TCVN 7957 2008

TCVN 7957:2008
Mc Lc
1. Phm vi p
dng .............................................................................................
5
2. Ti liu vin dn
5
3. Quy nh chung
.
5
4. Tiu chun thi nc v tnh ton thu lc mng li thot nc
.
8
5. S v h thng thot nc
.
18
6. Mng li thot nc v cc cng trnh trn mng li .. 20
7. Trm bm nc thi v trm bm khng kh
27
8. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi
.
33
9. H thng thot nc khu vc nh
..
78
10. c im thit k cc cng trnh x l ca h thng thot nc
chung v h thng thot nc na ring
.
80
11. Trang b in, kim sot cng ngh, t ng ho v iu khin
..
81
12. Nhng yu cu v cc gii php xy dng v kt cu cng trnh
.
84
13. Mt s yu cu cn b sung i vi h thng thot nc xy dng
nhng khu vc c bit
.
87
Ph lc A (qui nh): Cc iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi ra ngun
88
Ph lc B (tham kho): Cc hng s kh hu ca cng thc cng ma
93
Ph lc C (qui nh): Khong cch t ng ng thot nc n mng li
k thut v cc cng trnh
95
Ph lc D (tham kho): Cc cng trnh ph tr ca trm x l nc thi
..
96
Ph lc E (tham kho): B tr h sinh hc
.
97
3
TCVN 7957:2008
Li ni u
TCVN 7957:2008 do Cng ty c phn Nc v Mi trng Vit Nam (VIWASE) sot xt
li trn c s Tiu chun TCXDVN " Thot nc - Mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh - Tiu
chun thit k", B Xy dng ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng
thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cng b.
Tiu chun quc gia TCVN
7957:2008
4
TCVN 7957:2008
Thot nc - Mng li v cng trnh bn ngoi - Tiu
chun thit k
Drainage and sewerage - External Networks and Facilities - Design
Standard
1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny qui nh cc yu cu bt buc hoc khuyn khch p dng thit
k xy dng mi hoc ci to, m rng v nng cp cc h thng thot nc (mng li
thot nc v cng trnh bn ngoi) ca cc th, khu dn c tp trung v khu cng
nghip.
Ch thch: Khi thit k cc h thng thot nc cn phi tun theo cc quy chun v tiu chun
lin quan khc c Nh nc ban hnh.
2 Ti liu vin dn
TCVN 7222:2002, Yu cu chung v mi trng i vi cc trm x l nc thi sinh hot
tp trung.
TCVN 6772: 2000, Cht lng nc - Nc thi sinh hot - Gii hn nhim cho php
TCXDVN 33:2006, Cp nc- Mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh - Tiu chun thit k.
TCVN 5942-1995, Cht lng nc - Tiu chun cht lng nc mt.
TCVN 5945:2005, Nc thi cng nghip - Tiu chun thi.
TCVN 7382-2004, Cht lng nc - nc thi bnh vin - Tiu chun thi.
3 Qui nh chung
3.1 Khi thit k h thng thot nc vic la chn s v cc gii php c bn
phi ph hp vi Quy hoch xy dng ca cc th, khu dn c tp trung, khu cng
nghip.
3.2 Khi la chn h thng v s thot nc phi nh gi kinh t, k thut, mc
m bo v sinh ca cc cng trnh thot nc hin c v kh nng tip tc s dng
chng.
3.3 Khi thit k thot nc cho cc im dn c, cho php s dng cc kiu h thng
thot nc: chung, ring mt na, ring hon ton hoc h thng hn hp tu theo a
hnh, iu kin kh hu, yu cu v sinh ca cng trnh thot nc hin c, trn c s
so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
3.4 i vi h thng thot nc ma, nu iu kin cho php c th s dng h thng
mng mng h v phi ch x l phn nc ma b nhim bn.
3.5 H thng thot nc ca cc x nghip cng nghip thng thit k theo kiu ring
hon ton, nhng trong cc trng hp c th c th kt hp thu gom ton b hoc mt
phn nc thi sn xut vi nc thi sinh hot.
3.6 Khi thit k thot nc cho cc c s sn xut cng nghip cn xem xt:
- Kh nng thu hi cc cht qu c trong nc thi sn xut.
5
TCVN 7957:2008
- Kh nng gim lng nc thi sn xut x ra mi trng bn ngoi bng cch p dng
qu trnh cng ngh hp l, s dng h thng cp nc tun hon ton b, mt
phn hoc ly nc thi ca phn xng ny s dng cho phn xng khc.
Ghi ch: Ch cho php s dng nc thi sinh hot c x l v kh trng cp nc cho sn
xut.
3.7 Nc s dng qua qu trnh sn xut nu khng b nhim bn cn nghin cu
s dng li. Khi khng th s dng li th cho php x vo ngun tip nhn hoc
vo h thng thot nc ma.
3.8 Vic x nc thi sn xut vo h thng thot nc v cng trnh x l nc thi
th cn phi cn c vo thnh phn cc cht nhim c trong nc thi sn xut, ch
tiu kinh t k thut ca h thng thot nc v yu cu v sinh khi x nc thi vo
ngun tip nhn.
Trong trng hp ny, nc thi sn xut phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- - Khng nh hng xu ti s hot ng ca ng cng thot nc v cng trnh x
l nc thi.
- - C nng cht l lng v cht ni khng qu 500 mg/l.
- - Khng cha cc cht c kh nng ph hy vt liu, dnh bm ln thnh ng
hoc lm tc cng thot nc v cc cng trnh khc ca h thng thot nc.
- - Khng cha cc cht d chy (du, xng) v cc cht kh ho tan c th to
thnh hn hp n trong ng ng hoc cng trnh thot nc.
- - Khng cha cc cht c c nng nh hng xu ti qu trnh x l sinh hc
hoc ti vic x nc thi vo ngun tip nhn.
Ch thch: Nu nc thi sn xut khng m bo cc yu cu ni trn phi x l s b ti ch.
Mc x l s b cn phi c s chp thun ca c quan qun l mi trng v n v thot
nc a phng.
3.9 Khi ni ng cng thot nc thi ca cc c s sn xut vo mng li ca th
th tng c s phi c cng x v ging kim tra ring, t ngoi phm vi c s.
Ghi ch: Cho php t cng dn chung nc thi sn xut cc nh my, x nghip sau ging
kim tra ca tng c s.
3.10 Nc thi c cha cc cht c hi v vi trng gy dch bnh trc khi x vo mng
li thot nc ca th hoc khu dn c phi c kh c v kh trng.
3.11 Khng cho php x nhiu loi nc thi vo cng mt mng li thot nc, nu nh
vic trn cc loi nc thi vi nhau c th to thnh cc cht c, kh n hoc cc cht
khng tan vi s lng ln.
3.12 Khng c x nc thi sn xut c nng cht nhim cao tp trung thnh
tng t. Trng hp khi lng v thnh phn nc thi thay i qu ln trong ngy cn
phi thit k b iu ho.
3.13 Ngoi vic tun th cc qui nh nu trong tiu chun ny, s cng ngh v
phng php x l, cc thng s tnh ton cng trnh x l v bn cn nc thi sn
xut cn cn phi da theo cc quy nh, cc tiu chun thit k xy dng cc x
nghip cng nghip tng ng, cc ti liu ca c quan nghin cu khoa hc v kinh
nghim qun l cc cng trnh tng t.
6
TCVN 7957:2008
3.14 Mc x l nc thi trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn c xc nh bng tnh
ton trn c s m bo cc iu kin v sinh theo quy nh ca cc tiu chun mi
trng Vit Nam v c c quan qun l mi trng chp thun.
3.15 Cc cng trnh x l nc thi ca c s cng nghip nn b tr trong phm vi t
ai ca c s .
3.16 Khong cch v sinh t cc cng trnh x l v trm bm nc thi ti ranh gii xy
dng nh cng cng v cc x nghip thc phm (c xt ti kh nng pht trin ca
cc i tng ) c qui nh nh sau:
- i vi cc cng trnh x l v trm bm nc thi sinh hot ly theo Bng 1
- i vi cc cng trnh x l v trm bm nc thi sn xut khng nm trong a
gii ca x nghip, nu c bm v x l hoc kt hp bm v x l cng vi nc
thi sinh hot th ly theo tiu chun v sinh qui nh khi thit k cc cng
trnh v sinh theo cc tiu chun thit k cc x nghip cng nghip do Nh nc
hay cc B ch qun ban hnh, nhng khng thp hn cc qui nh trong Bng 1.
Bng 1
Tn cng trnh
Khong cch ly v sinh tnh bng m, theo
cng sut tnh ton ca cng trnh, nghn
m
3
/d
Di 0,2
T 0,2 n
5
T 5 n
50
>50
1. Cng trnh x l c hc v sinh hc
c sn phi bn
2. Cng trnh x l c hc v sinh hc
c x l bn cn bng thit b c
kh..
3. Bi lc ngm
4.Cnh ng ti
5.H sinh hc
6. Mng xy ha tun hon
7.Trm bm
150
100
200
150
200
150
15
200
150
300
200
200
200
20
400
300
-
400
300
400
20
500
400
-
-
-
-
30
Ch thch:
1. Khi khng m bo c khong cch ti thiu trn, th phi c cc gii php cng ngh ph
hp m bo c iu kin v sinh v phi c c quan qun l mi trng a phng
chp thun.
3. Nu trong a gii ca trm x l nc thi c hc v sinh hc cng sut di 50m
3
/d c bi lc
ngm din tch di 0,5 ha th khong cch trn ly bng 100m.
4. Khong cch ly v sinh i vi bi lc ngm cng sut di 15 m
3
/d ly 15 m.
5. Khong cch ly v sinh ca b t hoi l 5m, ging thm l 8m.
6. Khong cch ly trong Bng 1 cho php tng ln nhng khng qu 2 ln nu khu dn c xy
dng cui hng gi ch o so vi trm x l, cho php gim i nhng khng qu 25% nu khu
dn c xy dng v tr c hng gi thun li theo quan im v sinh.
7. Nu lm kh bn cn cha c n nh bng sn phi bn th khong cch v sinh phi c
tnh ton ph hp vi cc tiu chun mi trng v c c quan qun l mi trng a phng chp
thun.
8. i vi cc cng trnh ci to, ty tng trng hp ngoi l c th p dng khc vi qui nh trong
bng ny nhng phi c s chp thun ca c quan qun l mi trng a phng.
7
TCVN 7957:2008
3.17 Khng c x nc ma trong cc trng hp sau:
- Trc tip vo cc khu vc dng lm bi tm.
- Vo cc khu vc trng khng c kh nng t thot nc v d to thnh m ly.
- Vo khu vc xi mn, nu thit k khng c bin php gia c b.
3.18 Phi xt ti kh nng a cng trnh vo tng giai on xy dng v trng hp
cn thit vn hnh ton b cng trnh cng nh kh nng pht trin trong tng lai khi
vt qu cng sut tnh ton ca cng trnh.
Ghi ch: Vic a cng trnh vo s dng theo tng giai on xy dng hay vn hnh ton b
phi xut pht t iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi vo ngun tip nhn.
3.19 Cc gii php k thut c bn c thit k phi da trn c s so snh ch tiu
kinh t k thut ca cc phng n xut. Phng n c chn l phng n kinh t v
m bo kh nng thc hin mt cch thun li.
4. Tiu chun thi nc v tnh ton thu lc mng li thot Nc
4.1 Tiu chun thi nc v h s khng iu ho
4.1.1 Tiu chun thi nc th bao gm nc thi sinh hot v dch v xc nh theo
tiu chun cp nc tng ng vi tng i tng v tng giai on xy dng.
4.1.2 H s khng iu ho ngy ca nc thi th hoc khu dn c K
d
ly bng
1,15 -1,3 tu theo c im ca tng th.
H s khng iu ho chung K
0
ly theo Bng 2, ph thuc vo lu lng nc thi trung
bnh ngy q
tb
.
Bng 2
H s khng iu ho
chung K
0
Lu lng nc thi trung bnh q
tb
(l/s)
5 10 20 50 100 300 500
100
0
5000
K
0

max
2,5 2,1 1,9 1,7 1,6 1,55 1,5 1,47 1,44
K
0

min
0,38 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,59 0,62 0,66 0,69 0,71
Ch thch:
1. Khi lu lng trung bnh nm gia cc s trong Bng 2 th h s khng iu ho chung xc
nh bng cch ni suy.
2. H s khng iu ho K
0
ly theo Bng 2 cho php p dng khi lng nc thi sn xut khng
vt qu 45% tng lu lng nc thi th.
3. Khi lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi nh hn 5 l/s th K
0
ly bng 5.
4.1.3 S phn b lu lng nc thi ca th v khu dn c theo cc gi trong
ngy xc nh theo biu dng nc. Nu khng c biu dng nc th s phn b
ny c th cn c theo ti liu qun l ca i tng thot nc tng t.
4.1.4 Tiu chun v h s khng iu ho nc thi sinh hot t cc x nghip cng
nghip, t cc nh hoc cng trnh cng cng ring r th xc nh theo tiu chun
thot nc bn trong nh.
4.1.5 Tiu chun v h s khng iu ho nc thi sn xut t cc c s cng nghip
phi xc nh theo ti liu cng ngh sn xut.
8
TCVN 7957:2008
4.1.6 Lu lng tnh ton ca nc thi sn xut t cc c s cng nghip c xc
nh nh sau:
- ng ng thot nc t cc phn xng xc nh theo lu lng gi ln nht;
- ng ng dn chung ca ton nh my theo th x nc tng gi;
- ng ng dn chung ca mt nhm nh my theo th thi nc tng gi c xt
ti thi gian chy ca nc thi trong ng ng.
4.2. Tnh ton lu lng v iu ho dng chy nc ma
4.2.1 Lu lng tnh ton thot nc ma ca tuyn cng (l/s) c xc nh theo cng thc
tng qut sau:
Q= q.C.F (1)
q - Cng ma tnh ton (l/s.ha )
C - H s dng chy
F - Din tch lu vc m tuyn cng phc v (ha)
H s dng chy C ph thuc vo loi mt ph v chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P,
xc nh theo Bng 5.
4.2.2 Cng ma tnh ton c th xc nh bng biu hoc cng thc
khc nhau, nhng nn c i chiu so snh m bo chnh xc cao:
a. Theo biu quan h I D F (cng ma-thi gian-tn sut) c lp cho
tng vng lnh th.
b. Theo cng thc Wenzel
(2)
Trong :
i- Cng ma
(mm/h);

d
T - Thi gian
ma ( pht);
- Chu k lp li trn ma;
C- H s ph thuc chu k lp li trn ma.
c. Theo cng thc:

(3)
Trong :
q- Cng ma (l/s.ha);
t - Thi gian dng chy ma (pht);
P- Chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton (nm);
A,C,b,n- Tham s xc nh theo iu kin ma ca a phng, c th chn theo Ph
lc B; i vi vng khng c th tham kho vng ln cn.
S liu ma cn c chui thi gian quan trc t 20 n 25 nm bng my o ma t ghi,
thi gian ma ti a l 150 180 pht.
Chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P i vi khu vc th ph thuc vo qui m v tnh
cht cng trnh, xc nh theo Bng 3.
9
f T
C
i
d
+
n
b t
P C A
q
) (
) lg 1 (
+
+
TCVN 7957:2008
Bng 3
Tnh cht th
Qui m cng trnh
Knh, mng Cng chnh
Cng nhnh
khu vc
Thnh ph ln, loi I
th loi II, III
Cc th khc
10
5
2
5
2
1
2-1
1- 0,5
0,5-0,33
Ch thch: i vi cc th hay khu vc th a hnh i ni, khi din tch lu vc thot n-
c ln hn 150 ha, dc a hnh ln hn 0,02 nu tuyn cng chnh nm vt trng ca lu
vc th khng phn bit quy m th, gi tr P cn ly ln hn quy nh trong bng, c th
chn P bng 10 - 20 nm da trn s phn tch ri ro tng hp v mc an ton ca cng
trnh.
i vi cc khu cng nghip tp trung, chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P ph thuc vo
tnh cht khu cng nghip v c xc nh theo Bng 4.
Bng 4
Tnh cht khu cng nghip Gi tr P
Khu cng nghip c cng ngh bnh thng
Khu cng nghip c cc c s sn xut c yu cu c bit
5 - 10
10 -20
Khi thit k tuyn thot nc nhng ni c cc cng trnh quan trng (nh tuyn tu
in ngm, nh ga xe la, hm qua ng, hoc trn nhng tuyn ng giao thng
quan trng m vic ngp nc c th gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng th chu k P
ly ln hn so vi quy nh trong Bng 3, c th gi tr P ly bng 25 nm. i vi khu
vc c a hnh bt li c th ly cao hn (50 hoc 100 nm) da trn s phn tch
tng hp ri ro v yu cu an ton.
4.2.3 i vi thnh ph ln c nhiu trm o ma cn phn tch tng quan
ca lng ma ca cc trm xc nh h s phn b ma theo im v din tch.
Trong trng hp ch c mt trm o ma th lu lng tnh ton cn nhn vi h s phn
b ma ro n. Nu khng c ti liu nghin cu trong nc th c th s dng biu
c t chc kh tng Th gii thnh lp, hoc theo qui nh Ph lc B.
4.2.4 H s dng chy C xc nh bng m hnh tnh ton qu trnh thm.
Trong trng hp khng c iu kin xc nh theo m hnh ton th i lng C, ph
thuc tnh cht mt ph ca lu vc v chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P, c chn
theo Bng 5.
Bng 5
Tnh cht b mt thot nc Chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P (nm)
2 5 10 25 50
Mt ng atphan
Mi nh, mt ph btng
Mt c, vn, cng vin (c chim
di 50%)
- dc nh 1-2%
- dc trung bnh 2-7%
0,73
0,75
0,32
0,77
0,80
0,34
0,81
0,81
0,37
0,86
0,88
0,40
0,90
0,92
0,44
10
TCVN 7957:2008
- dc ln 0,37
0,40
0,40
0,43
0,43
0,45
0,46
0,49
0,49
0,52
Ch thch:Khi din tch b mt c nhiu loi mt ph khc nhau th h s C trung bnh xc
nh bng phng php bnh qun theo din tch.
4.2.5 ng qu trnh ma thit k c la chn da trn mt s trn ma in hnh.
Thi gian ko di ca qu trnh ma ph thuc vo qui m th hoc qui m khu vc
th, c th ly t 3h n 6h. Qu trnh ma thit k ph thuc tnh cht ma tng
vng lnh th. C th s dng biu I-D-F thit lp ng qu trnh ma thit k.
4.2.6 Tnh ton thu lc h thng thot nc ma ni chung c thc hin theo hai bc:
- Bc 1: Xc nh s b kch thc cng trnh (bng phng php cng gii hn
hoc phng php Rational).
- Bc 2: Kim tra kt qu tnh ton bc 1 bng m hnh thu lc, nu xt thy
cn thit th iu chnh kt qu tnh bc 1.
- Tnh ton h thng thot nc ma theo phng php cng gii hn phi tun
theo cc qui nh t muc 4.2.7 n 4.2.12.
4.2.7 Thi gian dng chy ma n im tnh ton t (pht), c xc nh theo
cng thc:
t = t
o
+ t
1
+ t
2
(4)
Trong :
t
o
-Thi gian nc ma chy trn b mt n rnh ng, c th chn t 5 n 10 pht.
Nu trong tiu khu c t ging thu nc ma th l thi gian chy n cng ca
ng ph (thi gian tp trung b mt) xc nh theo quy nh iu 4.2.8. Ring
i vi khu vc m tnh cht th cha r rt th xc nh theo quy nh iu
4.2.10;
t
1
-Thi gian nc chy theo rnh ng n ging thu (khi trong gii hn tiu khu khng
t ging thu nc ma) xc nh theo ch dn iu 4.2.8;
t
2
- Thi gian nc chy trong cng n tit din tnh ton xc nh theo ch dn iu
4.2.9 .
4.2.8. Thi gian nc ma chy theo rnh ng t
1
(pht) xc nh theo cng thc:
1
1
1
021 , 0
V
L
t
(5)
Trong :
L
1
- Chiu di rnh ng (m);
V
1
- Tc chy cui rnh ng (m/s).
4.2.9 Thi gian nc ma chy trong cng n tit din tnh ton xc nh theo cng
thc:

2
2
2
017 , 0
V
L
t (6)
Trong :
L
2
- Chiu di mi on cng tnh ton (m);
V
2
- tc chy trong mi on cng tng ng (m/s).
11
TCVN 7957:2008
4.2.10 i vi khu vc th m h thng thot nc ma cha r rt (khng b tr
ging thu, khng c rnh ng) th thi gian tp trung nc ma b mt (t
0
+ t
1
) c xc
nh theo cng thc sau:
3 , 0 5 , 0 3 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0
1 0
5 , 1
I i Z
L n
t t t

+ (pht) (7)
Trong :
n - H s nhm Maning
L - Chiu di dng chy (m)
Z - H s mt ph, ly theo bng 3-5
I - Cng ma (mm/pht)
i - dc b mt
Bng 6
Loi mt ph H s Z
- Mi nh mt ng nha
- Mt ng lt
- Mt ng cp phi
- Mt ng ghp
- Mt ng t
- Cng vin, t trng cy ( st)
- Cng vin, t cy xanh ( ct)
- Bi c
0,24
0,224
0,145
0,125
0,084
0,038
0,020
0,015
Ch thch: Khi din tch b mt c nhiu loi mt ph khc nhau th h s Z trung bnh xc
nh bng phng php bnh qun theo din tch.
4.2.11 Din tch thu nc tnh ton cho mi on cng c th ly bng ton b hay
mt phn din tch thu nc sao cho lu lng tnh ton l lu lng ln nht.
4.2.12 Vn cy v cng vin khng c mng li thot nc ma th khng xt
n din tch lu vc v h s dng chy. Nhng nu mt t c dc nghing
v pha ng ph ln hn hoc bng 0,008 th di t dc theo ng c b rng 50
- 100 m phi c tnh vo lu vc thot nc.
4.2.13 iu ho dng chy nc ma, bao gm c vic lm chm dng chy bng bin
php thm v cha, nhm mc ch gim lu lng nh, lu lng ca h thng thot nc,
gim tc ng tiu cc do nc ma gy ra, gi n nh nc ngm v to cnh quan mi
trng.
Cc cng trnh thm bao gm: cng trnh thm t nhin v cng trnh nhn to.
Cc cng trnh cha bao gm: b cha, h cha, h iu ho v cc khu t trng
trong cc vn cy, bi c, c th cha tm thi trong khi ma.
4.2.14 Khi thit k h iu ho cn bo m cc yu cu:
Ca dn nc vo h v x nc ra khi h phi b tr hp l thun tin trong vic
khng ch v iu khin mc nc trong h, ph hp vi din bin trn ma v bo m
cnh quan h th.
Khi vn hnh h iu ha, cn tnh n vic thay nc h m bo cc iu kin
v sinh (trung bnh mi nm 2 ln thay nc).
su lp nc tnh t mc nc ti thiu n y h khng nh hn 1m.
12
TCVN 7957:2008
4.2.15 Xc nh th tch iu ho ca h W (m
3
) bng biu lu lng nc
ma chy vo v x ra khi h theo mc nc trung bnh v mc nc ln nht.
i vi nhng cng trnh nh, khng yu cu chnh xc cao, khi p dng phng
php cng gii hn c th tnh ton th tch iu ha cng thc sau:
W = K. Q
n
.t (8)
Trong :
Q
n
- Lu lng tnh ton nc ma chy ti h (m
3
/s);
t - Thi gian ma tnh ton ca ton b cc lu vc thuc tuyn cng ti ming x vo h
(cn c theo bng tnh thu lc mng li thot nc ma);
K - H s, ph thuc i lng
, ly theo Bng 7.
Bng 7
K

K

K
0,1
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,5
1,1
0,85
0,69
0,58
0,5
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,42
0,36
0,3
0,25
0,21
0,16
0,7
0,75
0,8
0,85
0,9
0,13
0,1
0,07
0,04
0,02
Ch thch: l t l gia lu lng nc ma c iu tit chy vo tuyn cng sau h Q
x
v lu l-
ng nc ma tnh ton chy vo h Q
n
:
n
x
Q
Q
.

4.3 Tnh ton thu lc mng li thot nc thi
4.3.1 Khi tnh ton thu lc mng li thot nc t chy hoc c p, lu lng tnh
ton l lu lng nc thi ln nht. tnh ton thu lc cng c th s dng cng thc
Maning.
Q = 1/n x A x R
2/3
x I
1/2
(9)
Trong :
Q Lu lng tnh ton (m
3
/s);
I - dc thu lc;
R- Bn knh thu lc (m);
A Tit din cng (m
2
);
n H s nhm Manning.
H s nhm n ly theo Bng 8.

