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Digital Microwave Communication Principle ISSUE 1.01
Digital Microwave Communication Principle ISSUE 1.01
www.huawei.com
Foreword
This course is developed for the requirement from OptiX RTN equipments. This course mainly introduce the basic knowledge of digital microwave communication. Engineers can have a basic to understand the further OptiX RTN equipments after finish the course.
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Learning Guide
Before this course, you may refer to these references first: SDH Principle Network Communication Technology Electromagnetism Basics
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Describe the concept and characters of digital microwave communication Describe the theory and function of every parts in the digital microwave system List the networking application for digital microwave systems List the fadings in microwave propagation List the common technologies of antifading
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview 2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction 3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment 4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
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MUX
Radio Ter.
Microwave
Radio Ter.
MUX
Satellite
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Optical Fiber Optical cable construction, large land used. High investment, long Construction period Outside cable maintenance, natural disaster influence No frequency license required Performance stable, less influence from outside High transmission capacity
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Developing of MW communication
Capacity/ch
155M
PDH Digital
34/140M
Medium, low capacity Digital MW System Analog MW System 1970s 1950s
MW System
2/4/6/8M
1990s to now
1980s
Note: capacity less than 10M is considered as low capacity, from 10~100M is medium capacity, and more than 100M is large capacity.
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page9
regionz networks
2 8 34 Mbit/ s
2.5GH
3.3
11 GHz
GH z 30 40 50
10
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T/R spacing
Channe l f1 spacing f2
fn
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Freq. scope F0 (MHz) T/R spacing (MHz)channel spacing(MHz) High site / low site 7425--7725 7575 7575 7110--7750 7275 7597 7250--7550 7400 . 154 161 196 196 161 28 7 28 28 3.5 Fn , Fn
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modulation
Channel bandwidth
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A*COSWc*t+
Amplitude Frequenc y Phas e
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK): A is variable, Wc and are constant Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): Wc is variable, A and are constant Phase Shift Keying (PSK): is variable, A and Wc are constant Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): A and are variable, Wc is constant
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MW Frame Structure
Radio frame complementary overhead (RFCOH):
171.072Mb/s 15.552Mb/s RFCOH STM-1 155.52Mb/s SOH Payload
MLCM DMY XPIC ATPC WS RSC INI ID FA 11.84Mb/s 64Kb/s 16Kb/ 64Kb/s 2.24Mb/s 864Kb/s 144Kb/s 32Kb/s 288Kb/s s
RSCMW service control MLCM: Multi-level coded modulation IN: N:1 switch instruction DMY: Dummy ID: Identification XPIC: Cross polarization interference counteract FA: Frame synchronization ATPC: Automatic transmitter power control WS Wayside services
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page15
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I b C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I C2 C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I a C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I b C1
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I C2 C1
12bit first unit ISTM-1 date bit RFCOH C1,C2: 2 Level error correction monitor bit
148th
unit
a,b: other
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Questions
What is microwave? What is digital microwave communication
What modulation modes is commonly used? What modulation modes are used in digital MW?
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview 2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction 3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment 4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
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Digital MW SDH
Analog MW
Capacit y
Large capacity
STM-0STM12 x STM-1
Discontinued
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10
Trunk MW Equipment
BRU: Branch of RF unit MSTU: Main signal transceiver unit (transceiver, modem, SDH electric interface, hitless module)
P M1 M2
SCSU: surveil, control, switch unit BBIU: baseband interface unit (optional: STM-1 optical interface, C4 PDH interface)
SDH MW Equipment
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All-outdoor MW Equipment
RF signal processing unit
IF cable
All-outdoor MW equipment
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Split-mount MW Equipment
Antenna
split-mount MW equipment
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12
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Antenna
The antenna propagates the electric wave from transmitter into one direction, and receive the electric wave. Paraboloid antenna and Kasai Green antenna are usually used. The common diameter of antenna are: 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, and 3.0m, etc.
Paraboloid antenna
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Antenna (cont.)
Several channels in one frequency band can share one antenna.
Channel 1 Tx Rx 1 1 Channel 1
Tx Rx
n n
n n
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Antenna Aligning
Side lobe
Main lobe
Side view
Rear lobe
Side lobe
Top view
Rear lobe
Main lobe
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14
Antenna Aligning
Wrong
Wrong
Correct
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Antenna Specifications
Antenna gain The input power ratio of isotropic antenna (Pio) to surface antenna (Pi) when getting the same electric field intensity at the same point. 2 P D It can be calculated by formula( unit: dB)G = io = : Pi Half power angle (3 dB beam width) From the main lobe deviates to both sides, the points where the power decrease half are half power point. The angle between the two half power points is half power angle. Approximate calculation formula is: 0.5 = (65 0 ~ 70 0 ) Half power angle D
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page29
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Outdoor Unit
The main specifications of transmitter
Working frequency band:
One ODU can cover one frequency band or some part of a frequency band.
