Kho tàng lễ hội cổ truyền Việt Nam - Phần 6

Kho tng l hi c truyn Vit Nam
Ngoi nhng tr chi dn tc, thng vo dp ny ngi ta c t chc ht bi, ua ghe v ua thuyn thng ngay dng sng bn chn i. L hi Thp B Nha Trang ca ngi Vit ngy nay c mt s thay i trong nghi thc cng so vi l hi ca ngi Chm xa, nhng u xut pht t mt gc chung mang tnh nghi l phn thc truyn thng v cng mang mt hng chung l t lng tri n v sng knh B M to dng nn t nc k v, sng to nn nn vn minh vt cht v tinh thn qu gi cho con ngi. Bn cnh lng thnh knh suy tn B M x s, l hi cn l dp nhn dn th hin nhng kht vng, c m ca mnh v mt x hi thanh bnh, no m, yn vui, giu tnh nhn i, cng c mi on kt cng ng ngy thm cht ch./. T.P - L.T.V
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L hi lng Thng Phc

Tn Tht Bnh
ng khai canh lng Thng Phc, (tnh Qung Tr) c h H, tng

truyn l Qun Cng Hng Dng, thng c gi mt cch trang trng l H Qu Cng, vo lp lng t hi Trnh Nguyn phn tranh, tng hu cn ngi l Trn Vn Hi, c phong l ngi hu khai canh ca lng, hin c hai v u c dn lng th cng trong nhng ngy l. Lng ca hai v hin vn cn. Hin lng Thng Phc c 5 h chnh thc: Trn, H, on, L, Bi. Hai h Trn v H l hai h n lp lng trc nht, cc h Hong, Nguyn, Ng l nhng h n sau cng trong lng. Hng nm, tng nh v khai canh, lng Thng Phc c tc cng vo ngy rm thng ba m lch. chun b cho ngy hi l, mt gia nh t nguyn ng ra m trch vic sm sa l vt v dng c i sn trc ngy l. Gia nh no c lng giao cho m trch vic h trng ny xem nh l mt vinh d ln. chi ph cho bui l, dn lng c truyn thng cp s hu li cho mt mu hai rung dnh cho vic cng t. Cc dng c ng l vt v nu nng trong bui l phi tinh sch, t ci xay, ci m n thng mng u phi hon ton mi. Dng xong th b, n nm sau phi sm li. Bnh tri do ph n c lng m nhim. Cc th bnh c cng biu l ti nng n gii. Vt liu lm bnh u c chn la k th tt nht nh np, u, hnh. Bnh c lm tht to v kho lo, ng mu sc. Cc th bnh chng, bnh np, bnh cun, bnh mt ong u c lm trc ngy khai hi. Bnh chng l loi bnh c lm c bit tht ln m hin nay kh thy li. L cng c by trong ba bn ln: thng, trung, h, l vt cng th nhiu, nhng ch yu phi c nhng th l vt sau: Bn thng: mt con g luc, ni chui, ly ru, l hng. Bn trung: a cau tru, ly ru, l hng. Bn h: mc, li, i sn khc. Khi hnh l ph n khng c tham d. cuc hnh l thm phn long trng, ngoi c phn c trang hong rc r, mu sc, ban nhc gm ching, trng, kn, sn sng ng gp phn
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mnh trong nhng nghi l cng t trc khi dn lng i sn v trong cc bui l khc. Trc ngy l hi tng nim v khai canh, l ngy ton lng i sn tng nh cng n ca v khai canh truyn ngh sn bt cho dn lng. Ngy bt u sn l ngy 13 m lch; nu ngy y sn cha c bao nhiu ngy th ngy 14 m lch tip tc cuc sn. Dn lng u n nc chun b cho cuc sn ny. Cc dng c thit yu n ngh sn th nh mc, li, ch sn u c xem xt li v hun luyn k. Trc khi i sn, c tc lm g ly gi bi qu xem tt xu. Sau bui l, on c phn ra nhiu nhm i sn. Mi nhm khong 5, 6 ngi c mi nhm c mt trng nhm. Mi ngi c pht mt li mc v mt tay li, li di khong 5 n 7 mt. Sau khi mi vic sp t xong, c on mi lm l xut pht, tt c ch sn u c dt theo. a im i sn l khu vc i ni quanh lng. Khi pht hin c th rng (mang, nai, heo rng, th, chn...) on i sn dng li vy con mi, gp loi th d nh heo rng th dng mc st nhn m; cc loi mang, nai, sau khi vy bt c th dng dy tri li khing v. Cc th sn c trong ngy y u b git, ly u t ng khai canh, cn tht th c chia cho ton lng. Hnh thc ton lng i sn th Thng Phc l mt biu hin cho lng nh n to dng v truyn ngh ca ng khai canh i vi dn lng. Do vy h c hnh nghi l rt trng th v nghim tc, khng ngi tn km v sc lc. Hnh thc ny tng t nh hnh thc lm tr ba li ca dn lng Thi Dng H thuc Tha Thin Hu nhm tng nim Trng Qu Cng, ngi dy dn lng hnh ngh bun mnh, nh c. Ngy nay, tp tc ny khng cn c thc hin vi y cc nghi thc nh trc. Hnh thc cng t cng n gin, khng c cnh chun b l vt, bnh tri phc tp v cng phu, nhng dn lng Thng Phc vn cn duy tr l cng ng khai canh vo ngy rm thng ba ghi nh cng n ca ngi thnh lp lng v truyn ngh nghip cho dn lng./. T.T.B
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1195
l n cm mi
Thch Phng- L Trung V
c dn tc t ngi Ty Nguyn, nhn chung theo a thn gio. Vi tm hn thun phc cn in m du n ca t duy con ngi thi nguyn thu, h cho rng cc v thn linh, t cc v thn ln gi chc nng cai qun n cc v thn nh hn cng u c tnh cm nh con ngi, cng vui bun, gin ght, yu thng... Cng thn nhiu l vt, v nht l tm lng trung thnh, th s nhn li s gip , ch che, ng h, bnh vc tng ng. Trong cc thn (Yang) c tn th, th thn la c tn trng khng km thn nc, thn ni, thn cy. Do , nng ry l ni thing ling, ht la sinh ra t nng ry l sn phm c cc thn ban pht nui sng con ngi. Hng nm, sau khi thu hoch, ngi ta t chc l n cm mi, va t n thn, va vui mng chung hng kt qu ca mt qu trnh lao ng nhc nhn, vt v. Tuy cch t chc cng vi nghi thc tin hnh ca tng tc ngi c nhng nt khc nhau, nhng u mang chung mt ngha: t n thn sau khi kt thc mt chu k sn xut chnh ca nm. ngi M, l mng thu hoch xong (Nhu R'he) l l hi ln nht ca nm trong bun, v thng ko di 7 ngy. L n cm mi ca ngi (Hma Ngt) cng c ngha tng t nh l cng Mpan Bar ca ngi M'nng sau ma la v kho khng ch n thun l vic lao ng c th, m coi nh mt cch "thu hn la v nh", v "kho cha la l ni tr ng ca hn la", mt "chn thing ling trong gia nh". Cng ch t sau l cng ny, mi king k trong thu hoch ma mi chm dt. Trong khi , l n cm mi (Samk) ca ngi Bana din ra trong 3 ngy, khi bt u thu hoch, ri tip n c l Smh Kek khi i vo sut la i tr, sau ht n l ng ca kho (Smh Teng Amng) khi gi la cui cng c v kho. S ngi Bana theo o Thin Cha, tuy khng cng bi vn git heo, g, d trong l cng cm mi, cn nhng ngi Giarai theo o Tin Lnh th ch b tc ung ru, khng cng thn m t n Cha. Ging nh ngi Kinh n tt Nguyn n, cc dn tc vng Ty Nguyn sau ma thu hoch, cng trng vo dp cui nm m lch, t chc l n cm mi. C iu l cch t chc khng din ra ng lot, m
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tun t ht nh ny sang nh khc trong bun lng theo mt trt t tho thun trc. Vic t chc l n mng ln hay nh l tu thuc vo kh nng thu hoch nhiu hay t ca tng gia nh, v cng tu theo m thi gian c th ko di mt hay nhiu ngy. y cng l dp gia ch mi b con, h hng, bn b cc bun ln cn cng vui chi, n ung. Nh no c ng khch coi nh l nim vinh d. V th, ngoi vic cng thn, hn la v t tin cng vi vic cu mong sc kho cho gia nh, ngi ta nh cng, ching, trng, vui chi ca ht sut nhiu ngy m lin. L n cm mi ca ngi din ra nh sau: Khi la trn ry c gi v y cc kho la (Sang mi), gia ch bt tay vo vic t chc l cng cm mi. L khng t chc cho ton bun mt lc, m ln lt tng nh. Ph n lo vic bp nc, nu nng. n ng th lo ru cn, chun b heo, g git tht, vo rng cht cy, o ct gng (ct buc ch ru cn trong l). Khch mi, h hng t cc bun xa gn c bo. Con trai lo cht ci, con gi lo gi go; ting chy trong bun vng ln t sng sm n lc ng mt tri i ng. m tr con ho hc chi a, hoc vy quanh cc b gi ang son t cc gi dling ln nhng o, vy, kh p, nhng tm chn en, rc r dng cho ngy l. Nu gia ch l trng tc, th h hng trong bun phi mang thm cng n ng gp. Mi vic chun b y . Ct gng dng, cc ch ru buc vo dy, ching Ana, ching Sar treo ln x nh. Nc t sui em v y cc ni nm, ni mi. Heo m, g thui, cc l vt by ra sn nh. Thy cng trong b l phc chnh t bc ra, ht ru cn vo mt ci bt ho vi tit heo, trn trng mi n ch nhn (cao tui nht) ngi trc mm, chn t ln li ru nhn l. Ting ching vi nhp iu va trm hng, va no nc ni ln. Thy cng c li khn nguyn t lng bit n cc thn: " Yang pha ng, Yang pha ty, Yang my, Yang t, Yang ma, Yang ni... Nay la sut v, heo c m, ru y ch... Xin mi cc Yang hy cm cn ru, n ming tht heo, bt cm mi u ma. Mong Yang cho ma sau la ngoi ry sai bng, my ht, n k thu hoch y gi, ngp kho...". Khn xong, thy i vy ru chc phc ni bp la, dn ching, cu thang, kho la. Tip theo phn nghi l, bt u cuc tic vui. ng b,
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cha m trong bun, khch kha xa gn, bn b n ung no say, t nhin, thoi mi. Ngi n ch nh c mi vt cn ru u tin, ri ln lt ngi gi, ngi tr, trong h trc, trong bun sau... Mi ngi va n ung, va vui chi, ca ht cho n khi ai khng thch na th v. Ngi li c mi ni tay trn cn ru, nghe ching, nghe ht Aday (mt loi dn ca tr tnh) gii by tm s. Khch n d l cn c gia ch trao tay mi ngi mt gi nh thc n khi ra v, nh cng chia u s may mn cho mi bp. V khuya, mt ng gi tng tri v gii giang, c mi k Khankhc trng ca truyn thng ca ngi . C ngi k v ngi nghe nh chm m trong khng kh c xa ca nhng bn anh hng ca trc tuyt vi hnh nh nhng dng s nh m San, m Di, m nhng chin cng ca h mi mi l nim t ho ca b tc. Ging k ca ngh nhn khi trm hng nh dng sng chy bn vch ni, lc dn dp, t nh bng qua thc ghnh him tr, khi thm th nh gi thong, lc nh nhng nh ting l ri gia rng khuya. C th, l n cm mi ko di t nh ny sang nh khc, sut thng chp sang thng ging. L n cm mi ca ngi mang m nt du n ca tc "n nm, ung thng", nhn h trong khng kh ma xun ni rng. H vui say tho thch, ca ht thu m, ri sau li hng hi chun b cho ma trng ta mi vi nhiu hy vng mi./. T.PL.T.V
1199
l b m ca ngi Bana Konkdeh

Ng Vn Doanh
gi Bana Konkeh sng ch yu cc huyn An Kh, Cng Chro v Kbang ca tnh Gia Lai v thuc mt trong nhng nhm chnh ca dn tc Bana. a bn c tr ca ngi Bana Konkeh thng nm xen k vi nhng khu vc ca ngi Bana T L v BaNa B Nm. Phi chng v th m nhn ngi Bana ny c tn l Konkeh (theo ting Bana Konkeh c hai ngha: ngi vng gia v ngi mi n). V vy, trong i sng vn ha ni chung v trong cc nghi thc l b m ca ngi Bana Konkeh va c nhng nt chung vi ngi Bana T L, va c nhiu im gn vi ngi Bana B Nm. Ngi Bana Konkeh gi l hi b m l vo hi nh m (mt bxt) hay vo hi b m (mt brh bxt) v t chc l hi ny rt trng th v ln. Nu tnh s ngy thc s mang tnh l hi th, theo chng ti bit l b m ca h ko di nhiu ngy nht so vi ca cc nhm khc. Cho n nay, ngi Bana Konkeh mt s ni, nh x Gia Hi (huyn An Kh) v x ak T'bang (huyn Kng Chro), vn cn lm cc bc ca l b m theo truyn thng, ngha l t chc l b m trong nm ngy. Vic u tin ca l b m ca ngi Bana Konkeh bt u bng nghi l cu xin hn ma ngi cht cho dng nh m mi v sau mi ngi bt tay vo dn dp khu nh m c chun b dng nh m mi. V th m ngy u tin ny ca l b m c ngi Bana Konkeh gi l ngy cuc dn (anr choh cham). Tuy cng vic chnh ca ngy choh cham n gin ch l cuc dn khu nh m c, nhng tnh cht ca nghi l li rt quan trng: bo cho hn ma bit l nhng ngi sng chun b lm l b ma. Sau khi lm tht mt con heo, ngi ch (bngai noh) ly gan, li, tim, da bng v c hng ca con vt xu thnh mt xu, ly ru gh ra cho vo ng tre dng ng ru (ding kram) ra nh m lm l cng. ng ch (c th l ch nh, c th l v gi lng) ru vo xu ru cho thm xung u nm m v c li cng (quai hoc
1200
smh). Ny y, ti em cho ma tht heo v ru bo cho ma bit: hm nay chng ti lm nh m cho ma ln cui cng. Th l ht ri nh, t nay ma ng quy ry gia nh na. Theo bc ngi ch, dn lng em cng ching ra nh bi ching ma (ching atu) v cng nhau t nh ra khu ngha a. Khi ng ch cng xong, mi ngi mt tay gip gia nh dn dp khu m v chun b mi th ngy hm sau dn nh m mi cho ma, Nhng lc ngh, mi ngi cng b con, thn nhn ca ngi cht n ung, tr chuyn. Ngy hm sau, tc ngy lm nh m (anr pm bxt) dn lng cng gia nh hoc nhng gia nh c ngi cht (nu nm c nhiu nh lm l b m) ra ngha a dng nh m mi cho ngi cht. Sau c mt ngy tri lm vic mt nhc, mi ngi ngi quy qun bn ngi nh m mi n ung, tr truyn v vui chi cho ti tn khuya mi v. n thi im ny th ngi nh m mi xong, cng vic cn li l l b m v b ma. Do , c th ni hai ngy u, tuy cng l nhng ngy ca l hi b m, ch l nhng ngy chun b thi. Ch l b m, ng vi ngha ca n, ch thc s t ngy hm th ba. Khng phi ngu nhin m ngi Bana Konkeh gi ngy th ba ca l b m l ngy vo l nh m (anr mt bxt). Vo ngy mt bxt, sau khi tht heo xong, gia nh cng dn lng em ru, tht ti khu nh m n ung chia tay (h pong) vi ngi cht. Trc khi n ung, vui chi, gia nh em chia vo nh m mi cho ngi cht v khc ln cui cng vnh bit ngi thn khut. chia hay cho (n drm) gm cc vt dng m ngi cht thng hay dng. ngi cht tip tc sng th gii khc, ngi nh cn em cho ngi cht cc loi cy trng nh: ng ( b), chui (pt), ma (ktao), la (ba)... Trong khi gia nh chia ca, khc vnh bit ngi cht, th gia ch dng tht, ru lm l cng. dng v nghi thc cng nh hm choh cham v c li cng c ni dung nh sau: Ny chng ti b m y, lm mi th cho ma y. Xin ma ng ght b, ng lm hi chng ti. Sau l cng l nghi thc i vng quanh nh m (grong bxt). i hnh m rc grong bxt ca ngi Bana Konkeh tht trang nghim v ng cc th loi ngh thut trnh din: i trc l hai ngi eo mt n (brm), tip sau l tp ma (soang) ca ph n, ri n 6 ngi n ng khing v nh chic trng ln (sgr) c trang tr ct hoa (pah png) v sau cng l mt on di cc nhc cng nam nh cng ching, lc lc v chp cho. Dn cng ching (chinh chng, chng l cng c nm, chinh - cng khng nm) ca ngi Bana Konkeh
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c dng trong l b m v cc l hi khc gm 16 chic c xp th t theo hng dc nh sau: Chng jng, chng png, chng pt tih, chng pt plao, chng pt tng, chng pt tng ly, chinh n, chinh lng, chinh dol, chinh del, chinh konpm, chinh kon dol, chinh kon del. Tng chic chng v chinh u c tn gi: chnh cha (chng jng), chng m (chng png), chng anh, chng ch, chng em... Do , c dn chinh chng hp li nh c mt gia nh on t, thun ho. Cuc vui, n ung chia tay (hpong) vi ngi cht tht ng , tht vui v tht lu luyn. Mi ngi li bn ngi nh m vi ngi cht cho n tn m khuya. Cng v khuya, cc ng la cng rc sng v cuc vui cng ng ngi, cng si ng. Ch khi cc ng la tn hn, mi ngi mi v nh ngh mt cht (thm ch c ngi ch yu l thanh nin nam n ngh qua m lun ti khu nh m) hm sau cn tham gia vo ngy quan trng nht ca l b m - ngy b (anr tuk). T m sng ngy hm sau lm l b, tru hoc b c dt ra nh rng ca lng lm tht. V con vt git lm l b m, nn khng c ct (gn) buc tru b nh i vi cc l hi khc ca lng. Vo khong 11 gi tra, lc ny cc con vt cng c git v lm tht xong, gia nh em u (kl) ui (ting), mt xu tht gm gan, li, tim, da bng, c hng ca con vt v mt ng ru (ding kram) ra nh m cng v khc ln cui cng vi ngi cht (moi dng rng). Ti nh m, gia nh vo ngi nh m khc vnh bit ngi cht, cn gia ch th lm l cng. L cng hm b ny cng ging l cng ca cc hm trc, ch ni dung li cng l khc: Hm nay con cng cho cha mt con tru, mt con b, mt con d, mt con heo, mt con g, v ru y. con d em cng cho cha tt c mi th ri. T nay, xin cha ng ght, ng quy ph chng con chng con lm n ngy cng kh hn, tt hn. Trong khi gia nh lm l cng v khc ngi cht, th b con, dn lng nh cng ching, nhy ma vui chi bn ngoi nh m. i cho gia nh nh ngi cht lm xong mi nghi thc cui cng b ma, mi ngi a cc thnh vin trong gia nh ngi cht tr v nh rng ca lng n ung, vui chi. T thi im ny tr i, mi rng buc gia ngi sng v ngi cht ct t, ngi sng hon ton c gii phng v li sng mt cuc sng bnh thng nh mi ngi ch khng phi king k g na. n lc ny, c th ni, l b m c lm xong. Th nhng, gia nh ca ngi cht vn cn phi tip tc lm cho xong mt s cng vic c lin quan ti l b m: sa son cm ru i nhng ngi lm v lm l t n cc thn, ra sch ni niu. Hai cng vic trn chim trn hai ngy lin tc sau hm lm l b m.