Bng 8
Loi cng v mng H s nhm Manning (n)
Cng:
- B tng ct thp
- ng gang
- ng thp
0,013
0,012
0,012
13
TCVN 7957:2008
- ng nha 0,011
Loi cng v mng H s nhm Manning (n)
Mng:
- Mi c
- Mi xy
- Mi b tng
- Mi b tng v y b tng
0,03
0,025
0,022
0,015
4.3.2 Khi tnh ton thu lc ng ng dn bn cn c p lc (dn cn ti, cn
ln men, bn hot tnh) phi xt n ch chuyn ng, tnh cht l hc v
c im bn cn.
4.4 Tnh ton thu lc mng li thot nc chung, na ring v tnh ton
ming x hn hp nc ma v nc thi vo ngun tip nhn
4.4.1 Mng li thot nc chung phi m bo tiu thot c lng nc ma trong thi gian
ma c cng tnh ton. Cc on cng c tng lu lng nc thi sinh hot v nc thi
sn sut trn 10 l/s phi kim tra iu kin thy lc trong ma kh. Tc dng chy
nh nht ph thuc y ca cng hoc mng, ly theo Bng 9.
Bng 9
y tng ng vi lu lng
ma kh (cm)
Tc nh nht ca
nc thi (m/s)
10 - 20
21 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 60
61 - 100
100 - 150
> 150
0,75
0,8
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,5
Ch thch: Nu cc ngi nh c b t hoi th tc nh nht cho php gim 30%.
4.4.2 Lu lng tnh ton ca on cng chung trc ming x th nht xc nh bi tng
lu lng trong ma kh Q
kh
(nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut) v lu lng nc ma.
Lu lng tnh ton Q
n
ca on ng pha sau ming x xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Q
n
= Q
kh
+ n
0
.Q
kh
+ Q
m
(10)
Trong :
Q
kh
- Tng lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi ca on cng tnh ton;
Q
kh
- Tng lu lng nc thi ca cc lu vc pha trc ming x;
n
0
H s pha long, xc nh theo iu 3.27;
Q
m
- Lu lng nc ma ca cc lu vc trc tip ca cc on cng pha sau ming x;
4.4.3 Khi kim tra iu kin thu lc mng li thot nc chung trong ma kh th lu l-
ng nc thi sinh hot v sn xut xc nh tng t nh i vi mng li thot nc ring
hon ton.
14
TCVN 7957:2008
4.4.4 B tr ming x hn hp nc ma v nc thi v xc nh h s pha long n
0
phi
cn c theo iu kin v sinh, ch thu vn, kh nng t lm sch v tnh cht s
dng ca ngun tip nhn. H s pha long n
0
thng chn t 1 n 3, ph thuc vo
v tr cng x trn mng li thot nc. i vi cc ming x u lu vc thot nc, n
0
chn
bng 3; i vi cc ming x cui lu vc n
0
chn bng 1.
Khi la chn ngun tip nhn b tr ming x hn hp nc ma v nc thi, ngoi
vic tun theo cc quy nh nu trn cn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Sng phi c dng chy lin tc, vn tc ti thiu khng di 0,3m/s. Lu lng dng
chy sng tham gia pha long phi ln hn 5 ln so vi lu lng nc thi.
- H t nhin hay nhn to phi c dung tch v chiu su ln, c dng chy lin
tc v kh nng thay nc h trung bnh 4 - 5 ln trong mt nm.
Ch thch: Hin nay trong nhiu d n thot nc th b tr cc ming x nc thi vo cc ao
h nh, nng nm trong thnh ph li khng c iu kin thay nc, c coi l gii php tm thi,
khi c ci to bng h thng cng ring ti cc im x ny phi b tr ging tch nc thi.
4.4.5 Lu lng hn hp nc ma v nc thi dn n trm x l v ma ma c th s b ly
bng 2 - 2,5 ln lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi v ma kh.
4.4.6 Lu lng tnh ton hn hp nc thi q
mix
(l/s) ca tuyn cng chung trong h thng
thot nc ring mt na xc nh theo cng thc:
q
mix
= q
cit
+ q
lim
(11)
Trong : q
cit
Lu lng tnh ton ca nc thi sinh hot v sn xut c tnh n h s
khng iu ho (l/s).
q
lim
lu lng nc ma b nhim bn cn c x l, bng tng lu lng gii hn ca nc ma
q
lim
a vo trong tuyn cng chung t mi ging tch nc n on cng tnh ton
(l/s).
4.4.7 Lu lng nc ma b nhim bn cn x l q
lim
(l/s) xc nh theo quy nh ti iu
4.2.1 ca tiu chun ny vi chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P = 0,5-1,0 nm, iu
m bo lng nc ma a x l khng di 70% tng lng nc ma b nhim bn.
4.4.8 Cc tuyn cng thot nc thi v nc ma trong h thng thot nc na ring tnh
ton theo tiu chun ca cc mng li tng ng trong h thng ring hon ton.
4.5 ng knh nh nht ca cng v y tnh ton trong cng v m-
ng
4.5.1 ng knh nh nht ca cng thot nc qui nh nh sau:
Bng 10
Loi h thng thot nc
ng knh nh nht D (mm)
Trong tiu khu ng ph
H thng thot nc sinh hot
H thng thot nc ma
H thng thot nc chung
150
200
300
200
400
400
ng ni t ging thu nc ma n ng cng c ng knh D=200mm 300mm.
Ch thch:
15
TCVN 7957:2008
1. Cc khu dn c c lu lng nc thi di 500 m
3
/d cho php dng ng D200 mm t ng ph.
2. Trong cc trng hp c bit, ng thot nc thi sn xut cho php c ng knh di 200
mm.
3. Trong iu kin k thut sn xut cho php, cc ng cng nh nht trong h thng thot
nc sinh hot v thot nc chung nn p dng kiu c tit din hnh van.
4.5.2 y tnh ton ln nht ca ng cng ph thuc vo ng knh cng v ly
nh sau:
+ i vi cng D= 200 - 300 mm, y khng qu 0,6 D
+ i vi cng D= 350 - 450 mm, y khng qu 0,7 D
+ i vi cng D=500 - 900 mm, y khng qu 0,75 D
+ i vi cng D trn 900 mm, y khng qu 0,8 D.
Ch thch:
1- i vi mng c chiu cao H t 0,9m tr ln v tit din ngang c hnh dng bt k y
khng c qu 0,8 H;
2 - Cng thot nc ma v cng thot chung c thit k chy y hon ton
3. i vi tuyn cng u tin l tuyn cng khng tnh ton, y ca cng khng quy
nh.
4.5.3 Mng thot nc ma xy dng trong phm vi cc nhm nh , chiu su dng nc
khng c vt qu 1m, v b mng phi cao hn mc nc cao nht t 0,2 m tr ln.
4.6 Vn tc tnh ton ca nc thi
4.6.1 Vn tc dng chy nc thi nh nht ph thuc vo thnh phn v kch th-
c ca cc ht l lng trong nc thi, bn knh thu lc hoc y ca cng hay m-
ng.
i vi nc thi sinh hot v nc ma, vn tc chy nh nht V
min
ng vi y tnh ton
ln nht ca cng qui nh nh sau:
- Cng c ng knh 150 200 mm V
min
= 0,7 m/s
min
= 0,8 m/s
min
= 0,9 m/s
min
= 1 m/s
min
= 1,15 m/s
min
= 1,2 m/s
- Cng c ng knh > 1500 mm V
min
= 1,3 m/s
i vi nc thi sn xut, vn tc dng chy nh nht nn ly theo qui nh ca c quan
chuyn ngnh hoc theo cc ti liu nghin cu.
Ch thch:
1. i vi cc loi nc thi sn xut, c tnh cht ging vi nc thi sinh hot th vn tc chy
nh nht ly theo nc thi sinh hot.
2. i vi nc ma c chu k lp li trn ma tnh ton P nh hn hay bng 0,5 nm, vn tc
nh nht l 0,7 m/s.
3. i vi cc loi cng u mng li khng m bo vn tc nh nht nh qui nh hoc
y tnh ton di 0,2 D th nn xy dng cc ging ty ra.
16
TCVN 7957:2008
4.6.2 Vn tc dng chy nh nht trong cng ca nc thi lng hoc x l sinh
hc cho php ly bng 0,4 m/s.
4.6.3 Vn tc dng chy ln nht ca nc thi trong cng bng kim loi khng qu 8m/s,
trong cng phi kim loi khng qu 4 m/s.
i vi nc ma ly tng ng bng 10 v 7 m/s.
4.6.4 Vn tc dng chy tnh ton ca nc thi trong ng siphon khng c nh hn
1m/s; tc dng chy ca nc thi trong on cng ni vi ng siphon khng c ln
hn tc chy trong ng siphon.
4.6.5 Vn tc dng chy nh nht trong ng p lc dn bn (cn ti, cn phn
hu, bn hot tnh,..) c nn ly theo Bng 11.
Bng 11
m ca bn %
Vn tc chy tnh ton trong ng ng p lc dn bn (m/s)
ph thuc vo ng knh ng dn bn D (mm)
D =150 - 200 D =250 - 400
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
0,8
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1,0
0,9
4.6.6 Vn tc ln nht trong mng dn nc ma v nc thi sn xut c php x vo
ngun tip nhn ly theo Bng 12.
Bng 12
Tn loi t hay kiu gia c
Vn tc chy ln nht (m/s) ng vi
chiu su dng nc H = 0,4-1m
- Gia c bng cc tm b tng
- vi, sa thch
- lt c va
- Ct nh, ct va, pha st
- Ct th, pha st gy
- Pha st
- St
- Lp c y mng
- Lp c thnh mng
4
4
3-3,5
0,4
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,0
1,6
Ch thch: Khi chiu su dng nc H nm ngoi khong gi tr 0,4 - 1m, vn tc bng trn
phi nhn vi h s iu chnh K.
+ Nu H di 0,4 m h sK= 0,85.
+ Nu H trn 1 m h s K=1,25.
4.7 dc cng, mng v rnh thot nc
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TCVN 7957:2008
4.7.1 dc nh nht ca cng i
min
phi chn trn c s m bo vn tc dng chy
nh nht qui nh cho tng loi ng cng v kch thc ca chng.
dc cng ni t ging thu nc ma n cng thot nc ly bng 0,02.
4.7.2 dc ca rnh ng, mng thot nc ma ly theo Bng 13.
Bng 13
Cc hng mc
dc nh nht ca rnh
ng, mng
- Rnh ng mt ph atphan
- Rnh ng mt ph bng dm hay tng
- Rnh ng ri cui, si
0,003
0,004
0,005
4.7.3 Kch thc nh nht ca ca cc loi mng c tit din hnh thang ly nh sau:
Chiu rng y ly 0,3m su 0,4m. taluy ly theo Bng 14.
Bng 14
Loi t lng mng ta luy
+ Ct mn
+ Ct nh, va v th
a) Loi ri v c cht trung bnh
b) Cht
+ Pha ct
+ Pha st v st
+ t si v t ln cui
+ t v t chu nc
+ phong ho
+
1:3
1:2
1:15
1:1,5
1:1,25
1:1,125
1:0,5
1:0,25
1:0,1
5. S v h thng thot nc
5.1. S v h thng thot nc cho cc khu dn c
5.1.1. i vi cc im dn c c th la chn cc kiu h thng thot nc c bn
nh quy nh ti iu 3.3 ca tiu chun ny. Trong thc t, ph thuc vo iu
kin t nhin, hin trng thot nc v tnh cht th, c th p dng linh hot cc
kiu h thng:
- H thng thot nc chung: ch nn p dng i vi cc th c c mng li
thot nc kiu chung hoc cc th c nhng iu kin t nhin thun li.
-Khi lp quy hoch thot nc cn xem xt kh nng c th ci to cng chung
thnh cng ring hon ton trong tng lai.
- H thngthot nc ring: p dng cho cc khu vc th mi, th m rng,
khu dn c tp trung c mt dn c cao (trn 200 ngi/ha).
- H thng thot nc hn hp: p dng cho cc thnh ph ln.
Trong cc khu th c nc ma trn mi nh, trong sn vn, thng thot chung vi nc
thi sinh hot. Vic ci to tch thnh hai h thng ring bit gp nhiu kh khn.
Trong trng hp ny ta c h thng ring khng hon ton.
18
TCVN 7957:2008
H thng na ring p dng cho cc khu vc th mi, c tiu chun mi trng cao,
m bo iu kin v sinh cho cc ngun nc, h cha hay bi tm.
5.1.2. i vi cc im dn c nh di 5.000 ngi, ph thuc vo lng ma hng nm v
cc iu kin khc c th p dng kiu ring khng hon ton hoc cng chung n
gin.
Ch thch: Cng chung n gin l loi cng hp c y an bng b tng ct thp ch yu
thot nc mt ng. Nc thi sinh hot c x l s b bng b t hoi trong tng ngi
nh.
5.1.3 i vi khu vc i ni c th p dng h thng thot nc ring khng hon
ton trong nc ma x trc tip vo ngun tip nhn, nc thi c th vn chuyn t
chy hoc bng p lc.
5.1.4 C th p dng m hnh qun l tp trung cho mt hoc mt s im
dn c hoc mt nhm cc ngi nh bit lp hoc phi hp vi nc thi khu vc sn
xut.
5.1.5 C th t chc thot nc phn tn khi mt dn c thp (di 200 ng-
i/ha) v iu kin v sinh cho php, c bit khng c nguy c gy nhim t,
ngun cp nc.
Trong trng hp t chc thot nc phn tn c th p dng cc loi cng trnh x l nc
thi nh sau:
- B t hoi cc kiu;
- B t hoi cng vi cc cng trnh x l trong t;
- Aeroten thi kh ko di;
- H sinh hc v bi lc trng cy.
5.2 Nhng c im thit k mng li thot nc cc c s cng nghip
5.2.1 S lng mng li thot nc sn xut trong phm vi c s cng nghip c xc nh
da vo thnh phn, lu lng, nhit , kh nng s dng li nc thi v s cn thit
phi x l s b cc loi nc thi ny.
5.2.2 Trong phm vi cc c s cng nghip, ph thuc vo thnh phn ca nc thi c
th t ng ng thot nc trong rnh kn, mng h, trong ng hm (tunnel) hoc
trn cu dn.
5.2.3 Khong cch t thnh ca ng hm (tunnel) n cc cng dn nc thi cha
cc cht n mn, cc cht c d bay hi hoc gy chy n (c t trng kh v hi
nc nh hn 0,8 so vi khng kh) ly khng di 3m. Khong cch cc ng ng ny
n cc tng ngm khng di 6m.
5.2.4 Cc thit b kho chn, kim tra v u ni trn ng cng dn nc thi c
cha cc cht c, d bay hi, d gy chy n phi m bo kn tuyt i.
5.2.5 Tu theo vo thnh phn, nng v nhit ca nc thi sn xut c tnh n
mn m s dng cc loi ng (ng snh, s, thu tinh, PVC, composite, thp lt cao su,
gang tm nha ng,) cho hp l.
19
TCVN 7957:2008
Ch thch: Cc loi ng lm bng plyetilen, ng gang tm nha ng, ng lt cao su, c s
dng khi nhit nc thi khng qu
0
60
C. Cc loi ng cht do khc phi theo ch dn p
dng ca nh sn xut.
5.2.6 Xm ming bt ca cng dn nc thi c tnh axt bng si aming tm bi tum v
chn ngoi bng va xi mng chu axt.
5.2.7 Phi c bin php bo v cc cng trnh trn mng li thot nc thi c tnh n
mn khi tc hi do hi v nc; v phi m bo khng cho nc thm lu vo t.
5.2.8 Lng mng ca ging thm trn cng dn nc thi c tnh n mn phi lm bng
vt liu chu n mn.
Thang ln xung trong cc ging ny khng c lm bng kim loi d b n mn.
Ch thch: Nu ng knh ng dn nc di 600 mm nn lt lng mng dn bng cc on ng
nha b i hoc cc vt liu chng n mn thch hp khc.
5.2.9 Ging x nc thi cha cc cht d chy, d n ca cc phn xng phi c tm
chn thu lc, cn trn mng li bn ngoi th phi theo tiu chun thit k x nghip
cng nghip hoc cc qui nh ca cc c quan chuyn ngnh.
5.2.10 cc khu vc kho, b cha nhin liu, cc cht d chy, cc cht c,
axt v kim khng c nc thi bn th nc ma nn dn qua ging phn phi c van.
Trong trng hp bnh thng th x vo h thng thot nc ma, khi xy ra s c th x
vo b cha d phng.

5.3 S thot nc b mt b nhim bn ca cc im dn c v khu cng
nghip.
5.3.1 i vi cc khu dn c c h thng thot nc ring nu cha xt n yu cu
x l nc mt b nhim bn (nc ma t u, nc ra ng, sn, bi,..), th khi lp quy
hoch tng th thot nc phi xem xt n yu cu ny to kh nng thc hin
trong tng lai. Tuy nhin trc mt trong nhng iu kin thun li khuyn khch p
dng cc bin php n gin (thm, cha) gim bt mc nhim do nc b
mt.
5.3.2 Khi x nc ma vo khu vc bi tm v khu vc nui trng thu sn phi c
bin php gim nhim, p ng yu cu s dng nc ca tng i tng.
5.3.3 i vi khu cng nghip, cn thc hin yu cu kim sot nghim ngt cc
loi nc ma v nc b mt khc. Nc b mt b nhim bn phi c x l m bo tiu
chun v sinh. Nc b mt tuy c coi l khng b nhim bn cng cn phi tp trung
vo h cha kim sot trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
6. Mng li thot nc v cc cng trnh trn mng li
6.1 Nguyn tc vch tuyn v lp t cng
6.1.1 Khi phn lu vc v vch tuyn mng li thot nc cn ch ti iu kin t
nhin v qui hoch chung ca th, phi tn dng ti mc ti a iu kin a hnh
xy dng cc tuyn cng t chy.
i vi th ci to cn nghin cu s dng li mng li thot nc hin c.
6.1.2 B tr mng li thot nc trn mt bng tng th cng nh khong cch ti thiu
tnh t mt ngoi cng ti cc cng trnh v h thng k thut khc phi tun theo
20
TCVN 7957:2008
Quy chun xy dng h thng k thut h tng, ph hp vi quy hoch tng th th
ng thi c xem xt n iu kin c th ca tng tuyn ng.
Khi b tr tuyn cng thot nc phi nghin cu kh nng s dng c gii thi cng.
6.1.3 Khi b tr mt vi ng cng p lc song song vi nhau khong cch gia
mt ngoi ng phi m bo kh nng thi cng v sa cha khi cn thit.
Khong cch gia cc ng cng B nn ly khng nh hn cc tr s sau, tu theo vt
liu ch to, p lc trong cng v iu kin a cht.
- -Khi ng knh cng n 300 mm: B = 0,7 m
- -Khi ng knh cng t 400 n 1000 mm: B = 1, 0 m
- -Khi ng knh cng trn 1000 mm: B=1,5 m
Ch thch: Khi cn thit phi gim khong cch B theo qui nh ny th ng cng phi t
trn nn b tng.
6.1.4 Khi b tr ng cng trn cc tuyn ph phi ng thi b tr cc tuyn
cng ph (cng cp 3 hoc cp 4) thc hin vic u ni vo nh.
Khi u ni cc cng trong nh vi cng th phi c ging kim tra. Ging kim tra
l mc gii quy nh phm vi trch nhim bo tr ca n v thot nc th v h
thot nc.
6.1.5 Trn mng li thot nc thi cn xy cc ming x d phng x nc thi vo
h thng thot nc ma hoc vo ngun tip nhn khi xy ra s c. Vic xy dng v
xc nh v tr t ming x phi c s tho thun ca n v thot nc v c quan
qun l mi trng a phng.
6.1.6 Trong phm vi khu dn c, ng ng thot nc p lc khng c t ni
hoc treo trn mt t.
Ch thch: Nu cng thot nc i qua cc h su, sng, h hoc khi t ng ng thot nc
ngoi phm vi khu dn c, cho php t trn mt t hoc treo trn cu cn.

6.2 Gc ngot ca ng, ni ng, su t ng
6.2.1 Gc ni gia hai tuyn cng thot nc khng nh hn 90
0
.
Ch thch: Cho php ly tu gc ni nu ni cng qua ging chuyn bc kiu thng ng
hoc ni ging thu nc ma vi ging chuyn bc.
6.2.2 Nhng ch cng i hng cn xy dng ging thm lng mng ln cong
vi bn knh, khng nh hn bn knh ging. Khi ng knh cng t 1200 mm tr ln,
cho php xy dng cng ln cong vi bn knh khng nh hn 5 ln bn knh cng v
phi c ging thm hai u on cng cong.
6.2.3 Ni cng c ng knh khc nhau trong ging thm theo ct nh cng, hoc
theo mc nc tnh ton.
6.2.4 Ni rnh vi cng kn phi qua ging thm c h lng cn v song chn rc.
6.2.5 su t cng nh nht h
min
tnh i vi nh ng qui nh nh sau:
- i vi cc cng c ng knh di 300 mm t khu vc khng c xe c gii
qua li h
min
= 0,3 m .
21
TCVN 7957:2008
- ch c xe c gii qua li, h
min
= 0,7 m. Trong trng hp c bit khi chiu
su nh hn 0,7 m th phi c bin php bo v cng.
Ch thch: su t cng ln nht xc nh theo tnh ton, tu thuc vo vt liu lm cng,
iu kin a k thut v a cht thy vn, phng php thi cng v cc yu t k thut
khc.
6.3 ng, gi ng, ph tng v nn t ng
6.3.1 C th s dng cc loi cng sau y thot nc:
a) Cng t chy: cng b tng ct thp khng p, cng b tng, cng fibr xi mng sn
xut bng phng php ly tm, cng snh v cc loi cu kin b tng ct thp lp
ghp.
b) Cng c p: dng ng b tng ct thp c p, ng fibr xi mng, ng gang, ng thp
khng r v cc loi ng bng cht do.
Ch thch:
-Tt c cc loi cng ngoi vic phi m bo bn c hc, chng thm, cn phi
m bo nhn b mt pha trong theo tiu chun quc t.
- Khi la chn loi cng thot nc cn tnh n vic dng vt liu a phng lm
cng v cc iu kin thi cng ti ch khc (iu kin a k thut, mc nc ngm
v.v).
- Cho php dng ng gang thot nc t chy v ng thp thot nc p lc trong cc
trng hp sau:
- Khi t cng nhng khu vc kh thi cng, t ln, t trng n hoc snh ly, khu
vc ang khai thc m, c hin tng cast, nhng ch i qua sng h, ng st
hoc ng t, khi giao nhau vi ng ng cp nc sinh hot, khi t cng trn cu dn
hoc nhng ni c th c nhng chn ng c hc.
- Khi t cng trong mi trng xm thc, cn dng cc loi cng khng b xm thc
hoc phi c cc bin php bo v cng khi xm thc.
- ng thp phi c lp chng n mn kim loi mt ngoi. nhng ch c hin tng n
mn in ho phi c bin php bo v c bit.
6.3.2 Khi s dng ng nha cng cn xem xt bin php bo v ng bng lp bc bn
ngoi.
6.3.3 Kiu nn t cng ph thuc kh nng chu lc ca t v cc ti trng c hc
ln cng. Cng thot nc c th t trc tip trn nn t t nhin c m k. Trong
trng hp t yu phi lm nn nhn to t cng.
Cn da vo iu kin t nhin, trnh thi cng v kh nng s dng vt liu a
phng la chn kiu nn t cng thch hp.
6.3.4 Trn ng cng thot nc p lc cn thit phi t cc van, van x, mi ni co
gin, trong cc ging thm.
6.3.5 dc ng cng p lc v pha van x khng c nh hn 0,001.
ng knh ca van x phi m bo tho cn on cng khng qu 3 gi. Nn x nc
vo h thng thot nc ma hoc vo ngun nc mt nu m bo cc iu kin v
sinh. Trng hp khng th x c th phi xy dng trm bm cc b hoc chuyn nc
thi bng t xitec.
6.3.6 Ti nhng v tr tuyn cng i hng dng chy, nu ng sut khng
chuyn c vo ch ni cng th phi dng gi ta.
22
TCVN 7957:2008
Ch thch:
- Trong cc trng hp sau y cho php khng dng gi ta:
- ng p lc kiu ming bt vi p sut lm vic ti 100 N/cm
2
v gc ngot n 10
0
.
- ng c p bng thp hn t di t vi gc ngot n 30
0
trong mt phng thng
ng.
6.4 Mi ni ng
6.4.1 Cng kiu ming bt ni bng giong cao su v cng hai u trn ni bng ai
b tng ch s dng vi cc tuyn cng c ng knh nh.
6.4.2 Yu cu i vi mi ni cc ng cng thot nc p lc c da theo tiu chun
thit k cp nc.
6.5 Ging thm
6.5.1 Trong mng li thot nc thi, ging thm cn t nhng ch:
- Ni cc tuyn cng.
- ng cng chuyn hng, thay i dc hoc thay i ng knh.
- Trn cc on cng t thng, theo mt khong cch nht nh, ph thuc
vo kch thc cng ly theo Bng 15.
Bng 15
ng knh ng D (mm) Khong cch gia cc ging thm (m)
150-300
400-600
700-1000
Trn 1000
20-30
40
60
100
Ch thch: i vi cc ng ng knh D400-600 mm nu y di 0,5 D v vn tc tnh ton
bng vn tc nh nht th cc khong cch gia cc ging ly bng 30 m.
6.5.2 Trong ging thm, mp mng phi nm ngang vi ct nh cng c ng knh
ln nht.
Trong cc ging thm c cng ng knh t 700 mm tr ln cho php lm sn cng tc
mt pha ca mng. Sn cch tng i din khng nh hn 100 mm. Trong cc ging
thm c cng ng knh t 2000 mm tr ln cho php t sn cng tc trn dm cng
xn; khi kch thc phn h ca mng khng c nh hn 2000x2000 mm.
6.5.3 Kch thc trn mt bng ca ging thm quy nh nh sau:
a) Cng c ng knh nh hn hay bng 800 mm, kch thc bn trong ging thm
bng: D = 1000 mm hoc a x b = 1000 x 1000 mm).
b) Cng c ng knh D t 800 mm tr ln, kch thc ging thm l chiu di bng
1200 mm v chiu ngang D+500 mm).
c) Ming ging c kch thc nh nht l 600x700 mm hoc ng knh 700 mm.
Ch thch:
- Ging nh c chiu rng khng qu 700 mmm, chiu su khng qu 1,20 m.
- Ging c lm bng b tng hoc b tng ct thp. Ging ch xy bng gch i vi
cc cng trnh thot nc cc khu dn c hoc th nh.
23
TCVN 7957:2008
6.5.4 Kch thc mt bng ging thm nhng ch ngot phi xc nh theo iu
kin b tr mng cong trong ging.
6.5.5 Chiu cao phn cng tc ca ging (tnh t sn cng tc ti dn c ging) th-
ng ly bng 1,8 m. Cc ging c su di 1,8 m th khng c c ging.
5.5.6 Trong ging phi c thang phc v cho cng vic bo tr. Thang c th gn
c nh ln thn ging hoc thang di ng.
Khong cch gia cc bc thang l 300 mm. Bc thang u tin cch ming ging 0,5
m.
6.5.7 Trong nhng khu vc xy dng hon thin, np ging t bng ct mt -
ng. Trong khu vc trng cy, np ging cao hn mt t 50-70 mm, cn trong khu
vc khng xy dng l 200 mm. Nu c yu cu c bit (trnh ngp nc ma) np
ging c th t cao hn.
6.5.8 Ging thm trong h thng thot nc ma c cu to tng t nh i vi nc thi nh-
ng ring phn y ging cn c h thu cn. Tu theo mc hon thin ca cc khu
vc c thot nc m chiu su h thu cn ly t 0,3 - 0,5 m.
6.5.9 Phi chng thm cho thnh v y ging. Nu ging xy gch th lp chng
thm phi cao hn mc nc ngm 0,5 m.
6.5.10 Np ging thm v ging chuyn bc c th lm bng gang hoc b
tng ct thp, chu c ti trng tiu chun H30.
Nu dng np b tng ct thp th ming ging phi c cu to thch hp trnh b
st, v do va p ca xe c cng nh khi ng m np.
Kch thc np b tng ct thp phi m bo vic y, m np thun tin.
Ch thch:
- Trng hp np ging t trn ng c xe ti trng lng ln th phi tnh ton thit
k ring.
-Trong mt th hoc mt khu vc th np y phi lm cng mt loi.
6.5.11 Khi tuyn cng nm trn lng ng cao tc c mt giao thng ln, cho
php xy dng h thm nm trn h ph v ni vi cng bng ng hm. Chiu cao
ca hm bng chiu cao ca cng ln nht, y hm cao hn y cng 0,3 m.
6.6 Ging kim tra v ging u ni vo cng th
6.6.1 Ging kim tra (xem iu 6.1.4) c mt bng hnh trn hoc vung kch thc
400x400 mm hoc 600x600 mm. Ging ny thng b tr trn h ph t khi m nn np
ging c th lm bng b tng ct thp.
Ging u ni vo cng th c th cu to n gin. Trong trng hp tuyn ph
xy dng theo kiu nh chia l c nhiu cng u ni gn nhau.
6.7 Ging ra cng
6.7.1 Cc on cng u mng li ca h thng thot nc ring hon ton thng khng
m bo tc t ra sch nn b tr cc ging ra cng na t ng hay th cng.
6.8 Ging chuyn bc
24
TCVN 7957:2008
6.8.1 Ging chuyn bc c xy dng :
- Chuyn nc thi, nc ma xung cng c su ln hn.
- m bo tc chy ca nc trong ng khng vt qu gi tr cho php hoc
trnh thay i t ngt tc dng chy.
- Khi cn trnh cc cng trnh ngm.
- Khi x nc theo phng php x ngp.
Ch thch: i vi ng c ng knh nh hn 600mm nu chiu cao chuyn bc nh hn 0,3 m
cho php thay th ging chuyn bc bng ging thm c p trn dng chy m.
6.8.2 Ging chuyn bc vi chiu cao di 3m trn cc ng cng c ng knh t 600
mm tr ln nn xy kiu p trn.
6.8.3 Ging chuyn bc vi chiu cao di 3 m trn cc ng cng c ng knh di 500
mm nn lm kiu c mt ng ng trong ging, tit din khng nh hn tit din ng
dn n.
Pha trn ng ng c phu thu nc, di ng ng l h tiu nng c t bn kim loi
y.
Ch thch: i vi cc ng ng c ng knh di 300mm cho php dng ct nh hng dng
chy thay th cho h tiu nng.
6.8.4 Khi chiu cao chuyn bc ln hn qui nh trong iu 6.8.2 v 6.8.3, cho php
cu to ging theo thit k ring. Cc kiu ging thng p dng cho trng hp ny l:
ging kiu bc thang, p trn xoy,...
6.9 Ging thu nc ma
6.9.1 Ging thu nc ma t rnh ng vi khong cch xc nh theo tnh ton,
ngoi ra cn phi b tr ging thu ch trng, cc ng t ng v trc di i b qua -
ng.
Khi ng ph rng di 30 m v khng c ging thu bn trong tiu khu th khong
cch gia cc ging thu c th ly theo Bng 16.
Bng 16
dc dc ng ph
Khong cch gia cc ging thu
(m)
Nh hn hoc bng 0,004
T 0,004 n 0,006
T 0,006 n 0,01
T 0,01 n 0,03
50
60
70
80
Ch thch:
1. Qui nh ny khng p dng i vi ging thu kiu h b va (ging thu hm ch).
2. Khi chiu rng ng ph ln hn 30m hoc khi dc ln hn 0,03 th khong cch gia
cc ging thu khng ln hn 60m.
3. i vi cc th c cng ma ln, ng ph c nhiu l cy hoc rc thi th nn p
dng kiu ging thu kt hp (va thu mt ng va thu b va) hoc tng chiu di ging thu
gp i so vi loi ging thu thng thng.
25
TCVN 7957:2008
4. i vi nhng khu vc thp (thng l cc ng t ng) ni hi t nhiu dng nc th s lng
ging thu phi tng ln gp i.
5. i vi khu th vng i ni, ng ph thng c dc ln ti cc im t ging thu
cn h thp mt ng khong 0,1m hoc to ra gc ngot tng kh nng thu nc ca cc
ging thu.
6.9.2 Chiu di ca on ng ni t ging thu n ging thm ca ng cng khng
ln hn 40m.
6.9.3 Cho php ni cc cng thot nc ma ca ngi nh vo ging thu nc ma.
6.9.4 y ca ging thu nc ma phi c h cha cn chiu su t 0,3 - 0,5 m v ca
thu phi c song chn rc. Mt trn song chn rc t thp hn rnh ng khong
20 - 30 mm.
6.9.5 i vi h thng thot nc chung trong cc khu dn c, ging thu phi c kho thu
lc ngn mi; chiu cao lp nc khng nh hn 0,1m. i vi cc th vng c lng
bc hi hng nm ln nn p dng loi kho thu lc kt hp trong ging thm (ging ni
vi ging thu). Mc d c kho thu lc nhng trong mi trng hp vn cn ch thng
hi cho mng li cng thot nc.
6.9.6 Ni mng h vi cng kn bng ging thm c h thu cn, pha ming h phi
t song chn rc c khe h khng qu 50mm; ng knh on ng ni xc nh
bng tnh ton nhng khng nh hn 300 mm.
6.9.7 i vi mng li thot nc ma khi chnh ct cc y cng nh hn hoc bng
0,5 m, ng knh cng di 1500 mm v tc khng qu 4m/s th cho php ni cng
bng ging thm. Khi chnh ct ln hn phi c ging chuyn bc.

6.10 ng lun qua sng, sui, knh
6.10.1 ng knh ng lun qua sng, sui khng nh hn 150 mm.
S ng lun lm vic bnh thng t nht l hai, ng bng thp c lp ph chng n mn
v c bo m khi cc tc ng c hc. Mi ng ng phi c kim tra kh nng
dn nc theo lu lng tnh ton c xt ti mc dng cho php.
Nu lu lng nc thi khng m bo tc tnh ton nh nht th ch s dng mt -
ng ng lm vic v mt ng ng d phng.
Ngoi hai ng ng lm vic xy dng thm mt ng ng d phng khi cn x s c.
Khi thit k ng lun qua sng s dng lm ngun cp nc phi xin php c quan qun
l ti nguyn v mi trng hoc c quan v sinh d phng a phng.
Khi thit k ng lun qua sng c tu thuyn qua li phi theo cc qui nh an ton -
ng sng v phi c php ca c quan qun l ng sng.
Ch thch: Khi i qua cc khe, thung lng kh cho php t mt ng ng lun.
6.10.2 Khi thit k ng lun, nn ly:
- nh ng lun nm su, cch y sng ti thiu l 0,5 m.
- Trong on sng c tu thuyn qua li nhiu th chiu su khng c nh
hn 1 m.
- Gc nghing ca on ng chch hai b sng khng ln hn 20
0
so vi phng
ngang.
26
TCVN 7957:2008
- Khong cch mp ngoi gia hai ng lun khng nh hn 0,7 - 1,5 m, ph thuc
vo p lc nc trong ng.
6.10.3 Trong cc ging thm t ca vo, ca ra v ging x s c phi lp
t phai chn. B tr ging x s c phi c php ca c quan qun l ti nguyn n-
c v mi trng a phng.
6.10.4 Nu ging thm xy dng cc bi bi ven sng th phi d tnh kh
nng khng cho ging ngp vo ma nc ln.
6.10.5 i vi h thng thot nc chung th phi kim tra mt ng ng lun
m bo iu kin thot nc trong ma kh theo cc tiu chun qui nh.
6.11 ng ng qua ng
6.11.1 Khi xuyn qua ng st, ng t ti trng ln hoc ng ph chnh
th ng cng thot nc phi t trong ng bc hoc ng hm.
6.11.2 Trc v sau on cng qua ng phi c ging thm v trong trng hp
c bit phi c thit b kho chn.
6.11.3 H s thit k cng qua ng phi c s chp thun ca cc c quan
lin quan.

