x

= =
Lu : Nu
( )
( )
'
'
x a
f x
lim
g x
vn c dng v nh
th ta tip tc ly o hm cp 2 v c tip tc
nh vy cho n khi c mt gi tr xc nh L ( hu hn hoc v hn)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
' '' n
' '' n
x a x a x a x a
f x f x f x f x
lim lim lim .... lim L
g x g x g x g x

= = = = =
V d 52.
1) ( )
0 0 0 0
1
ln
lim ln lim lim lim 0
1 1 x x x x
x
x
x x x
x x
+ + +

= = = =

2) ( )
1
1
ln 1
lim 0 lim lim 0
x x x
x
x
x x x

+ + +
> = = = (v 0 > )
3)
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
1 sin cos
lim lim
cot sin
x x
x x x
x x x x

| |
=
|
\

( ) ( )
3
0
sin cos sin cos
lim .
x
x x x x x x
x x
+
=
3
0
sin cos
2lim
x
x x x
x
=
2
0 0
cos cos sin sin 2
2lim 2lim
3 3 3
x x
x x x x x
x x

+
= = =
V d 53. Tm gii hn cc hm s sau:
2
x
2x
3
x
ln x
a) lim
x
e
b) lim
3x


30
BI TP
Bi 11. Cho hm s
x 1
e x 2
, khi x 1
f (x)
x 1
m , khi x 1
'
1
1

1
1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1+

a) Xc nh m f lin tc ti x =-1
b) Tm f(-1) ng vi m va tm c trong cu a
Bi 12. Cho hm s
2x
e 2x 1
, khi x 0
f (x)
x
m , khi x 0
'
1
1

1
=
!
1
1
=
1
+

a) Xc nh m f lin tc ti x =0
Bi 13. Cho hm s
2x 1 cosx
, khi x 0
f (x)
x
m , khi x 0
'
1

1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

a) Xc nh m f lin tc ti x =0
Bi 14. Cho hm s
bx
2
(x a)e , khi x 0
f (x)
ax bx 1 , khi x 0
'
1
1
=
!
1
=
1+

Tm a, b hm s c o hm ti x=0.
Bi 15. Cho bit cc cu pht biu sau l ng hay sai
a) Nu f lin tc ti a th f c vi phn ti a
b) Nu f v g c vi phn ti a, th
[ ]
d
f (x) g(x) f '(x) g'(x)
dx
+ = +
c) Nu f v g c vi phn th
[ ]
d
f (x).g(x) f '(x).g'(x)
dx
=
d) Nu f v g c vi phn th
[ ]
d
f (g(x)) f '(g(x)).g'(x)
dx
=
e) Nu f c vi phn th
d f '(x)
f (x)
dx 2 f (x)
=
f) Nu f c vi phn th
( )
d f '(x)
f (x)
dx 2 x
=

31
g)
2
d
x x 2x 1
dx
+ = +
h) Nu f(x) tn ti th
x r
limf (x) f (r)
=
Bi 16. Tm , cc hm s sau y: i) lin tc trn ; ii) kh vi trn
a)
2
x , x 1
y f (x)
x , x 1
+
= =

>

b)
2
x , x 1
y f (x) 1
, x 1
x
+ <
= =

c)
2x 2 , x 1
y f (x) (x 1)(x 2)(x ) ,1 x 2
x
1 , x 2
2
= = < <

d)
3
x x , x 2
y f (x)
1 1
arcsin , x 2
x
+
= =

>

e)
x
2
(x )e , x 0
y f (x)
x x 1 , x 0
+ <
= =

+ +

f)
x , x 0
y f (x)
cosx+ sinx ,x 0
+ <
= =

Bi 17. Tnh
2
2
,
dy d y
dx dx
, vi y=y(x) l hm s cho bi phng trnh tham s
a)
( )
2
1 cos sin x t t = + ,
2
sin cos y t t = ;
b)
( )
2
1
t
x t e = + ,
2 2t
y t e = ;
c)
2
2
1
t t
x
t
,
2
1
t
y
t
=
;
d) ( ) ln 1 sin x t = + , ( ) ln 1 cos 2 y t = ;
Bi 18. p dng quy tc LHospital, tnh cc gii hn sau y
1. 1)
2
2
0
1
lim
2 1
x
x
x x

2)
2
2
1
lim
2 1
x
x
x x

2.
( )( ) ( )
0
1 1 2 1 3 1
lim
x
x x x
x
+ + +


32
3.
( ) ( )
2
2 5
0
1 1 5
lim
x
x x
x x
+ +
+

4.
( ) ( )( )( )( )
( )
5
1 2 3 4 5
lim
5 1
x
x x x x x
x

5.
( ) ( )
( )
20 20
50
2 3 3 2
lim
2 1
x
x x
x
+
+
6.
( )
( )
20
2
10
2 3
2
lim
12 16
x
x x
x x

+

7.
2
3
13 2 1
lim
9
x
x x
x
+ +
+
8.
4
1 2 3
lim
2
x
x
x

9.
2 2
2
2
1 7 2
lim
2
x
x x x x
x x
+ + +

10.
2
0
1 sin 1
lim
x
x x
x
+
11. lim
x
x x x x
| |
+ +
|
\

12.
( )
3 3
lim 1
x
x x
+ 13.
0
1 cos5
lim
1 cos3
x
x
x

14.
2
0
sin
lim
x
tgx x
x
15.
3
1 2cos
lim
3 x
x
x

16.
1
cos
2
lim
1
x
x
x
| |
|
\
17.
( )
( )
3
2
ln 2
lim
ln 3
x
x
x
e
e
+
+
+

18. ( ) lim ln 1 ln
x
x x x
+
+ (

19.
0
1 5
lim
1
x
x
x
e

20.
0
8 7
lim
6 5
x x
x x
x
21.
0
sin 2
lim
ln(1 )
x
x
x
+

22.
2
2
0
2
lim
x h x h
h
a a a
h
+
+
(a>0)
23.
( )
0
sin3 sin
lim
ln 1
x
x x
x
+
24.
1
5
5
lim10
x
x

25.
2
1
2
2
1
lim
x
x
x
x
+
| | +
|
\
26. lim
x c
x
x a
x b
+
+ | |
|
+
\

27.
1
sin
lim
sin
x a
x a
x
a
+
| |
|
\
28.
0
lim 1 2
x
x
x

29.
1
2
2
lim
2
x
x
x

| |
|
\
30.
2
1
1
lim
ln
x
x
x x

31.
( )
1
2
0
lim 1 sin
x
x
x x
(
+

Bi 19. p dng quy tc LHospital, tnh cc gii hn sau y
a)
2
2
1
3 4 7
lim
2 3 5
x
x x
x x
+
+
; b)
0
ln cos
lim
ln cos3
x
x
x
;

33
c)
0
ln
lim
lnsin
x
x
x
+
; d)
2
ln
2
lim
x
x
tgx
+
| |
|
\
;
e)
( )
lim 2
x
arctg x x
+
; f)
2
0
1 1
lim
x
xarctgx x
| |
|
\
;
g)
1
0
2
lim arccos
x
x
x
| |
|
\
; h) ( )
ln
0
lim 1
x
x
x
+
+ ;
i) ( )
0
lim arcsin
tgx
x
x
+
; k) ( )
cos
2
lim
x
x
tgx

.
Bi 20. Tm cc gii hn sau
a) ( )
1
1
lim 0
1
x
x
x
; b) ( ) lim 0, 1
a x
x a
x a
x a
a a
a a
>

c) ( ) lim 0, 1
a x
a a
x a
x a
a a
x a
>
; d)
0
sin
lim
x
x x
tg x

e)
0
limsin ln cot
x
x gx
; f)
2
lim ln
x
x arctgx
+
| |
|
\

g)
2 2
0
1 1
lim
sin
x
x x
| |
|
\
; h)
0
1 1
lim
arcsin
x
x x
| |
|
\

i)
1
1
1
lim
x
x
x

; j)
2
lim
x
x
arctgx
+
| |
|
\

k) ( )
cos
2
lim
x
x
tgx

; l)
sin
0
1
lim
x
x
x
+
| |
|
\

Bi 21. Tnh gii hn cc hm s sau, nu tn ti. Nu khng tn ti gii thch ti sao
2
2
2
x , khi x 0
a) f (x) x , khi 0 x 2
8 x , khi x>2
x 2x 2, khi x 1
b) f (x)
3 x , khi x 1
1 , khi x 0
c) f (x) sgn x 0 , khi x 0
1 , khi x 0
x 1
d) f (x)
x 1
'
<
1
1
1
1
= <
!
1
1
1
1+
'
1 <
1
=
!
1

1+
'
<
1
1
1
1
= = =
!
1
1
1
1+

Bi 22. Dng nh ngha tnh o hm ca cc hm s

34
2
x
2
1
a) y
x
b) y x
c) y e
x 2x, khi x 0
d)y f (x)
x , khi x 0
=
=
=
'
1
1
= =
!
1
<
1+

Bi 23. a) Cho
2
f (x) x sin(x-2). = Tnh f(2)
b) Cho
x
f (x) x (x 1)arcsin
x+1
= . Tnh f(1)
Bi 24. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau
( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )
2
3
2
3
2 2
4 3
2
2
3
2
2 x
2
2
2
x 1
12.y
1.y x 3x 1
x 1
2.y x 3x 5
13.y 3 2x x 1
3.y x 2x 3
14.y x 1 ln x
4.y x 3x 2
15.y x sx
3x 1
5.y
x 1
1 x
16.y
2x 1
x 2x
6.y
sin x
x 1
17.y
2x 1
1
7.y x
x
8.y x e
9.y x 1 sin x
10.y sin x.tgx
11.y x 5x 1 x 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
( )( )
( )
x
2
x
4 2
3x 1
18.y
sin x
e x
19.y
x 1
20.y e sin x x 1
21.y sin 5 x
=
=

