isxy, fn!oaO oHdjl rej .

=K
1 fldgi
wmf.a h fN!;sl oHdjla ^h khl ysjk tu isxy, fn!oaO oHjg" oekqug fy!;sl
oHdj hk kduh ;ju ,nd ke;'& i;=j mej;sh hq;=hehs ug yeS f.dia we;s lreKq
fndafyda m%udKhla ngysr fN!;sl oHdj ;=, wka;.;j fkdue;s nj l,la fjf,a mgka
f;are f.dia we;s lrekls' tu wka; .;h hq;=hhs ud is;k lreKq;a tu lreKq wka;
.; l,fyd;a ysjk kj oeKqu flfia h yels oehs hkak;a mr lr ne,su uf.a wruqK
fjhs'
kEu oEkqul tu oekkqu ksudKh lrkakd fukau h ixkaisohl th kslaIKh
lrkakd m%Odk ia:dkhla .ks' tu ksslaIKh fyda bka ,nd .kakd oekqu th kslaIKh
lrkakdf.ka iajdhka; fkdf' th isxy, fn!oaO oaj;=ka iska b;d ix.;j fndfyda jdr
.Kkl fmkajd we;s fmdaod i| fuka meye,s lshukls' ^oekquls& kuq;a fuys
kslaIlhd ljrdldroehs hkak uola .%y lr ne,Su udf.a b woyia fm<.eiaf
myiqjla jkq we;'
mq,a fn!oaO w:fhka .;fyd;a kslaIlhd i;ajfhls' ir<j myif;d;a h mqoa.,fhls'
kuq;a i;ajhd fyda mqoa.,hd fyda wd;auh hkq woHdf m%;suQ;shhs' i;ajfhka is hkq
woHdj fya;=fjka f.dv ke.=Kq wd;auhlska ^wd;au oDIahla& we; hkakhs'
hula kslaIKh lrkqfha fuu wd;auh isks' ;j;a ksjer f,i tu jdlalHhu fufia
meye,sl< yel' kslaIKh yslrkq ,enQf fuu wd;auh isks'
;j;a mshjrla bhg .sh g wmg fufia mejish yelsh' kslaIKh ysjQfha kslaIHh
fya;=fjks'
by; fo fofla mejiQ woyi moku lr .kska uu ;j;a bhg f.dia my; m%ldYh
lr'
wm ndysr hula kslaIKh lrhs hkq wm wmju ^wd;au oDIahu-wfma oekquu& kslaIKh
lr .ekSuls' tfiau tu kslaIKh ;=< wm h .=Khla ^tu .=Kho wmf.au ksudKhls&
uek .kS k th wfma wd;au oYah ms<sn|j ula jkq we;'
fuu m%ldIfha j,x.=Ndjh ^YAjikSh;ajh& ms,sn|j ;jrg;a idlPd l< hq;= h'
by;ska ud lSug ;e;alrkafka wm lrK iEu kslaIKhla ;=,u iskqfha ud muKlanjhs'
uu h rdYshla ^.la, nrla, mudjla& uek .kSk bka ud ukskqfha udju njhs' ;j;a
f,ilska mjif;d;a ud yerekq yerekq w; iskqfha ud u mukla njhs'
uu uehs ''''''uu ue muKhs ''''''
kuq;a tu.ska uu fkdlshd lshkqfha uf.ka mrsNdysr lsisjla fkdmj;sk njhs' tk
jdia:l h:d;hla fkdue;snjhs' ixisoakaf.ka ksudmlhd fohka jykafia fkdjk
njhs' h fyhlska ixisoakaf.a ksudmlhd fohka jykafia k, wm tajd ;=<ska
kslaIKh lrkqfha Wkajykafiah' tu ixisoaka uek.;ag wmg ,efnkqfha fohka
jykaiaf.a wdkqNdjfha m%udKhhs' kuq;a by; ud oelajQ m ish,af,a ^ud o we;=j&
Page 1 of 13

ksudmlhd uu u mukla neka ixisoaka ;=<ska wm kslaIKh lrkqfha wmjuh' tajd

uek.;a g wmg ,efnkqfha wfma wdkqNdjfha ^wf;au oDIafha& m%udkh ms<sn| uls'
wm oekgu;a j;aj iskqfha wm iska u ksudKh lr .;a ^fN!;sl&f,dalhl neka by;
m%ldYh ms<s.ekSf h h .eg, ixjdo we;s u iajdNdlh' kuq;a th wm f.dv k.k
isxy, fn!oaO oekqul mokf ;sh hq;= wx.hls'
ngysr fN!;sl oHdf wjldYhg ld,hg iy mod:hg iqfYaIS ia:dkhla ysf'
fYaIfhkau fuys mod:h kka oekafjk foh ms,snoj h mrula lsug uu woyia
lr'
gl mod:h hkak >k oDv ^fkdkefuk, fkd;ef,k, fkdlefvk& jia;=jla f,i w:
oelaf' th jHqla; ixl,amhls' tjka jia;= idudHh f,dalh ;=< fidhd .; fkdyelsh'
tfukau >k, j, jdhq hkqfjka mod:h mj;sjk wjia:d ;=kla ms<sn|jo ioyka f'
udf.a uq,sl wjOdkh uq,ska oelajq Hqla; ixl,amh foig fkdj miqj oelajQ >k, j, jdhq
hkak fj;g fhduqlr' >k, j, jdhqq f,i fyda >k iy ;r, f,i fyda mod:h fjka
lrkqfha ta ;=< we;s jHQyd;aul ieleiaula mok lr .ksks' mod:h ;ekS we;af;a b;d
l=vd wxY= ^mrudKq, wKq, whk& tlg tla h ms<sj,lg weisu ksid hehs ngysr fN!;sl
oHdfoS b.ekafjhs' tys fYaI ,laIKh k mod:h l=vd wxY=kaf.a tl;=fjka ie ,;a
fohla f,i w: oelauhs'
fuh b;d ie,ls,af,ka fidhd ne,sh hq;a;ls' mod:fha ;ekq tallh f,i ie,lsh yels
tu l=vd wxY=j ksYaph lr.;a ^fjka lr.;a" f;dard frd.;a& miq tu wxY=f wNHka;rh
i,ld ne,Su ;jrg;a wjYH fkdf' wjYHh jkqfha tu wxY= wdlIK n, j,ska nkaOkh
lrka wjYHh yev;, j,g wiqrka >kh, jh fyda jdhqj ;kd .eksuhs' >k fyda j fyda
jdhq hkq wmg wjYHh m w: olajk,o wxY=jla wdOdrfhka ;kd .;a ixl,am ;=kls'
tg tu l=vd wxY=j >khla, jhla fyda jdhqjla f,i ie,lsh yelso@ Tn is;kq we;af;a th
>k njhs' th w,a,d .,la Wv ;enqjfyd;a thg .,dhdfkdyelsh' iuyr g l= f.hlska
.idj;a th l=vql, fkdyels jkq we;' f .%y lrKqfha lsk jia;=jla ms<s|jo@ taa
wfklla fkdj by;ska oelajQ jHl;a; ixl,amh ms<sn|jhs'
Tng fu;k h mekhla weiSug is;a jkq we;' tk mod:fha ;ekQ tallh f,i ngysr
fN!;sl oHdf b.eka fjk mrudkqjo ;j ;j;a fldgia l, yels neka ta by;l oelajQ
jHqla; oDv jia;=jg iudk fo hkakhs'
kuq;a wm mod:fha jHqyh ms<sn|j yeoEu uq,ska u wdrN lrKqfhau ke;fyd;a wm
mod:h hkak w: olajkqfhau l=vd wxY=ka ys tl;=jla f,ih' tu wxY=j wKqjla fyda
mrudKqjla fyda Bg;a jvd l=vd jQjla fyda h yelsh' kquq;a th wxY=jls' tu ;ks wxY=j
jhlehs fyda jdhqjlehs wm lsis gl;a fkdlshuq' th >K wxY=jls' tk by;ska oela jQ
jHqla; ixl,amhhs'
uql m%Yakldrhl= iuyr g ;jrg;a fufia mejiSug bv we;' Tn Th mjik jHQla; oDv
wxY=j Nd;d lrkqfha w: oelau i|yd muKs' kuq;a ienEjgu f,dalfha we;s wxY=
tf,iskau fkdyeisf' tneka mod:h iE we;af;a jHqla; >k wY= j,ska fkdj iajNdjfha
mj;akd wxY= j,sks' tg we;sjk m%;s m%Yakh k fuhhs' tfiak ngysrhka jHqla; >k
Page 2 of 13