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Ngy u tin sau ngy l b, tc ngy th nm ca l b m l ngy i nhng ngi lm gip. Ni l lm gip tc l ni ti tt c mi ngi trong lng, v ai m khng gp sc, gp cng vo nhng cng vic ca l b m. V th, ba tic chiu i c t chc ti nh rng ca lng. Mi ngi ti cng n, cng ung, cng vui chi v cng tr chuyn vi thn nhn ca ngi qu c. Mi cng vic ca l b m xong, gi y h n, ung th sc, h vui chi ht mnh. C l chnh v th m ngy hm i ngi lm gip ca l b m c ngi Bana Konkeh gi l ngy ung nhiu (anr dak tong). Ch ngy cui cng, tc ngy th su ca l b m mi c t chc ti nh ca ch, v tnh cht ca nghi l ch gi gn trong gia nh. Hm , gia nh phi lm mt l nh t n cc thn gip v ph h cho nhng ngy l b m. Vt cng ch l mt con g v ni cng l bp. Ch nh em tht g v ru ra bp lm l v c li cng: Hm lm l b m, chng ti cu xin cc thn ph h cho khi xy ra nhng chuyn khng hay. Gi y, mi vic u tt p, hm nay, hm cui cng, chng ti tr n cc thn nh ha, mong cc thn nhn l ca chng ti. Cng xong mi ngi cng ung ru, vui chi ri cng dn dp nh ca, ra ni niu. V th m ngy cui cng ca l b m c ngi Bana Konkeh gi l ngy ra ni (anr go hay glang go). Qu trnh ca mt l b m m chng ti va m t l l b m y . Th nhng, c nhng lc, nhng ni, do hon cnh kinh t c hn m l b m ca ngi Bana Konkeh ch ko di c bn hm; hai ngy u (ngy cui dn v ngy dng nh m) dn vo thnh mt ngy gi l ngy lm nh m (anr mt) v ngy b m (anr tuk) khng thay i, cn hai ngy cui (ngy i ngi gip v ngy ra ni) co vo mt ngy ca ngy ra ni (anr xlh go). D c ko di ra 6 ngy hoc thu gn ch cn 4 ngy, bao gi l b m ca ngi Bana Konkeh cng phi c ba khu, hay ba bc chnh: 1) ph b nh m c, lm nh m mi; 2) b ma hay b m; 3) gia nh ca ngi cht c gii phng v nhp vo cuc sng bnh thng ca dn lng./. N.V.D
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L b m ca ngi Gia Rai Mthur

Ng Vn Doanh
Ngi Giarai Mthur thuc mt nhm ngi Giarai va kh ln

va kh c bit ca dn tc Giarai. a bn c tr chnh ca ngi Giarai Mthur l huyn Krng Pa v pha nam huyn Ayun Pa (x Ia Rbol) ca tnh Gia Lai. Nu nhn trn bn , chng ta s thy, ngi Giarai Mthur sng pha ng nam ca tnh Gia Lai v cng thuc pha ng nam a bn c tr ca ngi Giarai. Ni c tr ca ngi Giarai Mthur nm gn trong khu vc gip ranh vi hai nhm dn tc ln cng thuc ng h Malay - plinding; ngi Chm pha ng. iu kh c bit l, ci tn Mthur (ngha l ngho nn) khng ch l ci tn ch mt nhnh ca ngi Giarai m cng l ci tn ch mt nhnh ngi pha ng - ngi Mthur. Cn ngi Giarai Mthur gip vi ngi Chm (nh x c Bng, huyn Krng Pa, tnh Gia Lai) li t gi mnh l ngi Chm Hroi. Ngoi ngi Mthur ra, ngi Ktul, M Lai v Krc u c rt nhiu nt tng ng v vn ha vi ngi Giarai Mthur. Do , c th ni, trong vn ha truyn thng ca ngi Giarai Mthur c nhiu sc thi chung cho c ngi v ngi Chm Hroi. Ngay trong tang ma ni chung v l b m ni ring ca ngi Giarai Mthur, theo nhng kt qu iu tra nghin cu ca chng ti, c khng t nhng yu t gn vi ngi . Theo quan nim ca ngi Giarai Mthur c Bng v Ia Rto, khi ngi ta cht th hn ngi cht (m'ngt di) bin thnh ma (atu). Sau khi lm l b m, hn ma ca ngi cht mi c i ti th gii ca b Jung, cc hn ma sinh sng v lm vic nh nhng ngi sng, ngha l cng n ung, ly v, ly chng, m au v cht. Sau khi cht, hn ma bin thnh con nhn (vak vai). B Jung th con nhn ln mt t. Khi cht, nhn bin thnh git sng (ia ngom) ri tan vo t. B Jung ly t c thm git sng lm ra ngi - ri cho nhp vo nhng ngi ph n c cha. Khi ngi ph n sinh con th hn ma li tr v vi kip ngi. Ngi cng c nhng truyn thuyt v quan nim tng t v bun lng t tin (bun Atao) do v chng thn Bng B Dung, Bng B ai cai qun. V th, cho hn ma ca ngi cht n c vi
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bun lng ca t tin, ngi Giarai Mthur v cc nhm ngi pha ng u c tc lm l b m cho ngi cht. Tp tc ny c t lu v cn tn ti cho n tn hm nay. Ngay trong cc trng ca (khan) ca ngi Giarai Mthur v ngi , c nhng on ni v l b m tht sinh ng. V d, trng ca Xing Nh ca ngi v Giarai m t vic Xing Nh lm l b m cho cha mnh nh sau: "Mn ma la. Vo mt bui sng p tri, sng trn nng. Xing Nh sai n l vo rng cht cy knia, cht nhng cy gn to nht dng nh m cho cha l Giar Kt gn ni Bl. Tin y truyn i bun pha ng. Tin y lan sang lng pha ty. T ngi Bi Krng sng dc b sng, ti ngi Mnng cm lng chim trn u bn b sui; tt c u n nc mang ru,tht, ching trng n mng chng Xing Nh dng nh m cho cha". Cn l b m cho m Bi v Xinh Ch Nip c trng ca Xinh Ch Nip m t: "V phn Chim T Mun, th sau my ma trng ln, trng ln, sc khe ca m chng phc, ln da tr li nh xa. Mt bui ti y sao, nhiu gi, chng gi Chin M Nga ti nh bn vic lm l b m cho m Bi v Xinh Ch Nip. Sau y, h em ru ra ung sut my ngy lin tip bn i L Mui. M Xinh Ch Nip v m Bi lm chung mt ch, xy chung mt hng. Cy nu cao tn tri, khc chm tn gc. Bn pha m u o tng g ln. Tng ngi, tng ng, trng rt linh thing. Trai gi bun gn dt b, bun xa em ru ti n l. Ching trng khng ngng, nhy ma khng ngt. m vang, chn ng c vch ni, lng tri". Mc du khng cn nhng l b m ln ca cc t trng ln m cc trng ca m t, nhng ngi Giarai hm nay vn lm cho ngi cht nhng ngi nh m kt (bxt kut hay nok kut). s uy nghi v t chc l b m trng th, ng vui. Nh cc nhm Giarai khc, ngi Giarai Mthur vn gi tc chn chung v b m chung. Do , t chc c l b m, trc c thng tri, cc gia nh c ngi cht cng dn lng phi bt tay vo chun b. Mi ngi phi ln rng cht g em v o cc ct kt, klao, chm khc tng ngi, tng th, phi chun b ru, tht, go nc cho l b m. Ch sau khi mi th lm xong, l b m mi c th t chc c. Ngi Giarai Mthur thng chn nhng ngy trng sng nht (tun th hai tc tun trng trn ca thng) bt u lm l b m hay n b m (ho lui bxt) nh ngi Giarai thng gi. Khi vng trng ca ngy 14 nh ln treo l lng trn nh cc cy ct kt v klao ca nh m (tc khong 10-11 gi m) cc gia nh c ngi thn phi lm l
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b m cng c dn lng tp np i ra khu nh m c dn dp sch s bt u l hi b m ca lng. V th m ngi Giarai Mthur gi hm u tin ca l b m l ngy vo nh m (mt bxt). Trc khi cuc vui ca l hi bng ln, ngi ch ca l (ngi i din cho gia nh c ngi cht c chn u tin khu nh m) n bn ngi nh m mi, xp trc bn th (P'nang) by sn ru, tht cng v c bi cng vi nhng li m u nh sau: l b m n ngay sau lng ri. T nay, ngi sng n cm trng, cn ma th n cm , n hoa tm, hoa ca cc thn... Sau y, ngi ch l mi by t tm t v nguyn vng ca nhng ngi sng: "xin ma ng gi, ng li gn, ng thng yu con chu na. T nay, chng ti s khng cn mang cm, s khng cn mang nc cho ma na. Nu mun n tht g, xin ma hy hi thn Trng; nu mun n c, n tht, xin may hy hi thn trn tri. Thi, t nay, th l ht, nh l m'nang la cnh nh l m't tn a". Khi t cng va xong, th lp tc, trong nh la bp bng ca hng chc ng la v di nh trng mt du, ting cng ching rn r ni ln. Theo nhp m thanh cng ching mi ngi ha vo on ma diu quanh ngi nh m nhp nh huyn o trong m. ting nhc cng ching ca m b m, nh mt sc ht diu k, ko tt c dn lng, ko b con h hng bun gn, bun xa ti. Cng v khuya, ting cng ching cng rn r, thi thc, cc ng la cng bng to hn, nhp chn ma nhy cng rn r hn. Hu nh sut c m cho n sng, c lng quy qun bn ngi nh m: ai ma nhy c ma nhy, ai nh cng ching c nh; ai ung ru c ung, ai mt th ng ngay bn nhng ng la m p sng hm sau bc vo ngy hi chnh ca l b m ngy v (p'chh) hay ngy n ln (ho prong). Sng hm ho prong, vo khong 6, 7 gi sng, cc gia nh cng chung lm l b m dt tru hoc b n buc quanh ngi nh m; em nhng ch ru ti ct thnh tng hng di bn nh m. Sau y, nhng con vt b git em thui v lm tht. Tht, xng tru b c ch bin ra thnh nhiu loi thc n, nhiu mn thc n: c loi dnh ring chia cho nhng ngi cht c gi l tht t l (m'nong dm), c loi chia cho nhng ngi ti d (chnt m'nong). Khi thc n c ch bin xong, cc b, cc ch ni la un nu thc n ri chia ra nhng chic mm l chui c by la lit quanh ngi nh m. Trong khi dn lng lo chun b cho ba n ln hay ba cm b m (ho si bxat), th cc gia nh c ngi cht em ma (phun tbou) v chui (phun a'ti) n trng bn cnh nm m, em gi cm v gi tht cng ch ru v con g nh (an mnu) t ln m ri ngi khc ln cui
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vnh bit ngi cht. khng kh hm b m bun, dn lng v khch cc ni ti nh cng ching, ma nhy thnh on i quanh nh m. n qu tra, c khu nh m tht s thnh mt ba n cng cm ln. Tng tp, tng tp ngi quy qun bn cc mm cm (mm bng l chui) cnh nhng ch ru cn va n ung va tr chuyn vui v. Cc b, cc c cng em phn cm, tht v ru vo nh m nhng ngi trong cc gia nh c ngi cht n ung v tm s ln cui vi ngi thn khut ca gia nh mnh. Lc ba cm cng cm kt thc cng l lc ngi ch l n bn bn th c li cng b m vi ni dung nh sau: "Xin ma ng gi, ng li gn, ng thng yu con chu ca ma na. Chng ti lm nh m ri, tc nhng ct kt, ct klao, v nhng hnh v bng mu tru, mu b ri. Ch ru cng t xung m ri, con g con c th ri. Chng ti b ma ri". i cho ngi ch l c li khn xong, mi ngi vo nh m a nhng ngi ga ra sng tm, chi u, mc o vy, kh mi cho h ri a h v khu nh m ang rn rng ting cng ching v nhp chn ma nhy. Ai ny u vui v, h hi mi, ko nhng ngi ga vo vng ma ca dn lng. Lc ny, nhng ngi ga khng cn xa tc, khng cn mc kh, vy bn rch ca thi k tang na. Lc ny h mc ln ngi nhng b qun o l hi mi, n n ci trn mi. Khi nhng ngi ga nhp vo on nhy ma ca dn lng l lc h c gii phng, khng cn phi rng buc g vi ngi cht na. T nay, h c sng cuc sng bnh thng nh mi ngi, ngha l c i n ung vui chi cc l hi, c quyn ti gi nu h mun. Nc sng ra sch nhng nm thng chu tang trn ngi h, l cng cui cng ct t mi quan h gia h v nhng ngi cht. Cn nhng hn ma ca ngi cht th, sau l cng cui cng, c con g con a v bun lng t tin bt u mt cuc sng mi cuc sng ca nhng hn ma chu k tip theo s li tr v lm ngi. Sau nhng vng ma tng bng si ni gia dn lng v nhng ngi ga, l b m coi nh kt thc v mi ngi ai ny v nh ny, b li pha sau ngi nh m xinh p m mnh va lm xong cho thi gian v thin nhin hy hoi. Trc khi ra v, mi ngi bc thc nm ln mi nh m ri tranh nhau cp ly mt s ht thc t mi nh m ri xung em v c phc v ma ti lm n thnh vng. Khi mi ngi nm thc ln mi nh m, ng ch l ni li cui cng tuyn b (p'thao) b m: Th l xong ht tt c ri. Gia nh v dn lng b m ri. T nay chng ti khng cn dnh lu g vi nh m na. T nay,
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nu xy ra chuyn g khng hay, khng tt vi nh m th cng nh vy thi v chng ti khng cn g dnh lu na. Mc du cc nghi l chm dt, ngi nh m b b v cc hn ma ra i, nhng hi l b m cn tip tc thm mt ngy na ti cc gia nh ca nhng ngi cht vo ngy hm sau. Hm , b con h hng ti thm hi, n ung, vui chi cng cc gia nh ti nh h ch khng ra nh m na. Thc n cn g, gia ch em ht ra i khch. V th ngy cui cng ny ca l b m c gi l ngy ra ni (sch go)./. N.V.D
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L hi b nh m
Phm Hng Thu
L hi b nh m (P' thi atu, grong br, muk atu...), thng

quen gi l l b m, l b ma... ca c dn t ngi Ty Nguyn (, Giarai, Bana...) l mt l hi ln gn vi chu k nng nghip, ly hot ng b ma, b nh m (c tnh cht tang ch) lm mc ch chnh. L hi do ngi sng t chc t b nh m (b m, b ma) ngi cht, tin ngi khut v lng ma, ni c tr vnh vin ca hn. Bi, theo quan nim ca c dn ni y, ch sau khi lm nghi l ny, ngi sng mi c th yn tm rng mnh lm trn bn phn vi ngi, vi hn ngi khut. V ngi cht (tc linh hn hay ma) mi c iu kin ti sinh vo mt kip khc, tip tc bc vo cuc sng mi. C th chnh do ngha nhn sinh cao c ny m l hi b nh m, mc d khoc hnh thc tang ch (v ht sc tn km), li l hi l ln nht, vui nht, ng ghi nhn nht ca cng ng c dn Trng Sn - Ty Nguyn, ko di t 3 n 5 ngy m, thm ch cn di hn na. V l hi b m (m chng ti tm gi di mt tn khc l l hi b nh m) ni chung cng nh khng/thi gian, a im, nghi l - l thc, kh nng cng cm cng ng, ngha... ca n cc tc ngi khc nhau, c kh nhiu ngi cp ti, nhng mc v gc khc nhau. S tp hp t liu, m t v i khi gii m cht t v l hi ny phn ln l da trn kho cu ca nhng ngi i trc v tng l thc, l hi ca tng tc ngi cng nh khi qut chung v l hi ny qua thc t nhiu tc ngi 1. Nguyn Duy Thiu, trong bi kho v l hi ny ngi Bana v Giarai cho rng "L b m... c t chc trong thi gian giao thi gia hai chu k nng nghip... cng l t bit nhng nhc nhn trong mt nm, t n v cu xin cc lc lng siu nhn ph h cho mt chu k nng nghip mi y may mn... L hi ny c t chc ngha a lng..., mt khu dnh ring chn ct ngi cht pha ty khu c tr,
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T liu s dng trong bi ny ch l mt vi bi chng ti tm c trong tay (ca TS Ng Vn Doanh, TS Nguyn Duy Thiu, Bi Quang Ngc, Ch Anh o, H Tng Sn, Thch Phng, L Trung V, Ngc Lu Ly).