Bi 25. Tnh o hm ca hm s

35
2
1 x
1 x
k x
n
2
2 2
f )y e
a) y (acosx+bsinx)
1 sinx
b) y Ae sin( x+ )
g)y ln
1+cosx
ax+b
c)y h)y cos(2arcosx)
cx+d
i)y=ln(ln(lnx ))
d)y 2x x 1
sinx
k)y ln tg
cos(8x-3 )-1
4 2
e)y
tg2x cot g2x
=
=
=
=
= =
=
1

( )
=

Bi 26. Tnh o hm ca hm s sau
( )
x x
7
ln x
2
2
1
log e log e 1 ln x
ln x
arctgx
2
s inx
sinx
x
a)y x
b)y x 2x .e e
c)y arcsinsin x
d)y x
e)y (cosx)
1
f )y 1
x
=
=
=
=
=
1

( )

Bi 27. Tnh o hm f '(0 ), f '(0 )

cc hm s sau
3 4
5 7
1
x
3 4
x , khi x 0
a) f (x)
x , khi x 0
2x , khi x 0
b) f (x)
ln(1 x ) , khi x 0
1 e , khi x 0
c) f (x)
1 x , khi x 0
'

1
1
=
!
1

1
+
'
<
1
1
=
!
1

1
+
'
1
1
<
1
1
=
!
1
1

1
1+

Bi 28. Tnh o hm mt pha ca hm s ti im gin an ca n
( )
2
x
1 x , khi x 0
x
a) f (x)
1 , khi x 0
'
1
1

1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+


36
1
x
1
, khi x 0
b) f (x)
1 e
0 , khi x 0
1+x
arctg , khi x 1
1-x
c) f (x)
, khi x 1
2
1
arctg , khi x 0
x
d) f (x)
, khi x 0
2
'
1
1

1
1
=
!

1
1
1
=
1+
'
1
1
1

1

1 ( )
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1
1+
'
1
1
1

1

1 ( )
1
=
!
1

1
= 1
1
1+

Bi 29. Tm vi phn ca cc hm s sau
4
2
2
4
a) y x 5x
b)y cos x
c) y=x t anx
d) y= 1+t
u 1
e) y
u 1
f )y (1 2r)
=
=
=

Bi 30. a) Tm vi phn dy ca cc hm s sau; b) Tnh gi tr ca dy ng vi x v dx
c cho sau y
( )
2
3 2
3
2
1
1. y x 2x , x 3, dx
2
2. y x 6x 5x 7, x 2, dx 0.1
3. y x 5x , x 1, dx 0.05
4. y 1 x , x 0, dx 0.02
5. y cosx ,x= /6, dx=0.05
6. y=sinx ,x= /6, dx=-0.1
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
=

Bi 31. Tm hm tuyn tnh L(x) ca cc hm s sau ti a
3
3
1.f (x) x , a 1
2.f (x) 1/ 2 x , a 0
3.f (x) 1/ x , a 4
4.f (x) x , a 8
= =
= =
= =
= =


37
Bi 33. Tnh y, dy ng vi gi tr ca x v dx x = . Sau rt ra nhn xt g
2
2
1.y x , x 1, x 0.5
2. y x , x 1, x 1
3. y 6 x , x 2, x 0.4
4.y 16/ x , x 4, x 1
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = =

Bi 34. S dng vi phn tnh gn ng cc gi tr sau
( )
4
6
0
0
1. 36.1
2. 1.02 1.02
1
3.
10.1
4. 1.97
5.sin59
6.cos31.5

Bi 35. Tm vi phn ti cc im ch ra
1 2
3
2 3
2 x
x
1 x 1
a) d ln ; x 1
x x
lnx 1
b) d arctg ; x , x e
x e
(2x 1) 2 3x
c)d ; x 0
(5x 4) 1 x
x 2
d) d
x
1
1
=

( ) ( )
1

= =

( )
1

=

( )
1

( )

Bi 36. Tm o hm v vi phn cp hai ca hm s sau

38
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x(1 3 1 x )
a)y
1 x
b)y cos x
c)y ln x x 1
d)y arctg x+ x 1
x 1
e) y arcsin
x 1
1-x
f ) y arccotg
2x-x
+
=
=
= + +
= +
=
+
=

Bi 37. Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s sau y
a)
2
4 12
x
y
x x
=

; b)
2
2
1
1
x
y
x
+
=
;
c)
2
2
3 2
2 3 2
x
y
x x
=
+
; d) ( )
1
1 2
x
y x

= ;
e) cos y x x = ; f)
3
ln
3
x
y x
x
+
=
.
Bi 38. Vit khai trin Taylor ti ln cn im
0
x ca hm s
a) ( )
0
sin 2 3 , 1 y x x = = ; b)
2 2
0
, 1
x
y x e x
= = ;
c)
( )
2 2
0
1 , 1
x
y x e x = = ; d) ( )
0
1
ln 2 1 ,
2
y x x = + = ;
e)
0
2 1
, 2
1
x
y x
x
= =
; f)
2
0
3 3
, 3
2
x x
y x
x
+
= =
.
Bi 39. p dng khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm s s cp, tnh cc gii hn sau y
a)
( )
2
0
ln 1
lim
x
x x
x
+
; b)
2
0
1
lim
x
x
e x
x

;
c)
2
4
0
cos 1
2
lim
x
x
x
x
+
; d)
3
0
lim
x
tgx x
x
;
e)
2
0
sin
lim
x
arctgx arc x
x
; f)
0
lim
sin
x
tgx x
x x


39
3. NG DNG
I. ng dng ca o hm trong Kinh t
1. Hm bin t ( i lng bin t)
i lng bin t ca y=f(x) ti x
o
l lng thay i ca i lng y khi i lng x tng ln mt
n v, k hiu l M
x
y(x
o
) hoc My(x
o
).
Nhn xt:
i) Doanh thu bin l t l thay i ca doanh thu ng vi s thay i mt n v sn phm ( ni
cch khc l lng doanh thu gia tng khi bn c thm mt n v sn phm Q) mc sn
lng l Q, k hiu l TR(Q), MR(Q), MR, v c tnh tan nh sau:
dTR
MR
dQ
= vi TR = P.Q
ii) Chi ph bin l t l thay i ca chi ph ng vi sn lng tng thm mt n v sn phm
( ni cch khc l lng chi ph gia tng khi sn xut thm mt n v sn phm Q) mc sn
lng l Q, k hiu l TC(Q), MC(Q), MC, v c tnh tan nh sau:
dTC
MC
dQ
=
iii) Li nhun bin, k hiu l '(Q) , ' , MP(Q), v c tnh tan nh sau:
'(Q) TR'(Q) TC'(Q) MR MC = =
V d 54. B phn nghin cu th trng ca Cng ty sn xut radio xc nh phng trnh ca
ng cu nh sau:
Q = 10000 1000P (S lng sn phm l Q mc gi P$)
hay P =10 Q/1000
Vi Q l s lng my radio c tiu th hng tun mc gi P$/mi radio.
B phn ti chnh ca Cng ty c tnh phng trnh tng chi ph nh sau:
TC(Q) = 7000 + 2Q
Hy tm TC(Q), TR(Q), TR(Q), (Q) v (Q).
Gii.
+ Chi ph:
Tng chi ph: TC(Q) = 7000 + 2Q
Chi ph bin t: TC(Q)=MC(Q) = 2. Nhn xt TC(Q) >0. Vy TC(Q) ng bin vi Q
+ Doanh thu
Tng doanh thu

40
TR(Q) = PQ =
2
Q Q
10 Q 10Q
1000 1000
| |
=
|
\

Doanh thu bin
MR(Q) = 10 Q/500
MR(2000)=6
MR(5000) =0
Nhn xt: mc Q =2000 nu Q tng 1 n v th TR(Q) tng 6$. Suy ra TR dn n max.
+ Li nhun
Tng li nhun
2
Q
(Q) TR(Q) TC(Q) 8Q 7000
1000
= = +
Li nhun bin
Q
'(Q) 8
500
'(4000) 0
(Q) max '(1000) 6$
'(6000) 4
= +
=
=
=

+ im ha vn. Khi TR(Q) = TC(Q) hay (Q) =0
2. H s co gin tc thi
H s co gin tc thi ca i lng y theo i lng x ti x
o
l bin i tng i ca y khi x
thay i tng i 1%. K hiu h s co gin tc thi l
yx 0
(x ) .
Nhn xt:
* co gin ca cu l t l gia phn trm thay i ca lng cu v phn trm thay
i ca gi.
D
E = % thay i lng cu / % thay i v gi =
% Q
% P

Vy co gin tc thi ca cu l
D
p
*f '(p)
f (p)
=
V d 55. Mt nh kinh t hc c lng rng khi gi thuc tng 10% th s gy ra s st
gim v nhu cu thuc l ca nhng ngi trung nin l 12%. iu ny ng rng co gin v
nhu cu thuc l ca nhng ngi trung nin l
D
12%
E 1.2
10%
= =