Output power:
The power at the output port of transmitter. The typical range of power is from 15 to 30 dBm.
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16
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Frequency stability
The requirement is from 3 to 10ppm.
Noise Figure
The noise figure of digital microwave receiver is from 2.5 to 5dB.
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Selectivity
The suppressing ability against interference beyond transmission bands
Indoor Unit
Accessing service like E1 or STM-1 Processing RFCOH Conversion signals between baseband and IF
Service channel
IF unit
modulation
Service accessing
Interface of OM
Tx IF Rx IF
Cable interface
From/to ODU
demodulation
Service channel
DC/DC convert
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Questions
What are the classification of digital MW equipment
What components are there in the split-mount digital MW equipmentWhat are the functions of them?
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Summary
Classification of digital microwave equipment Functions of the components in split-mount digital MW equipment Parameters of antenna Parameters of ODU Function of IDU
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview 2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction 3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment 4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
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Pivotal station
Terminal station
Terminal station
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page40
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Plane reflectors:
A metal panel with a smooth surface and effective acreage.
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Plane reflectors
Parabolic reflectors
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Application of Digital MW
Supplement for optical network (the Special last mile Backhaul transmission transmission access) situation (river, for mobile lake, island) BTS Microwave Critical link backup Emergency communication large activity, crisis VIP customer access
application
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Questions
Which network application are commonly used by digital MW?
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Contents
1. Digital Microwave Communication Overview 2. Digital Microwave Equipment Introduction 3. Networking and Application of Digital Microwave Equipment 4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
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Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading 4.2 Antifading Technologies
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Direct Reflection
Direct Reflection
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25
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Sustained duration
Received level
Effect
Downward fading
Absorption loss
Upward Fading
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f = frequency in GHz d
GRX PTX = Output power PRX = Receiving power G = Antenna gain A = Free space loss M = Fading Margin PRX
Absorption Loss
It is mainly caused by atmosphere.
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K Factor Fading
A equivalent radius: Re=KR (R is the real radius of earth). the value of K is depend on the local meteorological phenomena
Re
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Scintillation Fading
The particle cluster formed in local atmosphere for pressure, temperature or humidity is different as other area, and the electric wave is scattered by it.
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Flat Fading
Upward fading Receive level in free space
Threshold (-30dB )
Fast fading
1h Slow fading
Signal interruption
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Normal
Freq. (MHz)
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page60
Contents
4. Microwave Propagation and Antifading Technologies
4.1 Microwave Propagation and fading 4.2 Antifading Technologies
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Antifading Technologies
Types Adaptive Equalization Antifading technologies related with device Cross Polarization Interference Counteract Automatic Transmit Power Control Forward Error Correct Antifading technologies related with system Diversity receive technologies Improving effects Wave shape distortion Wave shape distortion
Power reduction Power reduction Wave shape distortion and Power reduction
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Signal spectrum
Multi-path fading
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T
Before Equalization
C0
T Cn
After Equalization
C-n
-2Ts -Ts Ts
-2Ts -Ts Ts
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receive r ATPC
transmitter
demodulator
ATPC
demodulator
receiver
modulator
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XPIC
XPIC is cross-polarization interference counteracter.
30MH z 80MHz 60MHz 1 2 340MHz 3 4 5 6 7 680MH z 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Horizontal polarization
V (H)
H (V)
Vertical polarization
H (V) 1X 2X 3X 4X 5X 6X 7X 1X 2X 3X' 4X 5X 6X 7X 8X 8X
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Diversity Reception
Diversity reception is used to minimize the effects of fading. It includes:
Space diversity (SD) Frequency diversity (FD) Polarization diversity Angle diversity
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Frequency Diversity
The merit is only need one set of feeder and antenna, but its demerit is that utilization of frequency band is low.
f1 f2
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Space Diversity
The merit is saving frequency resource, but demerit is system is complex and need two or more sets of feeder and antenna.
f1
f1
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Questions
What are the factors which affect microwave propagation?
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Summary
Digital microwave communication definitions. Frequency bands and radio channel arrangement Structure and function of digital microwave equipment Application of digital microwave communication Microwave propagation and fading Antifading technologies
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Thank you
www.huawei.com
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