wxY=jla ksudKh lr tu.ska iaNdjfha we;s mod:h .%y lrkafka wehs o@ tys we;s
idOdrK;ajh l=ulao@ >k wxY=jl ^jHqla; wxY=jl& flfiaj;a fkdmsys .=K m%oYkh lrk
j iy jdhqj, ieleiau o tu wxY=u;u msysgd .%y lsf moku l=ulao@ jHqla; ufkda
uQ,sl w;d;al .=K ^fkd;ef,k fkdkefuk wd& iys; wxY= iu. iajNdjfha mj;skd ^wm
kskaIKh lrK& oE ii|d >k, j, jdhq f,i tajd j. lrkafka wehs@ Bg fya;=j wka
lsisjla fkdj .%Sl hqfojq l%sia;shdks kakhhss'
>k nj fyda j nj fyda jdhq nj fyda iuia; moaO;sh i;= .=K fjhs' >kho jho jdhqjo
Bkshd tlu wxY=jlska ksudKh we;ehs mejiSu hqla;s hqla; fkdf' tu .=K tfia jHqla;
wxY=jlg W!Kkkh l< fkdyelsh'
WodyrKhla f,i c,h nklska c, wkqjla fjkalr .;af;ahehs is;uq' tfia fjkalr .;a
tu ;ks wkqj c, nk mj;sk WIaK;ajh mSvkh wd idOl hgf;au ;enqjo ;jr;a tu
wKqjg c,h hhs lsj yelso@ c,h i;= .=Kdx. ^iai%d;dj" l,dj fjkia lsrSu wdoS& tu
wKqf wvq je ke;sj msysgd ;sfo@ ke;' c, wKqj hk fhuu w: Y=kH jQjls' tfiak
wms c, wKq w;r mj;sk yhsv%cka nkaOk ^ndysr n, jHqla; wxY= ndysr n, uska inkaO
lsu .S%l hqfo l%sia;shdks ka;kfha iajdNdjhls& o ie,ls,a,g .;yelsjk m c, wkq
folla by; m fjkalr .ksuq' tu c, wkq folg iy yhsv%cka nkaOkhg mukla c,h
hehs wduka;%Kh l, yelso@ c,fha .=K tys mj;S o@ tfia k wms c, wkq ;=kla y;rla
wd m fjkalr .kska mlaId lruq' wm w;a oel we;s c,h ,nd .ekSug wjYH wju wkq
m%udKh fldmuko@ c, wKq wej.fv%da ixLHdjlao@
ka fmkS hkafka c,h c, wkqjg fyda c, wkqj iy Bg n,mdk ndysr n, j,g mukla
W!kkh l< fkdyels njhs' c,h hkq c,hu i c, wkqj fkdf' th mqoa., noaO jQjls'
c,h" c,h njg m;a jQfhau th wm iska kskaIKh lrk neks' c, wkq folla c,h
fkdjkafka th wmg c,h f,iska kslaIKh ^fuys kslaIKh hkq c,h i;= ish .=Kdx.
tajd oek.; yels o jQ l%u u.ska oek.ekSu hk wre;sks'& l< fkdyels neks'
by; c, WodyrKh u.ska ud fmkaug jEh lf<a ngysrhkaf.a mod: Yaf,aIKfha we;s
j,;djhhs' Yaf,aIKfhka muKla fkdj ixiaf,aIKfhkao oek.;hq;= lreKqo c,h
i;=j mj;S' kuq;a ixiaf,aYKh hkak ngysr ka;kh fkdbjikakls' tneka wmg ta
ka;kh ;=< yska je rla hd fkdyelsh'
fuys ;j;a hula mejish hq;=j we;' c,fhys c, wkq ke;ehs ud mjid ke;' Tlaisckayhsv%cka nkaOk wdh c,fha mej;sh yel' kuq;a thska mukla c,h ysfkdf' c,h
ysug iuia: c,hu jqjukdh' fuh jpk yrUhla fkdf'
c,h fkdmj;skakg tk wm c,h kslaIKh fkdlrkakg c,h ys fkdf' c,h tk
c,fha iia:h kskaIKhg kskaIKhl= jqjhukdh' Tyqf.ka f;drj wkq whk j,ska
mukla iEkq c,hla ke;'
c, wkqjla hkqq ksjer f,ig k iuia; c,fhau wkqjla h hq;=h' tys Tlaiscka iy
yhsv%cka muKla fkdj iuia; c,fha ishu .=K wka;.; h hq;=h' c, wkqjla hkq
c,h f,i .%ykh lr .; yels l=vdu N+;d:hhs'
tfia wm N+:d: fidhdf.k .sh fyd;a f,dalfha wm; m%udKhl N+:d: mj;S' c,h
N+;d: jdhq N+;d: c, jdIam N+;d: Tlaiscka N+;d: mqgq N+;d:h bka iuyrls' fuu