41
V d 56. Cho phng trnh ng cu x = f(p) = 500(20 - p)
a/ Tm phng trnh ca co gin cu tc thi
D
.
b/ Tm
D
ti p = 4$, P = 16$ v p = 10$. Gii thch ngha.
Gii.
D
D
p p
a) *f '(p) *( 500)
f (p) 500(20 p)
p
20 p
= =

V
D
0
p 20
p 0
'
<
1
1

!
1

1+

D
D
D
b) (4) .025
(16) 4
(10) 1
=
=
=

mc gi p = 4 nu gi p tng 1% th lng sn phm gim 0.25%
mc gi p = 6 nu gi p tng 1% th lng sn phm gim 4%
mc gi p = 10 nu gi p tng 1% th lng sn phm gim 1%
Kt lun: Cho phng trnh cu: x = f(p). gin tc thi ca cu l:
D D
p
( 1) *f '(p) v? 0
f (p)
=
+ Nu
D
1 0 Cu khng (hoc t) co gin ( theo gi)
+ Nu
D
< -1 Cu co gin theo gi
+ Nu
D
= -1 Cu c co gin n v

42

V d 57. Tm co gin ca cu khi gi l 12 v hm cu l p=60-3q
V d 58. Tm co gin ca cu khi s lng sn phm l 8 v hm cu l
q =60- 2p
0.5

V d 59. Mt ngi nng dn thu hach c 4.6 tn bp vi gi trung bnh mt kg l 2.18$
trong nm th nht. nm th hai do hn hn nn sn lng st gim i so vi nm trc l
10% vi mc gi bn trung bnh lc ny l 2.66 $. Tm co gin v nhu cu bp.
3. Ti u ha cc hm kinh t
a) Ton hc
nh l 1 ( iu kin cn)
Nu hm s y=f(x) t cc tr ti x
o
v c o hm ti im th f(x
o
)=0
nh l 2.1 ( iu kin th nht)
Cho f xc nh ti x
o
v kh v trong ln cn ca x
o
. Khi qua x
o

i) Nu f(x) >0 th f(x) t cc tiu ti x
o

ii) Nu f(x)<0 th f(x) t cc i ti x
o

iii) Nu f(x)=0 th f(x) khng t cc tr ti x
o
.
nh l 2.1 ( iu kin th hai)
Cho
i) f kh vi n cp (n-1) trong ln cn ca x
o

ii) tn ti f
n
(x
o
)
iii) f(x
o
)=f(x
o
)==f
n-1
(x
o
)=0,
n
o
f (x ) 0
D
1
D
1 <
D
0 =
D
1 =
D
=

43
Khi
a) Nu n l, f(x) khng t cc tr ti x
o

b) Nu n chn v f
n
(x
o
) >0 th f(x) t cc tiu ti x
o

b) Nu n chn v f
n
(x
o
) <0 th f(x) t cc i ti x
o

Bi ton 1:( Tm sn lng x nghip c li nhun ti a)
Gi thit: Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm vi hm cu l
D
Q D(P) =
Q
D
: lng hng cu
P: gi bn
V hm tng chi ph l
TC=TC(Q)
Q l tng sn lng sn xut trong mt n v thi gian
Kt lun: Tm mc sn lng Q x nghip c li nhun ti a
Lc gii:
D
1
Q Q D(P)
P D (Q) P(Q)
= =
= =

Tng doanh thu ca x nghip
TR(Q)=P(Q)*Q
Li nhun ca x nghip
max
(Q) TR(Q) TC(Q) (Q)
'(Q) TR'(Q) TC'(Q) 0
MR(Q) MC(Q) 0
*MR(Q) MC(Q)
=
= =
=
=

Nhn xt: Khi tm li nhun cc i ngoi cch thng thng l tnh o hm cp 1 ca hm li
nhun '(Q) 0 = v xt du o hm cp 2 ca ''(Q) 0 < chng ta cn c th lm theo cch
tm Doanh thu bin v Chi ph bin.
V d 60. Cho bit hm tng chi ph sn xut mt loi sn phm l
2
500
TC(Q) Q 2000Q
Q
= + +
1. Tm chi ph bin t.
2. Xc nh Q chi ph trung bnh nh nht. So snh chi ph bin t v chi ph trung bnh ti
gi trn.


44
Gii.
1. Tm chi ph bin t
'
2
2
500 500
MC(Q)=TC'(Q) Q 2000Q 2Q 2000
Q Q
| |
= + + = +
|
\

2. Xc nh Q chi ph trung bnh nh nht. So snh chi ph bin t v chi ph trung bnh ti
gi trn.
Chi ph trung bnh:
2
TC(Q) 500
AC(Q) Q 2000
Q Q
= = + +
iu kin cn chi ph AC(Q) nh nht l

'
2 3
AC'(Q) 0
500 1000
Q 2000 1 0
Q Q
Q 10
=
| |
+ + = =
|
\
=

iu kin l ( )
5
3000
AC''(Q) 0 0 Q 0
Q
< < >
Vi Q=10 th AC(Q) t gi tr nh nht l 2015.
Ti Q=10 th AC(10) = MC(10)
V d 61. Cho bit hm cu ca th trng tiu th sn phm ca mt x nghip l
D
Q 300 P = ,
hm chi ph sn xut ca x nghip l
3 2
TC(Q) Q 19Q 333Q 10 = + +
Tm sn lng Q x nghip c li nhun ti a.
Gii.
Ta c
( )
D D
2
3 2
Q 300 P P 300 Q
TR(Q) P*Q 300 Q Q 300Q Q
TC(Q) Q 19Q 333Q 10
= =
= = =
= + +

Cch 1.
x nghip c li nhun ti a th MC(Q)= MR(Q)
2
3Q 38Q 333 300 2Q + =
Vy Q= 11 v ( )
max
Q 444 =
Cch 2.
( )
3 2
Q TR(Q) TC(Q) Q 18Q 33Q 10 = = +
x nghip c li nhun ti a th ( ) ( )
'
3 2
Q
' Q Q 18Q 33Q 10 0 = + =

45
2
3Q 36Q 33 0
Q 11
Q 1
+ =
=

iu kin li nhun cc i l ''(Q) 0 <
* Q=11 th ''(Q) 0 < nn li nhun t cc i ti Q=11
* Q=1 th ''(Q) 0 > khng tha
Bi ton 2: (Bi ton nh thu doanh thu)
Gi thit: Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm vi hm cu l
D
Q D(P) =
V hm tng chi ph l
TC=TC(Q)
Kt lun: Tm mc thu trn 1 n v sn phm nh nc thu c ca x nghip nhiu thu
nht
Lc gii:
D
1
Q Q D(P)
P D (Q) P(Q)
= =
= =

Tng doanh thu ca x nghip
TR(Q)=P(Q)*Q
Thu ca x nghip phi tr
T=Q*t
Li nhun ca x nghip
(Q) TR(Q) TC(Q) T =

max
(Q) th ta s tm c mt mc sn lng Q ph thuc vo t: Q(t)
Vi mc sn lng
max
(Q) ta c th tm c T=Q(t)*t.
Nhn xt: Q(t) l mt hm gim theo t v mc thu xc nh trn rt cao. Vi mc thu nh vy
nn x nghip s sn xut cm chng , khng tn dng ht kh nng sn xut ca h. Do s
dn n tht nghip,.. V l do nh nc thng nh mc thu nhp khu thp hn
khuyn khch sn xut.
V d 62. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt mt hng. Bit hm cu ca x nghip l
D
Q 2640 P = v hm chi ph sn xut l
2
TC(Q) Q 1000Q 100 = + + .
1. Hy xc nh mc thu trn mt n v sn phm thu c ca x nghip nhiu thu nht.

46
2. Nu ta mun x nghip sn xut t nht l 300 sn phm th ta c th nh mc thu tng trn
mt sn phm ti a l bao nhiu?.
Gii.
1. Hm cu l
D D
Q 2640 P P 2640 Q = =
Hm doanh thu l
2
TR(Q) P*Q 2640Q Q = =
Thu thu c ca x nghip l T= Q*t
Li nhun thu c l ( )
2
(Q) TR(Q) TC(Q) T 2Q 1640 t Q 100 = = +
thu c ca x nghip nhiu thu nht th mc thu phi c nh trn lng sn phm
lm cho li nhun t cc i ngha l
max
(Q) .
iu kin cn
max
(Q) l
t
'(Q) 0 4Q 1640 t 0 Q 410
4
= + = = .
ng vi
t
Q 410
4
= ta c
t
T t 410
4
| |
=
|
\

thu c nhiu thu nht th
max
T tng ng
'
2
t
410t 0 t 820
4
| |
= =
|
\

2. Mun Q 300 th ta phi c:
t t
410 300 110 t 440
4 4

Vy mun x nghip sn xut t nht 300 sn phm trong mt n v thi gian th mc thu trn
mt n v sn phm khng qu 440 (n v tin t).
Bi ton 3: (inh mc thu nhp khu)
Gi thit: Cho hm cung v hm cu v 1 loi sn phm cho th trng ni a
S D
Q S(P) &Q D(P) = =
Gi bn sn phm trn th trng quc t vi chi ph nhp khu( cha k thu) l
0
P P < ( ti
im cn bng ca th trng ni a). Mt cng ty c c quyn nhp loi hng trn v khi
lng nhp khu khng nh hng n gi bn trn th trng quc t.
Kt lun: Tm t mc thu trn 1 sn phm thu c ca cng ty l nhiu nht
Lc gii:
Gi t l mc thu nhp khu ( t >0 v
0
P t P < )
Gi P l gi bn ca cng ty suy ra
0
P t P P < <
Lng hng nhp v tng ng vi P s l Q sao cho Q + S(P) = D(P) Q=D(P)-S(P)