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ni xa ngun nc" 1. c th thy c khng kh hi h ni Trng Sn - Ty Nguyn ny, m l b nh m ch l nhng ngy l ln, ngy hi vui, xin hy sng vi mt vi cu ca sau: Chn thng m hi lao ng mt nhc Ba thng nhn ri vui hi thoi mi. Nhiu t liu thng nht ba thng nhn ri l cc thng 10, 11, 12 (lch ma ry ca ng bo Giarai), khong thng 1, 2, 3 dng lch, ph hp vi ma l hi ca ng bng v ca c nc... Ch th m, khi nhc ti Ty Nguyn ci ngun, ngi ta thng ht cho nhau nghe: Thng 3 ma con ong i ly mt, ma con voi xung sng ht nc... Thng ba, ma l hi, trong c l hi b nh m, ca cc tc ngi Ty Nguyn. V l hi ny ca ngi , c ti liu vit: "Ngoi l hi ca cc tc ngi Vit (Kinh) trn mi min t nc, cc dn tc t ngi ca ta cng c nhiu l hi m mu sc dn tc, nh l hi n tru, l hi ma mng mc, hi lng tng... Th nhng c mt th l hi c sc, k l, gn vi tang l, l l b m ca ngi . Thng thng trong tang l, ngi ta bun hn l vui, th nhng ngi li n vi tang l nh mt ngy hi. Ngi khng k gi ngi khut bng nh ngi Vit v mt s tc ngi khc. Ngi cht, sau khi yn ngh t 1 n dm by nm th c tin v "bun ca ngi cht" ( c kh nng phc sinh nhp vo c th sng khc) bng l b m (t b m ca ngi cht). Ch c ngi cht lnh (m au, gi yu) hoc cht d (tai nn) nhng cn xc th mi c lm l b m. L b m c th tin hnh sm l mt nm, mun l dm by nm sau l tang. Trong khong thi gian , nh no chun b go, tht, ru, dng ni chung th t chc l b m. Nh ngho my cng phi lm l hai ngy. Nh giu thng t chc 3 ngy 3 m. Ngho th m ln, giu th vt tru, b. Sau khi thng bo cho bun lng v dng h, gia ch thu ngi cht cy, chm khc lm nh m v cc ct kt, ct klao (nh ngho ch trng 4 ct kt gc m. Nh giu ngoi 4 ct kt cn c 2 ct klao trng hai u m), mi ci lm ngay ti rng ri chuyn thng v m.
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Xem Nguyn Duy Thiu, Pthi - l hi ca ngi Bana v ngi Giarai Ty Nguyn. Tp ch Dn tc hc, s 4/1996, tr. 39-40.
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Chun b xong xui, l hi bt u c t chc. ngy th nht, gia ch tht mt ln v cng 3 ch ru. C bun lng ti lm gip v vui chi nh l vic trng ca nh mnh. Khi nh m v cc ct dng xong, thy cng n vn nghim chnh, ngi bn ch ru cng, ngong mt phng ng, c li cu khn hn ngi cht bng li khn lm ly thng thit. Ching trng ni ln rn r. Bp la trn nm m c t ln, chy rng r mt ngy mt m xua i nhng hc m. Ngi nh cn trng cy chui hai bn u v cui m v th mt con g b vo rng. Con g tng trng cho linh hn ngi cht c t do bay i. Cng xong, c bun lng ngi n ung trn bi trng cho n m. l mt m vui v cho mi ngi. Trng sng, ching trng vang lng, thanh nin nam n nhy ma, ng b gi hn huyn. Cc iu ma ht giao duyn, tr tnh (i p) vang vang. Mi ngi ung ru, ma ht cho ti khuya, c khi ti gn sng. Ngy th hai, gia ch tht ln t sm lm l cng to hn. Ru tht by la lit (t 10 - 20 ch), cn quay v pha ng. L cng xy ra tng t v l l cng vnh bit hn ngi cht (t nay hn v "bun ca ngi cht" v ngi ta b ci m , khng thm ving, cng king na). Gia nh v dn lng li n ung, vui chi, ca ht, tr chuyn ti khuya di nh trng sng, trong ting trng ting ching lng vang khp ni rng. Nh giu cn lm thm mt ngy na, nhng cng l giao tip, gp g, n ung... L b m l mt ngy l gn lin vi tang ch, nhng li vui v, ho sng nh mt ngy hi. Bi, theo quan nim ca ngi , cng sm lm l b m th hn ngi cht cng sm c iu kin nhp vo xc tr s sinh quay li dng th, sng vi ng tc. Li na, lm l b m l mt dp th hin trch nhim ca cng ng v ca ngi thn i vi ngi khut. V, th ba, ch sau khi lm l b m th v hoc chng ngi cht mi c ti gi. l nhng l do khin cho l b m tr thnh mt hi l ng vui ca cc gia nh ngi , ngoi nhng biu hin tang ch cn c" 1. Nhn chung, khng kh c bn ca l hi din ra nh vy. Tuy nhin, ty vo l ca tng tc ngi, tng gia nh m qui m, lch trnh, chi tit... c nhng khc bit i cht. Thng thng, d tc ngi no, th l hi cng din ra 3 n 6 ngy: Ngy khi cng (ngy vo), ngy l
1
Ngc Lu Ly - L b m ca ngi - Bo HNMCN s 236 (thng 9/1993).
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chnh (ngy b) v ngy ung ru cng cm (l tng nh). Mi ngy va nu li c th ko mt hai ngy mi xong. Mt t liu khc li cho rng l hi b nh m din ra gm 3 bc chnh: 1. "... Ngy khi cng tc l ngy cuc, d nh m c dng nh mi, (cng vic din ra t 1 n 2 ngy). Khi cng vic hon tt, tc l nh dng v trang tr xong, tng t ng v tr... gi lng lm l cng vi thng bo cho Atu bit v cng vic lm nh, chia ca cho Atu hon tt, sau mi ngi n ung, nhy ma, nh ching vui sut m hm . 2. ng vui nht l ngy hm sau, ngy chnh thc ca l tin linh hn v th gii ca ng b. T sng sm, ngi ta tp trung nh Rng tht tru, b... Gi lng cng Yng y. Sau gi lng em tht ru ti khu nh m cng xong, thn nhn ngi qu c vo nh m khc ln cui v chia bit. Trong khng kh nghi l , nhiu hot ng khc mang yu t biu cm cng pht trin song hnh (ma, ching, ri, hi...) v c bit phi k n vic n ung cng cm, n ung vi ngi sng v vi c ngi cht; y l bui lin hoan tin a y lu luyn. 3. Tip sau ngy l chnh l ngy ung ru bn bp, hay cn gi l l ra ni (ting Bana l Glang go). y thc cht l ngy gia ch tht i bn b sau khi lm l gii phng cho ngi ga. Khi gi lng cng xong, ngi thn, bn b ngi ga em h ra sui tm gi, vi ra ht mi rng buc i vi k qu c. Sau ngi ta n ung, nhy ma, nh ching thu m sut sng. Cng c th trong ngy ny, h t chc m ci (v, chng) cho ngi ga nu c s chun b trc, t y h sng mt cuc sng hon ton mi..."1. L b nh m ca ng bo dn tc Giarai Ayunpa li c ghi nhn l t chc lin tc trong bn ngy: ngy th nht (Mt) din ra l chnh thc ti nh m; ngy th hai (P' chnh), git tru, b, lm tic ru; ngy th ba (sch g) vui chi thm hi trong lng; ngy th t (klai komlai) tic ru kt thc l... 2.
Bi Quang Ngc - L b m t gc nhn xy dng i sng vn ha mi. Tp ch Vn ha Ngh thut 3/1945, tr. 24. 2 Xem Ch Anh o - H Tng Sn: L P'thi, mt tc l p ca ng bo dn tc Giarai GiaRai - Kontum. Tp ch VHDG s 3/1986, tr. 72.
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By gi, ta hy theo dng lch trnh ca mt l b nh m ca ngi Bana (grong br), theo chng ti, qua , c th bit chi tit hn v l hi ny. Nh trnh by, l hi ko di 4-5 ngy hoc c th hn, nhng khng kh chun b c t trc hng 2-3 thng tri, ty theo iu kin tng gia nh. Mi ngi chun b vt cht, tinh thn, nguyn vt liu lm nh m mi, n ung cng cm 4-5 ngy lin. lm c nh m mi, gia nh phi c gi lng lm l cng g nh rng, ri mang vt phm (3 hoc 5 ming tht g, mt t ru) n cng t bit nh m c, xin ng b ph h lm nh mi cho ma. V khi mi th chun b xong (tranh, tre, na l mang v y , tng nh m 1 tc xong..., th khi y, l hi b nh m mi thc s bt u. Ngy u tin ca l grong br gi l ngy b nh m tm (khi chn n gi) dng nh m mi (dnh cho nghi thc b nh m). Dng xong nh m, th cng ng, h hng cng gia nh lm l cng ti nh rng v vui chi thu m sut sng ti . Heo g, tru b c git ti nh rng t sng sm, sau , khong 5 gi chiu mi cng ti nh m. V tc chn chung, mi l b nh m ca ngi Giarai thng git khong trn di 40 con tru, b. Gia nh vo nh m khc than. Trong khi ngoi, mi ngi vn n ung cng cm, nhy ma, nh cng ching vui chi thu m sut sng. Ngy hm sau l ngy b nh m mi dng. Tru b c ko n nh rng (hoc nh ch) git tht. V tc chn chung, mi l b m ca ngi Giarai thng git trn di 40 con tru, b. H lm cy gn (gng, gng) ct tru git 2. "Mt trong nhng hot ng ca m tang, l b m v nht l trong mt hoc hai ngy m tbxat (vo ngy hi - P.H.T) l ma v tu nhc cng ching. C th ni, cng vi cng, iu xoang v iu cng ching grong bxat l nhng nghi thc chnh ca l hi Br" 3. Tip l ngy gii thot ngi sng khi mi ngha v, rng buc vi ngi khut (ngy ung ru ni, ngy bn bp, ngy n tic ti
1
TS Ng Vn Doanh cho rng, theo phong tc ca ngi Bana, trong ngy l, gia nh no c git tru, b (lm ln) th mi lm nh m c tng, c ct trang tr; cn git heo, g th khng. 2 Cy gn (gng) git tru l hi ny gm 4 ct thp ch khng cao vt ln nh cc gng (gng) dnh cho l hi dng tru (n tru, m tru), t thn linh. 3 Xem thm cc nghi thc ny trong bi dn ca Nguyn Duy Thiu v bi L b m ca ngi Bana ca Ng Vn Doanh, Tp ch Dn tc hc s 4/1989, tr. 69-73.
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gia nh). Gia ch cng bn bp, ri lm ba tic cui tip i h hng, bn b, nhng ngi gip lm l, sau khi cng ti bp (bng tht v ru), gi lng a v (hoc chng) ca ngi khut ra sui tm gi gt ra mi rng buc tnh cm vi hn (k t khi h c quyn tc huyn hoc i bc na). Sau , mi ngi vui v n cm, ung ru, vui chi v chia tay. L hi kt thc. Ngi Bana Krem, v khng c tc b nh m mi, hm chn ct h lm nh m, chia ca v vnh bit lun. cng l mt nt ng lu . Nh vy, bng vo nhng g c miu thut s qua mt cch chung nht hay ngay c tng tc ngi, c th thy rng, mi hot ng ca l hi b nh m (t vic chun b lm nh m ti vic chia ca, t nhng nghi thc cng n cc hot ng hi nh ma, xoang, nh cng ching...) u th hin mc tiu chia tay thn thit gia ngi cn sng vi ngi khut, v quyn li ca c ngi cn sng ln ngi khut. Sau l hi ny, ngi ang sng (v hoc chng) c iu kin i tm hnh phc mi. Sau l hi ny, ngi khut c iu kin ti sinh vo mt kip sng mi. Sau l hi ny, cng ng, h hng, ngi thn t r c trch nhim v tnh cm ca mnh vi gia nh ngi khut trn tinh thn cng ng v bnh ng... C l v th m l hi b nh m, mt sinh hot vn ha ng vui ca hu ht cc tc ngi ni rng ni Ty Nguyn hng v, vn c duy tr v pht trin cho ti ngy nay, di hnh thc mt l hi c o, him c./. P.H.T
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l hi dng tru
I Ly
ch gi l hi ny, n nay, vn cha thng nht. Nhiu ngi quen dng l hi m tru, l m tru khi biu trng ho mt khu ca qu trnh l hi: ng tc m tru. Li c ngi cho y l l hi mang m mu sc phong tc tn ngng ca ng bo dn tc Ty Nguyn, m con tru ch l vt hin t thn linh, sau l n ung cng cm, nn gi l l n tru, l hi n tru. Nhng kin u c l gc m n tip cn (m tru hoc n tru), nhng cng cha th gi l khi nim chnh xc v mt khoa hc, d chng ng vi thc tin l hi. tip cn st hn vi ngha biu trng ca l hi ny, chng ti dng khi nim l hi dng tru, trong bao cha c cc trnh thc, ng tc m tru v n tru. * * * C th ni l hi dng tru l mt hot ng vn ho - tn ngng si ng, c sc, tng hp nht ca rt nhiu dn tc vng Trng Sn - Ty Nguyn. Trong l hi ny khng phi ch c m tru, n tru, dng tru, m cn c mt rt nhiu loi hnh dn ca, din xng dn gian khc nh m nhc, ma, ngh thut to hnh... to nn mt khng kh va uy nghim trong l, va honh trng trong hi, y sc thi ring bit ca Ty Nguyn hng v. L hi dng tru, do th, l hot ng tn ngng khng th thiu ca ng bo cc dn tc Ty Nguyn, tiu biu l cc tc Giarai, Bana, ... y l dp cng ng, gia nh m tru t thn, lm l mng thng li, l tr n thn, mong thn linh ban cho nhn khang vt thnh, ma mng sinh si, cuc sng no , ngi ngi hnh phc. V i th, l hi dng tru cc tc u tun th nhng nt chung v nghi l, tnh th v ni dung hi...; nhng khc bit ch l chi tit nh nhoi. V th m, bn cnh vic m t nhng l hi dng tru ca tng tc ngi khc nhau, hin nay, ngi ta c xu hng i n m t l hi dng tru chung cho cc tc ngi Trng Sn - Ty Nguyn. S l tha khi cp qu t m n tin trnh l hi dng tru vn c vit kh nhiu, v th xin miu t s lc mt s biu hin chung ca l hi ny v mt l
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hi c th ca ngi , m nhng trnh thc ca n, theo nhng g chng ti bit c, c tnh i din cho khng t l dng tru cc tc khc nhau. Hnh tng con tru gn b vi sinh hot ca ngi dn Vit Nam, vi nhiu hot ng vt cht v tinh thn ca cc cng ng ngi... C ni con tru c dng lm tng th, lm vt trang tr. Sn (Hi Phng) c l hi "chi tru". Thanh Hoa (Vnh Ph) c hi "cp la nh u tru". Phng Thanh (Thanh Oai- H Ty) c th Kai Kng (ngi th khng n tht tru). C nhng lng nui tru gii nhng khng bao gi n tht tru v khng nh p tru. H Ni c s tch "Tru vng h Ty" (h Kim Ngu)... V ni Ty Nguyn xa xi kia, c mt loi l hi c o lin quan n con tru: l hi dng tru (hay l m tru, l n tru) l mt sinh hot vn ho dn gian c sc. L hi dng tru cng ng vi ngha l mt hi vui ca ton bun lng. L hi ny trc kia c t chc vi ni dung mng chin thng, khi i c n hoc khi thng trn. Con tru l vt dng lm vt hin t l do cng ng thua trn np v. Hin nay, ngha mng chin thng phai lt dn, nhng ch cho ngha khc: l s biu dng sc mnh cng ng, l n mng c ma v cu thn, khn thnh ban cho cng ng sc mnh, s phn thnh v khang ninh. Nhiu khi l t chc trong phm vi gia nh, ngha vn vy, nhng quy m nh hn. L hi c t chc ba ngy, do hi ng gi lng ch tr. Con tru c nui v c chn la t my nm trc. Ru cn, go c chun b sn khi thu hoch ma mng xong, do c bun cng ng gp. Mi cng vic chun b u do gi lng phn cng, ch huy. Ai c chn vo thc hin cng vic u cm thy rt vinh d v c tin tng. Bui chiu mt ngy xun, khong hn 3 gi, mi ngi mang cc th n nh rng (gm 4 ct to, 4 cy tua, mt cnh go bng c tay hoc c chn, tt c u c chm khc hoa vn)... H o h, chn cy nu tht vng v dt tru ct cht vo nu. Cc ti thing, dao v thing cng 4 gh ru cn, 1 ln, 1 g c t quanh hoc st cy nu. Bui l bt u. Gi lng v 3 trng s c la chn ng nghim trc cy nu. Dn lng tp trung ht sn nh rng. Khi cc thanh nin v ngi tham gia vo vic m tru va h va ma quanh cy nu 5-6 vng ngc chiu kim ng h th thy mo c li khn mi thn thnh xung chng kin l hi. Trong khi , t v, ri, ngh thut biu din c tin hnh.