6.12 Cng x nc thi, nc ma v ging trn nc ma
6.12.1 Cng x nc thi vo sng h phi m bo iu kin pha long tt nc
ngun vi nc thi v khng nh hng n m quan v mi trng khu vc.
Cng x vo sng cn b tr nhng ch c th tng cng chuyn ng ri ca dng
chy (ch co hp, thc ghnh...). Tu theo iu kin x nc thi x l vo sng m
p dng kiu x: x ven b hoc x gia lng sng, x tp trung hoc x khuych tn.
Khi x nc thi x l vo h cha nc, ming x phi ngp su di nc.
6.12.2 ng dn nc thi x gia lng sng v x ngp su di nc phi bng thp
c lp chng n mn v c t trong rnh. Ming x gia lng sng, x ven b v x
ngp nc u phi c gia c bng b tng.
Cu to ming x phi xt ti cc yu t tu thuyn i li, mc nc sng, nh hng ca
sng, iu kin a cht, s thay i lng sng,...
6.12.3 Cng x nc ma c th p dng cc kiu:
1. Khi khng gia c b - kiu mng h.
2. Khi gia c b - kiu ming x ng kn.
Ch thch: ngn nga hin tng nc chy ngc t ngun tip nhn vo h thng cng (trong
cc trng hp mc nc trong ngun tip nhn cao hn mc nc trong cng), ti cc ming x cn
phi lp t van ca chng chy ngc.
6.12.4 Ging trn nc ma ca h thng thot nc chung phi c p trn
ngn nc thi (CSO). Kch thc v cu to p trn ph thuc vo lu lng nc x vo
ngun, cc mc nc trong cng v ngun tip nhn. Ging trn nc ma phi c ngn
lng ct v song chn rc.
27
TCVN 7957:2008
6.12.5 V tr ming x nc thi hoc nc ma v cu to ca n cn phi c s
chp thun ca cc c quan qun l ti nguyn v mi trng v c quan qun l ng
sng a phng.
Khi thit k mng li thot nc cn xem xt b tr cc cng trnh x l s b (lng ct
hoc lng cn) ti cc v tr ging trn (CSO) m bo nc ma hoc hn hp nc
ma v nc thi khng gy tc ng xu n iu kin v sinh ca ngun tip nhn.
6.13 Thot kh cho mng li thot nc
6.13.1 Vic thot kh cho mng li thot nc thi c thc hin thng qua ng
ng trong nh hoc khe h trn cc ging thm.
6.13.2 Cc thit b thot kh c bit c b tr cc ca vo ng lun qua
sng, trong cc ging thm ( nhng ch tc dng chy h thp trong cc cng c
ng knh ln hn 400mm) v trong cc ging chuyn bc khi cao chuyn bc trn
1m v lu lng nc thi trn 50 l/s.
6.13.3 Trong nhng trng hp c bit cho php thit k h thng thot kh c-
ng bc.
6.13.4 Trong trng hp thot kh t nhin cho mng li thot nc bn ngoi dn cc
loi nc thi c cha cht c hi v cht d gy chy n th ti mi im u ni
cng trong nh vo cng bn ngoi phi b tr cc ng ng thot kh c ng knh
khng nh hn 200 mm.
7. Trm bm nc thI v trm bm khng kh
7.1 Yu cu chung
7.1.1 Theo mc tin cy, trm bm nc thi v trm bm khng kh c phn bit
thnh ba loi, nu trong Bng 17.
Bng 17
Phn loi theo tin
cy
c tnh lm vic ca trm bm
Loi I
Loi II
Loi III
Khng cho php ngng hay gim lu lng
Cho php ngng bm nc thi khng qu 6 gi
Cho php ngng bm nc thi khng qu 1 ngy
Ch thch: Vic ngng bm nc thi quy nh cho trm bm loi II v loi III c xt n iu
kin cng ngh sn xut hay l ngng cp nc khng qu 1 ngy cho cc khu dn c di 5.000
ngi.
7.1.2 Khi thit k trm bm nc thi sn xut l nc nng, nc c cha cc cht d chy
n, cc cht c hi th ngoi vic tun th theo quy nh ca tiu chun ny cn
phi tun theo cc tiu chun ca cc ngnh cng nghip tng ng.
7.2 Trm bm nc thi
7.2.1 La chn my bm, thit b v ng ng dn nc thi c la chn ph thuc
vo lu lng tnh ton, chiu cao ct nc cn bm, tnh cht ho l ca nc thi v cn
lng, c tnh n cc c tnh ca my bm v ng ng cng nh vic a cng
trnh vo s dng theo tng t. S lng my bm d phng xc nh theo Bng 18.
28
TCVN 7957:2008
Bng 18
Nc thi sinh hot hoc nc thi sn xut c tnh
cht gn vi nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi c tnh n mn
S my bm
S my bm lm
vic
S my bm d phng theo
tin cy ca trm bm
S my bm
lm vic
S my bm d
phng p dng cho
tt c cc loi trm
bm
Loi I Loi II Loi III
1 2 1 1 1 1
2 2 1 1 2 - 3 2
3 v nhiu hn 2 2 1 v 1
trong kho
4 3
- - - - 5 v nhiu
hn
Khng nh hn
50%
Ch thch:
1. Trong trm bm nc ma khng c my bm d phng, tr trng hp khi gp s c m nc
ma khng th x c.
2. Khi ci to nhm tng cng sut trm bm i vi trm bm loi III bm nc thi sinh
hot, nc thi sn xut c tnh cht gn vi nc thi sinh hot th cho php khng c bm
d phng nhng phi c bm sn trong kho.
7.2.2 Trm bm nc thi sinh hot v nc mt b nhim phi c xy dng thnh
cng trnh ring bit.
Trm bm nc thi sn xut cho php xy dng hp khi trong nh sn xut hay trong
nh ph tr sn xut. Trong gian my ca trm bm cho php t cc loi bm
bm cc loi nc thi khc nhau, tr trng hp i vi nc thi nng, nc thi c cha cc
cht d chy n v cc cht c hi.
Cho php t my bm bm nc thi sinh hot trong nh ph tr ca trm x l nc
thi.
7.2.3 Trn tuyn ng dn nc thi vo trm bm phi c van chn v c th ng trn
mt t ng m c.
7.2.4 S lng ng ng p lc i vi trm bm loi I khng nh hn 2 v phi m
bo khi c s c mt ng ng ngng lm vic th ng dn cn li phi m bo ti
100% lu lng tnh ton; khi phi xt n vic s dng my bm d phng.
i vi trm bm loi II v loi III cho php ch c mt ng ng p lc.
7.2.5 Nn s dng loi bm chm lm my bm nc thi , nu s dng cc loi bm
khc th phi b tr lp t my bm c kh nng t mi nc. Trng hp c bit
my bm phi b tr cao hn mc nc trong ngn thu th cn c bin php mi nc cho
n.
Ct trc my bm bn cn lun t thp hn mc bn trong ngn cha bn.
7.2.6 Mi my bm cn c mt ng ht ring.
7.2.7 Vn tc nc thi hay bn cn trong ng ht v ng y phi m bo khng
gy lng cn. i vi nc thi sinh hot th vn tc nh nht ly theo quy nh ti
iu 4.6.1.
29
TCVN 7957:2008
7.2.8 Trong cc trm bm bn cn cn phi c bin php ra ng ht v ng y.
Trong trng hp c bit cho php ra cc ng ny bng bin php c hc.
7.2.9 bo v my bm khi b tc nghn th trong ngn thu nc thi cn lp t
song chn rc th cng, song chn rc c gii hoc song chn rc kt hp nghin rc.
Khi khi lng rc di 0,1 m
3
/d cho php s dng song chn rc th cng. B rng ca khe
h song chn rc ly nh hn 10 - 20 mm so vi ng knh ca vo ca my bm.
Khi s dng song chn rc c gii hoc song chn rc kt hp nghin rc, s lng thit
b d phng c ly theo Bng 19.
Bng 19
Loi song chn rc S lng
Lm vic D phng
1. Song chn rc c gii c khe h
- trn 20 mm
- 16 - 20 mm
1 n 3
trn 3
1
2
2. Song chn rc kt hp nghin rc
- t trn ng dn
- t trn knh mng
1 n 3
1 n 3
trn 3
1 (th cng)
1
2
3. Song chn rc th cng 1 -
7.2.10 Vn tc nc thi ng vi lu lng ln nht qua khe h ca song chn rc c
gii l 0,8 - 1 m/s, qua song chn rc kt hp nghin rc l 1,2 m/s.
7.2.11 Nu trong trm bm s dng song chn rc c gii th phi c my
nghin rc. Rc sau khi nghin nh c x vo trc song chn rc. Nu khi lng rc trn
1,0 T/ngy cn c my nghin rc d phng.
7.2.12 hi lng rc ly t song chn rc c th tnh s b theo Bng 20.

Bng 20
Chiu rng khe h ca song chn rc
(mm)
S lng rc ly ra t song chn rc tnh cho
mt ngi (l/nm)
16 - 20
25 - 35
40 - 60
60 - 80
90 - 100
8
3
2,3
1,6
1,2
Khi lng ring ca rc ly khong 750 kg/m
3
, h s khng iu ho gi ca rc a ti
trm bm s s b ly bng 2.
7.2.13 Khi xc nh kch thc mt bng ca gian my, chiu rng ti thiu ca li i
gia cc b phn li nht ca my bm, ng dn v ng c ly nh sau:
a) Gia cc t my - nu ng c in c in p nh hn 1000 V th chiu rng
nh nht 1 m.
Nu ng c c in p trn 1000 V th chiu rng 1,2 m.
b) Gia t my v tng trm bm:
30
TCVN 7957:2008
- Trong trm bm kiu ging ly bng 0,7 m.
- Trong cc trm bm kiu khc ly bng 1 m.
c) Trc cc bng in - 2 m
d) Gia phn li cc b phn c nh ca thit b: 0,7 m.
Trong cc trm bm phi c sn lp my, kch thc ca sn phi m bo chiu rng
ca li i xung quanh thit b khng nh hn 0,7 m, k c khi a thit b nng cu
ti v tr lp.
Ch thch:
1. Trong cc trm bm t su s dng ng c in p di 1000 V v ng knh ng ht
di 200mm, cho php t cc my bm cch tng gian my nh nht l 0,25 m, nhng chiu
rng li i gia cc t my phi theo ng qui nh ni trn.
2. Cho php t 2 my bm c ng c in cng sut ti 125 KW in p di 1000 V trn
cng mt b mng khng cn li i gia 2 my nhng phi bo m li i xung quanh ca
my c chiu rng khng nh hn 0,7 m.
7.2.14 Chiu cao phn trn mt t ca gian my (tnh t sn lp my ti mt di
ca dm mi) ph thuc vo cc thit b nng chuyn, chiu cao ca my bm, chiu
di ca dy cp (t 0,5 - 1m), khong cch t sn lp ti t my bm (khng ln hn
0,5m), kch thc ca thit b nng chuyn (tnh t mc ti mt di ca dm mi).
7.2.15 qun l cc ph tng v thit b, trm bm cn c trang b thit b nng
chuyn:
- Nu trng lng thit b di 1 tn th dng palng treo c nh hoc dm cu
treo iu khin bng tay.
- Nu trng lng thit b di 5 tn dng dm cu treo iu khin bng tay.
- Nu trng lng thit b trn 5 tn dng cn trc iu khin bng in.
Ch thch: Khi cu thit b vi chiu cao t 6m tr ln hoc chiu di gian my trn 18m cn
dng thit b nng chuyn chy in.
7.2.16 Sn gian my phi c h thu nc r r v phi c my bm hoc bin
php thu nc r r ring. dc ca sn v pha h thu nc r r ly 0,01 - 0,02.
7.2.17 Th tch ca ngn thu trm bm xc nh theo lu lng nc thi, cng sut
v ch lm vic ca my bm nhng khng c nh hn ca mt my bm cng
sut ln nht lm vic trong 5 pht.
Ngn thu ca cc trm bm cng sut ln hn 100.000 m
3
/d cn chia ra hai ngn nhng
khng c lm tng th tch chung.
Th tch ngn thu ca trm bm cn ti, cn ln men hoc bn hot tnh xc nh
theo khi lng ca bn cn x ra t cc b lng, b mtan, bn hot tnh tun hon v
bn hot tnh d.
Th tch nh nht ca ngn thu ca trm bm bn dng bm bn cn lng ra ngoi
phm vi trm x l xc nh bng cng sut ca mt my bm lm vic trong 15 pht.
Nu bn cn t cc cng trnh x l a ti ngn cha khng lin tc trong thi gian my
bm hot ng th th tch ngn cha cho php gim bt.
Ngn cha ca trm bm bn cho php s dng lm thit b nh lng hoc
cha nc khi thau ra ng ng dn bn.
31
TCVN 7957:2008
7.2.18 Trong ngn cha bn phi c thit b sc bn v ra b. dc ca y b
v pha h thu nc khng c nh hn 0,1.
7.2.19 Ngn thu ca trm bm nc thi c th chia thnh nhiu phn ring bit
tch cc loi nc thi khc nhau nu nh chng cn x l ring hoc khi xo trn vi
nhau to thnh cc loi kh c hoc lng cn.
7.2.20 Khong cch t mt ngoi ca ngn thu cc loi nc thi sn xut c cha
cc cht d chy n v cht c hi ti cc cng trnh khc c qui nh nh sau:
- n nh ca trm bm khng nh hn 10 m.
- n cc nh xng khc khng nh hn 20 m.
- n cc nh cng cng khng nh hn 100 m.
7.2.21 Kt cu ngn thu nc thi c cha cc cht n mn hoc cc cht c hi
phi bo m khng cc cht ny ngm vo t; i vi loi nc thi c cht n
mn phi c cc bin php chng n mn.
7.2.22 Gian my ca trm bm nc thi c tnh n mn cn c cc bin php
chng n mn cho cc kt cu xy dng (sn, mng v.v... ).
7.2.23 Trong cc trm bm nc thi c tnh n mn, c cc cht d chy, n
hoc cc cht c d bay hi nn t ng ng v ph tng trn mt sn v phi
thun tin kim tra v sa cha khi cn thit, s lng van nn dng mc t nht.
Ch thch: Khi t ng ng trong rnh cn c bin php thng gi cho rnh hoc lp rnh
bng ct.
7.2.24 Pha trc trm bm nc thi trong h thng thot nc chung hoc h thng
na ring cn phi c b lng ct.
7.2.25 Trong trm bm cn c khu vc ph tr sinh hot (thit b v sinh, tm
thay qun o). Din tch nh ph tr ph thuc vo cng sut trm bm, quy nh
trong Bng 21.
Bng 21

Cng sut trm bm
(m
3
/d)
Din tch ph tr (m
2
)
Khu phc v Xng Kho
n 5.000
T 5.000 n 15.000
T 15.000 n
100.000
Trn 100.000
-
8
12
20
-
10
15
25
-
6
6
10
Ch thch:
1. Khu ph tr trong cc trm bm t trong cc nh my, x nghip v cng trnh x l c th
khng cn thit nu c nhng cng trnh tng t trong ngi nh gn . Khi khong cch
trn 50m th cn c thit b v sinh b tr trong trm bm.
2. Trong cc trm bm khng c ngi phc v thng xuyn th khng cn c phng ph tr.
32
TCVN 7957:2008
7.3 Trm bm khng kh
7.3.1 Trm bm khng kh phi c b tr gn ni s dng v gn thit b phn
phi in nm trong phm vi trm x l nc thi. Trong nh trm bm khng kh cho
php t cc thit b lc khng kh, cc my bm bm nc k thut v x cn b
aerten, my bm bn hot tnh, cc thit b iu khin tp trung, cc thit b phn
phi, my bin p, cc phng sinh hot v cc thit b ph tr khc.
7.3.2 Khi thit k trm bm khng kh phi xt ti kh nng tng cng sut thit k
bng cch t cc my cp kh b sung hoc thay th bng cc my c cng sut ln
hn.
7.3.3 Trm bm khng kh phi c cp in lin tc.
7.3.4 Cng sut, loi my v s lng my bm khng kh phi la chn da trn tnh
ton cng ngh ca cc cng trnh c cp kh, c ch ti cc c im cu to ca
cc cng trnh ny.
7.3.5 Khi cng sut ca trm bm khng kh trn 5000 m
3
/h t nht phi c 2 my lm
vic, khi cng sut nh hn th cho php lp t 1 my lm vic. S my d phng
quy nh nh sau:
- Khi 3 my lm vic - 1 my d phng.
- Khi 4 my lm vic tr ln - 2 my d phng.
7.3.6 Trong trng hp cn thit c th cp du tp trung cho cc my bm khng kh
.
7.3.7 Cn phi cp nc lm mt lin tc cho cc trc ca cc cm my v cc b phn
lm ngui du ca my bm kh. Cht lng v nhit ca nc lm mt phi m bo
theo ng yu cu ca hng sn xut my bm cp kh.
7.3.8 Gian my phi tch ring vi cc phng khc v c ca trc tip thng ra bn
ngoi.
7.3.9 Khi b tr cc thit b trong gian my cn m bo cc iu kin sau y:
a) Li i gia cc t my v tng nh:
- T pha my bm kh khng nh hn 1,5 m.
- T pha ng c in: tho rto.
b) Li i gia cc phn li ca cc t my khng t hn 1,5 m.
7.3.10 qun l cc ph tng v thit b, trm bm khng kh phi c thit b
nng chuyn theo qui nh iu 7.2.16.
7.3.11 Thit b trao i khng kh phi c thit k theo qui nh v
thng gi, cp nhit v iu ho khng kh hoc theo s ch dn ca c quan t vn
chuyn ngnh.
Khng kh phi c lc sch trong b lc kn. B tr cc b lc kh phi m bo kh
nng tho g tng chic thay th v phc hi.
Khi c 3 b lc kh lm vic th cn mt b lc d phng, nu ln hn ba th cn 2 b
d phng.
Ch thch:
33
TCVN 7957:2008
1. Nu phn phi khng kh trong aeroten bng cc ng khoan l th cho php dng khng kh
khng cn lc sch.
2. Khi cng sut ca trm bm khng kh trn 20 nghn m
3
/h th mi t my phi c bung
thu v lc kh ring bit.
7.3.12 Vn tc chuyn ng ca khng kh qui nh:
- Trong cc bung lc: di 4 m/s
- Trong cc mng dn: di 6 m/s
- Trong cc ng dn: t 10 m/s n 40 m/s
7.3.13 Khi tnh ton ng dn nn ch ti hin tng tng nhit ln khi khng
kh b nn v m bo chnh p nh nht gia cc ngn ca cng trnh c cp kh.
Ch thch: Tr s tnh ton tn tht p lc trong cc thit b phn phi kh c xt ti sc cn
tng theo thi gian s dng.
7.3.14 Nu dng ng thp thnh mng, hn in, lm ng dn khng kh c p,
cn c bin php chng n v cch nhit cho ng khi t trong nh.
8. Cc cng trnh x l nc thi
8.1 Cc qui nh chung
8.1.1 Phng php v mc x l nc thi ph thuc vo lu lng v thnh phn, tnh
cht nc thi, c im ngun tip nhn v cc yu cu v sinh khi x nc thi vo
ngun v cc iu kin c th ca a phng,. Nc thi khi x vo ngun phi p
ng quy nh ca cc tiu chun mi trng hin hnh.
Phi c gng tn dng iu kin t nhin sn c nh ao, h, bi t trng cy v.v...
x l nc thi. Ch khi cc phng php x l bng iu kin t nhin khng cho
php hay khng th p dng, mi xy dng cc cng trnh x l nc thi nhn to. Phi
c gng tn dng nc thi x l cho sn xut nng nghip hoc cho cc mc ch
kinh t khc.
Bn cn ca nc thi phi c x l trc khi s dng lm phn bn hoc cho cc mc
ch khc.
Ch thch: Mc x l nc thi nn gii hn theo hiu qu x l m cc cng trnh x l sinh
hc trong iu kin nhn to c th m bo c.
8.1.2 Cng sut trm x l nc thi c xc nh tun theo nhng qui nh sau
y:
- Cng sut:
Q = 0,8 a N (m/d) (12)
Trong : a - tiu chun cp nc; N-s ngi c cp nc.

Thng thng s ngi c cp nc t hn s dn th, ph thuc t l s dn c
u ni vi h thng thot nc th m.
N = m N
o
(13)
Trong : m - h s u ni; N
o
- s dn trong khu vc tnh ton.
34
TCVN 7957:2008
- Lu lng ti a trong ma kh:
Q
max.kh
=
24
1
Q
.k
(m/h) (14)
- Lu lng ti a trong ma ma:
Q
max.m
=
24
1
Q .n (m/h) (15)
Trong : k - h s khng iu ho gi; n- h s pha long.
8.1.3 Cng sut ca trm x l nc thi ca khu cng nghip tp trung c xc nh
da vo lng nc thi ca tng nh my a v trm. Trong trng hp khng c s
liu ny th cng sut ca trm x l nc thi Q(m
3
/d) c xc nh theo cng
thc sau y:
Q= qxF (16)
Trong :
q-Tiu chun nc thi (m
3
/ha.d), ph thuc vo loi hnh sn xut trong khu cng
nghip; i vi loi hnh sn xut t nc thi, q s b ly bng 15-25 m
3
/ha.d; i vi
loi hnh sn xut c lng nc thi trung bnh q ly bng 30 n 40 m
3
/ha.d v i vi
loi hnh sn xut nhiu nc thi q ly bng 50 n 70 m
3
/ha.d.
F- Din tch khu cng nghip m h thng thot nc thi phc v, ha.
8.1.4 Hn hp nc thi sinh hot v sn xut khi a ti trm x l sinh hc lun phi bo
m cc yu cu sau:
- pH khng nh hn 6,5 v khng ln hn 8,5
- Nhit khng di 10
0
C v khng trn 40
0
C
- Tng hm lng ca cc mui ho tan (TDS) khng qu 15g/l
- BOD
5
khi a vo b lc sinh hc hoc aeroten y khng qu 500mg/l; Khi a
vo aerten kiu phn phi nc phn tn khng qu 1000mg/l.
- Nng cc cht hu c khng vt qu qui nh ghi trong Bng 22 v cc cht
c hi khng vt qu quy nh nu trong Bng 23. Nc thi khng cha m
khng ho tan, nha v du mazut.
- Khng cha cc cht hot ng b mt khng th oxy ho c trong cc cng
trnh x l.
- Hm lng cc cht dinh dng khng c thp hn qui nh trong Bng 24.

Bng 22
Cc cht
BOD
5
(mg/mg
ca cc
cht
phi
xt)
COD
(mg/mg
ca cc
cht
phi
xt)
Nng
gii hn
cho php
i vi nc
thi x l
trong cc
aerten
trn
(mg/l)
Tc xy ho
trung bnh khi
x l trong
aerten trn
(mg BOD
5
/ g
cht kh bn
hot tnh / gi)
Nng cho
php (mg/l),
trong nc thi
th (x l sinh
hc hon ton
trong cc aerten
vi liu lng bn
1,8g/l, thi gian
thi kh 7 gi)
Anilin
Axetandehyt
Axeton
Axit benzonic
Butanol
1,9
1,07
1,68
1,61
1,8
2,4
1,88
2,17
1,97
2,58
100
750
600
150
600
9
12
28
14
15
6
20
40
15
10
35
TCVN 7957:2008
Glixrin
Caprolactam
Andehit
crotonic
Metanol
Propanol
Toluen
Axit axtic
Phenol
Etanol
Dietyl hecxanol
0,86
1,8
1,6
1,05
1,68
1,1
0,86
1,18
1,45
1,55
1,23
2,12
2,5
1,5
2,4
1,87
1,06
2,38
2,08
2,55
1150
300
400
950
600
200
200
1000
700
400
30
22
3,5
23
18
8
26
14
19
100
90
25
6
30
12
15
45
15
14
6
Ch thch:
1. Tc xy ho trung bnh ca hn hp gm nhiu cht phi xc nh bng thc
nghim. Khi khng xc nh c bng thc nghim th mi c tnh theo gi tr
trung bnh cng ca tc xy ho i vi tng cht (tnh theo t l ca khi lng
v BOD
5
ca cc cht) trong thi gian thi kh.
2. Khi ni cng thot nc ca cc x nghip cng nghip vo h thng thot nc th
th nng tnh ton ca cc cht l nng trong dng chy chung.
Bng 23
Tn gi cc cht
Nng cho php ca ring
tng cht trong nc thi khi
a ti cc cng trnh x l
sinh hc hon ton (mg/l)
Mc loi tr
cc cht bn
trong qu trnh
x l hon ton
(%)
Du v sn phm du m
(1)
Cht hot tnh b mt tng hp
(2)
-Cht d oxy ho anion
-Cht d oxy ho khng in
-Cht trung gian anion
-Cht trung gian khng in
Formalhit
Sunfit
ng
Kali
Cadmi
Crm ho tr 3
Km
Thuc nhum lu ho
Thuc nhum tng hp
Asen
(3)
Xyanua
Thu ngn
Ch
Cban
25
20
50
20
20
25
1
0,5
0,5
0,1
2,5
1
25
25
0,1
1,5
0,005
0,1
1
85 - 90
80
90
60
75
80
99,5
80
50
60
20
70
90
70
50
-
-
50
20
Ch thch:
1. Sn phm du m l cc cht t vn cc hoc khng vn cc, tan trong dung dch
hecxen.
2. Nu trong nc thi c cc hp cht hot tnh b mt anion v khng ln, nng
chung ca cc hp cht ny khng vt qu 20 mg/l.
3. Khng k Ferocyanua.
36
TCVN 7957:2008