47
Li nhun ca x nghip
[ [ [ [ [ [
[ [
(P) P D(P) S(P) D(P) S(P) P D(P) S(P) t
(P P t) D(P) S(P)
=
=

y l hm theo gi P. Vy P tm c
max
(P) l mt hm ph thuc t
Vi mc gi P(t) ny ta c s tm c T = t*[D(P(t) S(P(t))]
V d 63. Hm cung v hm cu ca mt sn phm trn th trng ni a ln lt l
D
S
Q 4200 P
Q 200 P
=
= +

V P 1600 = l gi bn trn th trng quc t.
1. Tm mc thu t nh trn mt n v hng nhp thu c nhiu thu nhp khu nht ca
cng ty.
2. Nu mun n gi bn loi hng trn ti th trng ni a khng thp hn 990 th mc thu
nhp khu t nht l bao nhiu?
Bi ton 4: (inh mc thu xut khu)
Gi thit: Cho hm cung v hm cu v 1 loi sn phm cho th trng ni a
S D
Q S(P) &Q D(P) = =
Gi bn sn phm trn th trng quc t l
0
P P ( ti im cn bng ca th trng ni a).
Mt cng ty c c quyn xut khu loi hng trn v khi lng xut khu khng nh hng
n gi bn trn th trng quc t.
Kt lun: Hy nh mc thu xut khu t trn 1 sn phm thu c nhiu thu nht.
Lc gii:
Gi t l mc thu xut khu ( t>0) nh trn mt n v sn phm. Khi cng ty s thu mua vi
gi P=P(t)
( )
0
P P P t sao cho li nhun thu v ln nht.
Gi P l gi bn ca cng ty.
Lng hng xut khu tng ng vi P s l Q sao cho
S D
Q=Q Q
Li nhun ca cng ty s c l
[ [ [ [ [ [
[ [
0
0
(P) P S(P) D(P) S(P) D(P) P S(P) D(P) t
(P P t) S(P) D(P)
=
=

y l hm theo gi P. Vy P tm c
max
(P) l mt hm ph thuc t
Vi mc gi P(t) ny ta c s tm c T = t*[S(P(t) D(P(t))]

48

V d 64. Mt cng ty c c quyn xut khu mt mt hng, hm cung v hm cu ca sn
phm trn th trng ni a ln lt l
D
S
Q 4200 P
Q 200 P
=
= +

V P 3200 = l gi bn trn th trng quc t.
1. Hy nh mc thu t trn mt n v sn phm thu c nhiu thu nht.
2. Nu mun gi tiu dng ti th trng trong nc khng vt qu 2400 th mc thu xut
khu phi l bao nhiu.
4. Cc v d
V d 65. Hm sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn ca cng ty l Q = 6L
2
0.2L
3
, y L biu
th s lng cng nhn.
a) Xc nh s lng cng nhn cn thit hm sn xut t gi tr max v v th ca hm
sn xut ny
b) Xc nh s lng cng nhn cn thit hm sn xut trung bnh max. Tnh MP
L
v AP
L

gi tr L max. Bn c nhn xt g v MP
L
v AP
L
?.
Gii:
a/ Q = 6L
2
0.2L
3

ta c
2
dQ
12L 0.6L 0 L 0or L=20
dL
= = =
2
2
d Q
12 1.2L
dL
= . Khi L =0 th
2
2
d Q
12 0
dL
= > . Vy hm sn xut c gi tr cc tiu ti L=0 gi tr
ca hm sn xut lc ny l Q =0
Khi L =20 th
2
2
d Q
12 0
dL
= < . Vy hm sn xut t cc i ti L =20, gi tr ca hm sn xut
lc ny l Q
max
= 800.
b/ Hm sn xut trung bnh
L
Q
AP
L
= . Vy hm sn xut
2 3
L
6L 0.2L
AP
L
=
AP
L
(max)=45. M ta c MP
L
= 12L 0.6L
2
, khi L =15 MP
L
= 45
Kt lun: MP
L
= AP
L
V d 66. Hm cung ca mt mt hng c dng nh sau
P + Q =30
V hm chi ph l TC = Q
2
6Q +7
a/ Tm sn lng sn xut ra tng doanh thu TR l max

49
b/ Tm sn lng sn xut li nhun l cc i. Tnh MR v MC gi tr Q. Bn c nhn xt
iu g?.
Gii:
a/ TR =PQ suy ra TR = (30 Q)Q =30Q Q
2
. TR
max
khi Q =15
b/ TR TC = . T cu a ta c TR= 30Q Q
2
, TC = Q
2
6Q +7. Suy ra
3
Q 24Q 7
2
= + .
Kt lun: MR = MC.
V d 67. Gi xy dng cao c vn phng gm x tng c chia lm 3 thnh phn sau:
a/ $10 triu USD cho tin mua t
b/
1
4
triu USD $ mi tng
c/ chi ph thit k cho mi tng l 10 000x $.
Hi c bao nhiu tng trong ta nh ny s c xy dng chi ph trung bnh cho mi tng l
min?.
Gii:
Chi ph 10 triu USD xy dng mi tng l c nh
Mi tng c gi l 250000 $. Vy nu xy dng x tng th s tin s l 250000x.
Chi ph mi tng phi l 10000x$. Vy nu xy dng x tng th s tin l 10000x
2
..
Tng chi ph TC =10 000 000 + 250 000x+ 10 000x
2
.
Chi ph trung bnh cho mi tng l AC =
TC
x
.
Ta ra c kt qu l ch nn thit k 32 tng thi.
V d 68. Cho hm cung v hm cu nh sau
P = Q
S
+ 8
P = -3Q
D
+ 80
Chnh ph quyt nh nh thu l t$ cho mi n v sn phm. Tm t tng doanh thu v thu
ca chnh ph l max gi s rng iu kin cn bng ca th trng l xy ra trong th trng.
Gii:
P t = Q
S
+ 8
P = -3Q
D
+ 80
Th trng cn bng khi cung v cu gp nhau Q =18 -
1
t
4

Tng doanh thu v thu ca chnh ph l T =tQ = t (18 -
1
t
4
)

50
Tnh ra c t =36$
V d 69. Hm sn xut trong mt thi gian ngn c cho bi
Q = L
2
e
-0.01L

Tm gi tr ca L m hm sn xut trung bnh max.
V d 70. Mt cng ty c lng tng doanh thu t vic bn Q sn phm c cho bi TR= ln(1
+ 1000Q
2
)
Tnh ton doanh thu bin khi Q =10.
V d 71. Tm li nhun cc i vi hm tng chi ph l
2 3
1
TC 4 97q 8.5q q
3
=
V hm tng doanh thu l
2
TR 58q 0.5q =

51
BI TP
Bi 40. Cho bit tng chi ph sn xut mt loi sn phm l
2
4000
( ) 1000 C q q q
q
=
a. Tm chi ph bin t.
b. Xc nh q chi ph trung bnh nh nht. So snh chi ph bin t v chi ph trung bnh ti
gi tr trn.
Bi 41. Hm cu ca mt loi hng theo gi c phng trnh
400 2
D
Q p =
Ti im 40 p = khi gi tng, doanh thu gim hay tng? Tm mc gi loi hng trn khng
co gin.
Bi 42. Mt x nghip sn sut c quyn mt loi sn phm. Bit hm cu v hm chi ph sn
xut:
1
4800
3
D
Q p = ;
2
4000 225 C Q Q =
a. Xc nh mc thu t nh trn mt n v sn phm thu c ca x nghip nhiu thu
nht.
b. Xc nh mc sn lng chi ph trung bnh nh nht.
Bi 43. Mt cng ty c quyn nhp mt loi hng. Bit hm cung v hm cu ca loi hng trn
khi cha c hng nhp l 200
S
Q p = ; 1800
D
Q p = v gi bn trn th trng quc t l
0
500 p =
a. Tm mc thu t nh trn mt n v hng nhp thu c nhiu thu nhp khu nht ca
cng ty.
b. Nu mun n gi bn loi hng trn ti th trng ni a khng thp hn 990 th mc
thu nhp khu t nht l bao nhiu?
Bi 44. Mt cng ty c c quyn xut khu mt mt hng, bit hm cung v hm cu ti th
trng ni a l:
20
S
Q p = ; 400
D
Q p =
Gi bn trn th trng quc t l: 310 p =
Hy xc nh mc thu t trn mt n v sn phm thu c nhiu thu nht.
Bi 45. Gi s hm li nhun ca mt x nghip i vi mt sn phm l
(Q) R C T PQ (cQ tQ f ) = = + + trong
P=12-3Q l n gi bn
c=4 l chi ph trn mt n v sn phm
f=1 l nh ph c lp i vi sn lng Q.
Hy tm sn lng Q sao cho x nghip t li nhun ti a v nh mc thu t trn mt n v
sn phm thu c ca x nghip nhiu thu nht.
Bi 46. Gi s hm li nhun ca mt x nghip i vi mt sn phm l
(Q) R C T PQ (cQ tQ f ) = = + + trong
P=10-Q l n gi bn
c=4 l chi ph trn mt n v sn phm

52
f=1 l nh ph c lp i vi sn lng Q.
Hy nh mc thu t trn mt n v sn phm thu c ca x nghip nhiu thu nht.
1