Page 3 of 13

ish N+;d:hkag fmd jQ N+;d: y;rla mj;S' tk mG wfmda f;afcda jdfhda hk N+;d:
y;rhs'
f ud mejiSug ;;kkafka ngysrhka tla wxY=jlg W!Kkh l, mod:h wmiska N+;d:
y;rlg W!Kkh l< hq;= njo@ ke; lsisfia;a ke;' tfia W!Kkh lsug fjd wxY+ka
fkdf' tfukau fjd jHqla; .=K j,ska hq;a jHqla; ixl,am fkdf'
fuu N+;d: wmg oel.; yels jkafka tajd kslaIkh lsfuks' tneka tajd N+; rEm k
f' fuys ud i|yka lrK kslaIKh yq Yaf,aIKh mukla fkdf' thg iuia:h
iuia:h f,iu f.k lrk ixiaf,aIKho we;=,;ah' WodyrKhla f,i wmg c, rejla
.;fyd;a fuu N+:rEm y;ru tys oelsh yelsh ^mekh yelsh&' c, wkqjla .;a;o fuu N+;
rEm y;ru tyso mekh yelsh' tfia l< yels jkafka N+; rEm l=vd wxY+ jeks hula
fkdjk neks' tajd iuia; moaO;shu msjid mj;sk .=Kfhda fj;s!
fuu msjid mej;Su wiaila uq,a,la kEr iEu ;eklu me;su ;rula idlPd l, hq;=hehs
is;' fuh wmg kqyqre woyila fkdf' wmf.a md,k ;ka;%h w;S;fha tfia ilia;s hhs
is;sh yelsh' wmf.a .=rejrhd Y%S ioaOuh fj;s' Ouh tla uOHia:dkhl .d,alr ;eh
yelallla fkdj th iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu im l, yels mqoa., noaOj mukla mj;skakls'
tk tla mqoa.,hl= ;=< uq ioaOuhuo ioaOuh kEu mqoa.,hl= ;=<o mej;sh yelsh'
tfia jqjo th mqoa.,hdg wjYH m fjkia l< yelalla fkdks' ukao iuia: iudchu
Ouh iska md,kh flfrks' ix>r;akh wfma WmfoaYlfhda jQy' .ka .ug m%foaYfhka
m%foaYhg ld,fhka ld,hg ix>hd fjkia jqjo ta wdh uyd ix>r;akhu h' ld,hg
foaYhg ixialD;shg idfmalaIj fjkia jqjo Ouho ix>hdo iuia: iudchu msjid th
wdrlaId l,y' fuh wfma iudcfha uq,sl ,laIKhls' tla ;eklg myr wmj jeh
fkdyelafla tneks'

mG wd N+; rEmo iuia:h msjid mj;sk w;r wjia:dkqrEmj kslaIkfha iajdNdj wkqj
kslaIlhdg ;u ;;a;ajh" .=Kh m%lg lr fmkajhs' c,h u;=msg h h oE mdf tys
mG .=Kh m%Odk fjhs' c,h w,a,d neg tys f;afcda .=Kh m%lg fjhs' mDIaGsl wd;;sh
c,fha weoS hdf tk wdfmda .=Kfha m%;sM,hls' c,hg yels<S isrS keu yevhla .;
yelafla tys we;s jdfhda .=Kh fya;=fjkehs is;'
fuu y%h ;=< bhg hdug k ngysrhka wmjgd boslr we;s isud udhs | fy,sh hq;=h'
mod:h >k j jdhq f,i fnod Yaf,IKh lsu ;jrg;a j,x.= fkdf' c,h jhla
jkafka iuyr ^.,dhk g mDIaGsl wd;;sh fmkajk g& wjia:d j, muks' hula ta u;
mdlrk g >khla fuka th mG .=K fmkajhs' gl .skaor fuka f;afcda .==K m%lg lrhs'
c,h ;=<ska wdf,dalh .uka lrk g th j;kh fjhs' iuyrg ta isu c,fhys we;s
wdfmda ^weoShdf& .=Kh iu. in|;djla olajkjd h yelsh'
fuu .=Khka tldldrj .ska .gu fkdmj;shs' WodyrKhla f,i c,h r;a lrk g tys
f;afcda .=Kho jdfhda .=Kho W;aikak f' wdmamhla mqpk g tys wdfmda .=Kh wvq hhs'
mG .=Kh W;aikak f' kuq;a th tfia jQfha wehs@ wdfmda .=Kh wvq f m%udkh iy
mG .=Kh je f m%udkh ii|kafka flfiao wd oyil=;a m%Yak mek ke.sh yelsh' tajd
fuu woyia j, jOkh;a iu. ishqj .%yl,hq;= lreKq f'
fuu N+;d: Yla;s ixia;s; kshuh wkq.ukh fkdlrhs' isf;ys ^kdu& n,mEfuka fuu N+;
rEm ysf' ;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=j tjekakls' tmrsu rEm fya;=fjka kduo ysf' kuq;a

Page 4 of 13

fuh ialkOh yd Yla;sh (E=mc2 ) iu. mg,jd fkd.; hq;=h' flfia jqjo ialkaOh Yla;sh
jeks rjfndaO ixl,am j,ska wE;a ug fuu fhu hym;a wdrNhla fhehs uu is;'

2 fldgi
yevh fjkialr .ekSu (Deformation) j iy jdhqj, .=Khls' ngysr fN!;sl oHdjg wkqj
tfia yevh fjkialr .ekSug fya;= jkafka ndysr n,hls' kuq;a wmf.a wOHhkhka ys fuu
ndysr n,h hkak tf,iska fhdod.;h fkdyelsh' wdfmda f;afcda jdfhda .=K l;d lrk
wjia:dj, ndysr n,h hkako tu Od;= rEmhkays l%shdld;ajfha m%;s:,hla njg m;af' h
ia:dkhl wdfmda f;afcda jdfhda .=K ksudKh lsug fya;= jkafkao tjeksu jQ Od;= rEmhla
^fyda kdu Ouhla& i wfklla fkdf' tneka ndysr n,h hkakg ;jrg;a bvla ke;'
ngysr fN!;sl oHdf j fyda jdhq j,g ;ksj mej;Sf yelshdjla (Self Supported)
fkdue;s njo yevh mj;ajd .ekSug >khla whYH njo olajhs' kuq;a ud is;k whqre mG
wdfmda f;afcda jdfhda hk N+; rEm y;rgu ;ksj mej;Sf yelshdjla ke;' tajd wfkla N+;
rEm wdOdrfhka wfklaajd we;sgu mukla m%lg f'
jHdlD;s n,h ^Shearing Force& hgf;a fjkia jk ^Deform& hula ;r,hla ^Fluid& f,i
w: oelaf' fuh ;jrg;a idlpdPd l,hq;= jeo.;a woyils' wm l;dlrkka iskafka
>kho jho jdhq ms<sn|jo hkak ta u; fhfok Shearing Force ^jHdlD;s n,h& ys m%udKh
u; ;SrKh f' kuq;a wmg wkqj jHdlD;s n,h hkako Od;= rEmj,u m%;sM,hls' f;afcda
.=Khg fuys fYaI ;ek;la yf' h wjia:djl wmg mG .=Kh wNsnjd wdfmda .=Kho
wdfmda .=Kh wNsnjd jdfhda .=Kho m%lg lsrSu meyeos<s l< yels mrsos jHdlD;s n,h hk
ixl,amh fhdod.; yelsk f ;=ku wNsnjd f;afcda .=Kh m%lhg uo meye,s l,yels
m tu jHdlD;s n,h ixl,amh jOkh l, yelsh' hdka;s%l oHdjg ;dm .;slh
inkaO lsrSu ngysr fN!;sl oHdfjys wNsfhda.hls' wm f ;kd .ekSug ;;kk
jHdlD;s n,h oekg f;arehk wdldrhg b;d ;o n, f,ig mq.,noaO njo tla whl=g
mG f,i fmfkk hulaa ;j;a wfhl=g jdfhda f,i fmksh yels njo lsj hq;=h' wm wm
;=< we;s ;DIakdj woHdj ta Tiafia lr,shg mefka' kuq;a fmd oekqula ksudKfha
mqoa., noaO nka h ;dla rg ria hhq;=jdla fukau wmf.a uq,a fkdis| .ekSugo j. n,d
.; hq;=h'
ngysr fN!;sl oHdf ;jrg;a mjikqfha ksi,;df mj;sk jhl jHdlD;s n,hla l%shd
fkdlrk w;r ish n, th ls%hd lrk ;,hg ,nl jk njhs' ^If a fluid is at rest, there
can be no Shearing force acting and therefore all forces in the fluid must be perpeadiclar
to the planes upon which they act.&
ka fmkSs hkafka ngysr fN!;sl oHd;aul w: oelau wkqj jHdlD;s n,h fkdue;sj
wp,j we;s jo mej;sh yels njhs' kuq;a ta ks.ukh ug t;r reiaikafka ke;' kEu
;;a;ajhla hgf;a mej;sh yels ksrfmalaI ;r, ^absolute fluid& ms<sno Yajdihla ug ke;'
wfkla w;g wmf.a .%yh wkqj ^by; olajd we;s m& jHdlD;s n,h hkq h Od;=jla m%lg
ug n,mdk fya;=jhs' tneka ^fluid& ;r, k fjkia ^diform& h hq;=h' ksi,j mj;sk
th mG h hq;=h'