Bng 24
Hn hp nc thi sinh hot v sn xut
Hm lng nh nht phi c ca cc
cht dinh dng
Tng nit
(mg/l)
Tng pht pho
(mg/l)
BOD
5
Tnh cho mi 100 mg/l (i vi cng
trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh)
5 1
COD Tnh cho mi 350 mg/l (i vi cng
trnh x l sinh hc ym kh)
5 1
Ch thch:
1. Sau khi xem xt hiu qu x l v mc pha long trong ngun tip nhn nng
cho php ca cc cht trong Bng 23 v Bng 24 c th phi gim xung m
bo yu cu v sinh ca ngun tip nhn.
2. Khi cn gim BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo cng trnh x l sinh hc th nn dng nc
thi lm sch pha long.
3. Khi x nc thi sn xut vo mng li thot nc th, t l COD: BOD
5
khng c vt
qu 1,5.
8.1.5 Nu cc qui nh nu trong iu 8.1.4 khng c tho mn th nc thi sn xut
trc khi x vo h thng thot nc ca khu dn c, phi c x l s b.
8.1.6 Cc yu cu i vi nc thi sn xut cn x l sinh hc trong cc cng trnh x l
ring ca c s cng nghip hay trong hn hp vi nc thi sn xut vi nc thi sinh hot
c chnh l theo ti liu thc nghim hoc ti liu ca cc c s cng nghip tng
t.
8.1.7 Khi thit k cng trnh lm sch cho cc th xy dng mi th tu theo mc
tin nghi v cc iu kin a phng, lng cht bn tnh cho mt ngi dn
xc nh nng cht bn ca nc thi sinh hot c th xc nh s b theo Bng 25.
S lng v ch thi nc, thnh phn v nng cht bn trong nc thi sn xut c
xc nh theo ti liu cng ngh.
Bng 25
Cc i lng Khi lng (g/ngi. ngy)
Cht rn l lng (SS) 60 -65
BOD
5
ca nc thi lng 30 -35
BOD
5
ca nc cha lng 65
Nit ca cc mui amni (N NH
4
) 8
Pht pht (
5 2
O P ) 3,3
Clorua (Cl
-
) 10
Cht hot ng b mt 2- 2,5
Ch thch:
- Nu trong th cc h thi nc c b t hoi th cn xem xt gim lng cht l
lng. Theo kinh nghim nc thi sau khi c x l qua b t hoi nng SS gim
khong 55% n 65%.
37
TCVN 7957:2008
- Khi x nc thi sinh hot ca cc x nghip cng nghip vo mng li thot nc ca khu
dn c th khng cn tnh b sung cc cht bn cha trong cc loi nc .
8.1.8 La chn v tr v din tch khu t xy dng trm x l nc thi phi tun
theo cc thit k qui hoch v xy dng ca i tng cn c thot nc, c ch n
cc gii php cng trnh th bn ngoi (ng st, ng t, cp nc, hi nhit,
in,...). V tr trm x l trm x l nc thi phi p ng quy nh ca iu 3.16
ca tiu chun ny hoc cc iu quy nh lin quan nu trong TCVN 7222:2002- Yu
cu chung v mi trng i vi cc trm x l nc thi sinh hot tp trung.
8.1.9 Khu t xy dng trm x l thng b tr cui hng gi ch o ca ma h so
vi khu vc xy dng nh v pha di im dn c theo chiu dng chy ca sng.
Khu t xy dng phi c dc m bo nc thi t chy c qua cc cng trnh v
thot nc ma thun li, khu t xy dng trm phi b tr ni khng ngp lt v c
mc nc ngm thp.
Ch thch: Cho php b tr trm x l u hng gi nhng khong cch ly v sinh phi ly tng
ln theo qui nh iu 3.16.
8.1.10 Quy hoch trm x l nc thi phi bo m s dng hp l khu t cho
giai on d tnh cng nh cho giai on pht trin tng lai. B tr cc cng trnh phi
m bo:
- Kh nng xy dng theo tng t.
- Kh nng m rng cng sut khi lu lng nc thi tng.
- Chiu di cc ng ng k thut phi ngn nht (mng dn, ng dn v.v...).
- Thun tin cho qun l v sa cha.
8.1.11 Khi thit k trm x l nc thi cn xt n kh nng hp khi cng trnh
cng nh hn ch mi hi lan truyn ra mi trng xung quanh.
8.1.12 Cc cng trnh x l nc thi cn b tr ngoi tri, ch trong trng hp
c bit v c l do xc ng mi c lm mi che.
8.1.13 Trong trm x l nc thi cn c cc thit b sau y:
a) Thit b phn phi u nc thi n cc cng trnh n v.
b) Thit b cho cng trnh tm ngng hot ng, tho cn v thau ra cng trnh,
ng ng dn khi cn thit.
c) Thit b x nc khi xy ra s c trc v sau cc cng trnh x l c hc v phi
c li i li d dng ti cc thit b ng m.
d) Thit b o lu lng nc thi, bn cn lng, bn hot tnh tun hon v bn hot tnh
d, khng kh, hi nc, nng lng v.v...
e) Thit b ly mu t ng v dng c t ghi cc thng s cht lng nc thi, v bn
cn lng.
8.1.14 Mng dn trong trm x l nc thi phi tnh theo lu lng ln nht trong 1
giy nhn vi h s 1,4.
8.1.15 Ngoi cc cng trnh cng ngh chnh, tu theo cng sut ca trm v
iu kin a phng cn xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr v phc v (tham kho Ph
lc D).
38
TCVN 7957:2008
8.1.16 Khu vc trm x l nc thi phi c hng ro bo v, phi c hon thin
v chiu sng. Tu theo iu kin a phng c th c bin php chng xi l b ta
luy do ma. Trong trng hp cn thit tu theo mc yu cu ca k thut an ton m c
hng ro cho tng cng trnh ring bit.
8.2 Song chn rc
8.2.1 Trong thnh phn cc cng trnh x l nc thi phi c song chn rc, chiu
rng khe h ca song chn rc bng 15 - 20mm.
8.2.2 S lng v kch thc song chn rc, tc nc chy qua khe h, lng rc ly ra t
song chn, khong cch gia cc thit b v.v... theo qui nh iu 7.2.9 v 7.2.13.
8.2.3 Khi khi lng rc ln trn 0,1 m
3
/d nn c gii ho khu ly rc v nghin rc. Nu
lng rc nh hn 0,1 m
3
/d th s dng song chn rc th cng.
8.2.4 Rc c nghin nh cho php vo trc song chn rc hoc a v b
mtan.
8.2.5 Ct sn ca nh t song chn rc phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong
mng dn t nht 0,5m.
8.2.6 Tn tht p lc qua song chn rc xc nh theo cng thc i vi song chn
rc cn sch ri tng ln vi h s 3.
8.2.7 c th thay th khi cn thit, trc v sau song chn rc phi c ca phai v
phi c thit b x cn nc cho mng dn.
Ch thch:
- Nu dng song chn rc th cng th ch cn lm sn cc khe phai s dng khi cn
thit.
- Rc vt ln c cha trong thng c np y v chuyn ch n ni x l cht thi rn.
- Rc hu c nghin cng a vo x l cng vi bn cn bn hu c ca trm x l nc thi.
8.2.8 lp rp v sa cha song chn rc my nghin rc v cc thit b khc cn
c cc thit b nng chuyn theo qui nh iu 7.2.15.
8.2.9 Trong nh t song chn rc nn kt hp b tr my bm ct ca b lng ct.
8.3 B lng ct
8.3.1 i vi cc trm x l nc thi cng sut trn 100 m
3
/d cn c b lng ct.
La chn loi b lng ct cn da vo cng sut trm, s cng ngh x l nc thi
v bn cn.
8.3.2 S b hoc s n nguyn lm vic ng thi ca b lng ct khng nh hn
2, khi co ct bng my th phi c b d phng.
8.3.3 Tnh ton b lng ct ngang v b lng ct c thi kh theo cc cng thc:
1. Din tch tit din t W (m
2
):
W =
n V
Q
(17)
Trong :
39
TCVN 7957:2008
Q - Lu lng ln nht ca nc thi (m
3
/s);
n - S b hoc s n nguyn;
V - Vn tc ca nc trong b (m/s).
2. Chiu di cng tc ca b L (m):
L =
V
U
H K
n
.
1000
0
(18)
Trong :
U
0
v U - ln thu lc ca ht (mm/s), xc nh bng tc lng t do ca ht ct
trng thi tnh v trng thi ng trong b theo Bng 26.
K- H s t l U
0
: U chn theo Bng 27.
H
n
- Chiu cao tnh ton ca b lng ct. i vi b lng ct thi kh chn bng na
chiu cao tng cng ca b.
V - Vn tc chuyn ng ca nc thi trong b, mm/s, c chn theo Bng 28.
Bng 26
ng knh ht ct
(mm)
0,1 0,12 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,40 0,50
ln thu lc U
0
(mm/s)
5,12 7,27 11,2 17,1 24,2 29,7 35,1 40,7 51,6
Bng 27
ng knh nh
nht ca ht ct
cn gi li,
(mm)
ln thu lc
ca ht, U
0
(mm/s)
Gi tr K tu thuc loi b lng ct v t l
B:H ca b lng ct thi kh
B lng
ct ngang
B lng ct thi kh
B:H=1 B:H =
1,25
B:H = 1,5
0,15 13,2 - 2,62 2,5 2,39
0,20 18,7 1,7 2,43 2,25 2,08
0,25 24,2 1,3 - - -
Bng 28
Loi b
lng
ct
ln thu
lc ca ht
ct U
0
(mm/s )
Vn tc nc
(mm/s) khi lu l-
ng
Chiu
su H
(m)
Lng ct
gi li
(l/ng.ng
)
m
ca ct
(%)
T l
ct
trong
cn
(%)
Min Max
Ngang 18,7-24,2 0,15 0,3 0,5 - 2 0,02 60 55 - 60
Thi
kh
13,2-18,7 - 0,08-
0,12
0,7 - 3,5 0,03 - 90 - 95
Tip
tuyn
18,7-24,2 - - 0,5 0,02 60 70 - 75
Chn kch thc ti thiu ca ht cn gi li trong b tu thuc loi cng trnh x l
sau n. i vi cc b lng m cn c x l b mtan hoc b lng hai v, kch th-
c ht ct ti thiu phi gi li l 0,2 - 0,25 mm.
40
TCVN 7957:2008
to tc u trong b, li vo b phi xy dng theo kiu knh m rng, li ra
theo kiu thu hp v chiu di tng ng.
8.3.4 Khi thit k b lng ct cn theo cc qui nh sau:
a) B lng ct ngang:
- Vn tc dng chy trong b khi lu lng ln nht l 0,3 m/s; khi lu lng nh nht l
0,15 m/s.
- ln thu lc ca ct gi li trong b
0
U ly bng 18 n 24 mm/s.
- Thi gian lng ct khng nh hn 30 s khi lu lng ln nht.
- Chiu su tnh ton
n
H bng 0,25 n 1m.
b) B lng ct c thi kh:
- ln thu lc ca ht ct
0
U ly 18mm/s.
- Cng thi kh 3 - 5 m
3
/m
2
h.
- dc ngang ca y b (v pha mng thu) 0,2 04.
- Ca a nc vo b phi trng vi chiu quay ca nc trong b v ca a nc ra
phi t ngp.
- Tng chiu su ca b H ly 0,2 - 3,5 m.
- Dn phn phi kh lm bng ng c l, ng knh l 3,5 mm t su
0,7H.
- Tc chy khi lu lng ln nht V bng 0,08 - 0,12 m/s.
- T l gia chiu rng v chiu su ca b B : H ly 1: 1,5.
c. i vi b lng ct kiu tip tuyn:
- Chn ti trng b mt q bng 110 m
3
/m
2
.h ng vi lu lng ln nht ca nc thi,
- Dn nc vo theo kiu tip tuyn,
- Chiu su bng na ng knh,
- ng knh b khng qu 6 m.
Bng 29 l cc s liu kch thc nh hnh ca b lng ct ngang nc chuyn ng
vng.
Bng 29
Lu lng tnh ton
ca 1 b ( l/s)
ng knh
(m)
Chiu rng
mng lng
(m)
Tng chiu
cao mng
lng (m)
Tng chiu
di mng
lng (m)
25 - 200
300
4
6
0,6 - 0,9
1,6
0,44 - 0,78
1,75
9
13,8
8.3.5 Lng ct gi li trong b lng ct ph thuc iu kin v sinh mi trng khu vc
th, tnh trng lm vic ca mng li thot nc v hiu qu hot ng ca b lng
ct.
Khi thiu cc s liu thc nghim th c th tnh ton s b lng ct gi li theo cc
ch tiu sau y:
41
TCVN 7957:2008
- i vi h thng thot nc ring hon ton, lng ct gi li l 0,02 l/ngi/d.
- i vi h thng thot nc chung, l 0,04 l/ngi/d.
- m ca ct 60%, khi lng ring khong 1,5 T/m
3
.
Ct x ra khi b lng c th bng:
- Phng php th cng khi lng ct ti 0,1 m
3
/d.
- Phng php c gii, phng php nng thy lc hay bm v sau vn chuyn
bng chuyn khi lng ct trn 0,1 m
3
/d.
Lu lng nc k thut q
h
(l/s) khi x ct bng thit b nng thy lc c xc nh theo
cng thc:
q
h
= v
h
l
sc
b
sc
(19)
Trong :
v
h
-Vn tc hng ln ca dng nc ra trong mng, chn bng 0,0065 m/s.
l
sc
- Chiu di y b lng ct, khng k phn h tp trung ct.
b
sc
- Chiu rng ca y di ca b lng ct, chn bng 0,5 m.
S b c th ly lng nc k thut bng 20 ln lng ct ly ra khi b.
8.3.6 Th tch h tp trung ct khng ln hn th tch ct lng c trong 2 ngy, gc
nghing ca y thu ct khng nh hn 60
0
so vi phng nm ngang.
8.3.7 n nh vn tc dng chy trong b lng ct ngang, pha cui b cn
c p trn nh rng khng. Tnh ton p trn theo cng thc sau:
- chnh ct gia y b lng ct v ngng trn (m):
P =
1
3 / 2
min
3 / 2
max
q
q
K
h K h
(20)
Trong :
K
q
- T s ca lu lng ln nht v nh nht (K= q
max
:q
min
).
h
max,
v h
min
- Chiu su nc trong b ng vi q
max
v q
min
v vn tc chy V = 0,3 m/s.
-Chiu rng p trn b
0
(m):
b
0
=
2 / 3
max
max
) ( 2 h p g m
q
+
(21)
Trong :
m - H s lu lng ca p trn ph thuc vo iu kin co hp dng chy, ly bng
0,35 - 0,8.
8.3.8 lm kh ct t b lng ct, cn c sn phi ct hay h cha ct. Xung quanh
sn phi ct phi c b p cao 1 - 2 m. Kch thc sn phi ct c xc nh vi
iu kin l: tng chiu cao lp ct h chn bng 3 - 5 m
3
/m
2
.nm. Ct kh thng xuyn
c chuyn i ni khc. Nc tch t ct c a v u trm x l Nc thi.
8.4 B iu ho
42
TCVN 7957:2008
8.4.1 B iu ha dng iu ho lu lng v nng cht bn trong nc thi
sn xut v nc thi th. Th tch b xc nh theo biu lu lng v biu dao
ng nng cht bn trong nc thi.
Ch thch: Nu khng c biu thi nc th c th xc nh th tch b theo lu lng nc thi
ca mt ca sn xut.
8.4.2 Khi t b iu ho trc b lng th phi c thit b chng lng cn
trong b.
Chn b iu ha (khuy trn bng khng kh nn, bng thit b khuy trn c kh
hay b nhiu hnh lang) da trn c s c im dao ng nng cc cht bn
(theo chu k, hn lon hay x nc tp trung) cng nh c im v nng cc cht
l lng.
8.4.3 Trong cc b vi khuy trn bng khng kh nn hay bng c kh, nu nc thi
c cha cc cht c hi d bay hi th phi c bin php che y kn v phi c
bin php thng hi.
8.4.4 S dng b iu ha khuy trn bng khng kh nn iu ha nng
nc thi khi nng cht l lng di 500 mg/l vi ln thy lc 10 mm/s.
- Th tch b iu ha khi x tp trung nc thi c tnh ton theo cc cng thc
sau:

1
ln
3 , 1

yc
yc
Z W
dh
K
K
t q
W
khi K
yc
di 5 (22)
W
h
= 1,3 q
W
.t
tt
khi K
yc
bng v trn 5 (23)
Trong :
q
W
- Lu lng nc thi, m
3
/h;
t
tt
- Thi gian x vi lu lng nc thi tp trung, h;
K
yc
- H s iu ha yu cu v bng:
max
max
C C
C C
K
TB
TB
yc
(24)
Trong :
C
max
- Nng ln nht ca cht bn khi x tp trung, mg/l;
C
TB
- Nng trung bnh ca cht bn trong nc thi, mg/l ;
C
cp
- Nng cho php ca cht bn sau khi iu ha, ph thuc vo iu kin hot
ng ca cng trnh pha sau, mg/l.
8.4.5 Th tch b iu ha W
h
(m
3
), khi nng dao ng theo chu k, c xc
nh theo cng thc:
W
h
= 0,21 q
t
. t
ck
1 - K
yc
khi K
yc
< 5 (25)
43
TCVN 7957:2008
W
h
= 1,3 q
t
. t
ck
K
yc
khi K
yc
>= 5 (26)
Trong :
t
ck
Chu k dao ng nng , h;
K
yc
- H s iu ha yu cu, xc nh theo cng thc (24).
Khi nng dao ng bt k, th tch b s tnh theo phng php tim cn gn
ng.
8.4.6 Vic phn phi nc thi theo b mt b iu ha sc kh phi m bo
ng u. C th dng ng phn phi c l hay mng trn tit din ch V, ch U
phn phi. Vn tc dng nc trong mng khng di 0,4 m/s.
8.4.7 H thng sc kh ca b iu ha nh sau:
- Thit b sc kh : l cc ng c l khoan ng knh l d = 5mm cch nhau 3 - 6
cm, nm mt di ng. ng phi t tuyt i theo phng ngang, dc theo t-
ng dc ca b trn cc gi cao 6 - 10 cm so vi y.
- Nu t thit b sc kh ch mt pha v st thnh b th khong cch t
thit b ti thnh b i din ly bng 1 n 1,5 H.
- ng knh ca thit b sc kh ly bng 50 mm nu cng sc kh nh hn
8m
3
/h cho 1m di v bng 75mm nu cng sc kh ln hn.
8.4.8 B iu ha khuy trn c kh c s dng iu ha vi hm lng cht l
lng trn 500 mg/l vi ch nc vo b bt k. Th tch b iu ha khuy trn c
kh cng c tnh ton tng t nh b iu ha sc kh.
8.4.9 Dung tch b iu ha kiu nhiu hnh lang khi x nc thi tp trung c xc
nh theo cng thc:

2
yc tt t
dh
K t q
W (27)
Trong :
q
t
- lu lng nc thi (m
3
/h);
t
tt
- khong thi gian x nc thi tp trung, (h);
K
yc
- h s iu ha yu cu.
8.4.10 Cu to b iu ha lu lng tng t nh b lng t mt hay b cha
thng thng v phi c h tp trung cn v thit b x cn. C th dng my bm
bm nc thi sang cng trnh x l nc thi tip theo vo cc gi c lu lng nh nht.
Tnh ton th tch b iu ha lu lng tng t nh b cha hay i nc trong h thng
cp nc.
8.4.11 Chn gi tr ca cc h s khng iu ha sau khi iu ha K
h
, th tch
b iu ha W
h
xc nh theo cc mi quan h sau y:
y
h
= K
h
/ K
h0
(28)
h
= W
h
/ q
TB
( 29)
44
TCVN 7957:2008
Trong :
K
hy0
- H s khng iu ha ca nc thi chy vo b;
q
TB
- Lu lng gi trung bnh ca nc thi.
S ph thuc gia y
h
v
h
c xc nh theo Bng 30.
Bng 30
y
h
1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,75 0,67 0,65
h
0 0,24 0,5 0,9 1,5 2,15 3,3 4,4
8.4.12 Khi cn iu ha c lu lng v nng nc thi th th tch b iu
ha lu lng v nng cht bn c tnh ton theo tng bc mt.
S gia ca th tch nc W, m
3
v nng C, g/m
3
, sau mt bc tnh ton c xc
nh theo cng thc:
W = (q
vo
q
ra
) t (30)
C = [ (C
vo
C
ra
)t]/W
h
(31)
Trong :
q
vo,
C
vo
, C
ra
- Lu lng, nng cht bn trong nc thi thi im sau mt bc tnh
ton.
W
h
-Th tch nc trong b iu ha tng ng vi thi im tnh ton.
8.5 B lng
8.5.1 La chn loi b lng phi da theo cng sut, tnh cht nc thi, cc iu kin
t nhin v cc iu kin c th khc ca a phng.
Ni chung c th s b la chn kiu b lng theo cng sut ca trm x l nc thi
nh sau:
B lng ng: Di 20.000 m
3
/d.
B lng ngang: trn 15.000 m
3
/d.
B lng ly tm: trn 20.000 m
3
/d.
B lng 2 v v cc loi b lng kt hp ln men bn cn thng p dng cho trm x l
nc thi cng sut nh hoc trung bnh, di 10.000 m
3
/d.
8.5.2 S b lng khng t hn 2 v tt c cc b phi lm vic ng thi.
8.5.3 Tnh ton cc b lng (tr b lng t hai sau cc cng trnh x l sinh
hc) da trn c s nghin cu ng hc lng ca cc cn ht l lng c tnh ti hiu
qu lng cn thit.
Khi x nc thi sau b lng vo ngun tip nhn th hm lng cn l lng cn li trong
nc thi phi m bo cc iu kin v sinh theo tiu chun mi trng.
8.5.4 Tnh ton b lng theo cc cng thc sau:
45
TCVN 7957:2008
a) Kch thc b:
Chiu di b lng ngang l (m):
l =
0
.
.
U K
H V
(32)
Bn knh b lng ng, b lng ly tm R (m):
R =
0
. 6 , 3 U K
Q
(33)
Trong :
Q - Lu lng tnh ton ca nc thi (m
3
/h);
H - Chiu su tnh ton ca vng lng (k t mt trn ca lp trung ho ti mt thong
ca b, m), theo ch dn iu 8.6.2;
V - Vn tc tnh ton trung bnh trong vng lng, trong b lng ly tm l tc ti
tit din im gia tnh t tm ra bin bn knh (mm/s). i vi b lng ngang v
b lng ly tm V ly 5-10 mm/s;
K - H s ph thuc loi b lng v cu to ca thit b phn phi v thu nc, qui
nh nh sau:
- 0,5 i vi cc b lng ngang.
- 0,45 i vi cc b lng ly tm.
- 0,35 i vi b lng ng.
U
0
- ln thu lc ca ht cn (mm/s).
b) ln thu lc U
0
(mm/s) xc nh theo cc ng cong ng hc lng hoc theo
cng thc sau y:
U
0
=
,
_
n
h
KH
t
H K
.
. . 1000
(34)
Trong :
- H s k ti nh hng ca nhit ca nc i vi nht ly theo Bng 31;
- Thnh phn thng ng ca tc ca nc thi trong b ly theo Bng 32;

t - Thi gian lng (s) ca nc thi trong bnh th nghim hnh tr vi chiu su lp nc
h, t hiu qu lng bng hiu qu lng tnh ton; khi thiu s liu thc nghim th
t ly theo Bng 33 (i vi mt s loi ht nht nh);
n- H s kt t, ph thuc vo tnh cht l lng ca cc loi ht ch yu, xc nh
bng thc nghim ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cn trong nc thi. Khi thiu s liu
thc nghim c th ly s b nh sau:
- n ly 0,25 i vi ht l lng c kh nng kt t trong nc thi sinh hot;
- n ly 0,4 i vi cc ht khong rn c khi lng ring 2 - 3 g/ cm
3
;
- n ly 0,5 cho cc ht cn nng c khi lng ring 5 - 6 g/ cm
3
.
Tr s
n
h
KH
,
_
khi tnh ton cc b lng t mt i vi nc thi sinh hot c th ly

theo Bng 34.
46
TCVN 7957:2008
Bng 31
Nhit trung bnh tnh
theo thng thp nht tnh
bng C
60 50 40 30 25 20 15 10
H s 0,45 0,55 0,66 0,8 0,9 1 1,44 1,3
Bng 32
V (mm/s) 5 10 15 20
(mm/s) 0 0,05 0,1 0,5
Bng 33
Hiu
qu
lng
E (%)
Thi gian lng trong hnh tr c chiu su h = 500mm (s)
n = 0,25 n = 0,4 n = 0,6
Nng (mg/l)
100 200 300 500 500 1000 2000 3000 200 300 400
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
600
900
1320
1900
3800
-
-
-
-
300
540
650
900
1200
3600
-
-
-
-
300
450
640
970
2600
-
-
-
-
180
390
450
680
1830
5260
-
-
150
180
200
240
280
360
1920
-
-
140
1200
180
200
240
280
690
2230
-
100
120
150
180
200
230
570
1470
3600
40
50
60
80
100
130
370
1080
1850
-
-
75
120
180
390
3000
-
-
-
-
60
90
120
180
580
-
-
-
-
45
80
75
130
380
-
-
Ch thch:
1. Thi gian lng ng vi nhit 20
0
C.
2. i vi cc gi tr trung gian ca hm lng cn v hiu qu lng so vi cc gi tr trong
bng, thi gian lng xc nh bng phng php ni suy.
3. ng hc lng ca cc cht l lng trong nc thi v h s kt t phi xc nh trong
iu kin lng tnh trong bnh th nghim hnh tr c ng knh khng nh hn
120 mm.
Bng 34
Chiu cao cng
tc b lng H
Tr s
n
h
KH
,
_
cho b lng cc kiu

B lng ng B lng ly tm B lng ngang
1,0
1,5
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
-
-
1,11
1,21
1,29
-
-
1,08
1,16
1,29
1,35
1,46
-
1,1
1,19
1,32
1,41
1,5
47
TCVN 7957:2008
- Sau khi xc nh L v R th kim tra tc thc t V
th
(mm/s) trong phn lng.
- i vi b lng ngang:
V
th
=
HB
Q
6 , 3
(35)
Trong : B Chiu rng b lng ly trong khong 2 5 H.
- i vi b lng ly tm (ti tit din gia bn knh):
V
th
=
RH
Q
6 , 3
(36)
Trng hp tr s ca V
th
v V khc nhau cn iu chnh li gi tr ca L v R.
8.5.5 Khi lng cn lng x ra khi b xc nh ph thuc vo hiu qu lng tnh
ton.
m cn lng ca nc thi sinh hot khong 95% i vi tt c cc loi b lng t
mt khi x cn bng t chy; khong 93,5 94% khi x cn bng bm pistng m
cn lng ca nc thi sn xut ly theo ti liu thc nghim.
8.5.6 B lng t hai sau b lc sinh hc c tnh ton theo ti trng thy lc b
mt q
0
(m
3
/m
2
/h) nh sau:
q
o
= 3,6 K
S
u
o
(37)
Trong :
u
o
- ln thy lc ca mng sinh hc. khi x l sinh hc hon ton
u
o
= 1,4mm/s;
K
S
- H s s dng dung tch, chn theo iu 8.5.7.
Khi xc nh th tch cc b lng phi tnh n lu lng bn tun hon.
8.5.7 B lng t hai sau aeroten c tnh ton da trn c s cn bng vt cht ca
h thng ti trng thu lc q
o
(m/m.h) ph thuc nng bn hot tnh a (g/l),
ch s bn I (cm/g) v nng bn cho php sau lng a
t
(mg/l). Ti trng thu
lc c th tnh theo cng thc:

t
a
s
Ia
H K
q
01 , 0 5 , 0
8 , 0
0
) 1 , 0 (
5 , 4
(38)
Trong :
K
S
- H s s dng dung tch ca vng lng, chn bng 0,4 i vi
b lng li tm, 0,35 i vi b lng ng, 0,45 i vi b lng ng
vi x nc t chu vi, 0,4 i vi b lng ngang;
a- Nng bn hot tnh trong b aeroten chn khng qu 15 g/l;
a
t
-Nng bn hot tnh ca nc sau lng khng di 10 mg/l.
48
TCVN 7957:2008
8.5.8 Thi gian lng v vn tc dng chy ln nht tnh ton b lng t hai ly
theo Bng 35.
Bng 35
Cng dng ca b
Cc s liu tnh ton b lng t hai
Thi gian lng (h)
khi lu lng ln nht
Vn tc dng chy
ln nht (mm/s)
Loi b lng
Lng ngang, ly
tm, ng
Lng
ngang,
ly tm
Ln
g
n
g
Cc b lng ln II
a) Sau b lc sinh hc nh git
b) Sau blc sinh hc cao ti
c) Sau Aeroten lm sch khng hon
ton
- Khi gim BOD n 20%
- Khi gim BOD n 80%
d) Sau Aeroten lm sch hon ton
0,73
1,5
0,75
1
2
5
5
7
5
5
0,5
0,5
0,7
0,5
0,5
Ch thch: Ni chung s liu tnh ton b lng t hai sau cc Aeroten phi trn c s thc
nghim, ph thuc ch lm vic ca Aeroten.
8.5.9 Hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi sau b lng t hai i vi nc thi sinh hot
ly theo Bng 36, i vi nc thi sn xut ly theo s liu thc nghim.
Bng 36
Thi gian
lng (h)
Hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi sinh hot sau b lng t hai
(mg/l) khi BOD ca nc thi c lm sch (mg/l) bng
15 20 25 50 75 100
0,75
1
1,5
2
21
18
15
12
27
24
20
16
33
29
25
21
66
58
51
45
86
80
70
63
100
93
83
75
8.5.10 x bn cn nc thi sinh hot khi b lng t mt c th dng bm
pistng hoc bng p lc thu tnh khng nh hn 1,5 m ct nc. i vi b lng t
hai p lc thu tnh khng nh hn 1,2 m i vi cc b lng sau b lc sinh hc nh
git hoc cao ti; khng nh hn 0,9m i vi cc b lng sau Aeroten.
i vi b lng t mt v b lng t hai sau b lc sinh hc, th tch ngn cha bn
cn nn ly bng khi lng bn cn lng khng qu mt ngy, i vi b lng t hai
sau Aeroten khng qu 2 gi.
Khi x bn cn bng c gii, th tch ngn cha bn ca cc b lng ln I nn ly bng
khi lng cn lng trong 8 gi. ng knh ng dn bn ra khi b lng t mt v t
hai xc nh theo tnh ton nhng khng nh hn 200 mm. Chiu cao thnh b lng
tnh t mc nc tr ln bng 0,3m.
49
TCVN 7957:2008
Kt cu b lng t mt phi c b phn thu v tch cht ni.
Mng trn thu nc lng trong cc b lng c th lm theo dng phng hoc
dng rng ca; ti trng thu lc ca mng khng c qu 10 l/s.m.
8.5.11 Khi thit k b lng cn tun th cc quy nh sau y:
a) B lng ngang:
+ Chiu su tnh ton ca vng lng H ly 1,5 - 3m, ph thuc vo cng sut
ca cc cng trnh x l nc thi, trong mt s trng hp c th ly n 4m.
+ T l gia chiu di v chiu su ca b ly 8 12, trong mt s trng hp c
th ly 8 20 (i vi nc thi sn xut).
+ Nc thi vo v ra khi b phi phn phi theo chiu rng b.
+ Gc nghing ca thnh h thu cn khng nh hn 50
0
.

+ Phi c thit b x cn b.
+ dc ca y b khng nh hn 0,005.
+ Chiu cao lp nc trung ho cao hn y b 0,3m ( cui b).
+ Chiu cao lp bn ca b lng ln II ly 0,2 0,5m.
b) B lng ly tm.
+ Chiu su vng lng H ly 1,5 5m. T l gia ng knh b v chiu su
vng lng ly 6 12 trong mt s trng hp c th ly t 6 30 (i vi nc thi
xut).
+ ng knh b khng nh hn 1 m.
+ Chiu cao lp nc trung ho 0,3 m.
+ Chiu su lp bn trong b lng t hai ly 0,3 0,5m.
i vi cc b lng t hai c my ht bn dc y b 0,01 0,03, nhng khi c thit
b co bn th dc y b l 0,01.
c) B lng ng:
+ ng knh b D ly = 4 9m
+ Chiu su tnh ton ca vng lng H ly 2,7 - 3,8 m; i vi b lng t hai,
H khng c nh hn 1,5m.
+ ng trung tm c chiu di bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng, c
ming phu v tm ht c nh pha di.
+ ng knh v chiu cao ca phu ly bng 1,5 ng knh ng trung tm.
+ ng knh tm ht bng 1,3 ng knh ming phu. Gc nghing gia b
mt tm ht vi mt phng ngang: 17
0
. Chiu cao t mt di ca tm ht
n b mt lp cn l 0,3m.
+ Vn tc nc trong ng trung tm khng ln hn 30 mm/s; vn tc nc qua khe
h gia mp di ca ng trung tm v b mt tm ht b lng ln mt
khng ln hn 20 mm/s, b lng t hai ly 15 mm/s.
+ Mng thu nc lng t trong thnh trong ca b lng.
+ Gc nghing ca b lng t mt v t hai so vi phng ngang khng nh
hn 50
0
.
50
TCVN 7957:2008
8.6 B lng hai v
8.6.1 B lng hai v c th l b n hoc b kp. i vi cc b kp phi bo m
kh nng thay i thng xuyn hng dng chy trong mng lng.
8.6.2 B lng hai v thit k theo cc quy nh nu trong iu 8.5.1 ; 8.5.2; v
8.5.3, ng thi theo cc quy nh sau y:
- Mt thong t do ca b cn ni ln khng nh hn 20% din tch mt
bng ca b.
- Khong cch gia thnh ngoi ca cc mng lng khng nh hn 0,5 m.
- Gc nghing ca thnh mng lng khng nh hn 50
0
, hai thnh nghing ca
mng lng phi trm ln nhau t nht 0,15m, chiu su mng lng ph thuc
chiu di ly t 1,2 2,5 m. Chiu rng khe h ca mng lng ly 0,15m.
- Chiu cao lp nc trung ho ly t khe h ca mng lng n b mt lp cn
trong ngn t hoi l 0,5m.
- Gc nghing phn y hnh nn ca ngn t hoi khng c nh hn 30
0
.
- m ca cn ly ra khi b 90%.
- Hiu qu lng cht l lng ca b 45 50%.
- Hiu qu phn hy cht hu c 40%.
8.6.3 Th tch ngn t hoi ca b lng hai v c th xc nh cc s liu nu trong
Bng 37.
Bng 37
Nhit nc thi trung bnh
vo ma ng
Th tch ngn t hoi trong b lng
2 v
tnh bng lt cho 1 ngi
10
12
15
20
25
65
50
30
15
10
Ch thch:
1. Th tch ngn t hoi ca b lng hai v cn phi tng thm 75% nu a bn ca b Aeroten
x l hon ton hoc b lc sinh hc cao ti vo, hoc phi tng 30% khi x bn ca b lng
sau b lc sinh hc nh git, hoc ca Aeroten x l khng hon ton vo.
2. Khi thiu s liu v thc nghim nhit nc thi th c th ly nhit trung bnh hng
nm ca khng kh tnh ton.
3. Th tch ngn t hoi ca b lng 2 v x l nc thi trc khi a vo bi lc cho php
gim khng qu 20%.
8.7 Thit b thu du
8.7.1 B thu du c s dng gi li cc ht du th khi nng du ln hn
100mg/l.
51
TCVN 7957:2008
Tnh ton b thu du hon ton ging nh tnh ton b lng ngang, c ch thm v
ng hc ni ca cc loi ht du. Nu khng c cc s liu v ng hc ni ca cc
ht du cho php ly:
- ln thu lc (tc ni ca ht du) t 0,4 0,6 mm/s.
- Vn tc tnh ton trung bnh trong phn nc chy ca b V l 4 6mm/s.
- Khi lng cc ht du b gi trong trng hp ny vo khong:
- 70% khi cc ht du c ln thu lc bng 0,4 mm/s.
- 60% khi cc ht du c ln thu lc bng 0,6 mm/s.
8.7.2 Khi thit k b thu du nn ly:
- Chiu su phn nc chy ca b H ly 2m.
- T s gia chiu di v chiu su l 15 20.
- Chiu rng ca mt ngn l 3 6m.
- S ngn ly khng t hn 2.
- Lp du ni dy 0,1m.
- Lp cn dy n 0,1m.
- m ca cn mi lng 95%, khi lng ring 1,1 T/m
3
.
- m ca cn lng vn cc 70%. Khi lng ring 1,5 T/m
3
.
- Khi lng cn b gi li tnh theo cht kh 80 120 g/m
3
nc thi.
Cn c cc thit b thu v thit b x cc vng du ni.
8.8 Siclon thu lc
8.8.1 Siclon thu lc h c p dng tch cn lng v cc tp cht ni c cu trc
thuc h khuych tn th. Siclon thu lc kn (c p lc) dng tch cc hp cht c
cu trc ht n nh h khuych tn th.
8.8.2 C th p dng 3 loi siclon thu lc sau y:
a) Siclon thu lc khng c thit b bn trong, dng tch cc tp cht thuc h phn
tn nh v th c ln thu lc t 5 mm/s tr ln.
b) Siclon thu lc c mng ngn v vch hnh tr dng khi lu lng ca mi b n
200m
3
/h, dng x l cc cht thuc h phn tn th v nh vi ln thu lc t 0,2
mm/s tr ln cng nh cc cht l lng kt ta v cc sn phm du m.
c) Siclon thu lc nhiu tng dng khi lu lng mi b ln hn 300m
3
/h, dng tch cc
tp cht khng vn cc thuc h phn tn th v nh vi ln thu lc 0,2mm/s tr ln
cng nh cc sn phm du m.
8.8.3 Khi thit k cc siclon thu lc cn ch :
- Ly cn bng cc gu mc, thit b nng thu lc hoc bng p lc thu tnh.
- Dng tm chn hnh khuyn na chm na ni t trc p trn vi khong
cch khng qu 50mm gi li cc tp cht ni.
- Tch cc cht ni bng phu t ngc trong nc.
52
TCVN 7957:2008
Khi thit k cc siclon thu lc nn ly:
a) i vi tt c cc siclon thu lc h ti trng thu lc q(m
3
/m
2
.gi) xc nh theo
cng thc:
q = 3,6K.U
0
(39)
Trong :
K - H s ph thuc loi siclon;
U
0
- th thu lc ca ht cn b gi li (mm/s).
Tn tht p lc trong siclon thu lc ly bng 0,5m.
b) i vi cc siclon thu lc khng c thit b bn trong.
- H s K ly 0,61. Chiu cao phn hnh tr H bng ng knh ca siclon.
- ng knh vi x ly bng 0,10m.
- Gc nghing ca thnh phn hnh nn ly bng 60
0
.
c) i vi cc siclon thu lc c mng ngn v vch ngn hnh tr.
- H s K ly bng 1,98.
- ng knh phn hnh tr ca b H ly bng D.
- ng knh l mng ngn ly bng 0,5D.
- Gc hnh cn ca mng ngn ly bng 45
0
.
- ng knh ca vch ngn ly bng 0,85D.
- Chiu cao ca vch ngn ly bng 0,8D.
- S vi phun vo ni tip tuyn vi phn di vch ngn ly t 3 5 vi.
- ng knh vi phun vo ly bng 0,05 0,07 D.
- Gc nghing ca thnh phn hnh nn ly bng gc trt t nhin ca cn trong
nc, nhng khng c nh hn 60
0
.
d) Siclon thy lc nhiu tng:
- H s K =
2
2 2
D
d D
(40)