CHNG 2
PHP TNH VI PHN HM NHIU BIN
Trong thc t, phn ln cc bi ton m ta gp thng lin quan n cc hm c nhiu hn
mt bin. Tht vy, xt v d sau:
V d 1: Vo thng 5/2006, mt nhm sinh vin khoa kinh t, HQG TPHCM, tin hnh
iu tra v tin lng ca vin chc lm ti cc cng s trn a bn thnh ph. H a
ra kt qu phn tch nh sau:
3, 475 4, 096 3, 283 1, 536 0, 775 * WAGE MBA FL EXPER EF EXPER = + + + +
Trong , WAGE l tin lng; MBA l trnh hc vn; FL l trnh ngoi ng; EXPER
l ch s nm cng tc. Nh vy, tin lng WAGE l mt hm theo 3 bin: MBA, FL v
EXPER.
I. Gii hn v Lin tc.
1. nh ngha hm s nhiu bin s
Cho D l mt tp hp trong
2
, ngi ta gi nh x : f D , tc l mt quy tc cho
tng ng vi mi cp s thc ( ) , x y D mt s thc duy nht z , k hiu l ( ) , f x y l
hm s hai bin s, x v y l hai bin s c lp. Ta k hiu
( ) ( ) : , , f x y z f x y =
D c gi l min xc nh ca hm s f . Tp hp
( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, , , f D z z f x y x y D = =
gi l min gi tr ca hm s f .
Ch : Theo nh ngha trn th min xc nh ca f thuc
2
, cn min gi tr ca n
thuc .Hm s n bin s ( )
1 2
, ,...,
n
f x x x c nh ngha tng t.
V d 2: Hm chi ph ca hai sn phm.
Mt cng ty sn xut hai loi sn phm A v B. Hm chi ph mi tun ca mi loi sn phm
nh sau:
Sn phm A: ( ) 500 70 C x x = + , x l s lng sn phm A.
Sn phm B: ( ) 200 100 C y y = + , y l s lng sn phm B.
Hm chi ph ca hai sn phm A v B l ( ) , C x y :
( ) ( ) ( ) , 700 70 100 C x y C x C y x y = + = + +
Tnh chi ph sn xut ra 10 sn phm A v 5 sn phm B
( ) 10, 5 700 70.10 100.5 1900 C = + + = .
2


2. Gii hn ca hm s hai bin s ( T c)
V d 3: Cho hai hm s
2 2
2 2
sin(x y )
f (x, y)
x y
+
=
+
. Khi cho x,y dn v 0 ( (x,y) dn v gc ta th ta c bng
gi tr ca hm s f(x,y) nh sau:
y
x -1 -0.5 -0.2 0 0.2 0.5 1
-1 0.45 0.76 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.76 0.45
-0.5 0.76 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.76
-0.2 0.83 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.83
0 0.84 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.84
0.2 0.83 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.83
0.5 0.76 0.96 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.96 0.76
1 0.45 0.76 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.76 0.45
Bng trn ch ra rng khi (x,y) dn v gc ta th f(x,y) dn v 1 t bt k mt pha no. Vy
2 2
2 2
(x, y) (0,0)
sin(x y )
lim 1
x y
+
=
+

2.1 nh ngha. Gii hn ca hm s f(x,y) khi (x,y) dn v
0 0
(x , y ) l L, ta vit
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
x,y x , y
lim f x, y L
=
nu vi mi 0 > , tn ti 0 > sao cho f (x, y) L , (x, y) D <
2 2
0 0
va` 0< (x-x ) (y y ) + <
2.2 nh ngha. Nu f(x,y) dn v L
1
khi (x,y) tin v (x
0
,y
0
) dc theo ng cong C
1
v f(x,y) dn v L
2
khi
(x,y) tin v (x
0
,y
0
) dc theo ng cong C
2
m
1 2
L L th
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
x,y x , y
lim f x, y
khng tn ti
V d 4: Tm gii hn khi ( ) ( ) , 0, 0 x y ca cc hm s sau:
a) ( )
2 2
5 3 1
,
2 1
xy x y
f x y
xy
+
=
b) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 3
,
3 2
x y
f x y
x y
=
+
.
3


4. Tnh lin tc ca hm s hai bin s ( T c)
Cho hm s ( ) , f x y xc nh trong min D. ( )
0 0 0
, M x y l im thuc D. Ta ni rng hm s ( ) , f x y
lin tc ti
0
M nu:
i) Tn ti
( ) ( )
( )
0 0
, ,
lim ,
x y x y
f x y
,
ii)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0
0 0
, ,
lim , ,
x y x y
f x y f x y
= (1.1)
Hm s ( ) , f x y c gi l lin tc trong min D nu n lin tc ti mi im ca min D.
V d 5: Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
, , 0, 0
,
0, , 0, 0
xy
x y
x y
G x y
x y
+
=

Gii:
( ) , G x y xc nh trn ton
2
. N lin tc ti mi im ( ) ( ) , 0, 0 x y v n l thng ca hai hm s lin
tc vi mu s khc 0. Ch cn phi xt tnh lin tc ca ( ) , G x y ti ( ) 0, 0 . V khng tn ti
( ) ( )
2 2
, 0,0
lim
x y
xy
x y
+
(xem v d 5) nn ( ) , G x y khng lin tc ti ( ) 0, 0 . Tm li ( ) , G x y lin tc ti mi
im ( ) ( ) , 0, 0 x y .
Ch : Nu t
0 0
, x x x y y y = + = + , ta c
( ) ( )
0 0
, , f x y f x x y y = + +
Li t ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
, , f f x x y y f x y = + + . Khi cng thc (1.1) c th c vit l
( ) ( ) , 0,0
lim 0
x y
f

= (1.2)
Ni cch khc, hm s ( ) , f x y lin tc ti ( )
0 0 0
, M x y nu h thc (1.2) c tha mn.
V d 6.
a) Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s
4 3 2 4
f (x, y) x 5x y 6xy 7y 6 = + + +
b) Xt tnh lin tc ca hm s ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
sin
, , 0, 0
,
0 , , 0, 0
x y
x y
f x y
x y
x y
+

=
+
.
II. o hm ring v vi phn tan phn
1. o hm ring
1.1 nh ngha: ( ) , z f x y = l mt hm s xc nh trong min D, ( )
0 0
, x y l mt im
thuc D. Nu cho
0 0
, y y y = l hng s, m hm s mt bin s ( )
0
, x f x y c o hm
4


ti
0
x x = th o hm gi l o hm ring i vi x ca hm s ( ) , f x y ti ( )
0 0
, x y v
c k hiu l: ( )
0 0
,
x
f x y hay ( )
0 0
,
f
x y
x
.
Vy theo nh ngha ca o hm hm s mt bin s, ta c:
( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0 0
0
, ,
, lim
x
x
f x x y f x y
f x y
x

+
=

Tng t, o hm ring i vi y ca hm s ( ) , f x y ti ( )
0 0
, x y k hiu l
( )
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0 0
0
, ,
, lim
y
y
f x y y f x y
f x y
y

+
=

Nh vy khi tnh o hm ring i vi x ca f , ch vic xem y l hng s v ly o hm
ca f i vi x ; khi tnh o hm ring i y ca f ch vic xem x l hng s v ly o
ca f i vi y .
Trong tnh tan ngi ta thng k hiu o hm ring theo cc cch sau:
x x
f z
f (x, y) f f (x, y)
x x x

= = = =

, tng t cho y
V d 7: Tnh cc o hm ring ca
4 3 2 4
5 2 z x x y y = +
3 2 2 3 3
4 15 ; 10 8
z z
x x y x y y
x y

= = +

V d 8: Tnh o hm ring ca ( ) 0
y
z x x = > .
1
; ln
y y
z z
yx x x
x y

= =

V d 9: Tnh o hm ring ca cos , 0
x
z y
y
| |
=
|
\

1
sin . .sin
z x x x
x y x y y y
| |
= =
|

\

2
sin . sin
z x x x x
y y y y y y
| |
= =
|

\

Ch 1: o hm ring ca hm s ( ) 2 n > bin s c nh ngha tng t. Khi tnh o
hm ring ca f i vi mt bin s no , ta xem cc bin s khc l hng s v tnh o
hm ca f i vi bin s y.
V d 10: Tnh cc o hm ring ca hm s
2
x y
z e =
5


2. o hm ring cp cao
Cc o hm ring ,
x y
f f gi l o hm ring cp 1 ca hm s ( ) , z f x y = . Chng l
nhng hm s ca ( ) , x y . V vy c th xt cc o hm ring ca chng: ( )
x
x
f , ( )
x
y
f ,
( )
y
x
f ,
( )
y
y
f gi l o hm ring cp hai ca ( ) , f x y . Ta dng cc k hiu sau:
( )
2 2
2 2 x xx
x
f f z
f f
x x x x
| |
= = = =
|

\

( )
2 2
x xy
y
f f z
f f
y x x y x y
| |
= = = =
|

\

( )
2 2
y yx
x
f f z
f f
x y x y x y
| |
= = = =
|

\

( )
2 2
2 2 y yy
y
f f z
f f
y y y y
| |
= = = =
|

\

V d 11: ( )
2 3 2 5
,
y
f x y x e x y y = +
2 2
2 3
y
x
f xe x y = + ,
2 3 4
2 5
y
y
f x e x y y = +
2
2 6
y
xx
f e xy = +
2
2 6
y
xy
f xe x y = +
2
2 6
y
fyx xe x y = +
2 3 3
2 20
y
yy
f x e x y = +
V d 12: Tnh cc o hm ring cp 2 ca cc hm s sau
a) ( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
, f x y x y x y = + b) ( )
2 2
,
x
f x y
x y
=
+