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Ba trng s cm kim v gy tin n cy nu ma din li nhng trn nh oai hng ca cng ng. Trng, ching, ma, nh cng nhp nhng uyn chuyn, no ng ni rng khin mi ngi say m no nc, qun c thi gian. Hm sau, va bnh minh, hai trng s tin ti cy nu trc s chng kin ca dn lng v thc hin vic m tru. Tru c thui v m tht ngay ti ch, mt s tht, gan, li, b... c t ch gh ru gc. Tht tru, mt phn n ung ti ch, phn ln c chia u cho cc thnh vin trong bun lng. Tic ru cn, tht tru din ra thu m sut sng. Hm sau, gi lng x u tru, nu chn khn thn ti nh rng v li mt tic ru cn ko di ti tn khuya mi chm dt. L hi dng tru, trong ni bt trnh thc m tru v n tru l mt hot ng tinh thn ca ngi cao nguyn, mang m du n vn ho. ngi v ni chung l phn ln tc ngi dc Trng Sn Ty Nguyn, cc l hi ny ch khc nhau tn gi v i ng tc hay hnh thc l nghi, vt cng... m thi. V, do phn ln l hi dng tru ca cc tc ngi u bt u vo ma hi thng ba, nn khng kh hi h thng ba Ty Nguyn l ht sc c sc, c o. Ci khng kh y c bt u Trng Sn - Ty Nguyn khi thi tit bt u m p, la chn tra v tut xong, y kho, y b; khi ngi dn bt u c thi gi ri ngh n thn linh, n cng ng v ngh n nhau. Lc ny, trn nhng con ng vo bun, nhng m nng tra, hay trn nhng sn ln, nhng nh di ca bun lng, ting ching trng, ting n inh gong, inh br, inh tuk... ngn nga; ting ht i p ca cc chng trai c gi Ty Nguyn vang xa, no nc... Lc ny, cc tc ngi Ty Nguyn hay t chc l hi dng tru; knh co vi thnh thn v mt v ma thng li; mt chin thng v vt cht hay tinh thn, s t n thn linh ban cho ma y qu ngt... Ngi , trong dp ny cng t chc nghi l Mnm thun, trong , phn c bn, c sc l l hi dng tru. L hi ny, v khng kh, din xng... nh ni, khng khc g lm so vi tin trnh l m tru m chng ta bit, song, cng xin nu qua i cht nm c khng kh c th, khng gian c th ca mt vng c th. Trong ngy l Mnm thun, ngoi nhng nghi l, hi h khc, ngi coi dng tru l mt nghi l chnh bc l lng thnh vi
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thn linh nh bc l sc mnh cng ng. Trc ngy y, nhng chng trai kho mnh, nhanh nhn, o c tt...vo rng cht g, tre, c bit l cy p lang v dng cy v tr (cy plang kbao) trn mt vng t rng c chn sn trong bun. Cy v tr cao chng by tm mt, c cm dao thp (st) quanh thn biu tng sc mnh ca thn linh. Trn nh cy c gn cy tre non, un hnh mt trng li lim tng cho v tr. Xung quanh cy cn cm nhiu thn tre cao, u tre buc nhng si dy vi tua bng ung a. y l ct v tr va c chc nng n mi linh hn t tin thn thnh v d, va ht linh kh thin nhin giao i vi mt t, ni i. Cy v tr c cm dao, l biu l sc mnh thn linh, cn quanh ct, ngi ta dng ba, bn ct ngn, tht chc buc tru t thn. Trn cc ct ny c chm khc hoc v cc n chim, hoa vn, cy c, hoa l, dng c gia nh... Trc ngy l mt ngy, cy v tr (p lang ) phi dng xong. dng xong c cy ny, cng ng (gi lng) hoc gia ch lm l dng tru phi lm mt l cu hn mi thn linh, t tin, ng b v nhp vo ct p lang cng d hi. Mi ct p lang buc mt con tru t. L hi m tru no git nhiu tru th phi lm nhiu ct. Bui sng ngy vo t, khi mt tri ln cao, gi tr, ln b, gi trai trong bun no nc ko nhau n bi t dng t chc m tru. Mi ngi ng vy trn xung quanh ct p lang kbao chng kin gi pht bt u. M u l hi, i ching cng ca bun, gm nhng tay cng ching ti gii, c la chn, ging ln nhng iu cng, ting ching dn dp, vui v, va trang nghim, va no nhit. Tr nh ching kn (khng nm), gi nh ching kna (c nm). Trong khng kh y, gi lng (chong khn c tua ng sc) xin kin dn lng tm chn ngi m tru. Khi c chn vo cng vic quan trng nay, chng trai (c khi nhiu chng trai c chn vo i m tru, nhng mt ngi c chn l ngi m chnh) cm thy rt hnh din, bi c dn lng tin tng vo sc mnh, s trong sng ca nhn cch cng nh s tho ngh (m tru) . L m tru bt u. Gi lng gi tn chng trai (hay chng trai ng u nu chn mt i m tru) c dn lng ct c ra lm nhim v. Trong ting h reo dy t, ngi trai y, tay cm dao nhn sc, bt u hnh l bng cch chy, ma, ui theo con tru hin t ( c nui ring dnh cho l hin sinh) xunh quanh ct p lang kbao, theo nhp ching cng lc bng lc trm, ting trng thi thc lc khoan lc nht. i lc thun tin, ngi trai ma cy
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ao chm vo khuu tri sau, khuu phi sau ca con tru ti khi n ng khuu xung t, lt quanh ct kbao. Khi y, ngi trai a dao cho mt chng trai khc, hoc mt ngi lng, cm gio di, va chy theo con vt, va ma gio theo nhp ching trng ngy cng dn dp, thc gic, ting reo h ngy cng vang ng hn. n lc c th thc hin ng tc cui cng, ngi trai ma cao gio, m mnh vo sn tru, sao cho trng tim con vt v con vt cht ngay. Ngi hnh l (gi lng) dng bt ng ng ru hng mu tru t v cng nhau chia s. Khi , nhng thanh nin kho mnh, c th c ngi gi, va reo h va o o vo, dng dao m tht con tru chia phn hoc dnh cho n ung cng cm. L hi dng tru kt thc trong khng kh tng bng, phn khi, ho hng v trng l. chnh l mt sinh hot vn ho tn ngng, vn ho ngh thut vi nhng nghi l, nhng iu ma, li ca mang y tnh biu trng, biu cm, tinh thn thng v hn nhin ca tc ngi cng nh bao tc ngi khc trn vng t cao nguyn nng gi v bt khut... Nh vy, qua l hi dng tru ca mt tc, hay l hi chung ca cc tc Ty Nguyn m cc ti liu va dn cng nh cc ti liu khc miu t, c th thy rng, d l l hi dng tru gia nh nhm t n thn linh hay l hi dng tru cng ng mng thng li, th tnh cng ng, cng cm (trong khng kh vui mng, trong s ng gp v vt cht, tinh thn; trong s ngng vng thn linh...) l ht sc ln lao. Do , c th coi l hi dng tru l sinh hot vn ho tn ngng tng hp ca cc tc ngi Trng Sn - Ty Nguyn, bao cha s gn quyn gia thn linh v con ngi, gia cng ng v gia nh, gia cng ng v tng c nhn... nhm hng ti mc ch chung t n thn linh; cu mong s no m yn lnh; vui v trong s giao tip v gp g, hi h. V, tt c nhng g m ta c bit, l hi dng tru p ng trn vn i sng tm linh, tn ngng cng nh cuc sng i thng ca cc tc ngi ni y v c nhng tc ngi khc na./. I.L --------------Ghi ch: Cc tc gi Thch Phng, L Trung V miu thut khi qut l hi ny vi mt s nt khc bit di tn gi l hi n tru. "... L n tru c t chc vo dp mng thng li ca cng ng, khnh thnh nh rng, l cu an, l xo im xu, im g cho c
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bun lng; cng c khi do gia nh trong pli ng ra t chc t n thn, nhng tham gia vo l hi l c cng ng. Nu nh ngi Kinh nui tru b l ly sc ko, ly tht, th cc dn tc Ty Nguyn nui tru ch yu l t thn. ng nhin, tru cng c coi nh mt th ti sn qu gi bn cnh nhng ching, ch. Khng phi con tru no cng tr thnh vt t thn c, nht l lm vt hin t trong l m tru. Ngi ta chn la kh k theo nhng tiu chun c quy nh: con tru phi c sc vc kho, va tui, i sng phi cn i, khng t vt, c mt s xoy mang c im ring trn lng. Nu l tru hin t thn, th thng con vt phi c nui dng t vi nm trc. L n tru ca cc dn tc thng din ra hai dng: - L n tru mng thng li: Thng thng, l hi c t chc ti sn nh rng ca pli, v thng ko di trong 3 ngy. Ch tr l l gi lng. Ni dung c bn ca l hi l hin t thn, mng chin cng ca cng ng ny i vi cng ng kia (thng din ra xa kia), hoc hon thnh mt vic trng i nh khnh thnh nh rng. Ngoi con tru c chn la ng tiu chun, cn phi chun b y cc l vt khc nh: heo, g, ru cn, go np... S l vt ny do dn chng trong pli ng gp. Trc khi tin hnh l, gi lng (khoa pli) kim li s l vt, phn cng ngi ph trch tng cng on, tng s vic. Gn n ngy l n tru, mt s trai tr trong pli c phn cng vo rng cht l, tre, g, c bit cy go, em v lm ct dng cy nu, lm n t thn (gingga) trung tm thing ca bui l. Theo lnh gi lng, h chn t bng phng, thng l trc nh rng, chn bn ci ct, bn cy tua, mt cy gng cao, bng cy bng go to c bp chn. Mt cy tre cao c dng ta vo ct chnh lm nu, ni vi cc ct ph bng nhng dy lt nguyn mu trng ca tre, hoc nhum mu , mu tm. y l ct thng gian gia con ngi v v tr, vi th gii thn linh. Trn u cc ct, cy nu c ni thm nhng cn tre cong vt to ra bn pha, c trang tr bng nhng vng trn, nhng ng na, chm bng vt t tre, nhng tm lng g mu sc sc s, nhng hnh v chim, hoa.v.v... Trong qu trnh chn ct, gi lng (hay thy cng) ly ti thing (Yang kdung), dao v mt s thing t tn cy nu ri c li khn vi Yang xen vi ting h gi cc thn
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linh v chng gim. Bn ch ru cn c em xp v buc gn chn cy nu cng vi mt con g v mt con heo lm tht sn. Dn trong pli, gi tr, ln b, trong nhng b trang phc ngy l nhiu mu sc s, tp trung thnh mt vng trong chng kin bui l. Khi con tru- vt hin thn- c ct vo gc cy nu trong nh chiu vng rc ang trm xung ni rng, cng l lc dn chinh vang ln cc bi quen thuc t bao i vi ngi Ty Nguyn. l bi Dual, bi Krum tha thit mi gi, thc gic mi ngi hy nhanh chn n d bui khai mc l hi. Khi mi ngi t tu ng , gi lng (nu l l m tru ca cng ng), hoc ngi ch gia nh (nu l l m tru ca gia nh), n ng gn ct gingga, ct ging trang nghim cu khn cc v thn linh v chng gim tm lng thnh ca b con v nhn nhng l vt dng tng. Ting cu khn va dt, m thanh ca cc loi cng, ching, trng ni ln ho cng ting h tng hi ca nhiu ngi lm cho khng kh l hi thm rn rng, no nc. i chinh ching nh bi Juar i vng quanh cy nu nhiu vng. Khi ngi thi t v rc ln mt hi, ngi ko ri git dy cc con ri biu din say sa. i chinh ching chuyn nhp nh sang bi trum vi giai iu nhp nhng, hi chm. Hai thanh nin n mc kiu dng s, tay cm gm sng long v chic khil t pha nh rng tin gn n cy nu. Hai ngi trong t th vn nhau, nh tm th yu ca i phng. Bt thnh lnh xut hin mt nhn vt th ba, cng vi trang phc dng s, nhng c v oai phong hn, tay cm gy di, a ra vn trc con tru. B khiu khch, con vt lng ln gia s reo vui ca dn chng ang quy qun thnh vng trn chung quanh. Hai dng s ma gm v khil din li cuc sc gay go mi lc cng cng thng. Cui cng, mt trong hai i th ui sc, thua cuc, u ci xung, bc v v tr c. Ngi dng s thng cuc, gi cao chic khil v thanh gm sng long ln ngang ngc, bc i hin ngang gia ting reo h ca mi ngi. Tip theo, i ma tap mlia xut hin. Hai ngi v trng dn dp. Bn thiu n o qun sc s eo king bc, cng bc sng long bc ra vi iu ma nhp nhng, uyn chuyn, i vng quanh cy nu theo chiu ngc kim ng h, v mt vui ti, hn h. Ba ngi khc nh cng vi nhp iu nhanh, ho cng ting trng, lm no ng khng kh ni rng v m trong nh la chy bp bng.
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Trong khi , cc c gi say ru thip i. Cuc vui c th, ko di cho ti sng. Ngy hm sau, khi bnh minh va rng, mi ngi t tu ng quanh cy nu buc tru chun b vo mn chnh thc. Hai chng trai bc ra t m ng, mt ngi cm chic mc nhn hot, mt ngi cm chic li sng long, t t tin v con tru ang ng, vung tay chm mt nht vo khuu chn con vt. Tru lng ln d tn, chy vng quanh cy nu. Mt thanh nin vm v ma li gio theo nhp trng gia ting reo h ca mi ngi, ri chn lc thun li, bng mt ng tc mnh, chnh xc a li gio xuyn vo nch tru thu tn tim. Con vt vng vy, chy thm vi vng quanh cy nu ri ng khuu xung t. Hai thanh nin khc khing n chic ni ng, trong c ng mt t ru, a k vo ch vt m hng ly huyt. Huyt tru c ho vi ru cng thn trc khi ung. Thy cng cn ct mt t tai, mi, mi mt, lng ui em vo lm l. Trong khi , ting nhc cng ching vang ni ln, nam n thanh nin tip tc ma ht, diu vng quanh ch con vt va ng theo ngc chiu kim ng h, thnh thong xen ln c ting h di vang vng vo tn rng su. Sau , con tru hin l c em thui, x tht lm thc cng v cc mn n i khch. Phn cn li th phn phi cho cc bp trong pli. Thc cng gm c tht nng, tht thn, gan, b, tit em t vo ni ch ru gc. Lc ny, ti thing (Yang kdung) c a t cy nu xung dn t, v ngi ta ly mu tru "ra" ti thing. n na chiu, dn chinh ching nh bi vang, i ma khil t t bc ra ch trng trong s reo h ca dn lng. i ma leo ln sn nh rng, i cng. H va nh ching, va ct ting h vang. Mt ngi gi a ru, tht, thuc l ra mi. Lc by gi, c i thi nh ching, cng ngi quanh cc ch ru cn ang by sn, va n ung, va ci ni rm ran. Sang ngy th ba, ngi gi x u tru, bm c tru vi tht, lm mn cng, t ngay ti ct tgu (ct mc gia nh rng) khn Yang rng. Chinh ching, trng ln, trng nh li ni ln bi vang, sau tic ru vui chi ko di ti khuya th kt thc. mt s dn tc, sau l n tru, ngi trong pli li c tc king trong ba ngy, khng i ra rng, cng khng tip khch l. -L n tru ca gia nh: L hi ny mang mc ch hn hp hn: tr n thn.
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V mt nghi thc tin hnh l tc nh vic dng dn t, dng ct gingga, quy trnh v ng tc m tru, s tham gia ca i chinh ching trong sut cuc l, cng nh phn hi, khng c khc bit ln. C khc chng l mt s vic, s iu c th nh: - Con tru hin t thn v nhng vt cng khc l ca gia ch t chun b. - Khi vo l n tru ca gia nh, th c gia nh thn ch phi tp trung ng trc sn nh vi trang phc l hi. Ch nh ng trc, tay cm mt bt go y, bc tng nm, vy vo lng tru, mm lm rm li khn mi thn chng gim lng tri n ca gia nh. Sau , c nh ln lt s vo ui tru, hoc nm ly dy buc con vt t thn. - Ch nh dng gy p cht mt con heo (vt cng cng vi mt con g) ri em t bn ct gingga, ly mu vy vo ct. - Ch ru gia ch c t gia nh, trong khi nhng ch ru ca b con, bn b hay ca nhng nh khc nhau trong pli mang n th xp thnh hng di pha trc. Thay v gi lng i din cho c cng ng (l n tru mng thng li) ng ra thc hin, th y ngi ch nh t m trch ly, v nh vic p li s "i hi tr cng" ca i chinh ching trong sut cuc l chng hn. Ngi ch gia nh t tay mnh bc tht nht vo mm tng ngi, khi i chinh ching bc qua ca nh gia ch.v.v... Tuy gi l l n tru ca gia nh ( phn bit vi l ca c cng ng), nhng trong thc t th cng sc ng gp, s tham gia ca b con trong pli rt ln, t khu chun b n cc hot ng trong bui l, vic vui chi, ma ht, n ung"1./. *
Theo Thch Phng- L Trung V- 60 l hi truyn thng Vit Nam. Nxb KHXH- H Ni, 1995, tr.410-416.