- - S tng 4 20.
- - ng knh Siclon thu lc ly 2 6m.
- - ng knh l trung tm ca mng ngn d = 0,5 1,4m.
- - Khong cch gia cc tng theo chiu ng t 200 n 300mm.
- - S vi phun vo cho mi tng l 3, t theo phng tip tuyn (mi vi cch
nhau 1200 mm).
- - Tc nc thot ra t mi vi ly 0,3 0,5m/s.
- - Gc nghing ca mng ngn bng gc trt t nhin ca cn c trong nc nhng
khng c nh hn 45
0
.
Ch thch: Ti trng thu lc ni chung ca siclon thu lc nhiu tng t l thun vi s tng.
53
TCVN 7957:2008
8.8.4 Vic la chn cc cu to kch thc ca cc siclon thu lc c p ph thuc vo s
lng, nng tnh cht bn cn trong nc thi.
Cho php p dng siclon thy lc cho cc loi nc thi c hm lng cht l lng 0,2 0,4
g/l vi trng lng ring 2,5g/cm
3
. Cu to v thng s k thut ca siclon thu lc ly theo
Bng 38.
Bng 38

ln thu lc ca
cc ht cn b
gi li trong
siclon thu lc
(mm/s)
Cu to v cc thng s k thut ca siclon thu lc p lc
Khi l-
ng ring
2
3,5g/cm
3
nng
ban
u.
2000-
4000mg/
l
Khi l-
ng
ring
5g/m
3
nng
ban
u
200-
800
mg/l
ng
knh
phn
hnh
tr
(mm)
Kch thc cc chi tit tnh theo
ng knh ca phn hnh tr.
Tn
tht p
lc
trong
siclon
thu
lc
tnh
bng
m ct
nc
Cng
sut
ca
mt
thit
b
(m
3
/h)
Tn
tht n-
c vi
bn
tnh
bng
% theo
cng
sut.
ng
knh t-
ng -
ng
ca
ng
vo
(m)
ng
knh
vi
phun
(m)
ng
knh
vi
phun
bn
(m)
Chi
u cao
phn
hnh
tr
(m)
1,7 1
2,1 1,3
3,7 2,7
4,6 3,6
4,8 4,3
0,25-
0,2
0,4-0,3
0,5-0,4
1,1-0,8
2-1,8
50
15
250
350
500
0,28
0,24
0,2
0,18
0,13
0,4
0,27
0,23
0,22
0,22
0,12
0,12
0,1
0,07
0,05
1
1
0,7
0,88
0,8
10 - 15
15 - 20
15 - 25
20 - 30
25 - 35
3 - 4
5 - 6
46 - 53
75 - 85
85 - 90
2 - 3
3 - 5
5 - 7
2 - 3
1,5 - 2
8.9 Thit b tuyn ni
8.9.1 Thit b tuyn ni (c kh) dng tch cc cht du m, si bng khong,
aming, len, cc cht hot ng b mt khng ho tan trong nc c b mt ln v cc
cht c t trng gn bng nc,.. c trong nc thi.
Thit b tuyn ni c kh c s dng tch ra khi nc cc tp cht thuc h phn
tn th.
Thit b tuyn ni p lc dng tch ra khi nc cc tp cht phn tn tinh.
Khi cn thit phi x l trit cc tp cht ni trn nn dng cc loi phn keo t
cc tp cht .
8.9.2 Khi thit k cc thit b tuyn ni nn ly:
a) Thit b tuyn ni c kh.
- Thi gian tuyn ni 20 30 pht.
- Vn tc quay ca cnh khuy 12 15 m/s.
- ng knh cnh khuy D ly 200 750mm.
54
TCVN 7957:2008
- Lng khng kh trn mt n v din tch trong ngn tuyn ni l 40
50m
3
/m
2
.h.
- Chiu su nc trong ngn tuyn ni t 1,5 n 3m.
Nu b hnh vung th mi cnh kch thc bng 6D. Din tch phc v ca mi cnh
khuy khng qu 35D
2
.
Th tch ngn tuyn ni W (m
3
) tnh theo cng thc sau y:
W = 0,85Q.t (41)
Trong :
Q Lu lng nc thi (m
3
/h);
t Thi gian tuyn ni (pht).
b) Thit b tuyn ni p lc:
Khi lng khng kh ly bng 3 5% th tch nc cn x l. Np khng kh bng Ejector
vo trong ng ht ca my bm.
p lc d trong thng p lc 30 50N/cm
2
.
Thi gian bo ho khng kh 1 3 pht.
B lng kt hp tuyn ni hnh ch nht chiu su 1 1,5m, thi gian tuyn ni 20
pht, dng cho cng trnh x l nc thi cng sut di 100 m
3
/h.
B lng kt hp tuyn ni kiu ly tm c chiu su khng c nh hn 3m (vng
tuyn ni v lng chiu su mi vng khng c nh hn 1,5m) khi cng sut cng
trnh ln hn 100m
3
/h.
Ch thch: Khi thit k cc thit b tuyn ni phi xt n kh nng hm lng nh tng trong
nc thi tng ln 10%.
8.10 H sinh hc
8.10.1 H sinh hc c th p dng x l sinh hc hon ton hoc khng hon
ton cc loi nc thi.
H sinh hc cn c p dng x l trit nc thi khi c yu cu x l nc thi
mc cao.
8.10.2 H sinh hc c cc dng sau y:
- H k kh.
- H ty tin.
- H hiu kh.
Ch thch: C th p dng h sinh hc x l nc thi sau khi x l c hc trong cc b
lng hoc c th p dng h sinh hc nh mt cng trnh x l hon chnh.
8.10.3 Khi thit k h sinh hc nn nghin cu kt hp chc nng x l nc thi vi
cc mc ch khc nh: iu ho nc ma, nui trng thu sn, tr nc ti cho nng
nghip v.v
8.10.4 H sinh hc c th l mt h hoc nhiu h lm vic ni tip. La chn
v s sp xp cc h ph thuc vo yu cu x l nc thi, iu kin t nhin khu vc
55
TCVN 7957:2008
v kh nng s dng cc h cho cc mc ch kinh t k thut khc. S b tr cc h c
th tham kho theo Ph lc E.
8.10.5 H k kh p dng x l nc thi sinh hot hoc nc thi sn xut c
thnh phn tnh cht gn ging vi nc thi sinh hot. H c dng x l nc thi kt
hp x l bn cn lng. H thch hp nht i vi nhng vng c nhit trung bnh
vo ma ng trn 15
0
C. Thi gian nc lu li trong h k kh t 2 n 5 ngy.
Khong cch ly nh nht ca h k kh n khu dn c l 1000m; khi b tr hng gi
thun li v iu kin v sinh cho php hoc h c y kn th c th gim xung
nhng khng th nh hn 500m.
8.10.6 Cc cng thc tnh ton h k kh:
F =
H v
Q La
.
.
(42)
W = F.H (43)
Trong :
F- Din tch b mt trung bnh ca h (m
2
);
W- Th tch cng tc ca h (m
3
);
La BOD
5
ca dng nc thi vo h (mg/l);
Q Lu lng nc thi (m
3
/d);
H Chiu su h;
v Ti trng hu c b mt ca h (gBOD
5
/m
3
.d), ph thuc vo nhit v
xc nh theo
Bng 39.
Bng 39
Nhit trung bnh
khng kh v ma ng
T (
0
C)
v (gBOD
5
/m
3
.d)
Hiu qu x l theo
BOD
5
(%)
10 20
20 25
>25
20T 100
10T +100
350
2T+20
2T+20
70
8.10.7 Chiu su h k kh nn ly 3 5m, khi c iu kin thun li c th lm
h su gim bt mi kh chu. t nht phi c 2 ngn h lm vic song song. Lng
bn cha trong h, s b c th ly t 0,03 0,05 m
3
/ngi/nm. Bn phi c nh k
no vt m bo ch lm vic bnh thng.
8.10.8 Cu to ca dn nc vo v ca x nc ra khi h k kh nh sau:
- Ca dn nc vo h c th thit k dng ngp hoc khng ngp. i vi dng
ngp nn t khong gia chiu su h, khng c t st y h.
- B tr ca x vo phi m bo vic phn phi u cn lng trn ton b
din tch h. Khi din tch h di 0,5 ha cho php b tr ca x vo gia h.
56
TCVN 7957:2008
- Ca ra c th thit k dng khng ngp v phi c thit b ngn nga lp bt v
mng ni trn mt h chy ra theo dng nc.
8.10.9 H tu tin p dng x l nc thi c x l s b trong cc b
lng, b t hoi, h k kh hoc nc thi cha c x l. Mc x l tnh theo BOD
5
thng khng qu 70 85%.
8.10.10 Din tch b mt cng tc ca h tu tin xc nh nh sau:
F = ) 1 (
.

Lt
La
K H
Q
(44)
Trong :
La - BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo h (g/m
3
);
Lt - BOD
5
ca nc thi sau khi lm sch trong h (g/m
3
);
Q - Lu lng nc thi (m
3
/d);
H - Chiu su h (m), t 1,5 n 2,5 m, chn theo Bng 40.
K - H s phn hu cht hu c trong h ty tin (ngy
-1
). nhit 20
0
C, K chn
bng 0,25 d
-1
. nhit T, h s K xc nh theo cng thc:
K = 0,25 x 1,06
T-20
(45)
Bng 40
Chiu su
(m)
iu kin nhit v tnh cht nc thi
1,5 2,0
2,0 2,5
Nhit m u, nc thi c lm sch s b
S thay i nhit theo ma, nc thi cha cc ht cn
c th lng c
8.10.11 i vi h ty tin, khi lu lng trn 500 m
3
/d cn chia h thnh nhiu ngn
lm vic song song. t nht phi c 2 ngn. Nu s dng cc h t nhin hin c hoc
i vi nhng vng hng nm c nhiu gi vi tc gi trn 3m/s th c th khng
cn chia thnh nhiu ngn.
8.10.12 H x l trit (h maturation) ch yu kh trng nc thi v x l
trit cc cht hu c m bo an ton v sinh cho ngun tip nhn. H hot ng
trong iu kin hiu kh t nhin (c su t 1,0 n 1,5 m) hoc hiu kh cng
bc (c su t 1,5 n 2,5 m).

Thi gian lu nc trong h t 7 n 10 ngy hoc di hn. xc nh s b hiu qu
x l c th p dng cng thc 46:
N
t
=
) . 1 )...( 1 )( . 1 (
2 1 n b b b
a
t K t K t K
N
+ + +
(46)
Trong :
N
a
v N
t
- S lng gy bnh trong nc thi vo h v ra khi h (s vi khun coliform /
100ml);
t
1
, t
2
, ..., t
n
- Thi gian lu nc trong cc bc h, ngy;
n - S bc ca h;
57
TCVN 7957:2008
K
b
- H s dit khun fecal coliform. 20
0
C K
b
l 2,6 ngy
-1
. nhit T, K
b
xc nh
nh sau:
K
b
= 2,6 x 1,19
T-20
, (ngy
-1
) (47)
8.10.13 Trong h lm thong nhn to, oxy c cung cp ch yu bng phng
php cng bc nh khuy trn b mt hoc sc kh. H c su H t 2 n 6 m v
thi gian lu nc t t 3 n 10 ngy v nng bn hot tnh X
va
t 200 n 400 mg/l.
8.10.14 Th tch ca h lm thong nhn to c xc nh trn c s thi gian lu nc
trong h t theo cng thc sau y:

t K L
L
T a
t
+
1
1
(48)
Trong :
L
a
v L
t
- Nng BOD
5
ca nc thi vo h v ra khi h (mg/l).
K
T
- H s chuyn ha BOD trong h (ngy
-1
). iu kin 20
o
C, K
T
ly bng 2,5 ngy
-1
.
iu kin nhit khc, K
T
xc nh nh sau:
K
T
= 2,5.
T-20
(49)
Trong : - H s nhit , ly bng 1,056 khi 20< T 30
o
C v bng 1,135 khi
T 20
o
C.
8.10.15 Lng oxy cn thit cp cho h lm thong nhn to G
O2
(gO
2
/ngy) xc nh
nh sau:
G
O2
= a(L
a
-L
t
)Q (50)
Trong :
a- H s tiu th oxy trong nc thi, ly t 0,9 n 1,5;
Q- Lu lng nc thi vo h (m
3
/d).

8.11 Cc cng trnh x l nc thi trong t t
8.11.1 Cnh ng ti nng nghip c th p dng cho cc loi t d thm cc
vng kh hu khc nhau.
Khi s dng nc thi ti cn d tnh vic ti lin tc sut nm. Nu khng c kh
nng ti lin tc th nn s dng trit cc ch trng, ao h cha, ch trong trng
hp tht cn thit mi xt n vic xy dng cc cng trnh x l b sung (lm vic
trong thi gian khng ti).
8.11.2 Tiu chun ti v cht lng nc ti ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu, loi
cy trng, tnh cht t, su nc ngm,... v xc nh theo s hng dn ca cc
c quan nng nghip v c quan qun l mi trng a phng.
8.11.3 Bi lc ngp nc x l nc thi gm hai dng: ngp nc b mt v ngp
nc pha di (bi lc ngm), thng p dng i vi vng t ct pha v st nh x l
sinh hc hon ton nc thi sau khi c lng s b. xy dng bi lc cn chn
khu t bng phng o dc khng qu 0,02. Trn b mt cc loi bi lc ngp nc
phi trng cc loi cy thn xp hoc thn lp.
58
TCVN 7957:2008
8.11.4 Bi lc ngp nc khng c xy dng trn nhng khu t c s dng nc
ngm cng nh nhng khu vc c hang ng ngm (vng cast).
8.11.5 Bi lc ngp nc phi t di dng chy i vi cng trnh thu nc ngm,
khong cch ca n xc nh theo bn knh nh hng ca ging thu, nhng khng nh
hn gii hn sau: i vi loi t st nh l 200m, ct pha l 300m v ct l 500m.
Khi t bi lc trn dng chy nc ngm th khong cch ca bi lc n cng trnh
thu nc cn phi c tnh n iu kin a cht thu vn v yu cu bo v v sinh
ca ngun nc.
8.11.6 Nc thi trc khi a i x l trong bi lc ngp nc phi c x l s b
trong b t hoi hoc trong cc loi b lng t I khc. Ti trng thu lc tnh ton
din tch bi lc ngp nc ly theo s liu nghin cu thc nghim. Trong trng hp
khng c s liu nghin cu, din tch cc loi bi lc ngp nc c tnh theo cc cng
thc nu trong iu 8.12.3 v 8.13.1.
8.11.7Din tch hu ch ca bi lc ngp nc b mt F (m
2
) c xc nh nh sau:

( )
( ) ( )
w m T v
t a
d n d K A
f L L Q
F
+
+
. . .
ln ln ln .
75 , 1
(51).
Trong :
Q- Lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi x l trn bi lc (m
3
/d);
d
m
- su lp t lc (m);
d
w
- Chiu cao lp t b mt (m);
n H s thnh phn c gii t lc. n c ly bng 0,75;
A
v
- Din tch b mt n v hu hiu cho hot ng ca vi sinh vt (m
2
/m
3
). A
v
th-
ng c chn bng 15,0 m
2
/m
3
;
f- Phn BOD cha chuyn ho ca bn cn lng ng ti vng u bi lc, i vi nc
thi sinh hot f chn bng 0,52 n 0,62
K
T
H s, ph thuc vo nhit nc thi v xc nh theo cng thc:

-1
ngy , .
20
20

T
T
K K
(52)
iu kin 20
0
C K
20
l 0,0057 ngy
1
, thng ly bng 1,1.
8.11.8Din tch hu ch ca bi lc ngp nc pha di F (m
2
) c xc nh nh sau:

,
_
*
*
ln
.
L L
L L
K
Q
F
a
t
(53)
Trong :
Q- Lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi x l trn bi lc(m
3
/d);
K- H s phn hy cht hu c, thng ly bng 0,095 m/d;
L*- Nng BOD cht nn bn trong lp vt liu lc ngp nc (mg/l) ph thuc vo gi
tr BOD ban u L
a
v xc nh theo biu thc sau:
59
TCVN 7957:2008
L*= 3,5 +0,053 L
a
(54 )
8.11.9 ng ti bi lc ngp nc pha di phi t cao hn mc nc ngm t nht
1m. su t gin ng ny khng qu 1,8 m v khng di 0,5 m cch mt t. ng
ti ph mt lp cui, si, x l cao, dm hoc ct ht to dy 20 250 cm. Chiu di
tng cng ca ng ti xc nh ph thuc ti trng n v ca ng ti. Chiu di mi
on ti khng ln qu 20m.
8.11.10 Ti trng n v ca ng ti ly theo Bng 41:
Bng 41
t Nhit trung
bnh nm ca
khng kh,
o
C
Ti trng ti l/s trn 1m chiu di ng ti, ty
thuc chiu su mc nc ngm, tnh ti y ng
ti, m
1 2 3
Ct Di 11
Trn 11
20
22
24
26
27
30
ct Di 11
Trn 11
10
11
12
13
14
16
Ch thch: i vi vng c ma ln trn 1500 mm/nm th gi tr trn phi gim xung
15 - 20%
8.11.11 Mng li ng ti c th lm bng ng cht do hoc bng cc mng xy
gch, b tng ct thp, c ng knh hoc b rng 75 100mm. ng ti t trong
t ct c dc 0,001 0,003 trong t ct pha c th t ngang. Khong cch
gia cc ng ti t song song trong t ct 1,5 2m, trong t ct pha bng 2,5 m.
Cui ng ti phi c ng ng thng hi, ng knh 100 mm, nh ng cao hn mt
t 0,5m.

8.12 Cc cng trnh lm thong s b v ng t sinh hc
8.12.1 B lm thong s b hay ng t sinh hc c s dng :
- Tng hiu qu lng b lng t mt, m bo cho hm lng cn l lng
trong nc thi khng vt qu gii hn cho php (thng l 150 mg/l) trc khi vo cc
cng trnh x l sinh hc.
- Thu hi cc mui kim loi nng (nh qu trnh hp ph) v cc cht bn khc c
th tc ng xu i vi qu trnh x l sinh hc.
8.12.2 B lm thong s b v b ng t sinh hc c t trc cc b lng
t mt, c th l b c lp hay hp khi vi b lng t mt. i vi b ng t
sinh hc cn phi c bn t b t b lng t hai a v. Lng bn dn v b ng t
sinh hc l 50-100% i vi bn hot tnh d hoc 100% i vi lng mng sinh hc.
Ch thch:
1. Phi dn bn t b ti sinh v b ng t sinh hc. Khi khng c b ti sinh th b
tr ti sinh bn hp khi vi b ng t sinh hc. Dung tch ngn ti sinh ly bng 0,25
- 0,3 tng dung tch b.
2. i vi mng sinh hc dn v b ng t sinh hc phi thc hin ti sinh vi thi gian
24 h.
8.12.3 Khi thit k b lm thong s b v b ng t sinh hc cn phi:
60
TCVN 7957:2008
- Chn s b khng di 2 v tt c u lm vic.
- Thi gian lm thong s b c chn l 20 pht.
- Lng khng kh cp cho b l 0,5m
3
kh cho 1 m
3
nc thi.
- Hiu qu loi b cc cht bn trong cc b lng t mt (theo BOD
5
v cht l
lng) tng ln l 10-15% i vi b lm thong s b v 20-25% i vi b ng
tu sinh hc.
- Ti trng thy lc vng lng ca b ng t sinh hc ly bng 3m
3
/m
2
.h.
8.13 B lc sinh hc - Cc yu cu chung
8.13.1 B lc sinh hc (loi b lc nh git v b lc cao ti) dng x l nc
thi bng phng php sinh hc mc hon ton hoc khng hon ton.
B lc sinh hc nh git cho php s dng x l sinh hc hon ton nc thi cc
trm c cng sut khng ln (thng khng qu 1.000 m
3
/d).
B lc sinh hc cao ti c th p dng cho nhng trm c cng sut ln (ti 30.000 m
3
/d
v ln hn).
i vi nc thi sn xut c th thit k b lc sinh hc 2 bc.
8.13.2 B lc sinh hc thit k di dng b trn hoc b ch nht, c thnh b,
sn lc v sn b. Sn lc c khe h vt liu lc. Quy nh kch thc cu to
nh sau:
- Chiu cao khng gian gia sn lc v sn b nh hn 0,6m.
- dc ca sn b v pha mng thu nc khng c nh hn 0,01.
- dc theo chiu dc ca mng thu ly theo kh nng ti a m cu to b cho
php nhng khng nh hn 0,005.
- Thnh b pha trn cao hn lp vt liu lc l 0,5m.
8.13.3 B lc sinh hc nh git thit k thng gi t nhin, b lc sinh hc cao
ti thng gi t nhin hoc nhn to.
Thng gi t nhin thc hin qua cc ca thng gi b tr u khp b mt thnh b
(ch yu trong phm vi sn lc, sn b). Tng din tch thng gi trong phm vi sn
b v sn lc ly 1- 5% din tch b lc.
Khi thng gi nhn to thnh b phi kn, dng qut gi thi khng kh vo khong
khng gian gia sn lc v sn y b vi p lc 100mm ct nc ( ch ca vo). ng
dn ra khi b c kho thy lc vi chiu su 200mm.
8.13.4 Vt liu lc c th dng: dm, cui, si, x keramzit, cht do (c
kh nng chu c nhit 6 30
0
C m khng mt bn).
Cc loi vt liu lc t nhin v nhn to (tr cht do) phi:
- Chu c ti trng khng nh hn 10 N/cm
2
vi trng lng cht ng n
10.000N/m
3
trong trng thi t nhin.
- Chu c dung dch Natri Sunfat bo ho, tm t nht 5 ln.
- Chu c khi un si trong vng 1 gi trong dung dch axit Clohydric 5%; c
trng lng ln gp 3 ln trng lng ca vt liu em th.
61
TCVN 7957:2008
- Sau tt c cc th nghim, vt liu lc khng c c h hi r rt v trng lng
khng c gim 10% so vi lc u.
8.13.5 Vt liu lc cn c chiu cao ging nhau c ht ng u theo chiu cao
b. Ring lp vt liu lc pha di, chiu dy 0,2m cn c c ht ln hn (70
100mm).
8.13.6 C ht ca vt liu lc dng trong b lc sinh hc nn ly theo Bng 42.
Bng 42
Kiu b lc v
loi vt liu lc
ng knh
quy c ca
loi vt liu
lc D (mm)
S % theo trng lng ca vt liu lc b gi li
trn gin c ng knh l d (mm)
70 55 40 30 25 20
B lc sinh hc
cao ti vt liu
, cui
B lc sinh hc
nh git vt liu
dm, si
B lc sinh hc
nh git vt liu
kramzit.
40-70
25-40
20-40
0-5
-
-
40-
70
-
-
95-100
0-5
0-8
-
40-70
khng
quy
nh
-
95-100
khng
quy
nh
-
98-
100
Ch thch:
1. S lng ht dt v di trong vt liu lc khng c nh hn 5%.
2. i vi lp vt liu lc pha di trong mi trng hp phi dng loi c c ht t 70 - 100mm.
8.13.7 Vic phn phi nc thi trn b mt vt liu lc c thc hin bng
nhiu cch khc nhau.
Khi phn phi nc bng cc loi vi phun phi thit k:
- p lc t do ban u ti vi phun cui cng khng di 0,5m.
- ng knh l vi 18 40 mm.
- Chiu cao vi phun nh trn b mt lp vt liu lc mt khong 0,15 - 0,2m.
- i vi cc b lc nh git khi lu lng nc n ln nht, thi gian ti l 5-6 pht.
- Khi dng thit b ti kiu phn lc phi chn:
- S v ng knh ng ti phn phi xc nh theo tnh ton vi iu kin vn
tc ca nc thi ti u ng l 0,5 1m/s.
- S v ng knh l trn ng ti xc nh theo tnh ton vi iu kin vn tc
qua l khng di 0,5 m/s, ng knh l khng di 10mm.
- p lc ti l phun phi xc nh theo tnh ton nhng khng di 0,5m.
- V tr t ng ti phi cao hn b mt lp vt liu lc l 0,2m.
62
TCVN 7957:2008
8.13.8 S n nguyn b lc khng di 2 v khng qu 8, tt c u hot
ng.Tnh ton mng phn phi v tho nc ca b lc sinh hc theo lu lng ln nht.
Cn c thit b x cn v ra y b lc sinh hc khi cn thit.
8.14 B lc sinh hc nh git
8.14.1 Hm lng BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo b lc sinh hc nh git khng c ln hn
200mg/l. Nu nc thi c BOD
5
ln hn 200 mg/l th phi tun hon. Phng php tun
hon phi xc nh theo tnh ton.
8.14.2 Thit k b lc sinh hc nh git nn ly:
Chiu cao lm vic H ly 1,5- 2m.
Ti trng thu lc q ly 13 m
3
/m
3
vt liu/ d.
8.14.3 Khi tnh ton b lc sinh hc nh git cn xc nh h s hot ng ca b K:
K =
t
a
L
L
(55)
Trong :
L
a
BOD
5
ca nc thi ban u;
L
t
BOD
5
ca nc thi c x l (thng ly 15mg/l).
Cc thng s ca b lc sinh hc nh git nh chiu cao lp vt liu lc H (m) v ti
trng thy lc th tch q (m
3
nc thi/m
3
vt liu lc/d) ly theo Bng 43 tng ng vi
tr s K c xc nh.
Tng din tch ca b lc sinh hc xc nh theo khi lng nc thi (k c nc pha
long) phi x l qua b lc trong mt ngy v ti trng thu lc th tch q.
Bng 43
Ti trng thu lc q
(m
3
/m
3
/d)
Gi tr K ng vi c hiu cao lp vt liu lc H (m) v
nhit trung bnh ca nc thi v ma ng T t
14 n 20
o
C
H = 1,5 H = 2
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
11,4
10
8
6,7
5,9
15,1
12,8
11,5
10,7
10,2
Ch thch:
Khi nhit tnh ton T ln hn 20
O
C th gi tr K cn xc nh bng thc nghim. Khi thiu
s liu thc nghim th c th tnh theo T bng 20
O
C.
Trng hp tr s K tnh c vt qu tr s trong Bng 43 th phi tun hon. Trong trng hp ny
vic tnh ton theo quy nh iu 8.15.7.
63
TCVN 7957:2008
8.14.4 Lng mng sinh hc d trong trm x l dng b lc sinh hc nh git khong 8 g
cht kh cho mt ngi trong mt ngy, m = 96%.
8.15 B lc sinh hc cao ti thng gi nhn to
8.15.1 Nng BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo b lc sinh hc cao ti khng c vt qu
250 mg/l. Trng hp BOD
5
ln hn phi tun hon. Cn cc trng hp khc cn xc nh
theo tnh ton.
8.15.2 Thit k b lc sinh hc cao ti nn ly:
- Chiu cao lp vt liu lc H ly 2 4 m.
- Ti trng thu lc q ly 10 30 m
3
/m
2
/d.
- Lu lng khng kh n v B ly 8 12 m
3
/m
3
nc, k c lu lng nc tun hon.
8.15.3 Khi tnh ton b lc sinh hc cao ti cn xc nh h s hot ng ca b K:
K =
t
a
L
L
(56)
Trong :
L
a
- BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo b (mg/l);
L
t
- BOD
5
ca nc thi c x l (mg/l).
Cc thng s ca b lc cao ti nh H, q v B ly theo Bng 44 tng ng vi nhit
trung bnh ca nc thi v ma ng T v gi tr h s K tnh c. Trng hp trong
bng khng c gi tr K bng gi tr tnh ton th cho php ly gi tr xp x. Nu
khng tun hon pha long th ly gi tr cao hn. Nu tun hon pha long th ly gi
tr thp hn.
Din tch b lc sinh hc cao ti khi khng tun hon xc nh theo ti trng thu lc
q ( m
3
/m
2
/d) v khi lng nc thi trong ngy Q (m
3
/d).
Khi c tun hon th BOD
5
ca hn hp nc thi cha x l v nc tun hon L
h
(mg/l), h
s tun hon n v din tch F (m
2
) xc nh theo cng thc sau:

L
h
= KL
t
(57)
n =
t h
h a
L L
L L
(58)

q
n Q
F
) 1 ( +
(59)
Ch thch:
Trng hp tnh ton b lc sinh hc x l nc thi c hm lng BOD
5
ln hn 250mg/l th ly:
K = 250:L
t
nu trong Bng 44 c gi tr K 250: L
t
, th ly L
h
bng 250mg/l v xc nh theo gi tr L
h
ny , nu tr s K = 250: L
t
khng c trong bng ny th ly gi tr xp x nh hn ca K ri
t tnh L
h
v n tng ng.

