5.

5. 3

377

,




( )
=
.
P () =

( )
0 1,

.

0 P ( ) 1.
:
( )
()
=1

P () =
=0
P () =
( )
( )

,
() + () = 1
, ,
( U B) + ( I ) = () + ()

378

5.3

1. ;
) 12 , 4
, 4 4 ,
.
) 12 , 5
, 5 2 ,
.
)
.
)
.
)
.

( 4-4-4
). ( 5-5-2,
, ) .
2. ,

1
1
7
17
)
)
)
)
2
24
24
24
.

, 7( )
24 ( )
3. (),
(), :
) () = 1,02.
) 80 %,
() =80.
) 1
0.
) 32 %,
68 %.

 5.3

379

) () , 0 P ( ) 1.
) () . P ( ) =

80
= 0,8 < 1 .
100

) ()
) () ,
.
4. 3 ,
5

5
1
2
4
)
)
)
)
3
5
5
5
.

:
3 53 2
= .
P ( ) = 1 P( ) = 1 =
5
5
5
5. , P ( ) = 4 ,P ()= 5 P ( I B)=
11
11
1 P ( U B ) = 6 .
.
11
11
; .

:
P( ) + P( ) = P( ) + P() :
1 4 5
8
P ( ) = P ( ) + P ( ) + P( ) = + + =
11 11 11 11
.

380

5.3

-
1

1 13.

) ;
) 4 ;

) 1 13 :
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13} = {2,4,6,8,10,12}
6
P ( ) = .
13
) 4 1
13 :
= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13} = {4,8,12}
3
P( ) = .
13
2

1200 . % 6 ;

6 1200 :
6
6
0,5
P ( ) =
=
=
0,5%
1200 12.100 100
3

52 12 .
, ;

:
12 52 12 40 10
P() = 1 P( ) = 1
=
=
=
75% .
52
52
52 13

 5.3

381

20 , 8 , 7 5 .
.
: .
: .
: .

( ) 7
.
=
( ) 20
1
( ) 15
P( ) =
=
( ) 20
2

( )
5 20 5 15
P( ) = 1 P( ) = 1
= 1
=
=
.
( )
20
20
20
( ) 13
P( ) =
=
( ) 20
P( ) =

25 . ,

) 15
) 14
) 16
) 19 20.

9
1
10
2
12
3
13
2
14
4
15
3
16
2
17
2
18
3
19
2
20
1

382

5.3

( = 15) 3
=
.
( )
25
( < 14) 8
) P( < 14) =
=
.
( )
25
( 16) 10
) P( 16) =
=
.
( )
25
( = 19 = 20) 3
) P( = 19 = 20 ) =
=
( )
25
) P( = 15) =

.
;

:
= { , , , , , , , }
:
= { , } :
( ) 2 1
= =
P ( ) =
( ) 8 4
7

.
: 6.
: .
: 5.

 5.3

383

:
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
:
= {11,12,13,14,15,16,21,22,23,24,25,26,31,32,33,34,35,36,41,42,43,44,45,46,
51,52,53,54,55,56,61,62,63,64,65, 66}

= {66} , = {11,22,33,44,55, 66}, = {15,51,25,52,35,53,45,54,55,56, 65}
( ) 1
P( ) =
=
.
( ) 36
() 6 1
P() =
=
= .
( ) 36 6
( ) 11
P( ) =
=
.
( ) 36
8

25 12 . ,
;
,
;

:
( ) 13
P( ) =
=
( ) 25

:
P( ) =

( ) 12 1
=
= , ()=25-1=24.
( ) 24 2

 5.3

384

. ;

,
.
:
P( ) + P( ) = 1 P( ) + 3P( ) = 1 4 P( ) = 1

P( ) =

1 1.25 25

=
= 25%
4 4.25 100

10

, P ( ) = 3 , P ( ) = 5
10
10
P ( U B) = 7 . P ( I B ).
10

:
P( ) + P( ) = P( ) + P( )

P( ) = P( ) + P() P( )
3 5 7
1
+ =
P ( ) =
10 10 10 10

11

1
, P ( ) = 11 P ( U B ) = , 14
14
2
P ( I B ).
P ( )=

:
P ( ) + P ( ) = P( ) + P( )
P ( ) = P ( ) + P( ) P( )
P ( ) = P( ) + 1 P( ) P( )
5
11 1 5 14 11 7
1
P ( ) =
+1 = + =
14
14 2 14 14 14 14 14

 5.3

385

12

H 42 % , 21 % 15 % .
;

.
:
P( ) + P( ) = P( ) + P( )
P( ) = P( ) + P( ) P( )
P ( ) =

42
21 15
48
+

=
48%
100 100 100 100

13

O , 24 , 14 , 18 20 .
;

.
:
P ( ) + P ( ) = P ( ) + P( )
P ( ) = P ( ) + P ( ) P( )
14 18 20 12 1
+

=
= 50%
P ( ) =
24 24 24 24 2

1. = {x , x 8},
= { x , x } = {x , x 8}.
) N , ,
Venn .
) N U , I ,
.
) ,

386

i)
iii)

5.3

ii)
iv) .

) :
= {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}, A = {0,2,4,6,8}, B = {1,2,4,8}
) :

3
U = {0,2,4,6,8} =
1
2
0
I = {2,4,8}
4
= {1,3,5,7} = {0,3,5,6,7}
6
8
) :
5
5
7
i) P() = . 9
9
, 5 . Venn
.
ii) 5
P(B) =
9
iii) I . 3 1
P( I ) = P(B) = = . 9
9 3
, 3 .
iv) U . 6 2
P ( U ) = P (A) = = . 9
9 3
, 6 A.
2. 12 , 3 , 3
, 3 3 .