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Hi ua Voi
Thch Phng- L Trung V
Vi ng bo cc tc dc theo dy Trng Sn, voi l vt qu

him nht, l hin thn ca sc mnh v s giu c ca mi gia nh, mi bun lng. T mt ging vt hoang d, khi c bt v v thun dng, voi tr thnh ngi bn thn thit vi con ngi trong i sng hng ngy: vn chuyn, i li, lm ry, ko g, lm thu li.v.v... Voi l loi vt c thn hnh to ln, nhng cng l con vt thng minh v giu tnh ngha nht trong qun th ng vt hoang d. S sch xa tng ghi li nhiu mu chuyn v c tnh ny ca voi i vi ngi. Chuyn hai voi chin ca hai b Trng r nhau v bn sng Ht, ni hai b t t, ri nhn n cho n cht. n th Voi Phc (H Ni) l ni ghi li s tch ny. Cm ng bit bao khi gia php trng, con voi khng chu dy n tng Bi Th Xun- ngi ch ca mnh- b Gia Long khp vo ti hnh. B phi gi n, v v: "Mi hy git ta, nu khng mi s cht oan, ta tha ti cho mi". Con voi chin ci u, cong vi, bi b ba ci, nc mt rn ra, ri dng vi qun b tung ln cao, a cp ng nhn n ch, b ch au mt ln khi cht. Sau , voi tm cch ph xch chy vo rng su. Chuyn nhng con voi chin trong mi tin cng nh n Ngc Hi ca qun Ty Sn di s ch huy ca c ng Tin ng nm t Du (1789); chuyn con voi gi ca vua Hm Nghi ph xch chy vo rng nhn n cho n cht, khi vua b bt.v.v... l nhng hnh nh p v lng trung ngha ca con vt ny. Nhn chung trong c nc, voi tp trung nhiu nht tnh c Lc (hn 400 con voi nh), trong huyn Ea Sp c n voi ng nht. Bn n thuc huyn Ea Sp, ni quy t nhiu tc ngi M'nng, , Lo... khng nhng ni ting vi n voi nh hng trm con, m cn l x s ca ngh sn bt v nui dy voi t lu i. Sn bt voi l mt ngh v cng l th, nhng y gian lao nguy him, i hi s thng minh, lng dng cm tuyt vi v s phn ng nhanh nhy ca ngh th sn trong mi tnh hung.
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Hi ua voi thng din ra vo ma xun, c th hn vo dp thng ba m lch, l thng p nht trong nm y: tri nng du, t rng kh ro, dc bn cc b sng, b sui, cc loi hoa rng ua nhau khoe sc, trng, vng, tm, hng...Ngi Ty Nguyn thng v von l ma con ong i ly mt, ma con voi xung sng ung nc; ma em i pht ry lm nng; anh vo rng t by gi chng. chun b cho ngy hi, t vi thng trc , nhng chng trai trong bun cng nh nhng mgt (ngi qun tng) a voi n nhng cm rng c nhiu cy c lm thc n cho voi chng c n ung no n. H cn bi dng thm chui chn, u chn, ma cy, bp ng, khoai lang, cm go v hu nh khng bt voi phi lm nhng vic nng nhc gi sc. n ngy hi, nhng n voi t cc bun lng xa gn nm np ko v bun n, tp trung mt s bi, hoc cnh rng tha ven sng Srpc. Cng vi nhng n voi, dn chng khp ni v d hi vi nhng b o qun mu sc rc r. Bi ua l mt di t tng i bng phng (thng l khu rng bng, t cy to) b ngang 10 con voi ging hng i mt lc, b di t mt n hai kilmt. Mt hi t v rc ln, n voi di s iu khin ca nhng chng mgt ln lt tin vo khong t bng, dn thnh hng ngang ngay ngn. Nhiu con rng vang, nh bo hiu rng chng sp bc vo mt cuc thi ti quan trng. Theo lnh iu khin, tng tp voi i vo ng tuyn xut pht. Con u n bc ln pha trc, trong t th uy nghi, hai chn trc ng thng, ngng cao, quay ci vi my vng ri ci u cho khn gi hai bn, xong li li vo v tr c. Ting hoan h cng nhng trng v tay c v vang dy, trong khi ting ching, ting trng dng ln tng rn r nh thc, nh gic. Khng kh trng ua lc ny lng im, cng thng, mi ngi hi hp ch i. Trn mi con voi c hai chng mgt dng mnh, trong b trang phc sc s kiu tng lnh ngy xa ang trong t th sn sng ch lnh. Mt ting t v rc to bo lnh xut pht. Nhng chic chn voi to nh cy ct nh, thng ngy nhc ln tng bc ung dung, u oi, thng tut, t nhin bt ln nh nhng chic l xo phng v pha trc trong ting h reo, la ht ca khn gi cng ting ching, ting trng m vang c ni rng. Chng mgt ngi pha trc u voi ci rp mnh, ngng u quan st v iu khin voi bng mt thanh st nhn di mt mt gi l kreo (ting M'nng l gy iu khin) dng m mnh vo da, thc voi
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tng tc , cn anh chng mgt th hai ngi pha sau th dng chic ba g kc nn mnh vo mng voi voi chy nhanh v thng ng. Trn ng ua, bi t, l cy kh bc ln, ting gi rt, ting cnh l b va qut xen ln vi ting rm rch ca nhng bc chn voi... Khi bng dng chng mgt ngi trn lng ch voi i u va xut hin t xa trong vng quay tr v ch, th ting reo h ca khn gi vang ln nh sm. Ting trng, ting ching gic gi lin hi. Tip theo l ting hoan h nhng ngi thng cuc. Nhng ch voi c gii, gi cao chic vi vy cho mi ngi, ri ngoan ngon bc i ung dung, i tai phe phy, mt lim dim a vi nhn nhng khc ma mu tm hay ng ng ca b con cc ni mang n ng h. Cuc ua voi kt thc, nhng ch voi d thi ln lt tr li cc bun lng xa xi, mang theo ting ht, li ca v khng kh rn rng ca ngy hi, khi v bun lng, li mt ln na c dn chng ko nhau ra tn u bun hn hoan cho n, thng qu nh nhng ngi chin thng. Thng thng nhng con voi thng cuc vn thuc v bun n, mt bun ca ngi M'nng c nhiu voi nht v c truyn thng chm sc, hun luyn voi gii nht trong vng. Ngy hi ua voi l ngy vui ln Ty Nguyn, n phn nh tinh thn thng v ca ngi M'nng, mt dn tc giu c tnh dng cm, tng quen vi tc , tng i din vi bao tnh hung him nguy, cng thng trong nhng cuc sn bt voi rng. Chnh ci khung cnh hng v ca thin nhin Ty Nguyn- ni din ra cuc ua c sc - lm tng ln bi phn cht hng trng ca ngy hi c truyn ca h. Thng t nm 1993 (tc thng 3 m lch), mt l hi ln mang tn Lin hoan l hi cng ching v ua voi Ty Nguyn c t chc ti th x Bun M Thut, th ph ca tnh c Lc. Nhng ngi anh em cc dn tc Giarai, , M'nng, Bana, Xng, Catu, Chm H'roi sng cc tnh Gia Lai, Kon Tum, c Lc, Lm ng v dc theo dy Trng Sn min Trung v y gp g trong ngy hi ln. Tham gia l hi cn c cc on ngh thut nhiu tnh bn, k c thnh ph H Ch Minh. M u hi l cuc diu hnh ca 35 con voi thuc cc huyn Ea Sp, Krng Bng, Lc, H'Lao, c Min thuc tnh c Lc t cc bun lng xa xi xung d hi trn ng ph Bun M Thut. Nhng ch voi cao ln, hng dng, lng ph khn thu rc r, do con voi gi trn 160 tui dn u, bc i gia s cho n hn hoan ca dn chng.
1230
Cuc ua voi din ra ngy 8-4 trn sn vn ng ca th x cng vi nhng tr din nh bng, nm g gy nn mt s ngc nhin v hng khi i vi hng vn ngi xem trn cc khn i hm y. Tuy nhin, phm vi mt bng v cu trc cht hp ca ng ua sn vn ng ch thch hp vi con ngi nhng li khng ph hp vi nhng cuc tranh ti ca cc ch voi to ln, cng knh vn quen hot ng gia mt thin nhin rng ri, thong ng c cy c, sui nc chy, c tri xanh v gi lng. Do , sc hp dn ca cuc ua khng cao. y l mt vn cn lu tm khi t chc hi ua voi hin i./. T.P L.T.V
1231
L hi K Pan
Trung V
K Pan (kpan) l tn gi chic gh c mc, bng g nguyn

khi lin chn vi di thng thng t 9 ti 15 m, mt rng 60- 75 cm, chiu dy g 6-8 cm, chn cao 45- 50 cm, mt ti sn qu tng trng cho s giu c ca gia nh, v l nim t ho ca c bun ply . Mt, hai ngi khng th lm ni kpan. Mt gia nh khng th lm ni kpan, m phi c bun, vi sc mnh lao ng ca tp th, vi s tham gia hng ng ca mi ngi ... mi lm ni kpan. V vy, h c cy rng cao, to, thng, p- loi c th qu him v lu nm, v g tt (du, mt, hng, sao)- ri o, ch vi chic ru tay truyn thng v duy nht, thnh chic kpan s vi ng cong kho, mt m, vi ng thng dt khot, to thnh chiu di vng vng, nh con thuyn vn thng lt trn sng nc, lun lun cn ti lng dng cm, ti nng ca mt tp th ln, ca c cng ng. Con ngi bin cy rng (hnh nh thin nhin rng ln) thnh ti sn ca cng ng ngi, tr thnh nim t ho chung, chin cng chung. Kpan c gi tr trang tr, thm m c o ca gia nh , li c gi tr s dng thit yu (ni c gin ching ngi tu theo chiu di gian nh), cho nn, cng c gi tr biu tng. Do vic lm kpan l cng trnh lao ng ngh thut nn t lu, ngy mng cng l ngy l hi ca c cng ng, mc d do mt gia nh khi xng. Theo l c, mun l ch kpan, phi l ngi t chc c cc l hin sinh cng cho bn thn mnh, cu sc kho, nng cao uy th bng s lng ching, ch v s khon i cng ng. Xa, t lc cht cy ti lc hon tt, phi ko di t 7 ti 10 ngy. Vy mun c kpan, ng s phi lo tru, heo, g, ru, go n ung cho b con trong sut thi gian y. Sa son ln ng. Ch nhn mi 3 hoc 7 ngi thn bn v, ni nh v bn bc vic tm cy, cht cy. Cy chn phi l c th: cao, to, thng, g tt. Cy khng vng dy leo, khng c t ong, t kin hay t chim. Cy
1232
rng rut khng nn thn gh, li s c thn xu tr ng. Tm c cy va th o mt mnh v cy khong 5 cm x 5cm em v nh cu thn, ng nguyn lm kpan. Trong l cng phi by mt ch ru nh cng ru, kim, khin. Ngy cht cy cng phi tri quang my tnh. Trong bun khng c m ma, v lc i khng nghe ting mang gic mi yn tm. T tinh m, on ngi ln ng. Ch nh dn u. Theo sau l 7 ngi cht chnh, mi ngi cy ru nm chc trong tay. Ri ti thy cng v P cht ing (ngi qun l mi vic, l anh em trai bn v). Dn chng i xem hoc lm gip, tu tm, i sau cng. Ngi nh mang cm, ru, tht g, bu nc tr chuyn vui v. Ngoi ru cht o, ngi ta cn mang di st th g, kim, khin biu din; t v tu ng vin mi ngi. Ti ni, ting t v vang ln, ch nh i quanh gc cy 7 vng, thy cng ma khin theo. Ri thy ng di st vo thn cy. Nu di cm chc l c. (Di ny ra l Dng khng bng lng, khng cho php h cy y, nh phi b). Thy ng trc cy, cu thn bo h ch (P rng), thn s mnh ch (Bng); li cu thn ni (Dng C), thn nc (Dng Ea). Li thnh cu nh sau: - Hi thn! Ti cm n thn nui cy ln, cho g tt. Nay xin thn cy cho ch nh cy ny, v lm kpan!..." Ch nh b mt nht ru m u; ri mi ngi h nhau b theo chan cht! chan cht! ting kh anh nh ting reo vui, m thanh vang vng khu rng hoang vng. Ting t v vang tng hi vi ngha bo mi Dng, m cng l bo tin vui cho c bun. P cht ing lo iu khin tp th cht sao cho hng cy phi theo dc b nc. Nu cy ngang dng nc cng l xi quy, phi b cy y i. Khi cy ng nh hng, cnh l pht sch, nm trn tra trn mt t, thy cng cng ch nh i ln thn cy 7 ln, ui thn xu i. Cng cuc ch tc bt u. Tp th ng dc hai bn cy o mt trn ca kpan. Khong 3 gi sau, s ch xong. th ngh ung nc, t thng bng nhng mi thuc l nhi tu, ri chm la, rt tng hi di khoan khoi. Ch nh rt ru trong qu bu kh ra ng na, trn trng mi tng ngi, ung cho vui v ly li sc. T v li ln ting lin tc mng thnh qu mi. By thiu n vui ti ng theo hng dc, ma iu chim gr, hoan nghnh nhng tay th gii.
1233
P cht ing ra hiu chuyn kpan v bun. Thy cng cm ru b kh mt nht vo kpan theo ng tc l, ri tt c thanh nin trai trng c mt - khong 40 ngi - u gh vai khing chic gh qu thnh hnh. Tp thanh nin khc cng cc thiu n trang phc p, va tu nhc va ma trn sut ng v. Tr ching, trng, cc nhc c dn tc inh nm (kn thi hi, 5 ng), inh pt tt (kn thi hi, 6 ng, do 6 thiu n thi), cng vi t v ng thi tu ln, nhn nhp, vui v. Theo li mt vi dng s ma khin nh h tr, nh cho n, nh khuyn khch m rc. Tri v chiu, b con, h hng ra u bun n mng. Ngi ta t kpan xung. Thy cng tri chic khn qu ln khong gia kpan. Xong, vt qu mi c chuyn v thn. Hon cng. Kpan s ch t vn sau. m y, ch nh m ch ru thm khon i mi ngi v tr chuyn ti khuya. Hm sau, t sm, ting ru chan cht m vang, th va o, va tc, t im pha u v ui gh bng cc hnh hoa vn truyn thng. Gn tra, mi vic xong xui. Chic gh di c mc c truyn c khing ra pha trc nh, u to ghch ln sn. Trn chic chiu tri sn, ngi ta by bt cm, vng ng, o ch nh, cng khin, kim. Va lc y, ch nh trong b trang phc mi chnh t i ra, tay tri nng khin, tay phi nhc kim ma, i li trn thn kpan 7 ln ui thn xu i. B con trong bun ko ti, ng trc sn ch i. Ch nh cho mi ngi v thng bo ng t tn cho kpan l Y ung (Y am...) vi t rng, t nay kpan c ch v ng ch l ch vt qu ny. Ri thy cng bc ta chiu, khn bo l vt c dng Dng. Ching trng ni ln rn r. Hn hai chc thanh nin sn sng lin gh vai xoay li kpan v chuyn vo nh, ngn cy (u nh) vo trc. Kpan c k ng v tr, dc st vch pha ty nh, chy di ht gian gt (gah), gian nh tip khch1. L cu Dng bt u bng li thy cng rm r, nghim trang: " Dng Chng ti s cy ny b ln x, thn c u, cy khng c tt lnh. S rng cy ru bm, chim Pc u, cy khng c bnh
1
Nh c truyn l nh sn di 30-40 m, c hn na c th ti 50-60 m, m ca hng bc nam- mt tri chiu vch ng- ty.