64
TCVN 7957:2008
Bng 44
B
H
Gi tr h s K ph thuc vo ti trng thy lc q (m
3
/m
2
/d), lng
khng kh cp B (m
3
/m
3
nc thi), chiu cao lp vt liu lc H (m)
v nhit trung bnh ca nc thi v ma ng T (
o
C)
T=14
o
C T=20
o
C T=25
o
C
q=10 q=20 q=30 q=10 q=20 q=30 q=10 q=20 q=30
8
2
3
4
4,3
8,95
12,1
3,02
5,25
9,05
2,56
4,09
6,95
6,85
12,02
16,26
4,31
8,93
12,16
3,50
6,53
10,67
10,3
6
14,4
5
21,0
6,18
11,48
15,2
4,70
9
10,1
0
12,8
6
10
2
3
4
5,09
9,9
16,4
3,67
6,04
10
3,16
4,84
7,42
7,76
16,22
21,03
5,08
9,86
16,37
4,168
7,31
12,85
12,0
3
19,9
5
28,8
4
7,08
15,49
20,41
5,52
11,2
2
17,3
1
12
2
3
4
5,97
11,7
23,1
4,31
7,2
12
3,7
5,72
8,83
9,33
23,01
27,10
6,02
11,7
23,12
4,89
8,73
15,56
14,5
3
26,0
1
31,8
8
8,472
19,72
30,20
6,54
6
13,4
0
23,8
3
8.15.4 Khi lng mng sinh hc trong b lng t hai sau b lc sinh hc cao ti
khong 28 gam cho mt ngi trong mt ngyvi m bng 96%.
8.15.5 BOD
5
ca nc thi dn vo b lc sinh hc vi vt liu lc l cht do khng
qu 250 mg/l.
8.15.6 i vi b lc sinh hc vi vt liu lc l cht do cho php chn:
- Chiu cao lp vt liu lc H = 3 4 m.
- Lp vt liu lc l khi cc ng hoc tm PVC, Polystyrol, PE, PP, PA vi b mt
nhn hay c khoan l, ng knh ng 50 100 mm hay vt liu ri c dng cc
on ng nh di 50-150mm, ng knh 30-75 mm, mt nhn hay nhm sn
si.
- Nu rng ca lp vt liu lc 90-96%, din tch b mt 90-110 m
2
/m
3
vt
liu lc th c th thng gi t nhin cho b.
- Trong trng hp ngng dn nc thi vo b lc sinh hc th cn phi b tr h
thng bm tun hon nc thi tr v trnh lm hng mng sinh hc trn b
mt vt liu lc.
8.15.7 Khi tnh ton b lc sinh hc vi vt liu lc l cht do, phi xc nh ti trng
thy lc q m
3
/m
2
.ngy tng ng vi mc cn thit x l E vi nhit nc thi
bit v chiu cao H chn v theo Bng 45. Th tch vt liu lc v din tch b lc
sinh hc xc nh theo ti trng thy lc v lu lng nc thi.
Bng 45
Hiu qu x l
(%)
Ti trng thy lc q (m
3
/m
2
/ngy) v chiu cao lp vt liu lc H
(m)
65
TCVN 7957:2008
H = 3m H = 4 m
Nhit trung bnh nm ca nc thi , T
o
C
10 12 14 10 12 14
90 6,8 7,5 8,2 9,1 10 10,3
85 9,2 10 11 12,3 13,5 14,
80 11,2 12,3 13,3 15 16,4 17,
8.16 B aeroten
8.16.1 Aeroten dng x l sinh hc hon ton hoc khng hon ton cc loi
nc thi th v cng nghip. Theo ch thu ng hc trong b aeroten chia
thnh 2 loi: aeroten trn v aeroten y. Aeroten y dng khi trm x l nc thi c
cng sut ln hn 10.000 m
3
/d. Aeroten trn c th hp khi vi cc loi b lng, b
lng trong v ng dng khi cng sut trm x l nc thi di 20.000 m
3
/d.
8.16.2 Hiu qu lm sch nc thi ca b aeroten th hin trong hai kha cnh: hiu
qu x l nh hot ng sinh hc din ra trong b aeroten v hiu qu lng trong b
lng t hai. Khi thit k b aeroten hp l th b lng t hai c th lm vic vi ti
trng nh sau:
- Aeroten ti trng bn thp (< 0,2 kg BOD/kg bn.d) b lng t hai lm vic vi
ti trng q= 0,9 m
3
/m
2
.h.
- Aeroten ti trng bn trung bnh (0,2 - 1,0 kg BOD/kg bn.d) b lng t hai lm
vic vi ti trng q= 2,0-2,5 m
3
/m
2
.h.
- Aeroten ti trng cao (>1,0 kg BOD/kg bn.d) th b lng t hai lm vic vi ti
trng thp, c th ch t q= 0,4 m
3
/m
2
.h.
- Khi tnh ton thit k b aeroten c th s dung mt s cng thc khc nhau, nh-
ng cn c cc tnh ton kim tra khng nh: s cn bng vt cht trong
ton b h thng v ti trng lm vic ca aeroten v b lng t hai nm
trong phm vi cho php.
8.16.3 Nn ti sinh bn hot tnh cho aeroten y trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi BOD
5
ca nc thi a vo aeroten L
a
ln hn 150 mg/l.
- Nc thi sn xut c cc cht kh xy ho sinh ho.
- Nc thi ch c x l sinh hc khng hon ton (BOD
5
sau khi x l ln hn 20
mg/l).
8.16.4 Th tch ca aeroten W (m
3
) tnh theo cng thc sau y:
W = Q
tt
(1+R).t, m
3
(60)
Trong :
t - Thi gian thi kh (h). Thi gian ny khng c nh hn 2 h;
Q
tt
- Lu lng tnh ton (m
3
/h), xc nh nh sau:
- Khi h s khng iu ho K
ch
1,25, Q
tt
=Q
tb
;
- H s K
ch
>1,25, Q
tt
ly bng Q
tb, max
trong t gi c lu lng nc thi
ln nht.
R- T l tun hon bn, xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
66
TCVN 7957:2008

a
I
a
R

1000 (61)
Trong :
I - Ch s bn, thng thng t 100 n 200 ml/g;
a- Liu lng bn hot tnh theo cht kh (g/l), c chn nh sau:
o 2-3 g/l cho aeroten c ti trng bn cao;
o 2,5-3,5 g/l cho aeroten c ti trng bn trung bnh;
o 3-4 g/l cho aeroten c ti trng bn thp;
o 3-5 g/l cho aeroten thi kh ko di;
o 5g/l i vi aeroten khong ho hon ton.
8.16.5 Thi gian thi kh (thi gian x l) nc thi t (h) ca aeroten trn xc
nh theo cng thc sau y:
T Tr a
L L
t
t a
15
.
) 1 (
(62)
Trong :
T- nhit trung bnh ca hn hp nc thi v ma ng(
o
C);
L
a
v L
t
- BOD
5
ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l (mg/l);
Tr- tro ca bn hot tnh, ph thuc tng loi nc thi v c chn theo Bng 46;
- Tc xy ho ring cc cht hu c (mg BOD
5
/g cht kh khng tro ca bn trong
1 h), c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:

a
x
L K C K C L
C L
t l t
t

+ + +
1
1
0 0 0
0
max
(63)
T
rong :
max
- Tc xy ho ring ln nht (mg BOD
5
/g cht kh khng tro ca bn) trong 1 h;
C
0
- Nng xy ho tan cn thit phi duy tr trong aeroten (mg/l);
K
l
-hng s c trng cho tnh cht ca cht bn hu c trong nc thi, (mg BOD/l);
K
0
- Hng s k n nh hng ca xy ho tan (mgO
2
/l);
- H s k n s km hm qu trnh sinh hc bi cc sn phm phn hu bn hot
tnh (l/h).
Cc gi tr
max,,
K
l,
K
0
, v Tr ca cc loi nc thi khc nhau s khc nhau v c xc
nh bng cc nghin cu thc nghim, hoc theo Bng 46.
Bng 46
Loi nc thi

max
K
l
K
0

Tr
Nc thi th 85 33 0,625 0,07 0,3
67
TCVN 7957:2008
Nc thi lc du h thng 1 33 3 1,81 0,17 -
Nc thi lc du h thng 2 59 24 1,66 0,158 -
Nc thi sn xut phn m 140 6 2,4 1,11 -
Nc thi sn xut cao su nhn to 80 30 0,6 0,06 0,15
Nc thi sn xut giy 650 100 1,5 2 0,16
Nc thi sn xut bia 232 90 1,66 0,16 0,35
Nc thi l git m 454 55 1,65 0,176 0,25
Nc thi sn xut si visco 90 35 0,7 0,27 -

8.16.6 Thi gian cp kh (thi gian x l) nc thi t (h) trong aeroten y khng c
ngn ti sinh xc nh theo cng thc sau y:

p
t
hh
l t hh
K
L
L
C K L L K C
Tr a C
a
t
1
]
1
+ +
+
ln ) )( (
) 1 (
1
0 0 0
0 max
(64)
Trong :
Kp - H s tnh n nh hng ca qu trnh trn dc theo b, ly bng 1,5 khi x l
sinh hc hon ton (L
t
<20 mg/l) v bng 1,25 khi x l sinh hc khng hon ton (L
t
>20
mg/l);
L
hh
- BOD ca hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh tun hon vo aeroten (mg/l), xc nh
theo biu thc sau:

R
R L L
L
t a
hh
+
+
1
(65)
8.16.7 Aeroten y c ti sinh bn hot tnh bao gm hai phn: phn aeroten v
phn ti sinh bn hot tnh. Tnh ton aeroten y c ngn ti sinh theo cc bc sau
y.
1. Xc nh thi gian lm vic ca cc ngn aeroten.
- Thi gian oxy ho cc cht hu c t
0
(h):

) 1 (
0
Tr Ra
L L
t
r
t a
(66)
Trong :
a
r
- liu lng bn hot tnh trong ngn ti sinh, g/l, xc nh nh sau:
) 1
2
1
( +
R
a a
r
(67)
Tc oxy ho ring cc cht hu c (mg BOD
5
/g cht kh khng tro ca bn trong 1
gi), c xc nh theo biu thc (63) vi gi tr liu lng bn hot tnh a
r
.
- Thi gian cp kh trong ngn aeroten t
a
:

t
a
a
L
L
a
t lg
5 , 2
5 , 0
, h (68)
68
TCVN 7957:2008
- Thi gian cn thit ti sinh bn hot tnh t
ts
:
t
ts
= t
o
-t
a
(69)
2. Th tch aeroten.
- Th tch ca ngn aeroten W
a
(m
3
):
W
a
= t
a
(1+ R)Q
tt

(70)
- Th tch ca ngn ti sinh W
ts
(m
3
):
W
ts
= t
ts
R Q
tt

(71)
- Tng th tch aeroten W (m
3
):
W = W
a
+W
ts
(72)
8.16.8 Aeroten y thng chia thnh cc hnh lang. Bn hot tnh c a vo
pha u b, nc thi phn b pha u v dc theo chiu di b. Hn hp bn v nc
thi thu pha cui b.
m bo ch thu ng hc ca b theo nguyn tc y, kch thc ca hnh
lang aeroten nh sau:
- Chiu cao cng tc H = 3-6 m;
- Chiu rng mi hnh lang B 2H;
- Chiu di hnh lang L 10H.
i vi aeroten y c ngn ti sinh, da vo t l W
ts
/W c th chn c s hnh lang
ca aeroten. Khi t l ny l 25%, chn aeroten 4 hnh lang, t l l 30% th chn 3
hnh lang, t l 50% th chn 2 hnh lang...
8.16.9 Phi xem xt kh nng b aeroten lm vic vi dung tch bin ng ca
ngn ti sinh.
8.16.10 Khi lng bn hot tnh tun hon trong cc Aeroten khng ti sinh bn xc
nh theo nng bn cn thit trong b v nng bn hot tnh tun hon, ly
theo quy nh ca iu 8.16.4 v 8.16.7.
8.16.11 Khi tnh aeroten x l nc thi sn xut th nng bn, tc oxy
ho trung bnh, lu lng khng kh n v v tng sinh khi bn ly theo cc kt qu
nghin cu thc nghim.
8.16.12 tng sinh khi bn P
r
(mg/l) trong cc ngn aeroten khi x l nc thi sinh
hot xc nh theo cng thc:
P
r
= 0,8C
1
+ 0,3 L
a
(73)
Trong : C
1
Lng cht l lng trong nc thi a vo aeroten (mg/l).
Ch thch: Khi tnh b nn bn, ng knh ng dn bn v ng thng hi bn, tr s tng
sinh khi bn xc nh theo cng thc (73) nn tng ln vi h s 1,3 k ti s khng iu
ho theo tng ma.
8.16.13 Lu lng khng kh n v D (m
3
khng kh/m
3
nc thi) khi x l nc thi
trong cc aeroten cp kh nn t my thi kh, xc nh theo cng thc:
69
TCVN 7957:2008
D =
) (
) (
2 1 2 1
C C n n K K
L L z
p
t a
(74)
Trong :
Z Lu lng xy n v tnh bng mg x l 1mg BOD
5
xc nh
nh sau:
- Khi x l sinh hc hon ton 1,1 mg xy/mg BOD
5
;
- Khi x l sinh hc khng hon ton 0,9 mg xy/mg BOD
5
;

K
1
H s k n thit b np kh ly nh sau:
- Thit b np kh to bt kh c nh ly theo t s gia din tch vng np kh
v din tch aeroten (f/F), theo Bng 47.
Bng 47
f/F 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,75 1
K
1
1,34 1,47 1,68 1,89 1,94 2 2,13 2,3
J
max
m
3
/m
2
-h 5 10 20 30 40 50 75 100
- Thit b phn phi kh to bt c trung bnh v h thng phn phi kh p
lc ly bng 0,75.
K
2
H s ph thuc vo su t thit b phn phi kh h (m), ly theo Bng 48.
Bng 48

h(m) 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1 3 4 5 6
K
2
0,4
0,4
6
0,6 0,8 0,9 1 2,08 2,52 2,92 3,3
J
max
m
3
/m
2
-h 43 42 38 82 28 24 4 3,5 3 2,5
n
1
H s xt ti nh hng ca nhit ca nc thi xc nh theo cng thc:
n
1
= 1 + 0,02(T
tb
20) (75)
Trong :
T
tb
Nhit trung bnh ca nc thi trong thng ma h (
o
C);
n
2
H s xt ti quan h gia tc ho tan ca xy vo hn hp nc v bn vi tc
ho tan ca xy trong nc sch ly nh sau:
+ i vi nc thi sinh hot, n
2
ly bng 0,85.
Khi trong nc thi sinh hot c cc cht hot ng b mt, tu theo gi tr f/F ly n
2
theo Bng 49.
Bng 49
f/F 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,75 1
n
2
0,50 0,59 0,04 0,66 0,72 0,77 0,88 0,99
70
TCVN 7957:2008
+ i vi nc thi sn xut ly theo s liu nghin cu thc nghim. Nu khng c cc s
liu ny cho php ly n
2
bng 0,7.
C
p
- ho tan ca oxy khng kh trong nc (mg/l) xc nh theo cng thc:
C
p
=
3 , 10
)
2
3 , 10 (
h
C
T
+
(76)
Trong :
C
T
- ho tan ca xy khng kh vo nc ph thuc vo nhit v p sut, ly theo
bng tnh ho tan ca xy khng kh trong nc;
C Nng trung bnh ca xy trong aeroten (mg/l) ly bng 2 mg/l.
Din tch vng c cp kh ly theo din tch b tr ca cc thit b phn phi kh.
i vi thit b phn phi kh bt nh, nu khong cch gia 2 thit b n 0,3 m th
phn din tch mt thong gia cc thit b c ly vo din tch vng c thi kh.
Theo gi tr D v t tm c, xc nh cng sc kh J (m
3
/m
2
.h) theo cng thc:
J =
t
DH
(77)
Trong : H Chiu su lm vic ca aeroten. Nu cng sc kh tnh c ln hn
tr s J
max
, xc nh theo gi tr K
1
ly th phi tng thm din tch vng c thi
kh, nu nh hn J
min
xc nh theo gi tr K
2
ly th phi tng thm lu lng khng
kh t c tr s J
min
.
8.16.14 Cc ngn aeroten v ngn ti sinh bn thng thit k theo dng hnh ch
nht.
8.16.15 i vi cc aeroten c ti sinh bn, quy nh:
- S lng n nguyn khng nh hn 2. i vi cc trm c cng sut nh hn
50.000 m
3
/d, s n nguyn ly 4 - 6. i vi cc trm c cng sut ln hn
50.000 m
3
/d, ly bng 8 - 10 vi tt c cc n nguyn u lm vic.
- Chiu su lm vic phi ly t 3 - 6 m.
- T s gia chiu rng v chiu su lm vic ca mi hnh lang t 1:1 n
1:2.
8.16.16 i vi h thng cp khng kh bng my thi kh cho php s dng cc loi
vt liu trong thit b phn phi kh nh sau:
- i vi cc thit b phn phi kh bt ,nh dng vt liu xp (gm tm xp, a
v ng bc mng khuch tn) v cc loi vi tng hp.
- i vi cc thit b phn phi kh bt c trung bnh dng ng c khe h hoc
khoan l.
- i vi thit b to bt kh ln cc ng h 1 u.
- Nu c iu kin cho php s dng cc my cp kh c hc dng my khuy.
8.16.17 Cc loi thit b cp kh thuc h thng kh nn thng b tr thnh tng di,
tng hng khuych tn kh ring hay tng dn. S lng thit b phn phi kh trong cc
ngn ti sinh bn v na u hnh lang aeroten - y (theo chiu di b) nn ly gp
i so vi na cn li.
71
TCVN 7957:2008
8.16.18 Chiu su t thit b phn phi kh trong aeroten nn ly:
0,5 1m khi dng h thng cp kh p lc thp.
3 6m khi dng cc h cp kh khc, ph thuc chiu su b.
8.16.19 Tr s tn tht p lc tnh ton trong cc thit b cp kh bng kh nn, c
xt ti h s tng sc cn theo thi gian s dng, nn ly:
- i vi cc thit b cp kh bt nh, khng qu 0,7m ct nc.
- i vi thit b cp kh bt trung bnh, t su trong nc trn 0,3 m ly 0,15m
ct nc.
- Trong cc h thng cp kh p lc thp khi vn tc khng kh ra khi l t 5 10
m/s ly bng 0,015 0,05m ct nc.
8.16.20 Trong cc aeroten phi c h thng thit b x cn b v b phn x nc
khi thit b np kh.
Trng hp cn thit, cn c thit b ph bt bng cch phun nc hoc bng ho cht, c-
ng phun nc xc nh bng thc nghim.
8.17 B aeroten thi kh ko di
8.17.1 Dng aeroten thi kh ko di xy ha hon ton cc cht hu c trong nc
thi bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh. Thi gian thi kh trong b aeroten xy ha
hon ton t (h) xc nh theo cng thc:
) 1 ( Tr a
L L
t
t a
(78)
y chn tc xy ha trung bnh
theo BOD
5
l 6 mg/g.h, liu lng bn a

chn
bng 3-4 g/l , tro ca bn Tr bng 0,35.
Lu lng ring ca khng kh chn theo cng thc (74), trong lu lng ring ca xy
tnh theo mg/mg BOD
5
cn x l z ly l 1,25.
8.17.2 Cc cng trnh pha sau aeroten thi kh ko di xy sinh ha hon
ton cc cht hu c c thit k theo cc thng s sau:
- Thi gian nc lu li trong vng lng ca b lng t hai vi lu lng ln nht khng
di 1,5h.
- Lng bn hot tnh d chn bng 0,35 kg trn 1 kg BOD
5
. Vic x bn hot tnh d
cho php thc hin nh i vi b lng cng nh t b aeroten khi liu lng bn t ti 5-
6 g/l.
- m bn x t b lng l 98% v t aeroten l 99,4%.
- Ti trng bn ti sn phi bn chn nh i vi bn ln men m.
8.18 Mng xy ha
8.18.1 Mng xy ha hot ng theo nguyn l bn hot tnh, c dng x l
nc thi bc hai hay bc ba. Thi gian thi kh trong mng cng tnh theo cng thc
(78) vi tc xy ha trung bnh
theo BOD
5
l 6mg/g.h.
8.18.2 Chn hnh dng trn mt bng ca mng xy ha tun hon theo kiu
van, su 1-1,5 m, lng bn hot tnh d l 0,4-0,5 kg/kg BOD
5
, lng khng kh n v z
l 1,25-1,45 mg/1 mg BOD
5
cn x l.
72
TCVN 7957:2008
8.18.3 Thc hin lm thong trong knh xy ha tun hon bng thit b c kh
nh my khuy trc ng hoc trc ngang, gung quay,... t on knh thng. Ty
thuc cng sut theo xy v tc nc trong knh m kch thc v cc thng s lm
vic ca cc thit b lm thong c chn theo Catalog,
8.18.4 Vn tc dng chy trong knh xy ha tun hon V, (m/s) to ra do thit b lm
thong c xc nh theo cng thc:

) 05 , 0 (
4
3
2
L
R
n
l J
V
a a
(79)
Trong :
J
a
- Xung p ca my khuy/ gung, chn theo catalog my;
l
a
- Chiu di my khuy/ gung (m);
- Din tch tit din ngang ca knh (m
2
);
n

- H s nhm mt knh. i vi tng b tng, n
1=
0,014;
R - Bn knh thy lc ca knh (m);
L

Chiu di knh, m;
- Tng tn tht cc b (m). i vi knh van, = 0,5m.
Chiu di ca my khuy/gung l
a
chn khng nh hn chiu rng ca y knh.
8.18.5 Thit k mng xy ha nn ly:
- Kiu mng c hnh van.
- Chiu su mng khong 1,0 2,0m.
- S lng bn hot tnh d 0,5kg cho 1 kg BOD
5
.
8.18.6 Thi gian nc lu li trong b lng t hai chn bng 1,5h theo lu lng ln
nht. Bn tun hon t b lng hai c dn lin tc v knh. Bn hot tnh d c dn ra
sn phi bn theo nh k. Sn phi bn c tnh theo ti trng bn ln men.
8.19 B nn bn
8.19.1 B nn bn nn dng cc kiu b nn bn ng, b nn bn ly tm; t
nht c hai b lm vic ng thi.
Ch thch: B nn bn thng c dng nn bn hot tnh b lng t hai cng nh hn hp
bn t b Aeroten.
8.19.2 i vi b nn bn kiu ly tm nn ly:
- T l gia ng knh vi chiu su nn ly 6 7
- C my bm bn hoc co bn x bn ra khi b.
- X lin tc bn c nn bng p lc thu tnh khng c nh hn 1m.
- X nc tch ra trong qu trnh nn vo Aeroten hoc vo b iu ha.
8.19.3 Cc s liu tnh ton b nn bn ly theo bng 50.
73
TCVN 7957:2008
Bng 50

Tnh cht bn hot tnh d
S liu tnh ton b nn bn
m bn hot
tnh c
nn (%)
Thi gian nn
(h)
Vn tc dng chy
vng lng trong b
nn bn ng (mm/s)
Kiu nn bn
n
g
ly tm ng
ly
tm
Bn hot tnh t cc aeroten
lm sch sinh hc hon
ton.
- Hn hp bn t cc
Aeroten vi nng 1,5 3
g/l.
- Bn hot tnh t cc b
lng t hai vi nng 4
g/l
- Bn hot tnh t vng
lng trong cc Aeroten
lng vi nng 4,5 6,5
g/l
- Hn hp bn t cc
Aeroten lm sch sinh hc
khng hon ton vi nng
1,5 - 2,5 g/l
-
98
98
95
97,3
97,3
97
95
-
10-12
16
3
5-8
9-11
12-15
3
khng ln hn 0,1
-
khng qu 0,2
Ch thch:
1- Thi gian nn bn hot tnh d cho php thay i ph thuc vo tnh cht ca bn.
2- Tnh ton ng dn v my bm bm bn nn cn kim tra i vi vic x v bm bn
khi m bn n 98,5%.
8.19.4 Ti trng thy lc b nn bn q
o
(m
3
/m
2
.h) i vi bn d t cc b xyten hay
aeroten kt hp lng hai lm vic theo ch b lng trong c tng cn l lng ty
thuc ch s bn I theo iu 8.5.7 v phi chn theo Bng 51.
Bng 51
Ch s bn I 100 200 300 400 500 600
q
o
(m
3
/m
2
.h) 5,6 3,3 1,8 1,2 0,8 0,7
8.19.5 Tnh ton b tuyn ni lm c bn ty thuc mc lm trong v theo
hm lng cht l lng trong hn hp bn nu Bng 52.

Bng 52
Thng s Hm lng cht l lng (mg/l)
15 10 5
Thi gian tuyn ni (pht) 40 50 60
Lu lng ring ca khng kh (l/kg cht l lng) 4 6 9
p lc trong b p lc phi chn bng 0,6 - 0,9 MPa (6 - 9 Kg/cm
2
), thi gian bo ha 3-4
pht.
8.20 Trung ha nc thi
74
TCVN 7957:2008
8.20.1 Nc thi khi a v x l sinh hc phi c pH t 6,5 n 8,5 v khi x ra
ngun tip nhn phi c pH t 6 n 9. Nu pH nm ngoi gi tr ny th nc thi cn
phi trung ha.
a) trung ha nc thi trc tin phi xt kh nng t trung ha gia cc loi nc thi
cha axit v nc thi cha kim. Ch khi khng tn dng c cc kh nng trn y
th mi cho php s dng cc ho cht trung ha cc loi nc thi.
b) Liu lng ho cht trung ha nc thi xc nh t iu kin trung ha v thnh
phn cc cht axit hay kim nh hm lng cc kim loi nng c trong nc thi. Lng
ho cht phi tnh d ra 10% so vi lng tnh ton.
Ch thch: Khi xc nh liu lng ho cht phi xt ti nh hng qua li gia axit v kim cng
nh lng kim d tr trong nc thi sinh hot v nc sng, h.
c) Ha cht trung ha nc thi cha axit ph hp nht l vi ti dng xit canxi
hot tnh 5%. Cng c th tn dng cc loi kim thi (xt hay kali hydroxit). Ngoi
ra c th cho nc thi cha axit sunfuric lc qua lp vt liu l vi hay
lmit.
d) to axit cho nc thi v trung ha nc thi cha kim nn dng axit sunfuric k
thut.
e) tch cn phi dng b lng vi thi gian lng l 2h.
f) Cn lng tch ra c th phi kh sn phi hay tch nc bng thit b p lc kiu
bng ti hay lc chn khng.
8.21 Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php keo t
8.21.1 Gii php keo t bng ha cht c p dng tng cng qu trnh tch
cc cht phn tn th, cc cht dng keo hay nhng cht tan c kh nng kt ta trong
qu trnh x l ha l cng nh kh c nc thi cha crm hay cyanua.
Trong trng hp b sung cc cht dinh dng khi x l bng phng php sinh hc th
cng phi c cc thit b tng ng.
8.21.2 Ha cht keo t thng dng l mui nhm, mui st v vi. Cc cht ph
tr keo t l cc polyme hu c tan trong nc dng khng phn ly hay phn ly (anion,
cation).
8.21.3 Loi ha cht keo t v liu lng ca n c la chn trn c s nghin cu
th nghim, ty thuc tnh cht ca cht nhim, mc x l cn thit v cc iu
kin khc ca a phng.
8.21.4 Khi x l nc thi bng cc loi ha cht keo t phi ch m bo gi tr
pH ti u. Vi nc thi th pH di 7 th chn phn nhm, pH trn 7 th dng phn st.
Vic chun b ha cht keo t v trn dung dch phn vi nc x l c thc hin nh
trong x l nc cp.
8.21.5 Cho php trn ha cht keo t vi nc thi bng my khuy hoc trn ng
y ca my bm nc thi.
8.21.6 Nu keo t bng mui st dng rn th dng b trn vi sc kh, b lng
ct thi kh, b lm thong s b. Nhng cng trnh ny s m bo chuyn dung
dch hydroxit st hai thnh hydroxit st ba. Thi gian nc lu li trong b trn l 7 pht,
cng sc kh l 0,7 - 0,8 m
3
/m
3
nc thi cn x l trong 1 pht, chiu su b trn
chn 2 - 2,5m.
75
TCVN 7957:2008
8.21.7 Trong b phn ng c th khuy trn c kh hay thy lc. Nn chn b
to bng gm nhiu hnh lang vi cng khuy trn gim dn.
8.21.8 Thi gian nc lu li trong b phn ng chn l 10 - 15 pht i vi phn v
20 - 30 pht i vi cht ph tr keo t khi dng lng tch cn keo t. Khi dng
tuyn ni x l th chn l 3 - 5 pht i vi phn, 10 - 20 pht i vi cht tr keo.
8.21.9 Cng khuy trn nc thi vi ha cht keo t trong b trn v b phn
ng c chn, theo gi tr gradient tc trung bnh (s
-1
):
- i vi b trn ha cht keo t l 200s
-1
, i vi b trn cht tr keo l 300-500s
-1
.
- i vi b phn ng phn v tr keo: khi lng l 20 - 50 s
-1
v khi tuyn ni l 50 -
75 s
-1
.
8.21.10 tch cn keo t khi nc thi, dng cc loi b lng, b tuyn ni,
my quay ly tm hoc lc qua vt liu lc.
8.22 xy ha- kh nc thi
8.22.1 kh c nc thi cha cyanua n gin v phc hp vi km, ng,
nicken, cadmi, phi dng phng php xy ha bng cc loi ha cht cha clo hot
tnh nh clorua vi, hypoclorit natri hay natri, clo lng vi gi tr pH bng 11-11,5. Sau khi
x l bng clo hot tnh phi thc hin trung ha li cho ti pH bng 8 - 8,5.
8.22.2 Liu lng clo hot tnh chn theo tnh ton vi t l 2,73 mg/1mg cyanua
n gin ca mui km, nicken, cadmi vi axit mnh v 3,18 mg/1mg cyanua phc hp
vi ng vi lng d khng di 5mg/l.
8.22.3 Nng dung dch cng tc ca cht oxy ho phi m bo 5 - 10% theo
clo hot tnh.
8.22.4 x l nc thi cha cyanua phi xy dng trm hot ng gin on
vi s ngn phn ng khng di 2. Thi gian tip xc gia nc thi v ha cht l 5 pht
khi xy ha cyanua n gin, 15 pht khi xy ha cyanua phc hp.
8.22.5 Th tch cn m 98% sau khi lng 2 h s bng 5% dung tch nc thi
cn x l.
Khi b sung poliacrylamid (PAA) vi liu lng 20mg/l dung dch 0,1% th thi gian lng
c th rt ngn ch cn 20 pht.
8.22.6 kh c nc thi cha crm phi dng cht kh natri bisunphit hay
sunphat vi pH l 2,5-3. Liu lng natri bisunphit phi l 7,5 mg/ mg Cr
+6
vi nng
crm l 100 mg/l v 5,5 mg/mg Cr
+6
khi nng crm trn 100 mg/l. Trc khi dn nc
thi kh c qua lng phi trung ha bng vi sa cho ti pH 8,5- 9.
8.23 B sung cht dinh dng cho qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi
8.23.1 Nn chn cc cht sau y b sung cht dinh dng cha nit v pht
pho cho qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi:
- Cc cht cha phtpho l superphosphat hay axit ortophosphoric.
- Cc cht cha nit l amoni sunphat, nc amonic,...
- Cc mui ng thi cha nit v phtpho l diamoniphtpht k thut,
ammophos,
76
TCVN 7957:2008
8.23.2 Nng dung dch cng tc chn l 5% theo P
2
O
5
v ti 15% theo N.
8.24 Cng trnh x l nc thi bng hp ph
8.24.1 x l trit nc thi khi cc cht bn hu c ha tan bng phng
php hp ph, ngi ta dng cht hp ph l than hot tnh dng ht hay dng bt, trong
b lc hp ph lp vt liu c hoc trong thp hp ph tng si. Liu lng than hot
tnh x l nc thi phi xc nh bng thc nghim.
8.24.2 Cu to b lc hp ph c th l h, khng p hay c p vi lp than dng
ht, kch thc 0,8 - 5mm.
8.24.3 Hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi vo b lc hp ph khng c qu 5
mg/l.
8.24.4Din tch b mt b lc hp ph F
ads
(m
2
), xc nh theo cng thc:
F
ads
= q
V
/ v (80 )
Trong :
q
V
- Lu lng trung bnh gi ca nc thi (m
3
/h);
v Vn tc dng chy chn khng qu 12 m/h.
Khi tch mt b khng lm vic th tc lc nhng b cn li khng c tng qu
20%.
8.24.5S b lc hp ph lm vic ni tip N
ads
c tnh ton theo cng thc:
N
ads
= H
tot
/ H
ads
(81)
Trong :
H
ads
- Chiu cao lp vt liu lc hp ph ca mt b (m), chn theo cu to;
H
tot
- Chiu cao tng cng tt c lp hp ph (m) ca cc b, xc nh theo cng thc:
H
tot
= H
1
+ H
2
+ H
3
(82)
H
1
- Chiu cao ca lp hp ph (m), trong sau chu k hp ph t
ads
kh nng hp ph
ca lp vt liu b mt tc dng ti mc K, c xc nh theo cng thc:

sb ads
ads v sb
F
t q D
H
min
1
(83)
Trong :
sb
- Trng lng ring ca than hot tnh (g/m
3
), chn theo catalog ca hng sn xut;
D
sb
min
-liu lng nh nht ca than hot tnh (g/l), ly ra khi b lc vi h s mt tc
dng ca dung tch K
sb v
c xc nh theo cng thc:

max
min
sb sb
t a
sb
a K
C C
D

(84)
Trong :
C
a
, C
t
- nng cht bn trc v sau khi x l (mg/l);
77
TCVN 7957:2008
a
sb
max
- Kh nng hp ph ln nht ca than hot tnh (mg/l), xc nh bng thc
nghim;
K
sb
- H s chn bng 0,6-0,8;
H
2
- Chiu cao lp vt liu hp ph m bo cng tc ca trm cho ti khi t nng
ra C
t
trong khong thi gian t
ads
, chn theo iu kin vn hnh v xc nh theo cng
thc:
sb ads
ads v sb
F
t q D
H
max
2
(85)
D
sb
max