; 1 , 2
1 .
;

12
:
3 1
P(A) =
=
12 4

 5.3

387

, , 2 , 1 , 2 3 .
8 .
8 6, . ,
6 3
P(B) = =
8 4
3. 80
. 18
30 , 36
.
)

) .
i)
ii)
iii)
iv) .

) :
30 50.
18 12
. 36
14 .
.

12
36

18
14

II) :
)
30 3
P(A) =
=
80 8

 5.3

388

)
P() =
32 2
=
80 5
)
12
3
P() =
=
80 20
)

50 + 18 68
P() =
.
=
80
80
4. 25 , 36 , 65 , 92
, . ,
;

= {(25 0 ,36 0 ), (25 0 ,65 0 ), (25 0 ,92 0 ), (36 0 ,65 0 ), (36 0 ,92 0 ), (65 0 ,92 0 )}.

900 250 350 .

. = {(25 0 ,35 0 )} P(A) =
1
, 6 .
6
5. {8, 12, 16,20 }
.
;

:
= {(8,12,16), (8,12,20), (8,16,20, (12,16,20))} .
,
.
(8,12,20) . 8+12 = 20.

 5.3

389

=
{(8,12,16), (8,16,20, (12,16,20))} . P(A) = 3
4
6. {1, 2, 3, 4 }
.
.

) ) .

.
1
2
3
4
1
(1,2)
(1,3)
(1,4)
2
(2,1)
(2,3)
(2,4)
3
(3,1)
(3,2)
(3,4)
4
(4,1)
(4,2)
(4,3)
:
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,1), (2,3), (2,4), (3,1), (3,2), (3,4), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3)}
)
, : = {(2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (4,2)} .
4 1
P(A) = = = .
12 3
)
:
= {(1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4),}
6 1
P(B) =
=
12 2
7. ,
7
11
,
( U ) = ( ) + ( ) =
10
10
( I ) .

( ) + ( ) =

11
(1)
10

 5.3

390

P(A)+P(A) =1 P(A) =
11
11
1P(A) (1) 1P(A) +1P(B) =
1+1 = P(A)+ P(B)
10
10
10 10 11
9
(2).
+ = P(A)+ P(B) P(A)+ P(B) =
10 10 10
10
( U ) = P(A)+P(B) ( I ) ( I ) = P(A)+P(B)
9 7
2 1
( U ) ( I ) =

=
=
10 10 10 5
8.

, , 8 7
. ;

.

1
2
3
4
5
6
1
(1,1)
(1,2)
(1,3)
(1,4)
(1,5)
(1,6)
2
(2,1)
(2,2)
(2,3)
(2,4)
(2,5)
(2,6)
3
(3,1)
(3,2)
(3,3)
(3,4)
(3,5)
(3,6)
4
(4,1)
(4,2)
(4,3)
(4,4)
(4,5)
(4,6)
5
(5,1)
(5,2)
(5,3)
(5,4)
(5,5)
(5,6)
6
(6,1)
(6,2)
(6,3)
(6,4)
(6,5)
(6,6)
=
{(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6),(2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4)
(3,5), (3,6 ), (4,1), (4,2 ), (4,3), (4,4 ), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2 ), (5,3), (5,4 ), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2),
(6,3), (6,4 ), (6,5), (6,6)}

8 = {(2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)} 5
P(A) =
36
7
= {(1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2, (6,1))}
6 1
P() =
= .
36 6

 5.3

391

1
2
4
5
1
7
2
3
3
8
4

5
6

1.
.
2.
3.
4. .
5. .
6.

1.

2. ={,,}
={ }
3.
.
4. .
.
5. .
6.
.
7. .
8.

 5.3

392

 5.3

5 ( )
5

393

1
.
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
.
= {,,,,,,,,,,,} , :
= {x, x }
= {x, x }
1.
Venn.
2. : , , ,
2
.
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4.
.
.
1
1
P() = , P() =
3
4
1
P() = P() .
3

394

5.3

5
1
.
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
.
= {,,,,,,,,,,,} ,
:
= {x, x }
= {x, x }
1.
Venn.
2. : , , ,
2
.
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
.
2
1
P() = , P() =
5
6
2
P() = P() .
3

 5.3

395

1

1. , ...
2.
.. ..
3.

4.
.
5.
.
6.
= .
7. P(A)+P(A) =1

1. = {1,2,3,4,5} = {3,4,5,6,7}.
;
1) {1,2,6,7} , 2) {3,4,5} , 3) {4,5,6,7,} , 4) {1,3,5,7}
2. = {x x } =
{1,3,5,7,9}
1) {1,2,7,8} , 2) {3,4,5,6} , 3) {0,2,4,6,8,} , 4) {1,3,4,5,7}
3. = {x x } =
{,,,} P() .
1
3
1
5
3
,
,
,
,
3
4
2
6
5
4. = {x x } :
= { x x }
= { x x }
P() .
1
1
6
4
, 0 ,
,
,
3
2
7
5
P()
3
1
3
1
6
4
,
, 1 ,
,
, 0 ,
,
4
2
5
3
7
5

396

5.3

.
.

1. = {,,,,,,} = {x, x
} =

2. = {1,2,3} = {x, x
},

3. =

4. =

1
1
7. P(A) = , P() =
4
3