fuh jeo.;a t<Uquls' .,d hk fohlg wfmda hhs lsj yels w;r ^oekg lsj yels m
msfnk hula jdfhda& .,dhk kEu fohla lIKsl ksi,;df mj;sk neka lIKsl
Page 5 of 13

ksi,;df th mG f,i .; yelsh' ^fuu m%ldYh lrkqfha mG f;afcda jdfhda hk Od;=

rEm ;=k flfrys fjka fjka jYfhka je ;elsula fkdlr fukau .,dhEu wdfmda .=Kh
f,io i,lks& fuu m%ldYhg wNsOufhka o h msn,hla ,efn;ehs is;' mG wd
wfkla N+; rEm ;=kg jvd fjkia wdldrhg wdfmda .=Kh ms<snoj tys .%y f' mG wdh
lIKsl ;a;CIK ugf oel .;yels .=K jqjo wdfmda .=Kh tfia wmg kslaIKh l<
fkdyelsh' wdfmda .=Kh h ld,dka;rhla ;=< lrk kslaIKhl ^.,d hdul& m%;sM,hls'

3 fldgi
;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=j uf.a isyshg kef.a' ;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=j .ek wid we;suq;a
;a;c f;afcda fyda mG rEm Od;=ka .ek uu wid ke;af;' th tmosu fk tys
jkdlu b;d wlh' ;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=j hkq tl w;lska Yla;shls' wm w;la tiug
is;k g th isjkafka ;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=f ls%hdldrs;ajh fya;=fjks' cjh imhkafka
thhs' wmg Yla;sh wjeis ;eka j, jdfhda rEm Od;=j th bgq lrhs' tfiak Yla;sh hkq
jdfhda rEm Od;=jo@ h mOd;hl we;s jdfhda rEm Od;=j tys .e we;s ^tys ksudKh l<
yels& Yla;sfhka .uH fo@ Yla;sh uekSfuka tu jdfhda rEm Od;=j ms<sno ula ,efo@
E=mc2 hkak udf.aa isyshg kef.a' th wkd.ekSula fkdfoehs flfkl=g m%Yak l< yelsh'
jdfhda Od;=j Yla;shg iu l< yelso@ tfia iu l<o th E=mc2 iu inkaO l< yelso@
hul= mjik ;a; ;rx. jekakla yd fuys we;s fjki l=ulao@ fuu ish fpkj, h
ifya;=l njla we;ehs uu oks' kuq;a jdfhda Od;=j hkq Yla;sh fkdfhehs tlfy,d lsj
fkdyel' wvqu ;rka jdfhda Od;=f tla .;s ,CIKhla wmg Yla;sh f,iska ykd.;
yelshehs uu is;' Od;+ka tlg weo ne| ;nd.; yels iajNdjfhka hq;=hehs wNsOufha
i|ykajk tu .=Kh E=mc2 iu iei|Sug uu woyia lr' kuq;a wNsOuhg mgyeka
fkdjk whqrska E, m, c2wdoshg kj w:l;k oSug W;aidy lr'
fuys m hkq ialkaOhhs' nr hkq mG .;shls' nr iy ialkaOh w;r lsgq inkaOhla
we;ehs ksfgdakshdkq hdka;%lh bf.k .eksfoS udf.a is;g ldjeoS we;' th flf;la rg
is;a .kakd iqo ^ms<s.; yelso& hkak ;j rg;a uish hq;=j we;' ialkaOh hkq l=ulao@
wm iska tjka rdYshla mekjqjfyd;a tu rdYsfha iSud udhs rej .=K ljfo@ h jia;=jl
ialkaOh hehs fkdo;a fkdykk bkaShf.dapr fkdjk rdYshla mj;S hehs .ekSu fld;r
rg idOdrko@
fuh jeo.;a wjia:djls' tf,iska .;fyd;a ialkaOh hkq jHqla; ixl,amls' tu jHqla;
ixl,amh mokf ;nd wmg t;ekska wer ta jgd lefrflka nr" Yla;sh" WIaaK;ajh jeks
oEg h w:hla h yelsh'
F=mg
E= mc2
Q= ms

fuys F ^nr& hkak mG Od;=j hkqfjkao" E hkak jdfhda Od;=j hkqfjkao" Q hkak f;afcda
Od;=j hkqfjkao kslhug fuka is;d ne,Sug uu woyia lr' tg mG Od;=j ^nr& g u;o
jdfhda ^E& Od;=j c2 u;o f;afcda Od;=j s u;o fjkia f' kuq;a fuysoS mG Od;=j nr
hkakg mukla W!Kkh lsrSula woyia fkdlr' nr hkak mG Od;=f tla iajrEmhla
^.=Khla& muklaa h yelsh' wfkla Od;=rEm inkaO ;;a;ajho tfiauh'
Page 6 of 13