1234
thng. Cy chim Gi hung , cy chim Blu chi, chim Di c Dua lm t. Cy t rng thing v nh th hy m. Vt g trong rng vo nh u phi hin. Quay u v pha trc hy nui tt con trai. Quay u pha trong hy nui tt con gi. Chm sc ch nh, gi tr. Bo v ngi nh bnh an, hnh phc... Dng!". Ching trng ni ngay khi li thy dt, m thanh chy sut ngi nh di, lan khp bun, to rng khp ni rng gn xa thng bo cuc l bt u. u cc ct buc cc ch ru u c thp sng bng nha cy du . nh sng thing lan to ti u ma qu cng iu ri ro ri xa ti . Gian khch bng rc sng huy hong. L ny s cng mt tru v by ch ru. Mi ch buc vo mt ct. Ct chnh pha ngoi cng, buc ch to nht. Thn ct bi 7 vng (nh 7 t cy tre) bng huyt tru. Nghi thc c bt u bng l ng b t tin vi mt con heo v ba ch ru, ri mi ti l cng khnh thnh kpan. Thy cng ngi pha u kpan. y t sn chic bt ng nh ng tit heo pha ru. Thy ng dy cm chic que di 20 cm buc bng gn u, nhng vo ru huyt v bi ko di t u ti cui gh, ym gi ti sn qu cho gia ch. Tic ru bt u khi kt thc phn cng. B con c bun ko n mng ch kpan. Ting t v vang vng tri khuya ho ln vi nhp ching, nhp trng dn dp nh nhng t sng nc v b, ht lp ny ti lp khc, tan dn ri li dnh ln nh ghi nhn nim vui khng dt ca c bun lng vui hi. C ni, ngi ta t chc l ny vo m trng sng cnh sc th mng hn. L ra mt. m v khuya, ting ng lng dn. Cht c ting g gy u tin. Ngi nh bt ngay con g trng va gy lm tht nu cho, lm l ra mt cho ch nh v mi ngi tnh to, v bc sang ngy mi. Ch nh, thy cng, P cht ing cng nhng ai cn thc u c mi n cho g. Git tru. Mt tri le li ri nhng tia nng u tin vo ca s pha ng nh. Ngi ta dt tru n gc cy to, dy (bng da tru b kh) buc
1235
trn chc cy, thng lng vo c tru ri rt dy ko tru ghch hai chn trc ln. Dy tht c ti lc tru hp hi th tho ci, cho tru xung, chc tit. Ly ngay huyt ti bi 7 vng vo ct buc ch ru chnh. Ri ct ui tru trn x dc trc nh nh bng chng ca l vt. Vo l. By ch ru cng chnh thc buc thnh hng di. By c ch buc ni nhau bng mt si dy cm ngi qua li ni . Mi ch cm mt cn ht, hng u cn v ng. Ring ch u cm 3 cn: mt dng thn, mt mi ng b t tin, mt ch nh. Ch nh, thy cng v ngi phc dch trang phc nh nhau, tt c u mi: o (Ao kir knut) kh (Kpih ktanh), khn qun u, mt khn vt qua gy lun xung 2 nch ra sau lng. Vt phm dng cng gm 2 loi by 2 ni: - Cm np, cm t, tht tru. - Mm dng c mng ch nh: qu bu kh ng nc, kim, khin, i dp da tru. C ni ngi ta bn cnh ch ch nh ngi 7 chic ru, song song 7 ch ru. Khi cng xong cho ch, ch s bc 7 bc, dm ln 7 chic ru. By c gi mc p, ngi hng dc trn kpan v tu 7 t, mi t kt thc bng 1 hi trng da. Ching ngng li, t v thi tip. Thy cng ngi vo v tr bt u cu khn. Thy mi cc thn v d hng l vt mng cng gia ch trong nim vui mi. Sau my t ching trng, t v, thy khn ln hai, cu sc kho cho gia ch: " Dng! Hm nay, tru c sn, 7 ch ru cng , mi Dng v cu cho gia nh, con chu. Mun cho lnh mnh c nh, kho vui c chu con. Khn ng thn m , ng thn cha u, thn chm sc hn mnh. Xin mi c Dng ni sng, thung lng, snh ly, tranh sy... Xin mi dng tht, xin mi ung ru... ... Xong ri, xin hy thng, hy cp cho ging la tt, ging k ngon, cho cuc vng, cho x gc bn, nng ry khng b hoang. Ru nht ng chi, ru ng ng qu. Mi chuyn dng cng xong xui. Dng!".
1236
By thiu n ma nhp nhng cng nhc ching. Sau , thy sang ngi bn ch nh. Ngi ko ti mi lc mt ng. Nh no cng mang mng ti. Ph n mang go, nam gii u ch ru. Gi vui chung n. Bt u l hng th vt phm dng cng. Mi ngi u n theo tc l: mi ngi gp mt ming tht, mt gp cm np, mt gp cm t, ung mt ngm nc t qu bu kh. V trnh t b ch, ng ch, cc con, h hng, thy cng, ngi gi, khch d... cng ung theo tc l. Ching vn dn dp rn vang theo t nh trn. B ch cm cn ru u tin ti ng ch. Ht lt ngi gi th P cht ing i mi tng ngi khch d ln lt ti bn ch ru thng thc v mng ngy vui. Trng ching dng ting th t v ni 7 hi lin tc mi im hn. Mt ngi hu thy cng cm khn chong vo c ch nh, ko ng i ti ch ru u, trnh vi Dng: "Ch nh, ch kpan y, xin c trnh din Dng!". Ri ch cm khin, kim ma sut dc gia nh 7 ln. Thy cng nhn khin, kim ma tip 7 ln nh ch nh ri ti m kim vo u kpan, ng thi phun nc ngh (ngm sn) ui thn xu i. Mt thanh nin nhanh nhn ti nhn khin, kim t tay thy, ma tip. Bng gin ching ni ln tng hi hi h, nh thc gic, nh cho mng. n ung xong mi ngi c mt trong bui l cn c nhn mt gi l nh ng tht, l phn chia u cho mi ngi nh l c. Nghi l trong khi vn tip tc. By gi thy cng sc kho cho 7 ngi chnh cht cy g. L vt l mt heo cng mt ch ru. Ngi nh cm cn ch ru mi. Li cu khn va dt, thy ch thn mi tng ngi ung ru v nhm thc n (tng trng: mt ly ru, mt ming tht). By ngi th o gh ti hoa ngi vo v tr ca ch nh theo li mi ca thy. Thy cng sau sut my ngy m vt v v tn tm v ch nh, v chic kpan mi, by gi cng c n n. Ch nh mi mt thy cng khc ti cng cho thy cng c v ht lng vi mnh t bui u. L vt gm mt g, mt ch ru chc sc kho v t lng cm n thy: " Dng! Xin mi Dng pha ng, Dng pha ty, Dng trn cao, Dng di thp. Chuyn khc khng c, chuyn g khng phi. y, ng ny, tr nh, gi gip, tht ht sc ht lng.
1237
... Nay nh cng mt g cng ch ru. g khn, ru mi. Cu chc sc kho, cu iu tt lnh... Dng!". Ching vn ni lin tc tng hi, lc no cng hi h, no nc nh vy. Ngoi vic thy n ung cng gia ch, hm nay, cng vic hon thnh tt p, thy cn c nhn l vt. Mng tht b ngc tru c gi li, chia 2 phn u nhau, phn biu thy, phn dnh cho gia ch (ngi chng)1. Ch nh s em phm vt qu ny v biu b m ... L mng hon cng kpan cha ht, nu nh no dng voi ko g t rng v. Khi y, cui cng, h phi lm l t n voi, vi l vt mt heo, mt ch ru. Lc ny, qun tng dn voi n ng st sn trc nh, ch voi ngi ngay trn u voi. Thy cng ng trn sn, trc mt voi, c l cng Dng. Thy cm bt ng ng ru ho ln huyt heo, lng trng g v mt t go rt t t xung trn voi. Voi ng yn chu l nh mt vic lm quen thuc. L xong. Mi vic hon thnh tt p. Gia ch ngh hai ngy, khng ln nng. Ngy th ba, nh m mt ch ru ngon mi ngi thn ti ung mng s bnh yn v may mn trong vic nhn ti sn mi ca ni rng, c thn vui lng, h hng, b con bun ply tha nhn. Chic gh c mc- kpan- biu tng con thuyn vn di trn sng nc, biu trng sc sng dn tc , nm yn , sng mt vch nh, nh ang ch i nhng ngy l vui mi trong ma thu hoch sp ti. V, khi , chic gh, con thuyn li m p m thanh ca ngi cuc sng cao nguyn bnh d v trong sng./. T.V
Ch nh chnh l ngi v. V x hi vn giai on mu quyn. Khch n nh phi cho b ch trc. n ng lun lun l r nh v.
1238
L Ln Khn
Thch Phng - L Trung V
Trong np sng c truyn ca ngi c nhng l hi lin

quan ti i sng chung ca cng ng (c bun), l hi ca gia nh hoc cho mt thnh vin... L mng tui ln khn (Mpuh) c coi l mt l c sc trong cuc i con ngi. C th y l vang bng ca l trng thnh cho thanh nin trong b tc xa. L c tin hnh khi chng trai bit dng ru g, ng cy, dng ra pht ry trng la, trng ng, li bit cm khin, ma kim, dng n bn gc con th hoang di ca rng v ph nng ry, v cao hn l bit phng lao m cht c h, heo rng... Xa, lut tc nh rng, h nghe t trng (Mtao) ku gi, lp tc tt c trai trng u ln ng nh gic, ui cp gi bun lng (Ply) gi bn nc ca ng b, cha m. Ngi gi k rng vo thi anh hng am San lm t trng, bun ca chng l bun ln nht trong vng, tru b m khng xu. Nh t trng am San c nhiu ch tc, ch tang vi nhng dn ching mi khi ln ting th m thanh bay khp bu tri. Cc thn Tri, thn Ni, thn Sng u lng nghe v ht lng gip sc cho ngi anh hng thu phc ni rng v mt mi, cho ngi yn n lm n trn bun ry ca mnh. Mun lm trng inh ca am San th phi bt c con heo rng, b rng v m tht i c bun nh trnh bo ti nng ca mnh trc cng ng. Ch ru cn thm nht s c m ra mi ngi chin thng. T bui y, chng trai c gi lng cng nhn l chng trai . Chng c trao khin, kim, c lm l cng tri i lp chin cng khp ni xa rng gn. Chng trai t bui ln khn c trch nhim gp sc mnh lm cho bun ry giu mnh ln mi. Ngi gi thi no cng nhc nh chu con hy nh ly ci ngun ca b tc mnh. T tinh m, chng trai thc dy, mc o c truyn mi nht, ng chic kh p nht, qun chic khn mm mi nht, chn i i dp da tru m ng b xa thng dng i rng, vai eo bu nc.
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Nhng tia nng mt tri bui sng, chiu xuyn qua vm l trong bun cng la. Ngn la ca ngi cng ngn la ca tri nui sng, si m con ngi, ui mi ma qu v xua tan mi iu g, ri ro ra khi i sng bun ry. Tay phi cm kim, tay tri cm khin, chng trai i ra bn nc tm ty ra mi ti li ca qu kh. Bn nc sng nay c dnh ring cho ngi sp bc vo lm l Mpuh. Mt hnh ng tng trng: chng trai ti ni mng nc, tho khn ri gi u, ra mt trc s chng gim ca tri, t v thn bn nc, cng s hin din ca b con trong bun. Chng hng y mt bu nc tinh khi chy ra t lng t, em v cng thn cu sc kho cho mi ngi. t v nc, la v nh sng, la, ng trn ry, l ngun sng bt tn ca ngi trong bun... Heo m xong, u c gi lm l cng; mt thn tht di lc t gy ti ui cun mt vng vo ct Pi, ni buc ch ru cng thn. Ngi iu hnh l cm hai cn vo ch ru quay v hng ng; mt cn dnh cho thn, mt cn dnh cho ng s. Chng trai bc ti gn cu thang, y c hai cy chui trng sn. Chng vung kim chm mt nht t cy bn phi, nht th hai cht t cy bn tri. Sau chng t t bc ln cu thang. B m mc vy (yng) o mi, trang nghim v hin t ng sn u sn, bn cu thang i a con v. B ct ging hi: - Cho con trai ca m, con t u n. C phi con i nh gic pha ng, ma khin pha ty, thng trn tr v? Chng trai l p: - Cho m, con cho ngi m ca t rng . ng nh m ni, con th kim, cy ln ng, cy nh . Con ma khin t pha ty, ma kim t pha ng... Gi y con em vinh quang v cho m. Tt c dn chng trong bun u nghe r cuc i thoi gia ngi m v ngi con trai. B m ng li ra mt bn. Chng trai bc vo nh, da cy kim vo vch ng, ri ra ngi i din vi thy cng. By ch ru cn c buc vo by chic ct thnh mt hng dc gia ngi nh. Thy cng ngi trc ch ru u tin, mt hng v pha ng, ngn tr tay phi t trn ming ch. Trng ching ni ln tng hi dn dp, hi h m u bui l. Dn trong bun ko ti mi lc mt ng. Ging thy cng vang ln u u, ngi st mt bn mi nghe r, bi nhc ching t i mt phn.
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Hi cc thn, Ti gi v thn hng ng, thn hng ty, thn h mnh, thn nui dng! Ngi ny sng hm qua, ngy hm kia chi yn, v nh c lnh, bit lm ra la, ra bp, nay ln khn. Trng chui, chui sai qu; trng ma, ma ngt. Ngi ny, nh thn gip cho: bn nh gang, do nh ng, cng nh st. Sc mi, hi th mi, con ngi lun lun kho mnh, bnh yn. Heo thin cng by ch ru by sn cng thn. Tht cng chia phn cho tt c cc bp trong bun. Ru nng hay nht xin hy cng ung. Cu cho mi ngi u gp may mn tt lnh. Hi cc thn! Thy cng ng ln trao khin v kim cho chng trai, trong khi ching trng vang rn ca ngi hnh phc c bun. Cuc l ln th nht xong. Chng trai ma khin, ma kim vui chi. Cc c gi t nc, chng trai gi khin ngc, mt. B con chen nhau vng ngoi xem cuc ua ti, a vui. T nc l tr chi vui kho ca thanh nin nam n . Mi ln chng trai n c th mt c gi mang bt tht n tng chng mt ming nh tip sc, khen ngi, chc mng. Cn ngc li, mt hay ngc b t nc t th cng coi nh l iu may1. Trong khi ngi mi ru cn (P kai pi) i mi ln lt tng ngi ti ngi bn ch ru v vt u cn .Ph n bao gi cng c mi ung trc, nam gii ung sau. Vui th thoi mi, nhng tc l, nn np vn gi. Tri v chiu. Sau khi n ung no say, mi ngi t do chn ch ngh tm ch cuc l th hai. Nghi l ln ny bt u vo khong 10 gi m, khi u bng vic t sng 7 ngn uc lm bng nha cy trai. nh la chy sng nh c sc y li bng m, m theo quan nim ca ngi l ni ma qu hay n nu, mang li nim vui v sc mnh cho mi ngi. Ngi iu khin l (P cht ing) trao khin v kim cho chng trai ri dn anh ta ti ngi i din vi thy cng. Chng trai trong t th ca ngi sp ln ng, vai mang bu nc, chn i dp da tru. nh
1
Tr chi l hnh nh l cu ma ca c dn nng nghip ng Nam .
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sng t 7 ngn uc soi ln nt mt cng ngh ca ngi chp l ang ngi bt ng nh mt pho tng. Ching trng vn ni ln dn dp tng hi. Khng gian y m p m thanh ho hng v nh sng lung linh ca 7 ngn uc bng nha cy rng ang chy nh thc gic, gi m trong tm tr mi ngi thc vn ti li sng cao p, xng ng l nhng con chu am San. V m nay, chng trai phi thc trng cng vi bun lng. Ngi thy cng cm hai chic khn , bc 7 bc ngn, c mi bc li h ln mt ting, n trc mt ngi chu l, a tay qung chic khn vo c, dn i trnh Yang vi li khn nh sau: Chng trai ny xng ng l con chu ca ngi !. Ngi ta ct mt di tht buc vng quanh ct cng Pi, em xt nh, gi tng nhm trong l chui, chia u cho ngi trong bun. Ring vn cn mt ch ru y nguyn vn dnh cho cuc vui tip theo. Mt c gi c mi ti bn ch ru. C a tay vt cn, thng thc ngm ru u tin. nh uc soi sng b mt xng xng ca ngi gi tng tri vi chic tu nhi y thuc l ang bc khi gia i mi ang mm li. Sau khi ht mt hi ru cn th hai, c gi bt u ln ging k Khan (trng ca ). Ting c vang ln m p. Mi cu chuyn trao i ring t ca nhm ny, ngi n ang xn xao bng nhin ngng hn. Ngi ta lng nghe tng li k khi trm khi bng, c a mi ngi tr v sng li trong khng kh lch s xa xm say m v y t ho vi bao chin cng huy hong, rc r... Ting g trong bun gy sang canh t lu, nhng li k Khan vn vang ln khng dt. Lc ny, ai ny cng ng ng say. Ring chng trai th l hm nay nh c truyn thm sc mnh mi, sc mnh ca bao th h ngi c cht li trong li ca, trong truyn tch c c trong ting ni y p tc ng, ca dao: C mng mi c cy le C tc k v c cy C hng trm hng ngn con ngi V c cha c m... ng ng tri bt u rng sng. Trong pht chc, nhng tia nng vng rc r xuyn thng lp khi mu sa, chiu thng ln khng trung, bo hiu mt ngy mi bt u.