Cc o hm ring cp cao hn c nh ngha tng t. Chng hn:
( )
2 3
2 xyy xy
y
f f
f f
y y x y x
| |
= = =
|

\
.
Ta tha nhn m khng chng minh nh l quan trng sau:
nh l Schwarz: Nu hm s ( ) , f x y c cc o hm ring
xy
f v
yx
f trong mt min D
v nu cc o hm ring y lin tc ta im ( )
0 0
, x y D th
( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
, ,
xy yx
f x y f x y =
Ta thy kt qu ny v d 11. T nh l Schwarz d dng suy ra rng
xyy yxy yyx
f f f = =
nu chng lin tc.
o hm ring cp cao ca hm s ( ) 2 n > bin s c nh ngha tng t.
6


V d 13:
2 x yz
u z e

=
2 x yz
x
u z e

=
2 x yz
xx
u z e

=
( )
2 3
.
x yz x yz
xxy
u z e z z e

= = ( )
2 3 2 3
3 3
x yz x yz x yz x yz
xxyz
u z e z e y z e yz e

= = +
V d 22: Tnh
a) ( )
3 2 4
, 5 f x y x y x y = , tnh
xxx
f b) ( )
2
,
xy
f x y e = , tnh
xxy
f .
3. o hm ca hm s hp ( T c)
* Trng hp 1: Cho hm s ( ) , z f u v = trong ( ) ( ) , u u x v v x = = l nhng hm s ca x . Ta ni
rng ( ) ( ) ( )
, z f u x v x = l hm s hp ca x qua cc bin s trung gian , u v . nh l sau y cho ta quy
tc tnh o hm ca hm s hp ( ) ( ) ( )
, z f u x v x = .
nh l. Nu ( ) , z f u v = l hm s kh vi ca , u v v nu ( ) ( ) , u u x v v x = = l nhng hm s kh vi
ca x th z l hm s kh vi ca x v ta c
dz f du f dv
dx u dx v dx

= +

V d 23: Tnh
dz
dx
nu
2 2
2 , , sin
x
z u uv v u e v x
= + = = .
Theo cng thc trn ta c:
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 cos 2 sin 4sin cos
x x x x
dz z du z dv
u v e u v x e x e x e x
dx u dx v dx

= + = + + = +

Ch 1: Nu ( ) , z f x y = l hm s kh vi ca , x y v nu ( ) y y x = l hm s kh vi ca x th
( ) ( )
, z f x y x = l hm s hp ca x , kh vi i vi x v ta c:
dz z z dy
dx x y dx

= +

(4.1)
o hm
dz
dx
v tri gi l o hm ton phn ca z i vi x , cn o hm
z
x
v phi l o hm ring
ca ( ) , z f x y = i vi x .
V d 24: Tnh
dz
dx
nu
( )
2 2 2
ln , sin z x y y x = + = .
Theo cng thc trong ch 1 ta c
3
2 2 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 4sin cos
.2sin cos
sin
dz z z dy x y x x x
x x
dx x y dx x y x y x x
+
= + = + =
+ + +
.
V d 25: Tnh
dz
dx
nu
( )
2
ln z u v = + , trong 1 , 1 u x v x = + = + .
7


Trng hp 2: By gi xt hm s ( ) , z f u v = trong ( ) , u u x y = , ( ) , v v x y = l nhng hm s ca
hai bin c lp , x y . Khi ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , z f u x y v x y = l hm s hp ca , x y thng qua cc bin s trung
gian , u v .
tnh o hm ring ca x i vi hm s z ta xem y khng i, khi ( ) ( ) ( )
, , , z f u x y v x y = l
hm s hp ca mt bin s c lp x thng qua hai bin s trung gian , u v . Do nh l 1, ta c
. .
z f u f v
x u x v x

= +

.
Cng lp lun tng t nh vy khi tnh
z
y
, ta c nh l sau:
nh l. Nu hm s ( ) , z f v u = l hm s kh vi ca , u v v cc hm s ( ) ( ) , , , u u x y v v x y = = c
cc o hm ring nh , , ,
x y x y
u u v v th tn ti cc o hm ring ,
z z
x y

v ta c
. .
z f u f v
x u x v x

= +

. .
z f u f v
y u y v y

= +

V d 26: Tnh ,
z z
x y

, nu cos , ,
u
x
z e v u xy v
y
= = = .
Ta c:
2
1
cos , sin , , , ,
u u
z z u u v v x
e v e v y x
u v x y x y y y

= = = = = =

Do :
1 1
cos . .sin . cos sin
xy xy xy
z x x x x
e y e e y
x y y y y y y
( | | | | | | | |
= =
( | | | |
\ \ \ \

2 2
cos . .sin . cos sin
xy xy xy
z x x x x x x
e x e e x
y y y y y y y
( | | | | | | | | | |
= =
( | | | | |
\ \ \ \ \

V d 27: Dng quy tc ly o hm ca hm s hp tnh ,
z z
x y

a)
2
sin z u v = , trong
2 2
, 2 u x y v xy = + =
b) sin .cos z u v = , trong ( )
2
2 2
, u x y v x y = = .
Ch 2: Quy tc tnh o hm ca ham s hp cng c m rng cho trng hp hm s f ph thuc vo
nhiu bin s trung gian hn v cc bin s trung gian ph thuc nhiu bin s c lp hn.
8


4. Cc tr ca hm hai bin.
4.1 nh ngha. Ta ni rng hm s ( ) , z f x y = t cc tr ti im ( )
0 0 0
, M x y nu vi mi im
( ) , M x y kh gn vi
0
M nhng khc
0
M mt hiu ( ) ( )
0
f M f M c du khng i, nu
( ) ( )
0
0 f M f M > th ( )
0
f M l cc tiu, nu ( ) ( )
0
0 f M f M < th ( )
0
f M l cc i. Cc i
v cc tiu c gi chung l cc tr v im
0
M c gi l im cc tr.
V d 28: Hm s
2 2
z x y = + t cc tiu ti ( ) 0, 0 v
2 2
0 x y + > , ( ) ( ) , 0, 0 x y .
4.2 iu kin cn ca cc tr
nh l. Nu hm s ( ) , f x y t cc tr ti im ( )
0 0 0
, M x y v ti cc o hm ring
tn ti th:
( )
( )
0 0
0 0
, 0,
, 0
=
x
y
f x y
f x y
(4.1)
iu kin (4.1) l iu kin cn ca cc tr, n khng l iu kin v ti nhng im m
cc o hm ring cp 1 bng 0 cha chc hm s t cc tr. Tuy nhin nh l sau y cho
php ta ch tm cc tr ti nhng im m cc o hm ring cp 1 u bng 0, gi l
im dng.
4.3 iu kin ca cc tr
nh l. Gi s rng ( )
0 0 0
, M x y l mt im dng ca hm s ( ) , f x y v hm s ( ) , f x y
c o hm ring cp 2 ln cn im
0
M . t:
( ) ( ) ( )
xx 0 0 xy 0 0 yy 0 0
A f x , y , B f x , y , C f x , y = = =
Khi :
*
2
B AC 0
A 0
<
>
: hm s t CT ti
0 0 0
M (x , y )
*
2
B AC 0
A 0
<
<
: hm s t C ti
0 0 0
M (x , y )
*
2
B AC 0 > : hm s khng t cc tr ti
0 0 0
M (x , y )
*
2
B AC 0 = : khng kt lun v cc tr ti
0 0 0
M (x , y ) . Khi dng nh ngha xt cc tr
ti
0 0 0
M (x , y ) .
9


V d 29: Tm cc tr ca hm s
2 2
4 2 8 z x y x y = + + +
Ta c:
2 4; 2 2
x y
z x z y = + =
Ta ca im dng l nghim ca h
2 4 0
2 2 0
x
y
+ =

Vy im dng duy nht l im ( ) 2, 1 .
V 2; 0; 2
xx xy yy
z z z = = = nn
2
B AC 4 0 = < , cn 2 0 C = > , vy ham s t cc
tiu ti im ( ) 2, 1 v ( )
2 2
min
2 1 4. 2 2.1 8 3 z = + + + = .
Nu vit li ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 3 z x y = + + + , ta thy 3 z ti mi ( )
2
, x y , ng thc xy ra khi
v ch khi 2, 1 x y = = ta thy kt qu trn.
3 3
3 z x y xy = +
Ta c:
2 2
3 3 ; 3 3
x y
z x y z y x = =
Ta im dng l nghim ca h:
2
2
0
0
x y
y x
=

l mt h phng trnh i xng. Th
2
y x = t phng trnh u vo phng trnh sau ta
c
( ) ( )( )
4 3 2
0 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x = = = + +
Phng trnh ny c hai nghim 0; 1 x x = = .
Vy ta c hai im dng ( )
0
0, 0 M v ( )
1
1, 1 M .
V 6 , 3, 6
xx xy yy
z x z z y = = = nn:
Ti ( )
0
0, 0 M ta c
2
9 0 B AC = > , im
0
M khng l im cc tr.
Ti ( )
1
1,1 M ta c
2
9 36 27 0 B AC = = < , 6 0 C = > ,
1
M l im cc tiu,
min
1 1 3 1 z = + = .
3 3
z x y = + .
Ta c:
2 2
3 , 3
x y
z x z y = =
10