- Liu lng ln nht ca than hot tnh (g/l), xc nh theo cng thc:
D
sb
max
= (C
a
- C
t
)/ a
sb
min
(86)
a
sb
min

- Kh nng hp ph nh nht ca than hot tnh (mg/l), xc nh bng thc
nghim;
H
3
- Lp hp ph d phng (m), c tnh theo thi gian hot ng ca h thng x l
trong khong thi gian vt ti v a lp vt liu hp ph chiu cao H
1
i hon nguyn.
8.24.6 Tn tht p lc lp than vi c ht 0,8 - 5mm chn khng qu 0,5m/1m lp
vt liu lc.
8.24.7 Than hot tnh vi n tng i ca lp vt liu l 20 25%c ly khi
b lc hp ph bng cch dng bm ht, thit b nng thy lc hoc eject nh dng
nc hng ln vi vn tc 40 - 45m/h.
Trong cc b lc hp ph c p cho php ly than ra di p lc 0,3 MPa (3kG/cm
2
).
8.24.8 Nc thi chy vo thp hp ph tng si khng c cha nng cht l
lng vt qu 1 g/l, vi ln thy lc cc ht cn khng qu 0,3 mm/s. Nhng cht l
lng v nhng ht than nh tri khi thp phi c tch ra sau cc thit b hp ph.
8.24.9 Cc vt liu hp ph khi np vo thp hp ph tng si vi dung trng vt
qu 0,7 T/m
3
cho php nh lng dng t hay kh, nu dung trng di 0,7 T/m
3
th
ch nh lng dng t.
8.24.10 Theo chiu cao ca thp hp ph c 0,5 - 1m phi t cc li ngn cch
vi ng knh l 10 - 20mm v t l l 10 - 15% din tch tit din. S ngn ti u l 3 -
4.
8.24.11 Vn tc dng nc hng ln chn bng 30 - 40m/h vi kch thc cc ht 1-2,5mm
i vi than hot tnh v 10-20m/h i vi than kch thc ht 0,25-1mm.
8.24.12 Tt c vt liu kt cu ca thp hp ph, ng ng, ph kin, cn c
bo v trnh b n mn.
8.25 Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php trao i ion
8.25.1 Cc b trao i ion c s dng x l trit nc thi, loi b nhng
hp cht khong v hu c phn ly thnh ion, cng nh kh mui vi mc tiu dng li nc
thi trong h thng cp nc tun hon v tn thu cc cht qu.
8.25.2 Nc thi dn vo b khng c cha hm lng mui vt qu 3000 mg/l, cht
l lng khng qu 8 mg/l v COD khng qu 8 mg/l.
78
TCVN 7957:2008
Nu trong nc thi cha cc cht l lng, COD vt qu cc gi tr trn th phi x l s
b trc khi dn vo b.
8.25.3 Tnh ton thit k b trao i ion theo cc hng dn nu trong Tiu chun
xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 33:2006- Cp nc- Mng li bn ngoi v cng trnh Tiu
chun thit k.
8.26 B Mtan
8.26.1 B mtan p dng n nh bn cn nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn
xut trong iu kin ym kh v thu hi kh mtan.
Cho php a vo b cc cht hu c khc nhau nh rc t song chn, cc loi ph liu
c ngun gc hu c ca cc x nghip cng nghip,sau khi nghin nh.
8.26.2 phn hu bn cn trong cc b mtan c th p dng qu trnh ln
men m (nhit ln men t = 33
0
C) hoc ln men nng (t = 53
0
C). La chn qu trnh
no phi trn c s so snh kinh t k thut c ch cc phng php x l tip theo v
cc yu cu v sinh khi s dng bn cn.
8.26.3 Xc nh th tch b mtan W theo m thc t ca bn cn v theo
ti trng bn cn ti cho php a v b trong ngy D (%). i vi bn cn nc thi sinh
hot i lng D c th ly theo Bng 53.
Bng 53
Ch
ln men
Ti trng bn cn ti a vo b mtan trong mt ngy D(%) vi
m ca cn p (%)
93 94 95 96 97
m
Nng
7
14
8
16
9
18
10
20
11
22
i vi bn cn ca nc thi sn xut D ly theo s liu thc nghim.
Khi trong nc thi c cht hot tnh b mt th i lng D cn phi ly theo hng dn
ca c quan nghin cu.
Th tch cng tc ca b mtan W(m
3
) xc nh theo cng thc sau y:
W=100 M/D (87)
Trong : M-Lng bn cn ti a v b mtan trong ngy (m
3
).
8.26.4 S phn hu cc cht hu c ca bn cn trong b mtan ph thuc vo
ti trng D v xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Y = a nD (88)
Trong :
Y Kh nng phn hu cht hu c (%);
aKh nng ln men ti a ca cc cht hu c c trong cn a vo b ph thuc
thnh phn ho hc ca cc cht hu c trong bn cn ti v xc nh theo cng
thc:
a = (0,92m + 0,62 C + 0,34 A). 100% (89)
79
TCVN 7957:2008
Trong :
m, C, A Hm lng thnh phn tng ng m, ng v m trong cht hu c bn cn
ti (%).
Nu s liu v thnh phn ni trn khng c th c th ly gi tr ca n nh sau:
- Cn ca b lng t mt, a = 53%.
- Bn hot tnh d , a = 44%.
- Hn hp bn hot tnh d v cn xc nh theo t l trung bnh cng ca cc
thnh phn cht hu c ca hn hp.
n H s ph thuc vo m ca bn cn ti, ly theo Bng 54.
Bng 54
8.26.5 Lng kh to thnh trong qu trnh phn hy cht hu c trong b mtan
G (m
3
kh

/kg cht kh khng tro ca bn cn ti), xc nh theo cng
thc sau y:
G= Y/100 (90)
8.26.6 Khi thit k b mtan cn ch n cng tc phng n v phi theo
nhng hng dn ca c quan chuyn mn.
8.27 Cc cng trnh lm kh bn cn
8.27.1 lm kh bn cn c th p dng cc loi cng trnh sau y.
- Sn phi bn trn nn t t nhin p dng khi mc nc ngm nm su (trn
1,5 m so vi mt nn) v khi cho php nc bn thm vo trong t.
- Sn phi phi bn kiu lng v sn phi kiu nn bn nn nhn to, p dng
khi khng din tch lm sn phi trn nn t t nhin.
- Lm kh bng cc thit b c kh (d khc phc cc nh hng ca t nhin nh
ma nhiu, m khng kh cao,...).
- S dng bi lc c hoc khng trng cy.
Ch thch: khc phc nh hng ca ma, c th p dng kiu sn phi bn c mi che, trn
c s so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut vi cc phng n khc.
8.27.2 Vic tnh ton v thit k sn phi bn v cc thit b lm kh khc theo
s hng dn ca cc c quan chuyn mn.
8.28 Kh trng nc thi
80
Nhit
ln men
(
o
C)
Gi tr ca h s n vi m ca cn a vo b p
(%)
93 94 95 96 97
33
53
1,05
0,455
0,89
0,385
0,72
0,31
0,56
0,24
0,40
0,17
TCVN 7957:2008
8.28.1 Nc thi sinh hot hoc hn hp nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut, sau
khi x l u phi kh trng trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
Ch thch:
1. Trng hp kt hp x l sinh hc nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut, th cho php ch kh
trng i vi nc thi sinh hot sau khi x l c hc.
2. Trng hp x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc trong iu kin t nhin (h sinh hc, bi
lc ngp nc,) th khng cn phi kh trng.
8.28.2 kh trng c th dng clo lng, clorua vi, natri hypclorid iu ch
bng in phn hoc ozn sn xut ti ch.
8.28.3 Liu lng clo hot tnh quy nh nh sau:
- Nc thi sau x l c hc l 10g/m
3
.
- Nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc hon ton l 3g/m
3
.
- Nc thi sau khi x l sinh hc khng hon ton l 5g/m
3
.
Ch thch:
1. Liu lng clo hot tnh s iu chnh trong qu trnh qun l m bo liu l-
ng clo trong nc sau b tip xc khng nh hn 1,5mg/l.
2. Thit b clo ca trm x l phi m bao kh nng tng liu lng clo ln 1,5 ln.
8.28.4 xo trn ha cht kh trng vi nc thi c th p dng cc loi mng trn
khc nhau.
8.28.5 Qu trnh kh trng nc thi din ra trong b tip xc, thit k ging
kiu b lng t mt, nhng khng c thit b co cn vi s b khng nh hn 2. Thi
gian tip xc ca ha cht kh trng vi nc thi trong b tip xc, mng v cng dn
khng nh hn 30 pht.
8.28.6 Lng bn cn lng trong b tip xc khi dng clo lng kh trng, tnh
cho mt ngi trong mt ngy nh sau:
- i vi trm x l bng c hc l 0,02 lt.
- i vi trm x l bng sinh hc hon ton trong aeroten l 0,03 lt.
- i vi trm x l dng b lc sinh hc l 0,05 lt.
Khi dng clo rua vi kh trng hm lng cn lng tng gp i.
8.28.7 Thit k h thng chun b v kho cha clo theo theo cc hng dn nu
trong Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 33:2006- Cp nc- Mng li bn ngoi v
cng trnh Tiu chun thit k.
9. H thng thot nc khu vc nh
9.1 H thng thot nc khu vc nh bao gm mng li v cng trnh x l nc thi cho
nhng ngi nh xy dng ring l, mt bnh vin, trng hc, mt nhm nh hoc khu
nh xy ng trong khu vc cha c h thng thot nc th.
Cng sut x l nc thi i vi khu vc nh thng khng qu 1500 m
3
/d.
9.2 La chn s mng li thot nc, phng php x l nc thi, v tr xy dng
trm bm v cng trnh x l phi thun li cho vic xy dng trc mt v cn ch
81
TCVN 7957:2008
n quy hoch chung ca th khi c h thng thot nc chung ca th th
cng trnh vn c s dng hoc ch ci to mc t nht.
9.3 Tu theo tnh cht xy dng v s lng nc thi chn s h thng cho
thch hp. Ni chung i vi khu nh thp tng hoc t l nh thp tng trn 70%
th nn p dng s h thng thot nc chung hoc h thng thot nc gin lc.
9.4 H thng thot nc gin lc l s thu gom chi ph thp, s dng cc tuyn
cng xuyn tiu khu, i qua sn sau hay vn.
su chn cng nh hn hoc bng 0,5m.
ng knh cng nh nht cho php l 100mm, dc ti thiu 1/200.
y ca dng chy h/D = 0,2 0,8.
Lu lng nc thi tnh ton ca h thng thot nc gin lc q
max
(l/s), xc nh nh sau:
q
max
= 1,8 x 10
-5
PW (91)
Trong :
P - S ngi m on cng phc v;
W - Lng nc tiu th trung bnh ngy (l/ngi.d).
Lu lng ti thiu xp x bng lu lng ln nht khi di nc nh v sinh, c th ly gi tr
ny bng 1,5 - 2,2 l/s.
Ging thm l nhng ging kim tra n gin hay ngn u ni hnh ch nht,
vung hay trn.
9.5 Phi trit tn dng iu kin a hnh, nghin cu gii php quy hoch hp
l c th a nc ti cng trnh x l bng ng ng t chy. Trong trng hp cn
thit phi c trm bm th c gng b tr trm bm sau b t hoi (hoc sau b lng
t mt).
9.6 Nu s h thng thot nc ring hon ton nhng trong t u phi xy
dng kiu s thot nc chung th cc on ng nhnh t nh n ng ng gp
ca nhm nh cng phi thit k theo kiu ring hon ton khi c iu kin tch
thnh h thng ring mt cch thun li.
9.7 Cc cng trnh x l khu vc nh (x l ti ch hay x l cc b) c th p dng:
- B t hoi cc loi;
- B lng hai v;
- Ging thm (khi lng nc thi khng qu 1m
3
/d);
- Bi lc ngm;
- Ho lc;
- Bi ti c trng cy;
- Bi lc ngm cc loi c trng cy;
- B lc bng ct (khi cng sut khng qu 15m
3
/d);
- H sinh hc: hiu kh, k kh hay ty tin;
- Mng xy ha;
82
TCVN 7957:2008
- B lc sinh hc;
- Thp lc sinh hc (khi cng sut trn 100m
3
/d);
- B Aeroten vi bn hot tnh;
- Cc cng trnh khc c chp nhn p dng.
Ch thch:
1.Khi la chn cng trnh x l th trc tin nn xt n vic p dng h sinh hc v cc cng
trnh khc.
2. Bi lc ngm, ho lc v ging thm ch p dng cho mt vi ngi nh xy dng ring l, cc
khu vc ngoi thnh v nng thn v nhng ni c mt dn c thp, khng c p dng lan
trn trong th. Cn ch dc bit khi p dng i vi cc khu vc c ging khai thc nc
ngm.
3. Khi thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc (b lc sinh hc, bi ti, h
sinh hc) cn theo cc quy nh v x l nc thi bng sinh hc.
4. Ch p dng h thng x l nc thi ti ch cho ngi nh hoc cng trnh xy dng ring l,
khng c p dng trn lan trong th. c bit vi cc khu vc c ging khoan nc ngm th
chng nhng khng c xy dng mi m cn phi c bin php ngng s dng cc cng trnh
x l ti ch hin c.
9.8 Tnh ton thit k cc loi b t hoi theo hng dn ca quy chun xy dng Vit
Nam - H thng cp thot nc trong nh v cng trnh.
Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi khu vc nh khc theo cc hng dn
mc 8 tiu chun ny.
9.9 X l nc thi nh tm git c cha x phng v kim cn phi trn vi nc thi
theo t l 1:1. Mun duy tr t l cn thit ny c th xy dng b iu ho c thit
b x cn.
Cn phi x l nc thi cha cc hp cht c bit trc khi cho vo b t hoi hoc b
lng hai v.
9.10 Khi a nc thi vo cng trnh x l bng my bm th tnh ton cng trnh x
l theo cng sut lm vic ca my bm.
Lu lng tnh ton chn my bm hoc tnh ton thit k cng trnh dn v cng trnh
x l nc thi xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Q
max-gi
=
n
Q
ngay max
(92)
Trong :
Q
max-gi
Lu lng gi ln nht;
Q
max-ngy
lu lng ngy ln nht;
n H s ly nh sau:
o Khi s ngi s dng trn 3000 n = 14
o Khi s ngi s dng trn 1500 3000 n = 12
o Khi s ngi s dng di 1500 n = 10
Ch thch: Khi mng li thot nc c xy dng trong t khng c nc ngm th tiu chun thi
nc ch nn tnh bng 70 80% tiu chun cp nc tng ng vi tng i tng.
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9.11 Kh trng nc thi theo quy nh cc iu ti mc 8 ca Tiu chun ny. i vi
nc thi ca cc bnh vin hoc nc thi ca cc cng trnh khc cha nhiu vi trng
gy bnh th cn phi c thit b kh trng hon chnh. i vi nc thi sinh hot th
tu theo s lng nc thi v iu kin c th m xc nh cho thch hp.
Trong trng hp cn thit phi kh trng c th dng n tia cc tm cao p thch anh
hoc h p argon thu ngn. Nng lng dng kh trng dao ng t 30-60W.h/m
3
vi
ngun in th 110, 220, 380V.
10. c im thit k cc cng trnh x l ca h thng thot nc chung
v h thng thot nc na ring
10.1 Cc cng trnh v phng php x l nc thi ca h thng thot nc chung v
ring mt na cng ging nh i vi nc thi sinh hot.
10.2 Nng cc cht bn ch yu trong nc ma nn xc nh trn c s phn tch
l ho hay bng cc tnh ton tng ng.
Khi xc nh nng cc cht nhim cn ch cc im sau y:
- Lng ma trung bnh vo cc ma trong nm vi s liu quan trc nhiu nm;
- Tnh cht mt ph ca lu vc thot nc;
- iu kin v sinh mi trng khu vc;
- i vi cc x nghip cng nghip nng nhim bn ca nc ma phi b sung
thm s nhim bn do cc cht thi cng nghip gy ra.
10.3 Lu lng nc ma ti cc cng trnh x l ca h thng thot nc chung v ring mt
na theo xc nh da vo h s pha long n cng x nc ma xy dng trc cc cng
trnh x l hay trm bm chnh.
10.4 Khi tnh ton cc cng trnh ring bit ca h thng thot nc chung v ring mt
na cn lu cc c im sau:
- Song chn rc v b lng ct nn tnh cho tng lu lng ca nc thi v nc ma.
- B lng ct c thit k c kh nng gi li cc ht ct c ng knh tng
ng 0,15 0,2mm, khi lng ct ly t 0,03 0,04 lt/ngi.ngy, m 60%.
- B lng t mt v b lng hai v tnh theo lu lng ma ma.
- Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c tnh ton theo lu lng
nc thi v ma kh. V ma ma, mt phn hn hp nc thi v nc ma c vn
chuyn trc tip t b lng t mt v cng trnh kh trng.
- Cc cng trnh x l cn (ngn cha bn ca b lng hai v, b mtan, sn
phi bn, ...) tnh theo khi lng cn to thnh khi c c nc ma. tnh ton s
b c th ly th tch cc cng trnh ny ln hn t 10 20% so vi tr s tnh
c theo lu lng ma kh.
- Cc ng ng, mng phn phi v thu nc trong trm x l tnh theo lu lng tng
v ly tng kh nng ti nc ln 20 25%.
- Khi lu lng nc ma a ti trm x l vi h s pha long 1 1,9 nn xy dng b
iu ho nc ma trn c s so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut.
11. Trang b in, kim sot cng ngh, t ng ho v iu khin
11.1 Ch dn chung
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11.1.1 Bc tin cy cung cp in cho cc cng trnh tiu th in ca h thng
thot nc cn tun theo Quy phm t trang b in.
Bc tin cy cung cp in cho trm bm nc v trm bm khng kh cn ly ging nh
bc tin cy ca trm bm (theo mc 7 ca Tiu chun ny).
11.1.2 i vi nhng t my c chu k lm vic lu di (my bm, my thi kh)
khi khng cn iu chnh s vng quay nn dng ng c khng ng b, khi cn
iu chnh s vng quay bm lm vic theo tng cp dng ng c khng
ng b rto cun dy. Nu khp ni trt dng ng c khng ng b rto lng sc.
11.1.3 in p ca ng c cn chn theo cng sut, s cung cp in v
trin vng tng cng sut t my, cn kiu ng c cn chn theo mi trng xung
quanh v c im ca ngi nh t thit b in.
11.1.4 i vi cng trnh lm vic trong mi trng bnh thng, thit b phn
phi in, trm bin p v t iu khin cn t trong nhng bung k bn gian
my c tnh n kh nng tng cng sut ca chng. Cho php t thit b phn
phi in, trm bin p cc v tr ring bit.
11.1.5 Vic phn loi bung d n cng nh nhng loi v nhm nh bung d n
ly theo Quy phm lp t trang b in.
11.1.6 H thng kim tra cng ngh cn c:
- Phng tin, dng c kim tra thng xuyn.
- Phng tin kim tra nh k ( hiu chnh v kim tra s hot ng ca
cng trnh ).
11.1.7 Vic kim tra cc thng s cng ngh cht lng nc cn c kim tra thng
xuyn bng cc dng c o, my phn tch v bng cc phng php th nghim.
11.1.8 H thng iu khin cc qu trnh cng ngh v quy m, mc t
ng ho cc cng trnh cn c la chn theo iu kin qun l, lun c kinh t - k
thut, cng nh cn tnh n cc yu t c th v mt x hi quyt nh.
11.2 T ng ho, iu ho v kim tra o lng trm bm
11.2.1 Trm bm thit k lm vic na t ng c ngi qun l khng thng
xuyn, v vy thit k nhng dng iu khin sau:
- iu khin t ng t my bm ph thuc mc nc thi trong b cha.
- iu khin c khong cch t trm iu .
- iu khin ti ch c truyn tn hiu cn thit n trm iu .
11.2.2 Trm bm trang b nhng t my vi ng c in cao p cn c ngi
qun l thng xuyn. iu khin cn tin hnh tp trung t bng iu khin v nn s
dng b phn dn ng iu chnh.
B phn dn ng iu chnh bng in phc v vic iu chnh cn trang b cho
mt t my bm nm trong nhm t 2 - 3 t my cng tc.
Vic iu khin b phn dn ng iu chnh cn c t ng ho theo mc nc
trong h thu.
85
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11.2.3 i vi trm bm t ng ho, cn thit k m t ng t my d phng
khi my bm cng tc b ngt do s c.
i vi trm bm iu khin t xa, vic m t ng t my bm d phng cn c
thc hin i vi trm bm c bc tin cy loi 1.
11.2.4 Khi trm bm b ngp do s c th cn thit k ngt t ng t my
bm chnh.
11.2.5 Khi m my bm, theo quy nh, cc van trn ng ng p lc phi c
m. Vic m my bm khi cc van trn ng ng p lc cn ng phi tnh n s
nguy him ca hin tng nc va, iu kin khi ng ca ng c ng b v cc
yu t khc trong thc t.
11.2.6 Trong trm bm cn kim tra cc thng s cng ngh sau y:
- Lu lng nc phi bm.
- Mc nc trong b cha.
- Mc nc trong h thu nc r r.
- p sut trong ng y.
- p sut trong ng ca tng my bm to ra.
- Nhit trc my.
11.2.7 Trong trm bm cn phi c tn hiu bo trc s c ti ch. Khi khng c
ngi qun l thng xuyn cn c thm tn hiu b sung v trm iu hay trm c
ngi trc thng xuyn.
Ti cc trm bm cn t ng ho cc cng trnh h tr sau y:
- Ra li quay chn rc theo chng trnh nh trc (iu khin theo thi gian hay
theo chnh mc nc).
- Bm nc r r theo mc nc trong h thu.
- Chy qut thng gi theo nhit khng kh trong phng.
11.3 T ng ho, iu ho v kim tra o lng cng trnh x l
11.3.1 Khi lng cng vic t ng ho v kim tra cn xc nh trong tng tr-
ng hp c th ph thuc vo cng sut ca tng hng mc cng trnh v lun c kinh
t - k thut.
11.3.2 Cn kim tra lu lng, nhit v khi cn, c pH nc thi a vo.
11.3.3 Trong b trung ho cn kim tra lu lng nc a vo v tr s pH hoc
nhng thng s khc theo yu cu cng ngh.
11.3.4 Trong Aeroten nn iu chnh khng kh a vo theo tr s xy ho tan
trong nc thi, cn kim tra lu lng hn hp bn, bn hot tnh, hm lng xy ho tan,
NH
4
+
, NO
3
-
, nhit v pH nc thi.
11.3.5 Trong b lc sinh hc cao ti nn kim tra lu lng v nhit nc a vo
v lu lng nc tun hon. Trong b lng t hai cn kim tra mc bn lng.
11.3.6 Trong b mtan cn kim tra nhit , mc bn cn , lu lng cn lng
a vo, lu lng v p lc kh.
86
TCVN 7957:2008
11.3.7 Trong clorat cn t ng ho nh lng clo theo lu lng nc thi cn lm sch
hay theo clo d trong nc thi, kim tra lu lng clo, tr s clo d trong nc thi v nng
kh clo trong khng kh bung sn xut.
11.3.8 Trong trm cp kh nn thc hin iu khin ti ch t my thi kh (ti
gian my) v iu khin c khong cch.
i vi t my thi kh nn kim tra nhit trc, p sut khng kh, p sut nc
lm lnh. i vi h thng bi trn trc nn kim tra nhit v p sut du nhn.
11.3.9 Qu trnh trung ho nc thi b nhim axit v kim mnh khng c mui
kim loi nng (hoc cha nhng s lng t) cn t ng ho theo tr s pH nh trc.
11.3.10 Qu trnh trung ho nc thi c cha axit mnh v mui ca kim loi nng vi
s lng ln nn t ng ho theo pH nc thi qua trn vi tnh dn in ca nc ban
u.
11.3.11 Qun l iu h thng thot nc cn m bo tnh tp trung v kim
tra s lm vic ca cng trnh .
11.3.12 Qun l iu vi h thng thot nc ln c khong cch gia cc cng
trnh ln, theo quy nh 2 cp t trm iu trung tm v trm iu cc b.
Bnh thng ch cn mt cp t trm iu trung tm.
11.3.13 Phi c lin lc trc tip gia trm iu v cc cng trnh c kim
tra cng nh gia trm thng trc v cc xng.
11.3.14 i vi cc cng trnh c kim tra, cn chuyn cc k hiu v s liu ti
trm iu m thiu chng khng th m bo qun l v kim tra s lm vic
ca cc cng trnh loi tr nhanh chng v phng nga s c c.
11.3.15 Nhng s liu o v tn hiu cn phi chuyn v trm iu
a. o lng:
- Lu lng nc thi n cng trnh lm s l v x ra ngun tip nhn;
- pH nc thi;
- Lng xy ho tan trong nc thi;
- Nhit nc thi ;
- Tng lu lng khng kh cp cho aeroten;
- Nhit khng kh a vo aeroten;
- Lu lng bn hot tnh a vo aeroten;
- Lng bn hot tnh d;
- Lu lng cn ti a vo mtan.
b. Tn hiu:
- Ngt s c thit b;
- S ph hu qu trnh cng ngh ;
- Gii hn mc nc thi v cn trong b cha;
- Nng gii hn ca hi d n trong bung sn xut;
- Nng hi clo gii hn trong phng ca trm clorat.
11.3.16 Bung iu cho php hp khi vi cc cng trnh cng ngh (Trm
bm khng kh, phng qun l, th nghim ... ).
Bung iu nn c cch m. Trong bung iu c cc b phn:
87
TCVN 7957:2008
- Bung iu t t phn phi, bng iu khin v nhng phng tin lin
lc c ngi trc thng xuyn.
- Cc cng trnh ph (kho, xng sa cha, phng ngh, khu v sinh,...).
11.3.17 T ng ho quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi cng nghip v khi lng
kim tra cn c chn theo s liu ca c quan nghin cu khoa hc.
12 Nhng yu cu v cc gii php xy dng v kt cu cng trnh
12.1 Xy dng v kt cu
12.1.1 Quy hoch v xy dng cc cng trnh ca h thng thot nc phi ph hp vi
nhng yu cu cng ngh chung, nhng ch dn trong tiu chun thit k quy hoch
cc x nghip v nhng yu cu trong chng 13 ca tiu chun TCXDVN 33 :2006 -Cp
nc - Mng li ng ng v cng trnh - Tiu chun thit k.
12.1.2 Khu t xy dng cng trnh lm sch ca h thng thot nc ca cc
khu dn c cng nh cc x nghip cng nghip nm trong phm vi t cng nghip
phi c hng ro bo v. Ring i vi bi thm c th khng cn hng ro.
12.1.3 Trong khu t xy dng c cng trnh lm sch, nhng ch khng xy
dng cng trnh cn trng c bo v. nng cao iu kin v sinh cho mi trng
theo chu vi ca khu t v khu cch ly cho php trng cy ly g v cy cng nghip.
12.1.4 Thit k kt cu cc cng trnh thuc h thng thot nc phi tun th
tiu chun thit k cc cng trnh sn xut cc x nghip cng nghip, cc yu cu
trong chng 13 ca Tiu chun TCXDVN 33:2006 (Cp nc - Mng li ng ng v cng
trnh - Tiu chun thit k) v cc yu cu ca tiu chun ny.
12.1.5 Khi thit k cc cng trnh ca h thng thot nc cn ch n cc
yu cu phng ho - c bit i vi cc loi nc thi sn xut c cha cc cht d chy
n.
12.1.6 Cc loi ng thot nc bng b tng ct thp thng, hoc b tng ct
thp ng sut trc phi c bng phng php li tm hoc phng php rung. Ch c
php c ng bng phng php th cng vi cc loi ng b tng c ng knh <
300mm hoc nhng vng su, vng xa khng c ng vn chuyn ng b tng c
sn ti nh my. ng b tng ct thp thot nc c bng phng php li tm hoc ph-
ng php rung phi c mc 300 tr ln.
12.1.7 Khi tnh ton kt cu v nn mng h thng dn nc v cng trnh x
l nc ma v nc thi phi hn ch ti a hin tng ln khng u. i vi cc cng
trnh x l nc ma, nc thi, tuyn cng trn, cng hp k c cc cng trnh ph tr trn
tuyn (H ga thu, h ga thm, trm bm, ging tch, ca x v.v) ln u cho
php ti a l 8cm.
12.1.8 Cc cng trnh sn xut n v khc nhau, c th hp khi li thnh
mt cng trnh chung p ng c yu cu cng ngh, iu kin v sinh v nhng
yu cu phng ho, hp l v mt quy hoch v kinh t k thut.
12.1.9 Trt lt bn trong cc nh sn xut, hnh chnh, qun l, th nghim v
cc phng khc ca cc nh ca h thng thot nc ly theo bng 10-1, cn nh sinh
hot ly theo yu cu trong tiu chun thit k nh ph tr v nh ca x nghip cng
nghip.
88
TCVN 7957:2008
12.1.10 Tnh ton kt cu cc nh v cc cng trnh ca h thng thot nc phi
tun theo cc quy chun, quy trnh v cc quy nh v vt liu s dng, v ti trng
tc dng v tnh cht chu lc ca cng trnh, thi gian s dng, a im xy
dng, kh hu, nhit m Nh nc ban hnh.
12.1.11 Thit k chng xm thc cho cc kt cu xy dng ca cc ngi nh v cc
cng trnh thot nc cn tun theo cc quy nh trong tiu chun thit k chng xm
thc cho ngi nh v cng trnh.
Bng 55
Loi nh v phng
Thnh phn cng vic
Tng, thnh Trn Nn y
Cng trnh c tnh
cht sn xut:
1. Nh hoc gian
nh t song
chn rc.