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Th l chng trai trong l Mpuh sng mt vng thi gian lin tc t ngy qua m, ri t m ni ngy, gn b vi cng ng ca mnh c hin ti v qu kh. Trong l cng nhn n tui ln khn, ngi thy cng cu mong cho chng nhn c s truyn ni sc mnh truyn thng ca b tc mnh./. T.P-L.T.V
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L hi B Cha X
Trn Vn ng
Di tch v danh thng ni Sam in du trn s sch gn hai th k

qua. Hnh nh ni Sam thm m trong tm hn ngi dn An Giang ni ring, v min Nam ni chung vi ngy l hi Va B thng t. Miu B Cha X nm di chn trin ng ni Sam, mt chnh hng v ni, mt sau tip gip cnh ng bt ngn b knh Vnh T. T cao nhn xung Miu B nh o sen xanh vn ln khoe sc trong vn hoa k l. Miu B l mt di tch kin trc ngh thut c ting min Nam, cng chnh t ngi miu ny ny sinh ra bao truyn thuyt v l hi m ngi i truyn tng. Miu B Cha X v khu danh thng ni Sam hng nm n nhn hng triu lt ngi trong v ngoi nc n tham quan chim bi. Theo thng l hng nm, Va b Cha X c t chc vo cc ngy 23, 24, 25, 26 v 27 thng t m lch. Va chnh l ngy 25. V sao ngi xa li chn ngy ny? C ngi cho rng xa kia dn lng pht hin ra tng B vo ngy . C thuyt cho l sau khi s la thng li, nn t chc hi h n mng v lm l cng t n, lu dn thnh l. Cc tc gi Thch Phng- Trung V, trong 60 l hi truyn thng Vit Nam chp rng V ngun gc tng B Cha X cng nh miu B c xy dng t bao gi, cho n nay vn cha c ti liu no ni r. Theo li cc c gi k li, th ngi miu B c xy dng u tin bng cy l vo khong nhng nm 1820- 1825. Cn v chung quanh lai lch ca tng B th c nhiu truyn thuyt khc nhau: 1. C truyn thuyt k rng, mt hm dn a phng vo ni n ci, tnh c h pht hin tng B nm gia rng, bn v bo cho dn lng, sau dn lng cng nhau a tng v, lp miu th. 2. Mt truyn thuyt khc k rng c mt v thn linh t xng l B Cha X Chu c bo mng cho dn lng; Hy chn 9 c gi ng trinh ln nh ni Sam, a tng ta v lp miu th, ta s ph h cho dn sng an lnh v lm n pht t. Sau , 9 c gi c chn c ln nh ni tm tng v qu nhin, h gp mt tng trong t
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th ngi, mt nhn thng v pha trc, bn khing v, k ra sch s, v lp miu th. T , hng nm dn lng ly ngy tng B c an v ti miu lm ngy l Va B. 3. Mt truyn thuyt khc na gn vi chin cng ca Thoi Ngc Hu v vic trng tu ngi miu lm ngy l Va B. Di triu Minh Mng, khi Thoi Ngc Hu gi trng trch trn gi bin gii ty nam, gic ngoi xm thng sang quy nhiu. Mi ln ng xut qun, b v thng n khn vi, mong B ph h Thoi Ngc Hu nh thng gic, bo v cuc sng yn lnh cho dn. V sau, t n nhng iu ng nghim, v Thoi Ngc Hu cho xy ct li ngi miu to v khang trang hn. L khnh thnh c t chc trong 3 ngy 24, 25, 26 thng 4 m lch. T v sau thnh l, dn chng ly nhng ngy trn lm l Va B. Nu chi tit ny c tht, th y cng l mt thng tin cho bit thm rng miu B Cha X c xy dng t thi Minh Mng. 4. Li c truyn thuyt gn vi l Va B vi tp qun sn xut nng nghip a phng, cho rng thng t l thi v b con xung ging lm ma. H lm l cu B, hy vng ma s c bi thu. Nhn dp ny, dn chng t chc nhng cuc vui chi, ri lu dn thnh l. T mt hi lng Vnh T mang c im l cu ma trong nng nghip dn bin thnh l Va B, thu ht ng o khch thp phng t cc ni ngy cng ng. V ngun gc tng, cho n nay vn cha xc nh r xut x cng nh nin i. Tng c tc ti ch, hay t ni no a n? Vo thi k no v c vn chuyn n ni Sam bng phng tin g? Cn lu thm mt iu l tng c tc bng loi tt, mu xanh (khng ging loi vng ni Sam) c hnh dng nam thn. Cnh tay bn phi b gy mt v c phc ch li bng mt loi khc. Cn c vo ng nt, phong cch th hin, mt s nh kho c hc cho rng tng thuc loi ngh thut trung c n 1. H Tng khi quan tm n l hi Va B Cha X cng vit Chnh in ca miu b gm hai lp. Lp trong cng l ni th b Cha X ni Sam vi tng b bng t trn b cao, st hai bn l hai con hc trng biu tng ct cch tin thnh ca B. Bn phi tng B l mt linga cng bng t trn mt hng n th, gi l bn th Cu. Bn tri tng B, l hng n th mt tng g chm hnh n gii, gi l bn th C. Lp th hai l bn th Hi ng, st lin hai tng chim
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Theo 60 l hi truyn thng Vit Nam Nxb KHXH 1995. tr229- 231.
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phng. Hai bn tri, phi ca bn th Hi ng l bn th Tin hin khai khn ( bn tri) v bn th Hu hin khai c ( bn phi). V pho tng b Cha X ni Sam Chu c, khi bc vo kho st thc t, th pho tng vn l mt pho tng , th hin dng hnh mt ngi n ng trong t th ngi, chn tri ca tng xp bng trn, mi bn chn gip vi chn phi; trong lc chn phi gp, co gi, chng thng bn chn xung mt b . Tay tri ca tng t th chng nnh, bn tay xoi xung mt b , pha sau i tri. Tay phi tng th t nhin, bn tay p trn u gi phi. Tc tng un thnh nhng bp xon, th v pha sau. Trn mt tng c mt vnh ngn, l ni t mo ln u tng. Trong vnh ngn ny c nhng hoa vn hnh mc cu, ring phn vnh nm trc trn ca tng c mt hnh trn, chung quanh l nhng hoa vn kiu ngn la. Trn cnh tay trn ca tng c mt vnh ai, ging nh ci vng eo tay. Ton b dng hnh ca pho tng l dng hnh mt ngi n ng trn y sc sng, vi b ngc cng n v chic bng ph. Trn ngc ca tng c mt vnh ai nh vng king, trc ngc l hnh mnh trng li lim kh rng. Ton b pho tng cao chng 1,25m, c tc lin mt tht cng loi, vi b tng dy chng 10cm. V trang phc, tng c tc trong t th ang vn mt chic kh. bp cnh tay, gn b vai ca tng, st nch, ni cm mt vng ai c hnh dng nh mt chic vng eo tay. c tng ni cm mt vng ai hnh vng king, ch vng nm ngay ngc kh to bn, hnh li lim, c l l mt th vng eo c xa. Th nhng t lc no tng c gi l B Cha X ni Sam trong khi thc t l mt pho tng n ng? B sch i Nam nht thng ch ca Quc s qun triu Nguyn khi miu t lng miu, cha chin ni Sam cng ch ni n Ty An t v lng Thoi Ngc Hu, m khng h ni g n miu b Cha X ni Sam, trong khi miu B hin nay ch cch hai c s ni trn ch mt con ng. iu ny cho thy vo thi im cui th k XIX u th k XX, miu B Cha X c th cn qu nh nhoi, cha c ngi n chim bi ng o, nn cha c s mt ca cc s thn Triu Nguyn. Ngay c Sn Nam khi miu t cha miu vng bin gii cc tnh Hu Giang cng khng cp n miu B Cha x ni Sam: Vng bin gii vn l ni cha miu nht: nh th Nguyn Hu Cnh, cha Ty An (ni Sam), cha Ty Sn, nh th Thnh Hong lng Vnh Ngn (Chu c), miu h Mc,
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cha Ph Dung, Tam Bo, a Tng, cha Quan Cng (H Tin). Ban s, cc cha miu u lp l, i ba nm sau mi lp ngi1. Do vy c th ni rng miu b Cha X ni Sam ch mi bt u pht ln t nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, khi ban tr s miu B c cng hng ch Phm Vn Tin c xng t im mt my hnh tng tht ging phi n. c tt c hng ng, ng n Ch Ln thu th p tng c tay ngh tinh xo v im xuyt khun mt v gn pha l vo i mt tr nn sng ng. Du khch ng pha no, quay mt u nhn thy nh mt ca tng ri thu sut. cng c nim tin v bin, thin nam tn n thng dng l vt hin t c y phc t tin, trang sc bng kim loi qu2. Theo nh kho c hc ngi Php, ng Malleret, trong thi gian tin hnh khai qut khu c Eo- Ba Th t nm 1942 n nm 1944, ng c n ni Sam nghin cu tng b Cha X, v cho bit rng y l loi tng nam thn, c to theo dng ngi ngi ngh ngi, vng gi, vt liu bng sa thch, gi tr ngh thut cao. Nm 1989, mt on ngoi giao n c n thm vng ny, vo miu B Cha X, h rt ngc nhin l c gp loi tng thn Shivalinga khu vc ni Sam trong danh xng B Cha X! Tm li, qua gim nh bc u cho bit tng B Cha X l mt tc phm iu khc thi Trung c cn gi li n ngy nay v c nhiu ngi sng knh. Trc y v hin nay Va B c cc nghi thc cng t nh sau: 1. L tm B. L ny c t chc vo lc 24 gi m 23 rng ngy 24. Ni l tm B, nhng thc t l lau li bi bm trn tng th v thay o mo cho B. Vo gi , trong khun vin miu, hng chc ngn ngi chen chc nhau trn sn, mi di chuyn ti lui ch c th nhch tng bc mt. Vo 23 gi 30, ng chnh bi v Ban qun tr lng miu cng cc v b lo a phng c mt chnh in. Cc du khch dng cng o mo cho tng B c vinh d c ng trong khu vc Chnh in chng kin. ng 0 gi ngy 24, l tm B c chnh thc c hnh. Nghi thc u tin l thp sng hai cy n cy to trc tng B. ng
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Sn Nam Tm hiu t Hu Giang- Ph Sa n hnh, 1959, tr63. Lim Chu, K tch ni Sam, Vn Ngh Chu c xut bn, 1993, trang 9.
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chnh bi v hai v b lo nim hng, dng ru, tr, k n l Ban qun tr ln lt nim hng cu nguyn, l tt. Bc mn vi c vin ren thu ch, hoa nhiu mu sc s c ko ngang b th, che khut khu vc t tng. Mt nhm t 4- 5 phc n c chn la, phn cng t trc vn mn bc vo trong chun b tm B. u tin l ci mo, khn i trn tng, ri ln lt n ai o, o ngoi, o trong, l ton thn pho tng bng sa thch t th ngi. Di chn tng B c t mt chu nc nh ng nc hoa xng ln thm ngt, hng chc chic khn c nhng vo chu, vt kh ri lau ln ct tng. S lng khn bng du khch em n c hng trm, nn lm va lng mi ngi, t phc v c chc lt li thay khn mi, c s dng s khn c a vo. Sau mt mm y l nc hoa loi t tin c dng ln, mi l u c xt mt t vo tng ct, xong tr li cho ch. Ngi dng cng knh cn mang v nh xem nh mt vt gia bo. K n, mt b o p nht dng cng trong k l hi c khoc ln tng, tht dy ai o rng v cc b phn khc, cui cng i mo ln tng. L tm B xong, bc mn c ko qua mt bn, mi ngi chen nhau n gn chim ngng, khn vi, ai cng c n st bn b th xin lc B. Lc B by gi ch l mt vi cnh hoa, mt vi tri cy trn bn, ch khng nh trc y c ngi s dng nc tm B xem nh nc thnh cha bnh, hay ung vo c mnh gii, khng b t ma quy nhiu. H tc ny ngy nay khng cn na. L tm B thng ko di khong mt gi, sau mi ngi c t do l bi. 2. L thnh sc Thoi Ngc Hu v Miu B: L ny c tin hnh vo lc 15 gi ngy 24. Ti miu B, cc b lo trong lng v Ban qun tr lng miu l phc chnh t sang lng Thoi Ngc Hu nm i din vi miu B qua mt con ng thnh sc. on thnh sc c i ma ln ca Miu B i trc, k n l ng chnh bi, hai v b lo v nhng v chc sc khc. Theo sau l cc hc tr l xp thnh hai hng dc, tay cm c phn i hu trc v sau long nh do bn ngi khing. n trc in th Thoi Ngc Hu, mi ngi dng hoa, nim hng t l. Sau phn nghi thc, on thnh bn sc (bi v) ln long nh v miu. Bn bi v l: Bi v ca Ngc Hu Nguyn Vn Thoi, bn tri l bi v b nh phm Trng Th Mit, cui cng l bi v Hi ng.
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Khi vo n Miu B, cc bi v trn c an v ngi chnh in, Ban qun tr dng hng thnh an, l thnh sc c kt thc. V sao Va B Cha X li c tc l ny? Theo nhiu ngi cho bit, tc l thnh sc Thoi Ngc Hu c t lu. C l nhn dn lng Vnh T xa trc khi cng t phi thnh sc Thoi Ngc Hu n Miu B chng kin v ng thi t lng bit n ng l ngi c cng khai ph vng t hoang vu ny. 3. L Tc Yt: L c t chc 0 gi ngy 25 rng ngy 26. Tt c cc b lo trong lng v Ban qun tr lng miu l phc chnh t, ng xp hng hai bn trc tng B. Pha sau cc v l bn hc tr l v bn o thy. ng chnh din vi tng b l ng chnh bi. Vt cng gm c: mt con heo trng ( c co lng m bng sch s, cha nu chn), mt a ng huyt c t lng heo gi chung l mao huyt, mt mm xi, mt mm tri cy, mt mm tru cau, mt a go mui. cc l vt c by trn bn trc tng b. Vo l cng, ng chnh bi v cc v b lo n nim hng trc bn th. K n l phn Khi c. Sau khi nh ba hi trng g v ba hi ching trng, nhc l bt u tri ln l l dng hng, chc tu, hin tr. Tng din bin ca bui l c hai ngi xng l, mt xng ni, mt xng ngoi- xng to ln. ng chnh bi i trc, bn hc tr l v bn o thy i theo, hng v pha bn th t. Ti y ng chnh bi t rt ru hc tr l em ln dng cng. Sau khi dng cng hoa l dng ba ln ru gi l chc tu, dng ba ln tr gi l hin tr, theo lnh ca ngi xng l, bn vn t c mang n trc bn th. Mt ngi trong Ban qun tr lng miu c vn t. Dt bi vn t, ng chnh bi t vn bn ny v mt t giy vng bc, heo cng trn bn c lt nga ra trc khi khing i, phn cng tc yt xong. 4. L xy chu Sau cng tc yt l L xy chu. chun b cho l ny, ngi ta khing bn t ra ngoi v thay vo mt ci trng chu. Vo l ngi xng ni h to ca cng tu v, ng chnh bi ca cng lin bc ti bn th t gia v ca, hai tay cm di trng nng ngang trn khn vi. Pha bn tri bn th c mt t nc v mt nhnh
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dng liu. ng chnh bi ca cng cm nhnh dng nhng vo t nc ri vy nc ra xung quanh, va c to nhng li cu nguyn: Nht xi thin thanh- Tri lun thanh bnh Nh xi a linh- t thm ti tt Tam xi nhn trng- Ngi sng mun tui T xi qu dit hnh- Qu d b tiu dit. c xong, ng chnh bi ca cng t t nc, cnh dng tr li bn th, ng nh ba hi trng v xng ca cng tip gi, lp tc on ht b ni ching trng r ln v chng trnh ht b bt u. Cc tung ht b sau y thng c din ti miu b: Trn Bnh Trng, St Tht, Lu Kim nh, Trng N Vng v.v... 5. L Chnh t n 4 gi sng ngy 26 cng Chnh t (nghi thc ging nh cng tc yt). Chiu ngy 27 a sc Thoi Ngc hu v Sn Lng. Chng trnh ht b chm dt. Kt thc cng va B. Song song vi cuc l chnh Miu b Cha X, cc hot ng vn ho ngh thut dn gian c biu din nh ma ln, ma mm thao, ma a chn...thu ht nhiu du khch. Xa, bn cnh cc hot ng chnh xung quanh Miu B c bit bao tp tc nh: xin xm, bi ton, ng bng...c din ra rt nhiu, lin tc trong nhng ngy ny. Sau ngy min Nam gii phng, c s ch o ca ngnh vn ho v Ban qun tr, nhn dn x Vnh T bin ngy Va B thnh ngy hi truyn thng. Nhiu tp tc xu c ngn chn. Thay vo l cc hot ng vn ho lnh mnh, truyn thng v si ni hn. L hi B Cha X ni Sam l mt l hi mang bn sc dn tc m nt, nhng cng cha ng nhiu mu sc a phng Nam B. Nghi thc l tm B, cng tc yt mang tnh cht ring bit, cn cc hot ng l hi khc nh thnh sc, xy chu ht b, ging nh cc l k yn cc nh thn Nam B. Nh vy cho php chng ta kt lun, l hi B Cha X ni Sam l mt l hi vn ho dn gian p ng nhu cu vn ho x hi, i sng tinh thn ca nhn dn./. T.V.