fu ys F ys fjkia ug n,mdk g hkak ms,sn|j ngysr fN!;sl oHdf i|yka jkafka

l=ulaoehs oek .ekSug idfmalaI;d jdoh ;j rg;a yeoEh hq;=h' flfia fj;;a mG Od;=j
inkaOfhka .;a g m hkq ksh; g mj;ajd .; yels ;ekl ialkaOhhs' fuys ;ek hkak
bnd.d;fha fhdod.;a jpkhls' ;eklaa l:d l, yelso@ wia;sl rduqjlska msg ;ekla .ek
ixl,amhla mj;So hkak mjd h<s h<s;a .%ylr ne,sh hq;=h'
g=1 g f=m f' ta mG inkaOfhks' fuys g ksh; jk wjia:djla ms<snoj i,ld we;af;a
tfia fkdue;sj mG ^nr& iy m w;r inkaOhla f.dvke.sh fkdyels neks'
^ilrKhg wdfoaY l< fkdyels neks& g ksh; jk wjia:djla ^wd;au& ie,lsug fya;=j m
hkak ksudKh l< yelafla tg mukla neks' m, ;ek hk tajd ;jrg;a rjfndaO
ia;r fkdl< ;kd.;a ixl,am f' ;ekla we; hehs .eksuo m we; hehs .eksuo woHdj
f'
tmou c2 ksh; jk wjia:djla i,ld jdfhda ^E& inkaOfhka m w: oelah yelsh'
^f;afcda& inkaOfhkao tfiauh' tg fuu wdldr ;=fkau i,lk m tlu jk wjia:df
tk g, c2, s tlu wjia:djl ksh;j mj;sk ;ekl mG" jdfhda" f;afcda ^F,E,Q&
Od;=kaf.ka ksmka ialkaOhla ^m& mj;S hehs .; yelsh' wfma .%yh ;=, mod:h hkq th
h yelsh'
fuu .%h uolg kj;d Bg msgqmiska we;s ka;kh iy oYKh uid ne,sh hq;=hhs is;'
uq,skau wms jHqla; m f.ka mgka .;suq' th wuq wuqf ngysr fN!;sl oHdfjka Wmqgd.;a
ixl,amhls' kuq;a wfma oeka m ;jrg;a tu mrK m fkdf' th g, c2, s ksh; jk g
muKla mekh yels ixl,amhls' fuys mekh yels f,i ioyka l<o mekh hq;af;a
l=ulgo hkak mjid ke;' g fmr wjia:d j, ;ek hk jpkh ta inkaOfhka fhdod
we;' kuq;a tfia l=ula u;g mkjkafkao hkak ^tu foh& ms<sno ;j;a ixl,amhla wjYHh
hhs uu fkdis;' ukao tg th ;j;a wd;aujd jk neks' th Nhdklh' ukao tg
iefok ixl,amh m go tyd .sh mG" jdfhda" f;dafcda u.ska .%y l< fkdyels tjdgo
uQ,sl ixl,amhls' tneka wfma uq,au ixl,amh m f,i .ksuq' tg th Od;= rEm iSudfjkaa
msg;g fkdhhs' mG" wdfmda" f;dafcda" jdfhda mj;Shehs .;a woHdj fya;=fjka wms m hkq
ixl,amh ^ixialdrh& ;kd.;suq'
wNsOufha ioyka jkafka ;ks rEmhla mukla fkdmj;sk njls' ta wkqj ;ks mG hkqfjka
fyda ;ks f;afcda hkqfjka fyda ixl,am ;eksh fkdyels hehs uu is;' tfia ixl,amhla
;ekqj fyd;a th Od;= rEm j, .;s ,laIK iSudfjka Tng .sh wuq jHqla; ix,amhla njg
m;af' tneka fuu f,dalfha ls%hdj,sh fyj;a ixidrh ;=, woHdj fya;=fjka wfma is;g
f.dpr jk uQ,slu wd;au jd ixl,amh ^rEm inkaOfhka& m hkak f' th ialkaOh
^rEmh& hkqfjka f wjia:df igyka lruq' fuh uuxldrh fya;=fjka my< jk
wd;auhhs'
wks;H u; yska f ixl,am ksudKh l, fkdyelsh' m ;kd .ekSug g, c2, s ksh;
f,i .ekSug ish' jrola ke;' wm ixidrfha .uka lrkafka g, c2, s ksh; f,i f.k
m ^rEmh& ;kd .;a neks' tneka th wfma lug wkql+, f'
Page 7 of 13

g, c2, s j<ska tlla fyda folla ksh; fkdjk g tu ksh; ke;s rdYSkag ^Od;+kag& m w:
fkdoelaf hhs .ksuq' ^uu tfia .kafka jer is;dn,d fkdfjk nj wjOdrKh l< hq;=h&
tg we;sjk ;;a;ajh wdldr follg ia;r l< yelsh'
^1& tg mj;skafka ^is;g oefkk f,i& ksh;j we;s Od;= rEm muks' tg th ;ks Od;=jls'
wNsOuhg wkqj tjka Od;= rEmhla ke;' tneka th ish fkdyelalls' mG Od;=fjka
f;drj jdfhda O;=j fkdmj;sk neka by; ilrK j,g wkqrEm ngysr fN!;sl
oHd;aul w: ie,lSfuka wmg lsj yelafla ialkaOfhka f;drj Yla;sh muKla ^h
;ekl - hul& fkdmej;sh yels njhs' tk ialkaOh uq ukskau Yla;sh njg mj:kh
l< fkdyelsh' ^tneka ngysr fN!;sl oHd;aul w:fhka E=mc2 ^ialkaOh uqukskau
Ya;shla njg mj:kh lsu l< fkdyelalls&'
^2& fuh Bkshd WKkh lsulao@ mG" f;afcda" jdfhda u.ska m ieoSu W!kkh lsulao@
ke;' th W!kkhla fkdf' wfma ixialD;sh ;=< wfma .;shg .e,fmk f,i wfma
fudavlu ksid we;slr.;a m hk ixl,amh ^rEmh hk ixl,amh& mG ^F& f;dafcda (Q)
jdfhda (E) iu. ixhq;a; pl%Shj .eksuls fuys is lr we;af;a' tu ixhq;a; plS%h inkaOh
my; m olajuq'

F
E
Q

m
fuysoS F,E,Q ys ixhqla;h
i,ld fkdue;s neka ksjeros
fkdf'

ksjeros rEmh

tg m ;=< F fyda E fyda Q fyda fjk fjku fkdfmkaj;shs' kuq;a ta ;=ku mj;S' m hkq
tu ;=fka tl;=jla fkdf' tu ;=fka ixhqla;hls'
wm fu;=jla f,d wdfmda Od;=j ms<snoj l;d fkdl, nj Tng u;l we;ehs is;' fuu
.%yh ;=< wdfmda Od;=jg l=ula o@ wNsOufha ffia ioykaf' mG Od;=j is hd fkd
tlg lelr ;nk iajdNdjh wdfmda Od;=jhs' tfia k F, E, Q ;=fka ixhq;sh nkaOkh
wdfmda Od;=jo@ wfma we;a;kaa ixhqla; nkaOkh rEm.; lr wdfmda Od;=j ;kd weoao@ th
tfiak F, E, Q ixhq;a;j ne|S m iE we;ehs hkak mG" wdfmda" f;dafcda" jdfhda hk
iruyd N+; remhkaf.ka rEmh iE we;ehs hkakg iudk f'
ta wkqj fmks hkafka F, E, Q, Ct ^Concrete- ixhq;a;& u.ska m ieu wfma ka;khg tl
njhs'