Vy ch c mt im dng l ( )
0
0, 0 M .
V 6 , 0, 6
xx xy yy
z x z z y = = = , nn ti
0
M ta c
2
0 B AC = . Vy cha kt lun ngay
c. Ch rng ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
0
0, 0 0, , 0, 0 z M z z x y z x y = = = + . Hiu y l dng nu
im ( ) , M x y nm trong gc phn t th nht, l m nu ( ) , M x y nm trong gc phn t
th ba. Do du ca hiu ( ) ( )
0
z M z M thay i ln cn im
0
M nn
0
M khng l
im cc tr.
4.3 ng dng ca hm 2 bin gii mt s bi ton kinh t
Bi ton 1. Lp k hoch sn xut trong iu kin cnh tranh hon ho
Gi s x nghip sn xut n loi sn phm trong iu kin cnh tranh hon ho ( tc l nh sn
xut phi bn ht sn phm vi gi th trng quyt nh). Bit tng chi ph trong mt n v
thi gian l ( )
1 2 n
TC TC Q , Q ,..., Q = . Hy lp k hoch sn xut ca x nghip x nghip c
li nhun ti a.
Phng php gii:
Gi ( )
1 2 n
Q , Q ,..., Q l s lng cc loi sn phm c sn xut trong mt n v sn phm
Doanh thu ca x nghip l:
1 1 2 2 n n
TR PQ P Q ... P Q = + + +
Li nhun ca x nghip l:
( )
1 1 2 2 n n 1 2 n
TR TC PQ P Q ... P Q TC Q , Q ,..., Q = = + + +
V d 32. X nghip sn xut 2 loi sn phm vi gi bn trn th trng ln l
1 2
P 6, P 4 = = .
Hm tng chi ph l:
2 2
1 1 2 2
TC 2Q 2Q Q Q = + +
Tm mc sn lng
1 2
(Q , Q ) x nghip c li nhun ti a.
Gii.
Li nhun ca x nghip l
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2
TR TC PQ P Q 2Q 2Q Q Q 2Q 2Q Q 6Q 4Q Q = = + = + +
iu kin cn li nhun cc i l:
1
2
Q
1 2 1
1 2 2 Q
' 0
6 4Q 2Q 0 Q 1
4 2Q 2Q 0 Q 1 ' 0
=
= =

= = =

iu kin li nhun cc i l :
2
B AC 4 8 4 0
A 4 0
= = <
= <

11


Vi
( )
( )
( )
1 1
1
1 2
2
2 2
2
'
Q Q 1 2
Q
'
Q Q 1 2
Q
'
Q Q 1 2
Q
A '' 6 4Q 2Q 4,
B '' 6 4Q 2Q 2,
C '' 4 2Q 2Q 2
= = =
= = =
= = =

Vy li nhun t cc i ti ( ) ( )
1 2
Q , Q 1,1 =
V d 33. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm. Bit hm cu ca hai sn phm
ny v hm tng chi ph l
1 2
1 2 1 2
D D
2 2
1 1 2 2
1230 5P P 1350 P 3P
Q ; Q ;
14 14
TC Q Q Q Q
+ +
= =
= + +

Tm mc sn lng x nghip c li nhun ti a.
5. Cc tr hm 3 bin
iu kin cn:
Nu hm s u=f(x,y,z) t cc tr ti
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z ) v hm s c cc o hm ring cp 1 ti
0
M th
( )
( )
( )
'
x 0
'
y 0
'
z 0
u M 0
u M 0
u M 0
=
.
Khi ta ni
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z ) l im dng ca hm s u=f(x,y,z).
iu kin :
Cho
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z ) l im dng ca hm s u=f(x,y,z). Gi s hm s c cc o hm ring
cp 2 lin tc trong ln cn ca M
0
. t
'' '' ''
xx 0 xy 0 xz 0
'' '' ''
yx 0 yy 0 yz 0 3
'' '' ''
zx 0 zy 0 zz 0
u (M ) u (M ) u (M )
H u (M ) u (M ) u (M ) M
u (M ) u (M ) u (M )
| |
|
=
|
|
\

Th H gl ma trn Hessain v
''
1 xx 0
'' ''
xx 0 xy 0
2 '' ''
yx 0 yy 0
3
H u (M )
u (M ) u (M )
H
u (M ) u (M )
H H
=
=
=

Khi
12


*
1
2
3
H 0
H 0
H 0
>
>
>
: hm s t cc tiu ti
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z )
*
1
2
3
H 0
H 0
H 0
<
>
<
: hm s t cc i ti
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z )
*
3 2
1 2
H H
v?
H H
tri du: hm s khng t cc tr ti
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z ) .
* Cc trng hp khc : khng kt lun c v cc tr ti
0 0 0 0
M (x , y , z ) .
y z 1
u x
x y z
= + + +
V d 35. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi hng ha v tiu th trn 3 th trng
tch bit. Bit hm cu ca x nghip trn cc th trng trn l:
1 2 2
D 1 D 2 D 3
1 1 1
Q 30 P ; Q 47, 5 P ; Q 54 P
3 4 5
= = =
Tm lng hng x nghip cung cp cho th trng trn x nghip c li nhun ti a, nu
bit hm tng chi ph ca x nghip l TC(Q)=15-30Q, Q l tng lng hng phn phi trn 3
th trng.
6. Cc tr c iu kin
a. Cc nh ngha
* Bi ton tm cc tr ca hm s z =f(x,y) vi x,y l hai bin c lp gl bi ton cc tr
khng iu kin
* Bi ton tm cc tr ca hm s z =f(x,y) vi iu kin (x, y) 0 = gl bi ton cc tr c
iu kin.
V d 36: Tm cc tr ca hm
2 2
z f (x, y) 2x y xy 1 = = + vi iu kin
2
x 2xy y 3 + =
b. Cch tm cc tr c iu kin
1/ Phng php kh
2 2
z f (x, y) 3x 2xy y 5 = = + + vi iu kin 2x+y =3
2/ Phng php nhn t Lagrange
iu kin cn: Xt bi ton cc tr ca hm s z =f(x,y) vi iu kin (x, y) 0 = . Gi s
hm s z t cc tr c iu kin ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) v cc hm s f(x,y) v (x, y) c cc o hm
ring cp 1 ti
0 0 0
M (x , y ) . Khi tn ti sao cho
13


' '
x 0 0 x 0 0
' '
y 0 0 y 0 0
0 0
f (x , y ) (x , y ) 0
(1) f (x , y ) (x , y ) 0
(x , y ) 0
+ =
+ =

gl nhn t Lagrange. M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) gl im dng ng vi .
t L(x, y, ) f (x, y) (x, y) = + th L gl hm Lagrange v h (1) tng ng vi
'
x 0 0
'
y 0 0
'
0 0
L (x , y , ) 0
(1) L (x , y , ) 0
L (x , y , ) 0

iu kin : Xt bi ton cc tr ca hm s z =f(x,y) vi iu kin (x, y) 0 = .Gi s
M
0
(x
0
,y
0
) l im dng ng vi ( tc l
0 0
(x , y , ) tha h (1)) v cc hm s f(x,y) v
(x, y) c cc o hm ring cp 2 lin tc
t
' '
x 0 0 y 0 0
' '' ''
x 0 0 xx 0 0 xy 0 0
' '' ''
y 0 0 yx 0 0 yy 0 0
0 (x , y ) (x , y )
H (x , y ) L (x , y ) L (x , y )
(x , y ) L (x , y ) L (x , y )

=

Th H gl ma trn Hesse
* Nu |H| < 0 th hm s t cc tiu c iu kin ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)
* Nu |H| > 0 th hm s t cc i c iu kin ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
)
* Nu |H| = 0 th ko c kt lun v cc i, cc tiu ca hm s ti M
0
(x
0
,y
0
).
V d 38: Mt ngi dng s tin 4.000.000 mua 2 loi hng vi gi P
1
=500.000 v
P
2
=400.000
a. Tm s lng hai loi hng trn ngi s mua c gi tr s dng l ln nht. Bit hm
hu dng ca hai mt hng trn l: ( , ) ( 4)( 5) U x y x y = + +
Trong , x l s lng mt hng th 1; y l s lng ca mt hng th 2.
b. Cng hi nh trn nu ( , ) ( 4)( 5) U x y x y = + +
Gii.
Cch 1. Ta c ( , ) ( 4)( 5) U x y x y = + + t cc i vi iu kin
( )
500.000x 400.000y 4.000.000
5x 4y 40
1
x 40 4y
5
x 8 0, 8y
+ =
+ =
=
=

Th vo
2
U(x, y) (x 4)(y 5) 0, 8y 8y 60 U(y) = + + = + + =
14


hm hu dng t cc i th
U'(y) 1, 6y 8 0 = + =
Vy U(x,y) t cc i ti x=4, y=5
Cch 2. (Phng php nhn t Lagrange)
Theo yu cu ca bi ton th ta cn tm (x,y) sao cho U(x, y) (x 4)(y 5) = + + vi iu kin
l 5x 4y 40 5x 4y 40 0 + = + = .
Hm Lagrange c xy dng nh sau:
( ) ( ) L x, y, (x 4)(y 5) 5x 4y 40 = + + + +
iu kin cn ( ) L x, y, t cc tr l
'
x
'
y
'
L (x, y, ) y 5 5 0 x 4
L (x, y, ) x 4 4 0 y 5
L (x, y, ) 5x 4y 40 0 2
= + + = =

