.

(Schrdinger)
()
menu

U(x)
En

.


(E1>Umin),
x=0, p

E3
E2
E1
Umin
x
U(x)

P1(x)
E1

K<0
x

-
, >Umax,
.

Umax

U(x)
x

-
,
<Umax,
( ).

Umax
E
R

U(x)

T
x

 Schrdinger &

2/20

d 2 y x, t 1 d 2 y x, t
/k
2
0
2
2
dx

dt
()
y x, t coskx t
y x, t sin kx t

y x, t ei kx t

e i cos i sin

, ytot= Ay1(x,t) +By2(x,t)

( )

- - .

i
px Et
E , p k
i kx t

x, t e

x, t e

..
i
px Et
d x, t
i
i

Ee
E
dt

dx, t i i px Et
pe

dx
...

p2
EK
2m

d 2 x, t
1 2
2 p
2

dx

 Schrdinger &

3/20

dx, t
2 d 2x, t
i

dt
2m dx2

(x,t)

, x, t Ae

i
px Et

A cos px Et & A sin px Et

, ,
||2=* . , .
( (Born 1926) )
P(x,t)dx=|(x,t)|2dx

x x+dx, t. |(x,t)|2
( )


x & t
2
P x, t Ae

i
px Et

,
(x). ,
(p=0).

 Schrdinger &

4/20

dx, t
2 d 2x, t
i

U x, t x, t
2
dt
2m dx
: .

.

, U(x)
E
i t
(x,t)=(x)(t)
t e

. Schrdinger

2 d 2 x

U x x E x
2
2m dx

...

P(x,t)dx=|(x,t)|2dx=|(x)|2|(t)|2dx
...

t e
2

E 2
i t

P(x,t)dx=|(x)|2dx=P(x)dx

x x+dx

 Schrdinger &
(x)

5/20

(x)
( )

(-,+) :

2

tot x dx
[,];

tot 1

1:
( , (x)
)

x dx
2

(x)
p
i x

e
,

.

A p e

p
i x

|(x)|2

|A(p)|2

dp

x
p

 Schrdinger &
(x)

6/20

(x) ,
. ,

(x) d(x)/dx x.

( ).
(x)

x dx 1 , ;
2

x:

x:

xPx dx

f x

x x 2 x

x x
2

dx

f x x dx

x x dx

p ~ / x

 Schrdinger &

7/20

1:

U
U

ei kx t

ei kx t

=K
(U=0)
k p/
0

de Broglie

.
.

.

Ln

pn k n

2L
n
n
2

pn
n
n
L

pn2
2 2 2
En
En
n
2
2m
2mL
()

 Schrdinger &

8/20

1.

,
Schrdinger :
U 0

2 d 2 x

E x
2m dx2

x Aeikx Be ikx
2mE p

:
0xL (0)=(L)=0
0 A B 0 B A x Aeikx e ikx 2iA sin kx
L 2iA sin kL 0 k n L n , n 1,2,...

kn

n
L

, ,
2 2 2 x 2iA sin n x

E
n
n
L
n 2mL2

, ...
...

4A

Pn x dx n x dx 1
2

x
1
2
n
dx
A
sin
1

0 L
2L

 Schrdinger &

9/20

1.

2 2
x
Pn x sin n
L
L

n 1,2,3...

Pn(x)

!
!
,

kT/2. T=0, E=0

.

E1

2 2

2mL

,
n=0 ( =0)
, P(x)=0
x.


( ).
, =0p=0 p=0.
,

x=0 px=0<

 Schrdinger &

10/20

1.
(Bohr 1922)
,
...

n2, ,

En 1,n
En

En 1 En E1 n 1 n 2 2n 1 n 1 2

2
En
E1n
n
n
2

(1/n)

( )
...

...
2 2
58
39
m = 1gr, L=1 cm

E1

2mL

5.5 10

J 3.4 10

eV

2 1
3.3 10 26 m/sec
m

31023 sec,
...
... !

 Schrdinger &
2:
k

F=-kx

k
m

m
...

...

U x

11/20

1
m 2 x 2
2

, ... =0
....

p ~ / x ~ / A

x ~ A
E K x U x K
p 2 p 2
2
K
~

2m 2m 2mA2

1
E U ( A) m 2 A2
2
2E
2
(1)
A
2
m

2 2
2 2
2

(1)
2
E
E
E
2
2mA
4E
4

E
2

...

 Schrdinger &

12/20

2.
, ....

2 d 2 x 1

m 2 x2 x E x
2
2m dx
2

...

En n , n 0,1,2,..
2

Planck ( ):
n=n

: ,

;
n+1,n/n n>>1;

Pn0 x Ce

m 2
x

U(x) P0(x)
E0
A0

+A0
K<0
x

P xdx 0.16
n 0

A0

;
=p2/2m>0!

.

 Schrdinger &

3:

() <U

H Schrdinger
...

Ai eikx Ar e ikx
I

I x Ai eikx Ar eikx

2mE
k

13/20

ex

ex

II

2mU o E
II x Be Be

... II x
0
x

(x) d(x)/dx ,
x=0

I 0 II 0

...

Ai Ar B

II x
d I x

dx x0
dx x0

Ix ik Ai eikx Ar eikx
II x Bex
ik Ai Ar B

, Ai
( )...

 Schrdinger &
3. (<U)

Ar k i

Ai k i

...

14/20

B
2k

Ai k i
2

Ar

() ... R
1 <U

Ai
Ai=1

Uo

|B

...

|(x)|

...

E=Uo/2

1
-2

|B e
-7

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

x/

()

II x e
2

2x

e2 0.135

2mUo E

...

( )
U

 Schrdinger &

15/20

3. (<U)
; ;



:
... :

x
2mUo E

p 2
K
Uo E
2m

... :

,


!

( / !)

=c

>c

n>n

=90o

()

()

()
(Evanescent wave)

...

 Schrdinger &

16/20

3.

() >U

Ai e

Ar e ik I x

ik I x

At eik II x

H Schrdinger
...

II x At e

ikII x

I x Ai eik x Ar eik x
I

ikII x

Be

>

II

2mE
kI

2 m E U o
k II

(x) d(x)/dx ,
x=0
... ...

Ar
kI kII
R

Ai
kI kII 2
2

At
4kI kII
T

Ai
kI kII 2
R T 1

 Schrdinger &

17/20

3.

...
1

Uo

Uo

Uo

... ...

R
0

Uo

...

( ) U

 Schrdinger &

4:
<U

II e

Ai e

ikx

Ar e

18/20

ikx

ex

At eikx

I

, (, )...
2

2
At
2L
T
~e e
Ai

2 mU o E

II

II
2

...
- !
To ( / !)
T(L)Io
L R(L)Io
Io

>
Io

Io

...

 Schrdinger &

19/20

4:

T ~e

2mU o E
L

()
(L)
(m)
U -

,

MeV,
10-7 sec ( )
1010 yrs ( )!

U(x)

Coulomb
E

...

x
x2

E=K
x

x1~10-14 m

... U(x) x
:
x

2 mU o E

x2

x x

x1

2 mU x E
dx

 Schrdinger &

20/20

4:
(Binnig & Rohrer, . Nobel 1986)


(

).

,

.
(
)
-. ,


, ,
....
48

.


de roglie