Page 8 of 13

oeka wms luh foig yefruq' by; ioyka lr we;s mos ;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=j .ek wid
we;suq;a wm ;a;ka f;afcda rEm Od;=j .ek wid ke;' g, c2, s ieliS we;af;a
fudkjdhskao@ ;a;c jdfhda rEm Od;=j i,lk g c2 ^jdfhda Od;=jg wod,j& ;=< kdu
Ouhkaf.a n,mEu h idOlhla f,i wka; .; ;sh hq;=h' wfkla w;g th lufha
n,mEugo R;= wdydr wdfha n,mEugo f ish,af,ys iy tys ixhqla;fha n,mEugo
,laf' iuyr g c2 ys ;a; iOlh wfkla tajdfhag jvd jeh yelsh' OHdk jefuka g,
c2, s ys we;s f kdu fldgi je l, yelshehs is;'
oeka meKkk.sk nrm;, m%Yakh fuhhs' g, c2, s f,i ykajd .; yelafla fudkjdo@ g
fyda c2 fyda s j,g n,mdk ish idOl ykd.kafka flfiao@

WodyrKhla f,i nr hkak wmg oekSug .=re;ajdlYkh" jdhq m%;sfrdaOh" isf;a iajNdjh"
Yrfha iajNdjh" nr ord we;s fmr mqreoao wdh n,mdhs' tg g f ish,a,gu wod, jk
m iQ;% .; lrkafka flfiao@
kuq;a nr oekSf wjidk m%;sM,h f,i bka is;=,a,la my, f' nr oekSfuka isjk
fjk fi;la ke;' ^nr oekSu fya;=fjka fjk;aa wjia:djl iS;, fyda ieye,a nj
jekakla oekSugo ta fya;=fjka rEmh fjkia we;snj oekSugo bv we;' ta ms<sn|j miqj
idlPd lruq& nr oekSf tk mG Od;=f ^wfkla Od;= rEmo tfiauh& iu;alu k
fujka is;=,a,la my< lsf yelshdjhs' kuq;a f is;=,a, my, ug fmr Ndjdx. p,k
wjia:df isg isjk is m%udKh;a we;' tajd m ys tk wm iska N+; rEm 4 ysu
ixhq;h f,i ;kd.;a rEmfha meje;lau ms,sn| idlaIshls'
tu mj;sk m ys F fyda E fyda Q fyda jKh .kaOh jeks fjkhula fyda jrlg tl ne.ska
is;g f.dapr ^wm w;ska ksudKh& f' ta i|yd g fyda c2 fyda s fyda jK wd fkla
rEmhkag wod, ksh;hla fyda mej;Sug wjYH jk idOl w;=frka tu wjia:df
^;a;laIKfha& jvd m%lg jk idOdlh n,mdkq we;ehs is;sh yelsh' th .=re;ajdlIKh
lu f.h wd kEu hula h yelsh' l=ul;a jqj;aa ta wjidkfha woHdju nj igyka
l< hq;=u f'
fu;=jla l:dl, F, E, Q f.dapr jkafka iug mukla neka fkdi,ld isho jKh wdh
i,lk g bkash idOlho i,ld ne,sh hq;a;la f,i ksh; ;=,g ^g jeks & wka;.; h
hq;=h' m f ish,a,gu fmdjk m w: oelafjkafkla h hq;=h'
fuu .%yfha jrola we;sh yels ;eklak jdfhda hkak Yla;sh f,i i,ld E= mc2
wEod.ekSuhs' th y jqjo jer jqjo udf.a wruqK th tf,iska f.k yels;dla r .uka
lsuhs' E o jdfhda o wfma ksudK mukls' ;jo fufia .;ag ngysr fN!;sl oHdf
fndfyda fCIaia;% tlg inkaO f' E, F, Q iy Ct w;r inkaOh ljrdldr h yelso@

;r,.;s oHdj" lajkag fN!;slh" ;dm .;slh" ksjqfgdaksh hdka;%slh iy idfmalaI;d

jdoh u.ska mukla fjd .%y l, yelso@ yelsk ta fldmuk rgo@ fld;r r .sh;a
luho ta m iu.u ixhqla; wdldrfha inkaO ;su wksjdhh nj muKla ne
ne,augu lsj yelsh'

Page 9 of 13

4 fldgi
fuh ;j;a f,ilska fufiao ia;r l< yelsh' fmr mfofha lrk ,o idlPdf
m%;sM,hla f,i wm meye,s lr.;af;a wdfmda Od;=j hkq ixiaf,aYkfha- mG" f;afcda"
jdfhda Od;=j,g ishd fkd tajd tlg ne| iia;hlf,i mj;ajd.ekSf .=Kh njhs'
wdfmda Od;=j wmg w;a oelsh fkdyelsh' kuq;a th we;sg muKlau wfkla Od;+ka m%lg
fmfka' ;j;a f,ilska lsjfyd;a wdfmda hkq fjkaiaug reoaO n,hls' ^Od;= rEm n,hka
Yla;Ska f,i ie,lSug wNsOufhka fld;r msgq n,hla imhkafkao hkak fidhd ne,sh
hq;=h&'
h rEhla we;ehs hk oDIah wm ,nd .kafka ks;H;dj ^wd;au& msysg fldg .kska wOHdj
;=< yskah' rEmh ysjQfha mG, jdfhda, f;afcda Od;+ka iuia:hla f,i f.k ixiaf,aIKh
lsfuka fyj;a mG wdfmda f;afcda jdfhda Od;+ka ys ixl,kfhks' Od;=rEm ixiaf,aIKfhka
.kafkau wks;H;dj msgq olsks' tneka tfia wks;H;dj msgq olska ;ekQ wdfmda Od;=j
fjkia ug tfrysj l%shd;aul u fya;= iys;hehs uu is;'
;jo f .%yh iu is;kg ug yeShkafka h rEmhl wdfmda Od;=j fjkia fkd
mj;ajd.; yelsk tu rEmho fjia fkd mj;ajd .; yelsnjhs' hul fjkia u wju
lsu i|yd wm iska islrkq ,nk wNHka;r yd ndysr l%shd ^kdurEm folgu wh;ajk
m& wfmda Od;=j mj;ajd.ekSug islrkq ,nk l%shd oehs fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' wdfmda lisk
f;afcda lisk wd Ndjkdjka ms<sn|j;a ta jdjefuka ,efnk m%;sM, wdh ms,sn|j;a fidhd
ne,Su fuu .%yh bhg f.k hdu inkaOfhka jeo.;a f hhs is;'
flia jqjo f wkqj wdfmda Od;=j uek .ekSug ^th we;s nj iy we;s m%udKh oek .ekSug&
fyj;a rEmhl wdfmda Od;=j ksudKh lsug ^rEmh;a" Yrh;a" {dKh;a tla wdfmda
Od;=j ksudKh u oek.ekSug& Bg m%;sreoaO n,hla fhdod .ekSf yelshdj we;ehs is;'
WodyrKhla f,i jhl oDiaY%d;dj ^Viscosity& hkq th fjkia ^deform& ug m%;sreoaOj
mj;sk fohls' hul oDiaY%d;dj jek tys .,dhEf iajNdjh fyj;a wdfmda Od;=j
wvqhehs ie,lsh yelsh'