= + + = =

= + = =

iu kin ( ) L x, y, l
' '
x y
' '' ''
x xx xy
' '' ''
y yx yy
0 (x, y) (x, y) 0 5 4
H (x, y) L (x, y) L (x, y) 5 0 1
(x, y) L (x, y) L (x, y) 4 1 0

= =

Vi

( )
( )
( )
'
''
xx
x
'
''
xy
y
'
''
yy
y
(x, y) 5x 4y 40
L (x, y) y 5 5 0
L (x, y) y 5 5 1
L (x, y) x 4 4 0
= +
= + + =
= + + =
= + + =

detH=|H|=40>0 nn hm s t cc i ti x=4,y=5.
V d 39. Mt x nghip c hm sn lng cho mt loi mt hng l
2/ 5 3/ 5
Q 50K L = . X
nghip c k hoch u t 15000$ sn xut mt hng trn. Cn phn b th no t sn
lng cao nht bit rng n v tnh ca K, L l 1000$.
15


BI TP
Bi 1. Tnh cc o hm ring cp 1 ca cc hm s sau
a) ( ) ( )
2 2
, ln f x y y x y = b) ( )
2
3
, 4 f x y y x x y = +
c) ( )
2 2
2
,
x xy y
f x y e
+
= d) ( )
3
3
,
x y
f x y
y x
= +
e) ( )
2
, arctan
1
y
f x y
x
=
+
f) ( )
( )
2 2
, ln f x y x x y = + +
g) ( ) ( ) , tan 2
xy
f x y e x y = h) ( ) ( )
2
, 0
y
f x y x x = >
i) ( ) , , sin
xyz
y
f x y z e
x
= j) ( ) , , sin
y
f x y z z
x z
=
+

Bi 2. Tnh o hm ring cp 2 ca cc hm s sau
a) ( )
3 2
, 2 f x y x y x y = + b) ( ) ( )
2
, cos 2 3 f x y x y =
c) ( ) ( )
3
2 2
2
, f x y x y = + d) ( ) ( ) ( ) , sin cos f x y x y x y = + +
Bi 3. Mt cng ty sn xut c quyn mt loi hng v c hai th trng tiu th tch bit.
Bit hm cu trn hai th trng v hm tng chi ph l:
1
1
380
D
Q P = ;
2
2
1
300
3
D
Q P = ;
2
20 90 C Q Q = + +
a. Tm mc sn lng v lng hng phn phi trn cc th trng x nghip c li nhun
ti a.
b. Tm lng hng phn phi trn cc th trng x nghip c li nhun ti a, nu x
nghip sn xut 105 n v sn phm.
Bi 4. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm. Bit hm cu v hm tng chi ph
ca x nghip:
1
1 2
250
D
Q P P = + ;
2
1 2
300 2
D
Q P P = +
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
500 220 10 C q q q q q q = + + + + +
Tm mc sn lng x nghip c li nhun ti a.
Bi 5. Mt cng ty sn xut hai loi hng. Bit n gi bn ca hai loi hng trn l
1
12, P =
2
18 P = , v hm tng chi ph l:
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
( , ) 3 6 4 C C q q q q q q q q = = + + + + +
16


Tm mc sn lng hai loi sn phm trn cng ty c li nhun ti a.
Bi 6. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi hng ha. Bit hm cu ca x nghip v hai
loi trn l:
1
1 2
1
(290 3 2 )
7
D
Q P P = + ,
2
2 1
1
(650 3 )
7
D
Q P P = +
a. Tm mc sn lng ca x nghip v hai loi hng trn sao cho x nghip c li nhun ti
a, nu bit hm tng chi ph ca x nghip l:
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
( , ) C Q Q Q QQ Q = + + .
b. Vn hi nh trn, nu thu sut nh trn mi sn phm ca loi hng th 1 l
1
26 t = v
trn loi hng th 2 l
2
24 t = v hm chi ph sn xut l:
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
( , ) C Q Q Q QQ Q = + +
Bi 7. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn hai loi sn phm. Bit hm cu ca hai loi hng
trn l:
1
1 2
800 2
D
Q P P = + ;
2
1 2
960
D
Q P P = +
v hm tng chi ph:
1 2 1 2
( , ) 320 480 300 C Q Q Q Q = + +
a. Tm mc sn lng ca mi loi sn phm x nghip c li nhun ti a.
b. Tm mc sn lng ca mi loi sn phm x nghip c li nhun ti a vi iu kin
hn ch v chi ph 166700 C = .
Bi 8. Mt x nghip sn xut c quyn mt loi sn phm nhng tiu th trn hai th trng
tch bit. Bit hm cu trn tng th trng l:
1
1
310
D
Q P = ;
2
2
1
235
2
D
Q P =
v hm tng chi ph:
2
1 2 2
( , ) 30 20 C Q Q Q Q = + +
a. Tm mc sn lng v lng hng phn phi cho tng th trng x nghip c li nhun
ti a.
b. Tm mc sn lng v lng hng phn phi cho tng th trng x nghip c li nhun
ti a khi x nghip sn xut 80 n v sn phm.
Bi 9. Gi s hm li nhun ca mt cng ty i vi mt sn phm l
( ) R C PQ wL rK = = + ,
Trong L l lao ng; K l tin vn
w=1 l tin lng ca mt lao ng,
17


r=0,03 l li sut tin vn,
P=9 l n gi bn,
Q l hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas, ( )
1/3 1/3
Q f K, L L K = =
Hy tm (K,L) sao cho cng ty t li nhun ti a.
Bi 10. Gi s mt x nghip cn xc nh lng lao ng L, lng vn K cc tiu ha
hm chi ph C(L,K)= wL rK + . Trong
Gi s x nghip phi sn xut
0
Q 1000 = n v sn phm v hm sn phm l hm c dng
ca hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas, ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
Q f K, L L K = =
Hy tm (K,L) chi ph l nh nht vi lng sn phm trn.
Bi 11. Gi s mt x nghip cn xc nh lng lao ng L, lng vn K cc tiu ha
hm chi ph C(L,K)= wL rK + . Trong
Gi s x nghip phi sn xut
0
Q 1000 = n v sn phm v hm sn phm l hm c dng
ca hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas, ( )
1/ 2 1/ 2
Q f K, L L K = =
Hy tm (K,L) chi ph l nh nht vi lng sn phm trn.
Bi 12. Gi s mt x nghip sn xut mt loi sn phm v tiu th trn 2 th trng tch bit.
Gi s n gi bn ti th trng th nht l
1
P 5 = ; n gi bn ti th trng th 2 l
2
P 4 = .
Hm tng chi ph ca x nghip l
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 2
TC(Q , Q ) Q Q Q Q tQ = + + +
Trong
1 2
Q Q Q = + vi
1 2
Q , Q ln lt l lng hng ha bn c th trng 1 v th
trng 2 v t=1 l chi ph tng thm trn mt n v sn phm th trng 2. Hy tm lng
hng phn phi trn tng th trng sao cho x nghip t li nhun ti a
Bi 13. Gi s mt x nghip sn xut mt loi sn phm v tiu th trn 2 th trng tch bit.
Gi s n gi bn ti th trng th nht l
1
P 8 = ; n gi bn ti th trng th 2 l
2
P 7 = .
Hm tng chi ph ca x nghip l
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2 2
TC(Q , Q ) 2Q Q Q Q tQ 2 = + + + +
Trong
1 2
Q Q Q = + vi
1 2
Q , Q ln lt l lng hng ha bn c th trng 1 v th
trng 2 v t=1 l chi ph tng thm trn mt n v sn phm th trng 2. Hy tm lng
hng phn phi trn tng th trng sao cho x nghip t li nhun ti a
18


Bi 13. Gi s hm li ch i vi hai sn phm l:
U(x, y) ln x ln y = +
Trong x l lng hng th nht, y l lng hng th hai. Gi s ngi tiu dng c thu
nhp 10 phi dng ht mua hai loi sn phm trn, 3 v 2 ln lt l n gi ca hai mt
hng th nht v th hai. Tm x v y cc i ha U vi rng buc l 3x+2y=10.
Bi 14. Gi s hm li ch i vi hai sn phm l:
U(x, y) ln x ln y = +
Trong x l lng hng th nht, y l lng hng th hai. Gi s ngi tiu dng c thu
nhp 10 phi dng ht mua hai loi sn phm trn, 3 v 2 ln lt l n gi ca hai mt
hng th nht v th hai. Tm x v y cc i ha U vi rng buc l 5x+4y=12.
Bi 15. Gi s hm li ch ph thuc vo s tin tiu dng trong hai thi k 1 v 2 l
1 2
C , C
nh sau:
1 2
U C *C = . Gi s li sut sau thi k th 1 l r =4%, tng thu nhp trong thi k
th 1 l 10. Ta c rng buc
2
1
C
C 10
1 r
+ =
+
vi
2
C
1 r +
l thi gi ca
2
C cui thi k th 1.
Hy tm
1 2
C , C cc i ha hm li ch U.

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ThS Nguyn Trng c www.onthicaohoc.

. Khi gn cho x ln lt cc gi tr cng dn v 1 t 2 pha

. th phi tm cch bin i kh chng.

t arcsin x t = , ta c sin . x t = Khi 0 x th 0 t .

khng tn ti, ta ni rng khng th so snh hai VCB ( ) x v ( ) x .

= .Vi ( ) x x = l VCB bc cao hn ( )

= . Vi ( ) x sin(x) = l VCB tng ng ( ) x x = khi x 0 .

li sai trong khi vit

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