Theorem 7 If is an idempotent symmetric matrix of rank , then can be written as , where is a diagonal matrix with the first diagonal

elements ) diagonal elements equal to 0. equal to 1 and the remaining ( Proof Since the matrix is idempotent and is of rank , it has eigen values equal to ) eigen values equal to 0. Since is a symmetric matrix, it has 1 and ( ortho normal eigen vectors. of these eigen vectors are corresponding to the ) of these eigen vectors are corresponding to eigen values equal to 1 and ( the eigen values equal to 0. Let be the orthonormal eigen vectors corresponding to eigen value 1 and the orthonormal eigen vectors corresponding to eigen value 0. Let A is an orthogonal matrix and therefore .

where is a diagonal matrix with first diagonal elements equal to 1 and the remaining diagonal elements equal to 0. (
Question is about this part

Since the matrix is idempotent and is of rank , it has eigen values equal to ) eigen values equal to 0 1 and ( Question I know that column rank=row rank and idempotent matrix has only eigen values to 0 and 1 and trace is equal to diagonal of D matrix that is eigen values on the diagonal. But why is it r that is 1? Does this concern elementary row operations or something else? How can one show it?