Shear Stress, =
u

Hear u-velocity of a particle

y- distance from the plane at rest

x
y

Plane at rest

Shear Strain, =

Rate of shear strain = (/) 1/

But ; =

= /

;
Page 10 of 13

by; ilrKfha = / iy = / f,i .ekSfuka = 0 oS g w:hla

fkd,efnk nj fmkS hhs' by;oS ud mejiSug W;aidy lf<a wdfmda Od;=j CIKud;% ld,hla
;=< w;aoelsh fkdyels njhs' tfiak wfmda Od;=jg m%;sreoaO oDiaY%d;djo CIKud;%
ld,hla ;=< fkdmej;sh hq;=h' = 0 oS g w:hla fkd,efuka wdfmda Od;=j laIK ud;%
jYfhka fkdmj;sk nj;a th ld,hla ;=, islrK iujdhl -kslaIKhl m%;sM,hla nj;a
tneka wdfmda Od;=j w;a oelsh fkdyels nj;a meye,s f' ^p;=iafldl kHdh wkqj t=o
g w.hla ,nd .; yelso hkak fjkuu i,ld ne,sh hq;=h&

f wkqj oDiaY%d;dj, m%;sfrdaOh ^resistance&, mdr.uH;dj ^permeability&, wdh .ek

wOHhkh l, hq;=j we;' f rdYSka uek .ekSfuka wdfmda Od;=j ms<sn|j h ;dla rg .sh
ula ,nd .;yels fj;ehs is;' tfia jqjo fuys i|yka wfkla rdYSka oDiaY%d;dj fuka
wdfmda Od;=j iu iDcq in|;djla fkdoelauo ie,lsh hq;=h' h jhl oDiaY%d;dj
uekSfuka ta yd inkaO wdfmda Od;=j uek .; yelshhs .;suq' tg tys m%;sfrdaOh u.ska
mdr.uH;dj u.ska wdos jYfhka O w.hka wdfmda Od;=j inkaOfhka ,ef' wNsOuh
;=< wdfmda Od;=fjys O m%fNao olajd we;aoehs fidhd ne,sh hq;=f'
flfia fj;;a wm iska wjOdrkfhka isys ;nd .; hq;= lreKla jkafka kslaIlhd;a
jia;=j;a kslaIKh;a hk ;=fkys tl;=fjka mukla hulg f .=Khla ,efnk njhs'
WodyrKhla f,i wei;a rEmh;a plaLq x{dkh;a hk ;=fka tl;=fjka mukla fmkSu
hkak ksudKh f' wm uek .ekSu isl, hq;af;a ta ms,snoj wjfndaOfhks' h wjia;djl
oDiaY%d;dj hkak ys jQfha h m%f.hlska p,kh jkakl=;a th ukskakd;a th uekSu;a
hk lreKq 3 fya;=fjka i Bg fmr fyda miq tjkaa oDiaY%d;djhla ke;' kuq;a wdfmda Od;=j
wmg kslaIKh l, yelalla fkdf' mG f;afcda jdfhda fuka th w;a oelsh fkdyelsh'
ukao th ixiaf,aYkfha m%;sM,hls' tk ia;sl fkdjQjls' ld,dka;rhla ;=, ksklaIKh
lsfuka ,efnk iuia;h ms,sn| rEmhls' tneka h fudfyd;l mj;sk wdfmda Od;=jla
.ek l:dl, fkdyelsh'
m hkak ms<sn|j kej; jrla wjOdkh fhduql, hq;=h' F=mg fyda E = mc2 fyda Q =ms
fyda ;kd.; yelafla g, c2, s ksh; f,i .ekSfuka nj;a ke;sk m g w:hla
fkd,efnk nj;a g fmr i|yka lr we;' th ;j;a meye,s l, fyd;a ^wfma m%jdo 2
lD;shg wkqj& E=mc2 ;kd .ekkSug E ia;sl hhq;=h' tk E fjkia fkdh hq;=h'
ke;sk th uek.; fkdyelsh' tk th kslaIKh l, fkdyelsh' h rEmhla ^m& .ek
l;dl, yelafla th ial" ksh;j mj;sk" uek.; yels f,i .ekSfuks' t=o go fjd ^F,
E, Q& uek.; yelsh' ukao tajd ia:s;sl neks' kuq;a t =o g wdfmda uek.; fkdyelsh'
ukao kslaIKh lrk t =o wjia:df biau;= mj;skafka uek.s; yels F fyda E fyda Q
jk neks'
tfiak wdfmda Od;=j yd inkaO rEmhla .ek l:d l, yelso@ mG Od;=j mj;a jd.ekSug
^ishd fkd& tla wdfmda Od;=jl=;a f;afcda Od;=j mj;a jd.ekSug ;j;a wdfmda Od;=jl=;a
wdoS f,i Wjukdh' rEmh hkq fuu F,E,Q hk Od;= rEm 3 ysu iujdhhs'
mE

mF

mct = rEmh ^M&

mQ
Page 11 of 13

rEmh hkq wm iska .%ykh lr.kakd ,oaols' tfia .%ykh lr.kakd ,oao mj;skakla f,io
ish Od;+kays tl;=fjka iEkq mqxchla ^ksYa; rEmhla& f,io wms ysuq' ta wkqj tys Od;=
rEm 3 u mj;ajd.; yelsjk mos wfmda Od;=j ta mqrdu mj;S'
tneka"
= =
ksrEmkh lrhs'

f<i ie,lsh yelsh' fuys

uska ixhqla; nkaOkh

kuq;a f m%Yakld ;%hls' tla wjiaa:djl m%lg jkafka tla Od;=jla muKla neka' t=o
wjiajdjg f ;%h wod, fkdf' tk t=o wjia:df F, E, Q, CT ish,a, iys; rEmhla
fkdmj;S' mej;sh yelafla F fyda E fyda Q muks' kuq;a wNsOuh wkqj rEmhla ;a;laIK
54 la mqrd mj;skafka f m%YaKhg iula fokehs is;' tg by; ;%h we| we;af;a
;a;laIK 54 l ld,hl meje;aula i,lks' tg ;a;laIK 54 ;=< rEmhla ^M& by;
inkaOh wkq.ukh lrkafkahehs .; hyelsh'
by;ska kudKh lrk ,o rEmh ms<sno wdlD;shg wkqj h rEmhl ^iuia: rEmhl-M&
mG ^F& jdfhda ^E& iy f;dafcda (Q) hk .=K ;=ko wdfmda ^Ct& o wka;.; f' t mukla
fkdj fuu .%yhg ;ju inkaO lrf.k ke;s jKh .kaOh rih wdhg inkaO
ialkaOhlaao ^m& fuu rEmh ;=< wk;.; f' ^fuu wka.; we; hkak yq tl;=jla
f,i fkdj ixhq;hla f,i ie,lsh hq;=h& ialkaOh Yla;sh njg mj:kh lrk mrudKq
fndan msmsru jeks wjia:dj, fuu uq ialkaOhu jdfhda ^Yla;sh& njg mj:kh
jkafka hehs is;sh fkdyelsh' tjka wjia:dl Yla;sh f,iska m%lgh jkafka jdfhda Od;=jg
wdod, ialkaOh ^mE& muKs'
oekg ngysr fN!;sl oHdj ;=< islr we;s mfhaIK wkqj mrudkq fndanhl ^neuclear
fusion& Wmu ldhlaIu;dj ^efficiency& 40% nj jd:d we;' th by; ioyka lr we;s
woyi iuy h .e,msula we;' kuq;a fuys is;d ne,sh hq;= lrekq rdYshla fjhs'

