Our Vision: An Icon of Excellence & the Pride of the Community Our Mission: Building Character, Expanding Minds,

Shaping Lives Our Core Values: Integrity, Responsibility, Commitment, Respect, Resilience, Care

Understanding Goals
Students will understand that a chemical change is where a new substance is formed as a result of chemical reaction. Students will understand that chemical reactions are based on interactions between matter and matter (mixing), heat, light and electricity.

Chapter 14 : Chemical Changes

Understanding Goals
Students will understand that chemical reactions can be represented using chemical word equations. Students will develop an understanding of the social issues of pollutants in the environment Students will develop an understanding of mans responsibility to have care and concern for the environment

14.1 Observing Changes

Changes can be classified as physical and chemical. A physical change is temporary where no new substance is formed. It is usually reversible. Examples:

Changes in state of matter Dissolving of sugar in water

4

14.2 Types of changes: 14.1 Observing Changes

Physical and chemical changes

Factors
Chemical Reaction

A chemical change is permanent where new substance is formed. It is usually irreversible. Examples:

Physical Changes
Does not involve any chemical reaction No new substances formed

Chemical Changes
Involves chemical reaction

Raw egg becomes cooked egg Paper becomes ash Steel turns to rust Burning of sugar
5

Formation of new substance

New substances are formed

14.2 Types of changes:

Physical and chemical changes
Factors
Is there heat/light h t/li ht taken in or given out?

14.2 Type of change: Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction is a process in which reactants are changed into new substances known as products. In any chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. During a chemical reaction, the atoms are re-arranged to form the products.

Physical Changes

Chemical Changes

No or little Heat and/or light heat/light i h t/li ht is energy may b be taken in or given taken in or given out out

Properties of Properties of Any change in substance do not products different properties of from starting change substances? reactants
7

Chemical Reaction
A

Chemical Equations

chemical reaction can be represented using chemical equation. equation We can write an equation using words or chemical formulae.
Chemical Equation:
reactant A + reactant B product C + product B
9

Word Equation for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is written below:

Hydrogen + Oxygen Water y g yg

We can also make use of chemical formulae to write the chemical equation:

H2 + O2 H2O
10

Chemical Equations

Balanced Chemical Equations

Write down the chemical formulae of reactants and products

A typical chemical equation can only provide information on

identity of reactants and the final products using chemical formulae formulae, possible reaction conditions (eg: temperature, physical state etc)

Check the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the chemical equation Balance the chemical equation by placing numbers in front of the formulae of the substances in the equation
12

However, it can say nothing about the quantities involved until the equation is balanced!
11

Balanced Chemical Equations

Balanced Chemical Equations

Step 1: Write down the chemical

formulae of reactants and products

Step 3: Balance the chemical equation

H2 + O2 H2O

by placing numbers in front of the formulae of the substances in the equation.

Step 2: Check the number of atoms of each element on both sides of the chemical equation RHS: 2 Hydrogen atoms, 2 Oxygen atoms LHS: 2 Hydrogen atoms, 1 oxygen atom
13

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
RHS: 4 H atoms, 2 O atoms LHS: 4 H atoms, 2 O atoms
14

14.3 Interactions between

Chemical reaction which involves interaction between matter and heat include: Combustion Combination Thermal Decomposition

Combustion
Combustion or burning is a process whereby a substance combines with oxygen in the air. H t and li ht are given out d i Heat d light i t during combustion.
Word Equation: Octane + Oxygen heat Carbon Dioxide + Water

Chemical Equation: 2C8H18 + 5O2

15

16CO2 + 18H2O
16

Combination

Combination

Combination refers to a process in which two or more substances combined chemically through heating form a new substance b t
heat Sodium Chloride

Word Equation: Sodium + Chlorine

Chemical Equation: 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

17

2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2NaCl (s)

18

Thermal Decomposition

Thermal Decomposition
Word Equation Sugar
heat

Decomposition is the process whereby a substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Thermal decomposition is the process whereby a substance breaks down by the effect of heat.

Chemical Equation

Carbon + C6H12O6 6C + 6H2O Water Vapour

Copper(II) carbonate heat copper(II) oxide + carbon dioxide Water Oxygen

heat

CuCO3 CuO + CO2 2H2O 2H2 + O2

Hydrogen +

19

20

14.4 Interactions between

Chemical reaction which involves interaction between matter and light include: Photosynthesis Photography

Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy, manufacture carbohydrates (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water.
sunlight

Word Equation carbon dioxide + water

chlorophyll

glucose + oxygen

Chemical Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

21

Photosynthesis

Photography
Photographic films are coated with silver bromide. When light falls on the film, silver film bromide is decomposed to form silver particles.
Word Equation: silver bromide
light

silver + bromine

23

Chemical Equation: light 2AgBr 2Ag + Br2

24

Chemical Changes Caused By Light

Under the exposure of light, chemical reaction takes place with the formation of new products

14.5 Interactions between

Chemical reaction which involves interaction between matter and electricity include: Electrolysis Interaction between matter and electricity produces heat and light as well as magnetic and chemical effect

Fading of the colour of newspaper due to light exposure

25

26

Electrolysis
Passing electric current may change its properties temporarily or permanently. Some substances decompose into simpler S b t d i t i l substances when electricity is passed through them. This process is called electrolysis.

Electrolysis of Water
2H2O 2H2 + O2

27

28

Application of Electrolysis

14.6 Interactions between

Chemical reaction which involves interaction between matter and another matter (mixing): Digestion Neutralization Rusting

Electroplating

29

30

Digestion

Neutralization

Digestion involves chemical reactions caused by mixing. When saliva and starch are mixed, the enzymes in the saliva break the starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules.

When an acid and an alkali are mixed, salt and water are formed. This reaction is called neutralization.

Word Equation: Hydrochloric acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride + Water Chemical Equation: HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
31 32

Rusting

14.7 Chemical Changes Friend or Foe?

Rusting occurs when iron comes in contact with oxygen in the air and water. This is also an example of combination.

Word Equation: Iron + oxygen + water hydrated iron (III) oxide Chemical Equation: 4Fe + 3O2 + 2xH2O 2Fe2O3. xH2O
33 34

Chemical Change Friend

Chemical Change Friend

Fractional distillation of petroleum

Pharmaceutical products

Chemical Change Foe

Definition: Air pollution is defined as the condition in which air contains a high concentration of certain chemicals that may harm living things or damage non-living things. Air pollution is caused by solid particles and poisonous gases in the air.

Chemical Change Foe

1) Methane (CH4) 6) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Sources of Air Pollutant 3) Ozone (O3)

5)

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO-Nitrogen Monoxide) (NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide)

4) Unburnt Hydrocarbons

Chapter Review

References

Physical & Chemical Change http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html Chemical Change Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8aA7Sj YsCA

40