2. Phng ho cht c
m bnh th-
ng
3. Phng ho cht c
m cao, c
cc b cha nc
h
4. Kho ho cht kh
5. B lc sinh hc
6. Bung iu
khin b mtan
- Ngn phn phi
- Trm bm
7. Clorato
8. Kho clo
9. Trm bm kh
- Gian my
- Phng ph tr
(hoc qun l)
10.B lc
Trt va xi mng,
nh mu
Trt va xi mng,
nh mu hoc sn
mu
Trt va xi mng,
nh mu hoc sn
mu
Trt va tam hp qut
vi trng
Trt va XM, nh
mu
Thnh trt va XM,
nh mu
Tng trt va XM
Tng trt va XM, p
gch men cao 1,0m k
t mt sn tr ln,
pha trn qut nc
thu tinh hoc sn
mu
Tng trt va XM, trt
ngut gc k cc ch
lin kt vi tng, tng
vi sn, tng vi trn.
Tng trt va XM
Tng trt vaotongr
hp, qut vi mu
trng
Trt va XM
Trt va XM
Trt va XM
Trt va XM
Trt va XM
- nh trn -
Trt va XM, qut
vi mu trng
Trt va TH, qut
vi mu trng
Lt gch men
hoc lng va xi
mng
Lt gch men
Lt gch men
Lt gch men
Lng va XM,
nh mu
Lng va XM,
nh mu
Lng va XM,
nh mu
Lt gch men
chng axit hay
lng va chng
axit
- nh trn -
Lt gch men
Lng va XM
y lng va XM,
nh mu
Lng va ximng
89
TCVN 7957:2008
11.Trm bm
- Gian my
- Phng ph trn
b cha
Thnh trt va XM,
nh mu
Phn trn mt t
xy gch trt va.
Phn di mt t
bng b tng. Mt
ngoi trt va xi
mng, qut bi tum
mt trong trt va xi
mng
Tng c trt va, phn
chm bng b tng c
trt va xi mng nh
mu
Trt va xi mng
12.2 Thng gi
12.2.1 Khi thit k thng gi cho cc ngi nh v cng trnh ca h thng thot nc
phi tun theo nhng quy nh ca tiu chun ny, c xt n nhng yu cu trong
tiu chun thit k cc nh ph v cng trnh ph ca x nghip cng nghip.
12.2.2 Trong nh hoc gian t song chn rc cn c thng gi y c 80%
khng kh t nhng mng kn v 20% t cc vng pha trn ca cc phng v nhng
ch ly rc ca my nghin rc.
12.2.3 trm bm nc thi sinh hot phi c ng thot gi ring bit cho gian my v
gian b cha cho php b tr thit b x chung khi c van mt chiu trn ng dn gi,
gian b cha v song chn rc. Trao i khng kh phi m bo lin tc khng
kh khi b nhim bn cht c qu gii hn cho php.
12.2.4 gian my v b cha ca trm bm nc thi nu c kh c thot ra, ngoi
h thng thng gi lm vic thng xuyn nn c thit b truyn tn hiu ti trung tm,
iu khin o mc ca kh c v c thm h thng thng gi d phng.
12.2.5 Trong cc ng hm t h thng thot nc, phi c h thng thng gi t
nhin, phi c h thng thng gi bng my hot ng thng gi trc khi cho cng
nhn xung hm.
Khi trong nc thi c cht c hoc cht n hoc c to nhit nhiu phi thng gi
bng my. S ln thay i khng kh xc nh theo tnh ton.
Thit b iu khin h thng thng gi bng my b tr ca ra vo ng hm.
13 Mt s yu cu cn b sung i vi h thng thot nc xy dng nhng
khu vc c bit
13.1 Vng t ln st
13.1.1 Thit k h thng thot nc xy dng trong vng t ln phi tun theo tiu
chun thit k mng nh v cng trnh.
Khi thit k cng trnh c ng ng dn, nn phi x l thch hp m bo c
n nh v bn vng.
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TCVN 7957:2008
13.1.2 Khong cch gia nh, cng trnh v ng ng ly theo nhng yu
cu trong chng 14 ca tiu chun thit k cp nc.
13.1.3 ng chui qua tng (thnh) hoc mng cu l hoc t sau ng
lng. Kch thc l hoc ng lng phi ln hn kch thc ng chui. Dng vt liu n hi
xm kn khe h.
13.1.4 Sn phi bn phi t thp hn so vi cc cng trnh x l khc.
Khng c x nc thm ca sn phi bn vo trong t thuc phm vi khu t xy
dng.
13.2 Vng c ng t
13.2.1 Khi thit k h thng thot nc cho cc x nghip cng nghip v cc th
vng ng t phi c bin php ngn nga nc thi lm ngp khu vc xy dng,
lm bn ngun nc ngm v nc mt do ng ng v cc cng trnh lm sch b ph
hoi. Trn mng li thot nc cn b tr cc ming x d phng.
13.2.2 Nn p dng h sinh hc hoc bi thm lm sch nc thi.
13.2.3 Trm bm cng trnh t vng c ng t cp 7, cp 8 th ch
ng ni vi trm bm, cng trnh phi gii quyt theo lin kt mm trnh gy ng.
13.2.4 i vi mng li t chy vng ng t cp 7 - 8 th thit k phi
dng ng b tng c ct thp, khng c dng ng b tng khng c ct thp.
13.2.5 i vi ng ng chu p lc vng c ng t cp 6 tr ln khi thit
k cn p dng:
- i vi ng b tng ct thp, ly s hiu ca ng cao hn mt cp so vi vng
khng c ng t.
- ng gang khi p lc cng tc n 60 N/cm
2
, ng thp khi p lc cng tc t 90
N/cm
2
tr ln.
13.2.6 Ni lin kt mm i vi ng b tng ct thp, ng gang chu p lc
hoc khng chu p lc vng c ng t.
13.2.7 Thit k nh v cng trnh thot nc vng c ng t cn tun theo tiu
chun thit k cng trnh trong vng c ng t v nhng yu cu ghi trong
TCXDVN 33:2006 - Cp nc - Mng li ng ng v cng trnh - Tiu chun thit k.
91
TCVN 7957:2008
Ph lc A
(qui nh)
iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi vo ngun nc mt

A.1 Cc quy nh chung
A.1.1 Mc cn thit x l nc thi th trc khi x vo ngun nc mt phi
da vo cc iu kin sau y:
- Khi lng, thnh phn cht nhim v ch thi nc.
- Lu lng, cht lng nc, kh nng t lm sch v ch thu vn ca sng, h.
- Tnh trng v mc ch s dng ngun nc trong thi gian thit k v trong t-
ng lai.
A.1.2 Nc thi khi x vo cc ngun nc mt phi tnh n kh nng t lm sch ca
ngun v phi p ng hai iu kin sau y:
a. iu kin cn: Nc thi khng c lm nhim, gim cht lng nc s dng h lu
im x. Ti im ly nc gn nht pha h lu, nng cc cht nhim trong hn
hp nc ngun v nc thi khng c vt qu gi tr gii hn cho php quy nh trong tiu
chun mi trng TCVN 5942-1995 i vi cc loi ngun nc mt theo mc ch s
dng khc nhau (Bng A.1).
Bng A.1- Nng gii hn ca cc cht trong dng hn hp nc thi th v
nc sng, h ti tit din tnh ton h lu cng x.
Ch tiu Ngun loi 1 Ngun loi 2
pH 6 n 8,5 5,5 n 9
Hm lng cn l lng cho php tng khng qu,
mg/l
1,0 2,0
BOD
5
, khng ln hn, mg/l 4 25
COD, khng ln hn, mg/l 10 35
xy ho tan, khng nh hn, mg/l 6 2 hoc 6*
N-NH
4
, khng ln hn, mg/l 0,05 1
Coliform, khng ln hn, MPN/100 ml 5000 10000
Ch thch:
Ngun loi 1- cc sng, h v cc vc nc mt khc dng lm ngun cung cp nc th cho h
thng cp nc th, khu dn c hoc khu cng nghip.
Ngun loi 2- cc sng, h v vc nc mt s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
b. iu kin : Khi x vo vc nc mt, nc thi khng c lm nhim nc ngay ti
h lu cng x. Nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi C
x
(mg/l) phi thp hn gi tr
gii hn cho php quy nh khi x vo cc vc nc mt trong tiu chun TCVN
5945:2005 Nc thi cng nghip Tiu chun thi c tnh n cc h s lu lng /dung
tch ngun tip nhn nc thi K
q
v h s theo lu lng nc thi K
f
theo Quyt nh s
22/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 18/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, theo cng thc
sau y.
C
x
C
cp
= C
b
xK
q
xK
f
(A1)
Trong :
92
TCVN 7957:2008
C
cp
- Nng gii hn cht nhim cho php x vo vc nc mt (mg/l);
C
b
- Nng ti a cht nhim cho php x vo cc vc nc mt theo quy nh ca
tiu chun TCVN 5945:2005 (mg/l), xc nh theo Bng A.2;
K
q
- H s lu lng / dung tch ca ngun tip nhn nc thi, xc nh theo Bng A.3 i
vi vc nc sng v Bng A.4 i vi vc nc h;
K
f
- H s lu lng nc thi x ra ngun, xc nh theo Bng A.5.
Bng A.2 - Nng gii hn cho php ca mt s cht nhim trong nc thi
khi x vo cc vc nc mt khc nhau theo TCVN 5945:2005- Nc thi cng
nghip
Tiu chun thi
Ch tiu Ngun loi 1 Ngun loi 2
pH 6-9 5,5-9
Hm lng cn l lng , mg/l 50 100
BOD
5
, mg/l 30 50
COD, mg/l 50 80
N-NH
4
, mg/l 5 10
Tng nit, mg/l 15 30
Tng phtpho 4 6
Coliform,MPN/100 ml 3000 5000
Bng A.3 - Gi tr h s Kq ng vi lu lng dng chy ca sng tip nhn nc
thi
Lu lng trung bnh 3 thng ma kit ca dng chy sng Q
S
(m
3
/s)
Gi tr K
q
Q
S
50 m
3
/s
0,9
50 m
3
/s < Q
S
200 m
3
/s
1
Q
S
>200 m
3
/s 1,1
Ch thch: Trng hp cc knh, rch, sui nh khng c s liu v lu lng th Kq ly bng 0,9.
Bng A.4 - Gi tr h s Kq ng vi dung tch h tip nhn nc thi
Dung tch trung bnh 3 thng ma kit ca h V (10
6
m
3
) Gi tr K
q
V

10. 10
6
m
3
0,9
10. 10
6
m
3
< V

100. 10
6
m
3

1
V>100. 10
6
m
3
1,1
Ch thch: Trng hp ngun tip nhn nc thi l bin ven b th Kq ly bng 1,2. Trng hp
bin ven b dng cho mc ch bo v thy sinh hoc th thao v gii tr di nc th Kq ly
bng 1,0.
Bng A.5. Gi tr h s K
f
ng vi lu lng trung bnh nc thi
Lu lng nc thi Q (m
3
/d) Gi tr K
f
Q

50m
3
/d
1,2
50 m
3
/d < Q

500 m
3
/d
1,1
93
TCVN 7957:2008
500 m
3
/d < Q

5000 m
3
/d
1,0
Q>5000 m
3
/d 0,9
A.1.3 Khi x nc thi ng thi cha nhiu cht c hi vo sng, h nng , gii
hn cho php ca cc cht ring bit c tnh theo cng thc sau y:

1
1
,

m
i
cp i
i
C
C
(A2)
Trong :
o C
i
Nng tnh ton ca cht nhim th i trong nc thi;
o C
i,cp
Nng gii hn cho php ca cht nhim th i trong nc thi c php
x vo ngun quy nh;
o m- S phn t nhim trong nc thi.
A.1.4 i vi nc thi sinh hot ca cc c s dch v, c s cng cng , chung c
trong khu vc khng c h thng thot nc v x l nc thi tp trung, nng gii hn
ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi cho php x ra mi trng bn ngoi c th xc
nh theo quy nh trong TCVN 6772: 2000: Cht lng nc - Nc thi sinh hot - Gii hn
nhim cho php. Tiu chun ny khng dng cho nc thi cng nghip nh quy nh
ca TCVN 5945:2005.
A.1.5 i vi nc thi bnh vin, nng gii hn ca cc cht nhim trong nc thi
cho php x ra mi trng bn ngoi c th xc nh theo quy nh trong
TCVN 7382-2004: Cht lng nc nc thi bnh vin Tiu chun thi.
A.1.6 Cc im x nc phi c b tr h lu dng chy tnh t khu dn c cng nh
pha di im ly nc phc v cho khu dn c , c xt n kh nng chy ngc dng
khi c thu triu, gi dn hoc thay i dng chy do hot ng ca cc cng trnh
thu in.
im tnh ton trong sng, h tip nhn nc thi phi cch t 500 n 1000 m v pha
thng lu im s dng nc (im ly nc, ming thu ca cc cng trnh cp nc, bi
tm, nh ngh, nui c v.v...) gn nht theo chiu dng chy sng hoc c 2 pha t
im s dng nc trong cc vc nc tnh.
A.1.7 Qu trnh t lm sch nc thi trong sng, h c tnh ton trong cc iu kin
sau y:
a. Lu lng nc thi x vo sng h l lu lng trung bnh.
b. Cc iu kin thu vn sng h nh sau:
- i vi cc dng chy khng iu ho th tnh theo lu lng thng trung bnh nh
nht trong nm vi bo m 95% (theo s liu c quan thu vn cung cp).
- i vi cc dng chy iu ho th theo lu lng pha di p, c loi tr kh nng
dng chy ngc t h lu.
- i vi cc h cha tnh, tnh theo ch bt li nht, xc nh bng cch thnh
lp bng tnh nh hng ca gi nh hng n ming x, v cc iu kin t
nhin khc.
A.2 TCVN 6772:2000-Cht lng nc - Nc thi sinh hot - Gii hn nhim
cho php (Water Quality - Domestic Wastewater Standards)
94
TCVN 7957:2008
A.2.1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun p dng i vi nc thi sinh hot cc loi c s dch v, c s cng cng v
chung c khi x vo cc vng nc quy nh nhng ni cha c HTTN v XLNT tp trung.
A.2.2 Gii hn nhim cho php
Bng A.6 - Thng s nhim v gii hn cho php
TT Thng s Gi tr gii hn
Mc I Mc II Mc III Mc IV Mc V
1 pH 5-9 5-9 5-9 5-9 5-9
2 BOD
5
, mg/l 20 30 40 50 200
3 Cht rn l lng, mg/l 50 50 60 100 100
4 Cht rn c th lng,
mg/l
0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 KQ
5 Tng cht rn ho tan,
mg/l
500 500 500 500 KQ
6 Sun phua(theo H
2
S), mg/l 1,0 1,0 3,0 4,0 KQ
7 Nitrt (NO
3
-
), mg/l 30 30 40 50 KQ
8 Du m (thc phm), mg/l 20 20 20 20 100
9 Phosphat (PO
4
3-
), mg/l 6 6 10 10 KQ
10 Coliform, MPN/100ml 1.000 1.000 5.000 5.000 10.000
Ch thch: KQ- Khng quy nh gi tr.
Cc mc I, II, III, IV v V: theo loi hnh v quy m cng trnh dch v nh sau:
Bng A.7 - Cc mc p dng i vi cc c s dch v, cng cng v
khu chung c
Loi hnh Quy m Mc p dng
theo bng 1
Ghi ch
1. Khch sn Di 60 phng Mc III
T 60 n 200 phng Mc II
Trn 200 phng Mc I
2. Nh tr, nh khch T 10 n 50 phng Mc IV
T 50 n 250 phng Mc III
Trn 250 phng Mc II
3. Bnh vin nh, trm
x
T 10 n 30 ging Mc II Phi kh trng nc
thi Trn 30 ging Mc I
4. Bnh vin a khoa Mc I
5. Tr s cc c quan
hnh chnh, vn phng
i din...
T 5.000 n
10.000m
2
Mc III Din tch tnh l
khu vc lm vic
T 10.000 n
50.000m
2
Mc II
Trn 50.000 m
2
Mc I
Loi hnh Quy m Mc p dng
theo bng 1
Ghi ch
6. Trng hc, vin
nghin cu v cc c s
tng t
T 5.000 n
25.000m
2
Mc II
Trn 25.000 m
2
Mc I
7. Ca hng bch ho,
siu th
T 5.000 n 25.000
m
2
Mc II
Trn 25.000 m
2
Mc I
95
TCVN 7957:2008
8. Ch thc phm ti
sng
T 500 n 1.000 m
2
Mc IV
T 1.000 n 1.500 m
2
Mc III
T 1.500 n 25.000
m
2
Mc II
Trn 25.000 m
2
Mc I
9. Nh hng n ung,
nh n cng cng, ca
hng thc phm
Di 100 m
2
Mc V
T 100 n 250 m
2
Mc IV
T 250 n 500 m
2
Mc III
T 500 n 2.500 m
2
Mc II
Trn 2.500 m
2
Mc I
10. Khu chung c Di 100 cn h Mc III
T 100 n 500 cn h Mc II
Trn 500 cn h Mc I
Ch thch: i vi cc thng s khng c trong cc bng ca Ph lc ny th nng gii hn cho
php ca n c xc nh theo TCVN 5945-2005.
A.3 TCVN 7382-2004: Cht lng nc nc thi bnh vin Tiu chun
thi
TT Thng s n v
Gi tr gii hn
Phng php xc nh
Mc I Mc II
1 pH
6,5 -
8,5
6,5 - 8,5
TCVN 6492: 1999
(ISO 10523: 1994)
2 Cht rn l lng mg/l 50 100
TCVN 6625: 2000
(ISO 11923: 1997)
3 BOD
5
(20
0
C) mg/l 20 30
TCVN 6001: 1995
(ISO 5815: 1989)
4 Sunfua (S
2-
, tnh theo H
2
S) mg/l 1,0 1,0
TCVN 4567: 1988
hoc SMEWW 4500 -
S
2-
5 Amoni (NH
4
+
, tnh theo N) mg/l 10 10
TCVN 5988: 1995
(ISO 5664: 1984)
6 Nitrat (NO
3
-
, tnh theo N) mg/l 30 30
TCVN 6180: 1996
(ISO 7890 - 3: 1988
(E))
7 Du m ng thc vt mg/l 5 10 SMEWW 5520 - B
8
Octophosphat (PO
4
3-
, tnh
theo PO
4
3-
)
mg/l 4 6
TCVN 6494 - 2: 2000
(ISO 10304 - 2: 1995)
9 Tng coliforms
MPN/
100ml
1000 5000
TCVN 6187 - 1: 1996
(ISO 9308 - 1: 1990
(E))
hoc TCVN 6187-
2:1996
(ISO 9308 - 2: 1990
(E))
10
Vi khun gy bnh ng
rut
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholera
KPH
KPH
KPH
KPH
KPH
KPH
SMEWW 9260 B
SMEWW 9260 E
SMEWW 9260 H
11 Tng hot phng x
Bq/l 0,1 0,1

TCVN 6053: 1995
(ISO 9696: 1992)
12 Tng hot phng x Bq/l 1,0 1,0
TCVN 6219: 1995
(ISO 9697: 1992)
96
TCVN 7957:2008
KPH - Khng pht hin c
Mc I: Nc thi bnh vin vo cc thu vc vi cc mc ch s dng khc
nhau.
Mc II: Nc thi bnh vin vo ni ch nh, h thng thot nc thnh ph.
Ph lc B
(tham kho)
Cc hng s kh hu ca cng thc cng ma
Dng cng thc cng ma:
q =
A (1 + ClgP)
(B1)
(t + b)
n
Trong :
q: Cng ma (l/s.ha);
P: Chu k lp li ca ma (nm);
t: Thi gian ma (pht);
A, C, b, n: Hng s kh hu ph thuc vo iu kin ma ca a phng.
Bng B.1 - Hng s kh hu trong cng thc cng ma ca mt s thnh
ph
TT Tn thnh ph A C b n
1
.
Bo Lc 11100 0,58 30 0,95
2
.
Bc Cn 8150 0,53 27 0,87
3
.
Bc Giang 7650 0,55 28 0,85
4
.
Bc Quang 8860 0,57 29 0,8
97
TCVN 7957:2008
5
.
Ba Xuyn 9430 0,55 30 0,95
6
.
Bun M Thut 8920 0,58 28 0,93
7
.
C Mau 9210 0,48 25 0,92
8
.
Ca Tng 2340 0,49 14 0,62
9
.
Lng 3540 0,55 19 0,7
1
0
.
Nng 2170 0,52 10 0,65
1
1
.
H Giang 4640 0,42 22 0,79
1
2
.
H Nam 4850 0,51 11 0,8
1
3
.
H Ni 5890 0,65 20 0,84
1
4
.
Hi Dng 4260 0,42 18 0,78
1
5
.
Hi Phng 5950 0,55 21 0,82
1
6
.
H Ch Minh 11650 0,58 32 0,95
1
7
.
Hn Gai 4720 0,42 20 0,78
1
8
.
Hng Yn 760 0,59 20 0,83
1
9
.
Ho Bnh 5500 0,45 19 0,82
2 Hu 1610 0,55 12 0,55
98
TCVN 7957:2008
2
1
.
Lo Cai 6210 0,58 22 0,84
2
2
.
Lai Chu 4200 0,5 16 0,8
2
3
.
Lin Khng 9230 0,52 29 0,92
2
4
.
Mng Ci 4860 0,46 20 0,79
2
5
.
Nam nh 4320 0,55 19 0,79
2
6
.
Nha Trang 1810 0,55 12 0,65
2
7
.
Ninh Bnh 4930 0,48 19 0,8
2
8
.
Phan Thit 7070 0,55 25 0,92
2
9
.
Ply Cu 8820 0,49 29 0,92
3
0
.
Qung Ngi 2590 0,58 16 0,67
3
1
.
Qung Tr 2230 0,48 15 0,62
3
2
.
Quy Nhn 2610 0,55 14 0,68
Bng B.1 (tip theo) - Hng s kh hu trong cng thc cng ma
ca mt s thnh ph
TT Tn thnh ph A C b n
3
3
Sn La 4120 0,42 20 0,8
99
TCVN 7957:2008
3
4
.
Sn Ty 5210 0,62 19 0,82
3
5
.
Sa Pa 1720 0,5 10 0,56
3
6
.
Ty Hiu 3360 0,54 19 0,69
3
7
.
Tam o 5460 0,55 20 0,81
3
8
.
Thi Bnh 5220 0,45 19 0,81
3
9
.
Thi Nguyn 7710 0,52 28 0,85
4
0
.
Thanh Ho 3640 0,53 19 0,72
4
1
.
Tr Vinh 9150 0,53 28 0,97
4
2
.
Tuy Ho 2820 0,48 15 0,72
4
3
.
Tuyn Quang 8670 0,55 30 0,87
4
4
.
Vn L 4560 0,52 21 0,79
4
5
.
Vinh 3430 0,55 20 0,69
4
6
.
Vit Tr 5830 0,55 18 0,85
4
7
.
Vnh Yn 5670 0,53 21 0,8
100
TCVN 7957:2008
4
8
.
Yn Bi 7500 0,54 29 0,85
Bng B.2 - H s phn b ma ro n
Din tch lu vc (ha) 300 500 1000 2000 3000 4000
H s phn b ma ro n 0,96 0,94 0,91 0,87 0,83 0,8
101
TCVN 7957:2008
Ph lc C
(qui nh)
Khong cch t ng ng thot nc n mng li k thut v cc cng
trnh
Bng C.1 - Khong cch t ng ng thot nc n mng li k thut v cc
cng trnh
Tn cng trnh Khong
cch nm
ngang (m)
Khong cch tnh
theo mp ngoi
ca ng v cp
(m)
Ghi ch
1- n mng nh, mng cng trnh
mng cu vt v mng tuy nen
2- n ro ngn ct in giao thng,
ct in thoi
3- n trc ray cui cng ca ng
st (nhng khng nh hn chiu cao
ca nn p)
4- ng tu in
5- n b va ng ph
6- n thnh ngoi rnh thot nc hoc
n chn nn p
7- n mng ct in:
- 1KV v n chiu sng
- 1-35KV
- 110 KV v ln hn
8- ng cp nc c ng knh:
< 200
= 200
> 200
9- Cng thot nc thi sinh hot
10- Cng h mc nc ngm v thot nc
thi
11- Cp in mnh - di 35KV
12- Cp in mnh di 35KV 110KV
3
3
4
2,8
1,5
1
1
2
3
1,5
0,1
3
0,1
3
0,1
0,4
0
0,4
0
0,5
0
1
0,1
Tr s t
s l
khong
cch theo
chiu
ngang
Tr s
mu s l
khong
cch theo
chiu
ng
102
TCVN 7957:2008
13- Cp thng tin
0,5
0,1
Ph lc D
(tham kho)
Cc cng trnh ph tr ca trm x l nc thi
D.1 Tu theo cng sut v iu kin c th tng ni trn trm x l cn xy dng
cc cng trnh ph. Din tch ca cc cng trnh ph c th ly theo cc Bng D.1 sau
y.
Bng D.1 - Din tch ca cc cng trnh ph tr ca trm x l nc thi
Tn cng trnh Din tch nh nht (m
2
) ph thuc cng sut trm
Di 25.000m
3
/d 25.000-
100.000m
3
/d
Trn
100.000m
3
/d
Phng th nghim ho l
Phng th nghim vi sinh
Kho ho cht v dng c
th nghim
Phng lm vic ca nhn
vin hnh chnh k thut
Phng trc ban
Phng trng trm
Xng sa cha
Phng thng trc
Kho vt liu
15
12
8
20
15
20
20
12
25
25
20
12
25
15
20
25
12
30
40
30
20
40
20
20
40
15
40
Ch thch: Din tch tm, x theo quy nh trong tiu chun thit k cng nghip.
D.2 B tr cc cng trnh ph theo nguyn tc s dng thun tin, khng nh hng
ln nhau, xng sa cha, kho vt liu tu theo iu kin c th b tr chung vi khu
sn xut (Trm bm, trm bm khng kh).
D.3 Chiu rng ng i trong trm x l c th ly:
- ng i b 1,5 n 2,0 m
- ng xe ot 3,0 n 4,0 m
103
TCVN 7957:2008
Ph lc E
(tham kho)
B tr h sinh hc
E.1 Tu theo thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi v iu kin c th ca tng a ph-
ng, h sinh hc c p dng lm mt cng trnh x l hon chnh hoc l mt cng
trnh x l nc thi c lng s b.
E.2 H thng h sinh hc c th bao gm mt kiu h hoc l mt vi kiu h (h
k kh, h ty tin, h hiu kh bc 1, h hiu kh x l trit ) lm vic ni tip
nhau.
Tu theo lu lng, thnh phn tnh cht nc thi, iu kin ca tng a phng c th
la chn mt trong cc s h thng h sinh hc nh sau:
(1)
L
a
<200 mg/l
F

L
t
< 50 mg/l
(2)
L
a
>200 mg/l K F L
t
<50 mg/l
(3)
L
a
>200 mg/l L 85%L
a
F L
t
<50 mg/l
(4)
L
a
>300 mg/l K F H L
t
<20 mg/l
(5)
L
a
>200 mg/l L 85%L
a
F H L
t
<20 mg/l
(7)
L
a
>200 mg/l F H1 H2 L
t
<10 mg/l
Ch thch: F-h tu tin; K- h k kh; H- h hiu kh; H1- h hiu kh bc mt; H2- h hiu
kh bc hai; L- h lng; L
a
-BOD ca nc thi cha x l; L
t
- BOD ca nc thi sau x l trong h
thng h.
104
TCVN 7957:2008

TCVN 7957 2008

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TCVN 7957:2008

- H s k ti nh hng ca nhit ca nc i vi nht ly theo Bng 31;

- Thnh phn thng ng ca tc ca nc thi trong b ly theo Bng 32;

khi tnh ton cc b lng t mt i vi nc thi sinh hot c th ly

cho b lng cc kiu

Bq/l 0,1 0,1

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