mrudkq LKavk ldhh ioyd Ndckh lrk ialkaOh uek .kafka flfiao hkak uQ,slu
mekhls' uek.;a wdldrhg wkqj tu ,efnk w.h mF, mE, mQ fyda mct fyda ta lsysmhl
ftlHhla h yelsh' tmu fuu mlaIKh i|yd Ndckh lrk ialkaOh ;=< rEm l,dm
fldmuk wka; .; jkafkao hkako jeo.;a m%Yakhls' wNsOufha i|yka l=vdu rEm
l,dmh wIaGl l,dmhhs' tys mG" wdmda" f;afcda" jdfhda" jK" .KaO" ri" cd wvx.= f'
Nd;d lrK rEm l,dm wkqj ta ;=< wka;.; jk mE ys ixhq;sh fjkiaf' fuu lreKq
b;d ksjerj .%y lr.;a miq by; 40% hkkakg h ksYa; meye,s lsula l<
yelshehs uu is;' tmukla fkdj by; olajk o, ialkaOhkaf.a ixhq;sh ^ & hkak tu
iakaOhkaf.a fftlHh ^+& hkakg iudk jkafkao jeks .eg i|yd io ta T;afia uid
ne,sh yelsh'
wNsOuhg wkqj rem l,dmhla ,laIK 4 lska hqla; f' bka tlg bmuh tlg ksreoaO
uh mG Od;=j wd jQ tla jia;=jla ksYaph lr.ekSuh hkqfjka we;s ,laIK 3 wjOdkhg
fhduq lr' ta wkqj wmg lsj yelafla rEm l,dmhl we;s mE, mF, mQ wd ialkaOhkag
;a;laIK 54 l wdhqIhla mj;sk njhs' tfukau tu rEm l,dmh jdfhda Od;=j ksY%phfldg
my< k E = mEc2wkqj tu.ska Yla;sh m%lg lrhs' ta wkqj mrudkq fndnhl tu
l%shdj,sh ;a;lIK fldmuK m%udKhla mqrd mj;so hkak iy jdfhda Od;=j ksY%h fldg
Wmka rEm l,dmhka fldmuK m%udKhla mlaIKhg Ndckh lrkafkao hkako jeo.;a f'
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jdfhda Od;=j ksY%h fldg Wmk rEm l,dm m%udkh je lsu fuu l%shdj,sfha jeo.;aa f'
iuyrg th W;afm%arlj, n,meu u.ska isfjkafkaoehs fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' wfkla w;g
Wmka rEm l,dmhla ;a;laOK 54 mqrd wksjdfhkau ksh;j mj;sk neka mrudkq
fndanh isjk ld,h ;a;laIK 54 ys .Ks;hla f,iska ^54 108 '''''& m%ldY l< yels h
hq;=h'
rEm l,dmhla inkaofhka wNsOufhka ia;r lrk isjk ,laIKh k th plaIqrd
tla jia;=jla yd mej;S we;s njhs' tk bka isl, yelafla tla ldhhla muks' ^isl,yels
uq ldhhka m%udkh 5 ls' mrudKq fndanhl Wmk rEm ,ldmh fuu ldhhka 5 ka
kEu tlla isl, yelsh' wm Yla;sh ukskq ,nk WmlrKfha h .=Khla fjkia lsu
fuu ldhfhka 5 u fyda lsysmhl tl;=fjka islrkakla h yelsh' ta wkqj wm ukskq
,nk Yla;sh hkak E= mEc2 ys E hkafkka fjkia jQ ixlSK fohka njg m;af&
tfukau O rEm l,dm O wjia:dj, bm mlaIKhg Ndckh h yelsh' tho fjku
.%y lr ne,sh hq;=;a;ls' flafia jqjo wIaGl rEm l,dmhla jdfhda Od;=j ksY%h fldg f.k
bm ;a;laIK 54 g miq ke;s hk f;la ld,h ;=,oS Yla;sh uksk Wmlrkfha h
Okkd;aul fjkila islsug ork jEhula ^tjka jehula oeug h Nd;djhla& mj;S

t,Uqqula f,i f*dafgdakhl ^Yla;s melegqjl& Yla;s fjkila islsug h rEm l,dmhla
ork jEhu ms<sn| m%ldYhla f.dv ke.su W;aiy l<yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i fmdafgdakhla
ys lsug h ;a;laIK 54ls .=Ks; ^n& m%udKhla jqjukdh' mrudkq fndan ls%hdjg
iyNd.sjk tla rEm l,dmhla pCLq bkash yd mej;S we;sjk nj A o fida; yd mej;s
we;s nj B o wdf,i bkash 5 g wod,j A,B,C,D,E f,i .ksuq' tmosu WmlrKfha
f*dafgdakhl Yla;s fjkila oelaug fuu rEm l,dm my A,B,C,D,E hk wkq ms<sj,ska
fm<.eiah hq;=hhs o .ksuq' ^fuh WodyrKhla muks& fuh fufia fkd AB f,i
;sfuka fyda ACD f,i ;sfuka fyda AABACE wd kEu wdldrhla h yelsh' oekg th
wm fkdoksuq'
tg WmlrKfha ixf;ajh yd rEm l,dmh ysjk wdldrh wkqj A,B,C,D,E hk wkq
ms<sfj,ska rEm l,dm .%yKh lr.;a jydu WmlrKh f*dafgdakhl Yla;s fjkila .Kkh
lrhs' ta wkqj h ksYa; Yla;s m%udKhla .Kkh lsug .;jk ld,h wmg ksYa;j
m%ldY l< fkdyelsh' Bg h iNd;djla mj;S' lu" ;a;" R;=" wdydr hk m%;Hhkaf.a
n,mEuo by; olajk ,o O jQ wdldr wjia:d ixlSK;d iels,a,g .ksuka tu
iNd;dj .Kkh l, yelshehs uu is;'
fuu biau;= jQ Yla;sh yd ld,h w;r wksYaph;dj wksYap;d uQ,Ouh yd inkaO jkafka
oehs fidhd ne,Sug uu leue;af;' by; olajk ,o 40% hkako fhdod .kska id:l
m%ldYhla f.dv ke.sh yelsh hkak udf.a Yajdihhs'
bks,a m%ikak

Page 13 of 13