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L hi cha B
l Cha B (Ch Ln) ca ngi Hoa, to lc ti 710 ng Nguyn Tri, qun 5, T.P H ch Minh. B con ngi Hoa cn gi l Ph Miu, tn ch Hn l Thin Hu miu. Cha do nhm ngi Hoa Qung ng ri b qu hng sang lp nghip ti Vit Nam xy dng vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k XVIII, lc u ch l mt ngi miu v tri qua 5 ln trng tu (theo th t thi gian: 1800, 1842, 1890, 1916) mi c c quy m b th nh hin ti. Cha B Thin Hu l mt trong cc ngi cha ln v p nht trong hn 30 cha Hoa T.P H Ch Minh. Cha th n thn Thin Hu. Theo truyn thuyt c ghi tm bia t cha, B sinh vo thi Tng Kin Long nguyn nin (Cng nguyn 960), l con th 6 ca gia nh h Lm huyn B in, tnh Phc Kin, Trung Quc. Khi mi lt lng m, b to nh ho quang v hng thm. Ln ln, B thng ci thm bay ln trn bin v du ngon nhiu ni. n i Tng Ung Hy t nin (Cng nguyn 987), nm 27 tui B t gi ci trn v hin linh. i Nguyn, B c phong l Thin Phi, n i Thanh, vua Khang Hy gia phong lm Thin Hu. V danh hiu Thin Hu tn ti mi cho n nay. T truyn thuyt dn gian chuyn ho thnh tn ngng v B c nhng th h sau hng khi, phng th nhiu ni. So nhng iu ghi bia ni trn vi mt s truyn thuyt v B cc cha khc th c t nhiu khc bit, nhng tu trung h u ca ngi suy tn B l mt ngi ph n c hnh c lng hiu tho x thn cu ngi i v khi cht tr thnh hin linh, c cc triu i phong kin Trung Quc phong tng. cao B Thin Hu, ngng m v phng th B nh mt v hin thnh, b con ngi Hoa mun thng qua tm gng ca B m gio dc cng ng ca mnh hy hc tp lng hiu thun, c nhn hu ca B, sng c o ngha. Mt khc, trn con ng vt sng gi bin khi, i v hng nam tm t lp nghip y gian trun, h lun cu nguyn B gip , ph h v sau khi nh c, n nh i sng, sum hp ng vui, lm n pht t trn t Vit Nam, qu hng th hai ca h, h cng nhau lp n th t lng bit n su xa i vi B.
Cha B Thin Hu cn c gi
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Tri qua nhiu nm thng, cha B Thin Hu gi mt vai tr quan trng trong i sng tinh thn v tm linh, khng ch c ngi Hoa Qung ng, m c ngi Triu Chu, Phc Kin, ngi H. Nhiu ngi Vit cng thng n cng bi cha tham gia cc l hi, ngy tt hng nm vi lng thnh knh chn tnh, iu ni ln s gn gi v mt tn ngng, ng thi cng phn nh tinh thn on kt cng ng gia Hoa v Vit c hnh thnh trong qu trnh khai ph vng t mi. c xy dng tng i sm so vi nhiu cha Hoa khc trong thnh ph, tri qua nhiu ln trng tu, cha B Thin Hu vn gi c phong cch ca mt cha Hoa, t cch b tr mt bng, ng nt kin trc (ca vo, mi ngi, nc cha) cho n cc t hp in th, hnh lang, sn thin tnh ... cng ngh thut trang tr bn trong. Cha B Thin Hu c xy theo hnh ch quc hay cn gi l hnh ci n - mt kiu trin trc mang c tnh Trung Hoa... trn mt din tch kh rng. tin in, bn trong hai cnh ca c hai bia t st tng, ghi li truyn thuyt v B bng ch Hn v ch quc ng; bn phi c b th tng Phc c chnh thn (tc ng Bn) bn tri th Mn quan Vng T (thn gi ca). Trn ca, mt bc tranh cao gn st nc miu t B ang bay lt trn sng nc gia trng khi. ni trung in khng trang th, m ch t mt b l Pht lan mang nin hiu Quang T th 12 trn mt bn . Mt bn b l l chic kiu ln sn son thp vng v mt l chic thuyn rng Thun phong thuyn (Biu tng ca s may mn, an lnh trn bin) cng sn son thp vng, c chm hnh nhn. (Xa kia, kiu v thuyn c khing i trong m rc, nay tc ny b). Sn Thin tnh (ging tri) c cc nh kin trc tnh ton b tr kh cht ch, hi ho, va c din tch thong, rng thng gi, va n nhn c nh sng t nhin y , to cho bn trong chnh in mt khng kh trang nghim, u nh ca mt kin trc tn gio, tn ngng. Cha c xy dng th B Thin Hu, nn tng B c t ni trang nghim nht ca chnh in. Bn trn trang th, 3 tng B t theo th t t ln n nh thnh mt hng thng, hai bn c 4 qun hu. Pha bn trn in th c khc dng ch Hn Thin hu cung. Trc in l mt dy bn , ni vt cng. Bn phi chnh in l trang th
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b Kim Hu 1, bn tri th b Long Mu Nng Nng 2. c bit trong t knh cn lu gi mt "tng lnh" do Aris k nm 1860 (ch vit b m trn giy vng) cm binh s Php v Y Pha Nho khng c ph phch cha. Cha cn th mt s nhn vt khc nh Quan , a Tng v Thn Ti gian ph nm hai bn chnh in. Ngoi nhng vt liu xy dng mang t vng nam Trung Quc sang, cha b Thin Hu cn c nhiu tng gm nung vi ngh thut th hin sc so rt t nhng ti lch s, trong cc tiu thuyt c Trung Quc nh Tam Quc ch, ng Chu lit quc v.v... Cc nhm tng t nung ny c b tr mt cch hi ho vi cc hnh tng thuc ti c in khc nh t linh (long, ln, quy, phng), lng long tranh chu, bi t vinh quy... Cc mu vt trang tr bng gm mu c b tr dc trn cc ng dim mi ngi, trn nc cha ru phong, to nn mt v p a dng pha mu huyn thoi lm tng thm cht m thut cng nh ni dung tn ngng ca cng trnh. Bn trong cha, c th ni l mt s phi hp ca nhiu b mn iu khc, trang tr, hi ho kh a dng v phong ph phc v cho mc ch tn gio v tn ngng ca ngi Hoa. Bn cnh nhng tng trn c tc bng nhng nt t thc chn phng, cc ph iu chim mt v tr quan trng trong vic trang tr, t cc bao ln, honh phi, cu i cho n bu ca, vm mi. Nhng bc chm lng v chm ni v ti chim mung, hoa tri xen ln vi nhng ti huyn thoi va to nn khng kh c knh trang nghim va hin thc, th hin hoi bo c vng mt cuc sng thi bnh thnh vng ni mnh t m nhng ngi Hoa di c chn lm qu hng th hai ca h. * * * Cng nh nhiu cha Hoa khc, hng ngy vn c ngi i l cha B, nhng tp trung ng nht y l ngy sc (mng mt) v ngy vng (ngy rm), c bit l ngy rm thng ging, rm thng mi v bui cng tt nin chiu 29 thng chp. L va B Thin Hu (23-3) c xem l l hi ln nht hng nm ca cha B trong s n bao gi i l cng ng hn nam gii nhiu
B Kim Hu: cn gi l "M Sinh", "M u", hay Kim Hoa Nng Nng, l mt n thn trong Lc Cung Thnh Mu, c phong thn vo thi Khng T Nha. 2 Long Mu Nng Nng: Theo thn tch Trung Hoa, b l n thn, con vua Thu T, chuyn cu ngi v tu thuyn b m trn bin.
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ln. L hi khng ch thu ht ngi Vit v ngi Hoa trong qun v thnh ph, m cn c ng o ngi cc tnh khc v d. Trc y, l va B thng ko di c tun, vic cng king, l vt mang n cng rt linh nh (ring heo quay, c nm n 200 con). C c l rc tng B t trong kiu sn son thp vng cng Thuyn thun phong v cc nghi trng ghi tn cc v thn c th cha. Ngy nay, vic rc ny trn ng ph c gim i, ch cn t chc trong khun vin cha. chun b cho ngy l va B, t nhng ngy trc , ban qun tr nh cha t chc trang hong, sa sang li bn trong ni tht v chng n, kt hoa bn ngoi. Ngay t chiu 22 thng 3, ban qu t t chc l va B vi thnh phn d gm c ban qun tr, nhng thin tn c nhiu ng gp cng sc, tin ca cho cha, cc quan khch a phng v nhiu thin nam tn n khc. L vt dng cng gm c heo quay, g, ngng (ni chung l thc cng mn) cng cc loi hoa qu, bnh tri. (Xa l va B thng cng tam sanh - heo, g, d - lm tht, m rut v sng). Nay th tc l cng nh vt dng cng gin lc hn. Sau li khn khai mc ca v chnh t, ngi ph t c bn vn vit sn bng ting Qung ng ca tng cng c ca B, nay nhn ngy va B, mi ngi xin biu t lng bit n chn thnh v mong sao B ph h cho mi ngi, mi nh sng yn vui, lm n pht t, on kt tng thn tng i vi nhau ... Sau bi vn t, cc thnh vin trong ban qun tr t chc bc thm chn ngi cm n (mt chic n bng ng c khc c t) ln trc ngai th B, ng ln tm giy mang dng ch nh m vit bng mc tu, dn ln hai bn cc in th trong cha. Sau nghi l dng ba tun ru v ba tun tr ni chnh in, th pha trc, ni sn Thin tnh bt u t vng m. Mi ngi lm l cho B ln cui, mt ngi trong ban qun tr i thu nhang tn tay ca tng ngi d l em i cm ri rc chung quanh cha1. Bc sang ngy 23 - ngy chnh va B - t 4 gi sng, trong cha, trn cc in th n nn sng choang, nhang trm c t ln to hng thm ngo ngt. Sau mt hi chung dng ln, ca cha t t m rng n cc on khch n cng B. L vt dng cng th tu hon cnh v
1
Theo ng H Tng, th "Trc y... l tm gi tung B Thin Hu vo ti 22 thng 3 m lch l mt nghi l khng th thiu. Cc ph n ngi Hoa dng nc ra sch lp bi, khi bm trn pho tng, sau thay cho tng B mt b o bo mi ca cc khch hnh hng dng cng. Nc tm gi pho tng c gi li v bn cho mi ngi nh mt th nc php cha bnh hoc nh mt th ba ngi..." (BBS).
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lng ho tm ca tng ngi, ring mn nhang n, giy vng bc, giy tin l nhng l vt khng th thiu, v ngi Hoa quan nim y l qu biu dng ln cc thn. Ngoi phn l bi ni chnh in th B Thin Hu, khch cn tu theo nhu cu v c vng ring ca tng ngi, t vic gia o n tnh duyn, con ci, t vic cu sc kho n chuyn bun bn, lm n ... m mang l vt n tip tc cng bi cc in th nhn vt khc. Sau khi cng l xong, thn ch thng li cho nh cha mt phn, cn mt phn th mang v nh, gi l hng lc Thnh. Trong khi cng l, khch c th mua ngay li ch nhng vng nhang cu an c ng knh trung bnh t 50 n 60cm, c loi ng knh n mt mt. Nh cha ghi tn ngi trn mt ming giy dnh km vng nhang, ri treo ln trn t. Mi vng nhang cu an nh th c chy sut ngy m trong vng mt thng tri. y l mt nt c trng cha Hoa, c bit cha B Thin Hu v cha ng (Ngha An hi qun). Ngi i l, sau khi cng bi, thng nhn ca nh cha 3 tm giy (12x25cm) trn c in dng ch Hn v ng trin son: Thnh mu to trn, hp gia bnh an, bo h an khang. Theo cch gi ca ngi Hoa, y l "rc va B" a v ni bn th gia nh. n chiu 24-3, l va B kt thc. Vo lc , nhng i ln cng xut hin, trnh din ni sn cha, ri to v mt s ng ph, nh bo hiu vi mi ngi mt hi l va B din ra thut li, tt lnh v hy vng s gp nhau li trong l hi nm sau. Trc ngy gii phng, l va B Thin Hu, ngoi vic cng bi linh nh, ko di c tun l, cn c cc tc l m tn nh xin xm, bi ton, coi ngy, vay tin thn v.v... Nay, nhng tc l y gim i kh nhiu. Cha B Thin Hu l mt ngi cha ln ca thnh ph, l mt di tch vn ho c gi tr cao v mt ngh thut v kin trc. Nu nh s hnh thnh cc cha Hoa ni chung, trong c cha B Thin Hu, gn lin vi lch s nh c ca khu vc Si Gn - Ch Ln, th trn bnh din tn gio, tn ngng, vic th cng, sinh hot l hi hng nm ni y l mt biu hin r nt ca qu trnh hi nhp ca ngi Hoa vo cng ng T quc Vit Nam t v thc n thc. t kh sm, cha Hoa thnh ph khng ch l ca ring ca ngi Hoa, m khng t cha c s ng gp xy dng ca b con ngi Vit, v b con ngi Vit cng chn thnh chia s nhng nim tn ngng ca b con ngi Hoa. Khng t th th cng, ngh nhn ngi Vit ng gp vo ngh thut xy dng, trang tr lm tng thm v p ca cc cha Hoa.
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Bn cnh nhng nhu cu v tinh thn v i sng tm linh, c phn nh r nt trong l hi, thc ho nhp cng ng v on kt gia b con ngi Hoa v b con ngi Vit cn c th hin r nhng mt hot ng x hi - t thin m nh cha y ang ng vai tr trung tm. Nh ta bit, s tin Phc Sng ca cha B Thin Hu hng nm rt ln do b tnh t nguyn ng gp. Phn ln s tin ny c s dng cc vic cng ch nh: xy dng trng hc, bo tr hc sinh ngho hc gii, hay nhng em thiu iu kin n trng, u cung cp thuc men, phng tin cho mt s bnh vin, bnh x, cung cp thm tin n cho cc c gi tri dng lo, cho bnh nhn cc tri phong v.v.../. T.P - L.T.V _________________ Ghi ch: Tc gi Toan nh c vit v l hi cha B ca ngi H ti thnh ph H Ch Minh nh sau: "Ngi H hay (ngi Hc Ka) thnh ph Si Gn - Ch Ln ch c mt cha duy nht, l Qun Tn Hi Qun, th B Thin Hu, s 2, ng L Thng Kit, G Vp. y cng l Hi qun duy nht ca ngi H thnh ph nm ngoi vng Ch Ln. Theo nhiu tc gi th ngi H c gc min Bc Trung Quc, t t i dn v pha Nam khong na th k th XIII. Ngi H thuc dn tc Hn. n min Nam Trung Quc, ngi H khp ni, xen k vo ngi cc tnh khc. Hin nay thnh ph nhm ngi H c nhiu gc nh H Qung ng, H Phc Kin, H Trit Giang, H Qung Ty. Thm ch mt s ngi H cng khng bit mnh gc tnh no. Cc khc ca ca ngi H thng mang mu sc ging dn ca ca nhng ngi vng sn nguyn. C l gc ca h l c dn chn nui, hn v vy ngi H lm ngh thuc da rt gii. Cha b ca ngi H st ngay ch G Vp v nm sau lng mt miu nh, gi l miu Tht Ph cng ca ngi Hoa. Cha khng c quy m ln, chiu di khong 30m, ngang 20m. Pha trong cng ca chnh in l 3 bn th: Chnh gia l bn th B Thin Hu. Tng B Thin Hu cao 1m20, lm bng vi trn vi t, hin nay cn kh tt. Bn ngoi tng c khoc o thu kim tuyn. o B Thin Hu c thay hng nm.
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Bn phi B Thin Hu l bn th B Kim Hoa. Theo ngi qun l cha, B Kim Hoa l v thn lo v vic sanh con ci. Tng B Kim Hoa cao khong 0,80m, cng bng t trn vi v sn mu - bn phi B Thin Hu l bn th ng Thn Ti - Tng Thn Ti cao bng tng B Kim Hoa. Cc bn th ny c trang th v bao lam c tr mt s hnh nh v cy, l trc. c bit cc trang th ny c t lm Ch Ln vo khong cui th k 19. Cng nh nhng cha Hoa khc, th B Thin Hu, ngy l chnh ca Qun Tn Hi Qun l ngy 23 thng 3 (m lch). Nhng ngy tt Nguyn n, Nguyn Tiu cng c ng ngi n cha - ngy rm thng 7 v rm thng 11 m lch cng c ng ngi hn nhng ngy rm khc. Ngy rm thng 7 l ngy l cng c hn ca ngi Hoa. Ring ngy rm thng 11, c ngi H chn lm ngy tr l cho B Thin Hu - Theo tc l chung ca ngi Hoa, ngy rm thng ging c chn lm ngy i vay tin ca B Thin Hu, hoc ca ng Quan Cng lm n trong sut nm - Thc ra vic vay tin ch tng trng, nhng n cui nm th phi tr l v bt buc tr ng li ha v thng l rt hu h. i vi ngi Qung ng, Triu Chu, Qung Ty, Phc Kin, Hi Nam th thng tr l cui nm vo thng chp, ring ngi H th tr vo rm thng 11. Vo ngy va B Thin Hu cha H cng c nt khc hn cc cha khc. Do s ngi H ri rc cc ni, nn n ngy ny, cha t chc hp mt n ung ngi H c dp gp g nhau. V l nghi, ngy va B cha H hng nm phi lm hai hnh nm ca ng thin, ng c cao ba thc trng by c ngy. Vo cui ngy l th t 2 hnh nm ny cng. Ngi H cc tnh ln cn nh Sng B, ng Nai, cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long cng thng n cng v ng gp cho Qun Tn Hi Qun. Hng nm vo dp Tt, ba i ln, rng v s t ca ngi H qun 11 u n cng B cha ny. l i s t Kin Ngha, k ln Hu Ngh v rng Ninh Giang" ...(1).
(1)
Xem Toan nh - Np c hi h nh m, quyn h, ti bn, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh 1995, tr 298-300.
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L hi cha B th x Th Du Mt
H Tng
Cha B l tn gi ca b con nhn dn Nam B dng ch

nhng c s tn gio, tn ngng ca ngi Hoa c i tng th phng chnh yu l n thn, v trong thc t nhiu khi khng dnh dng g n h thng cha ca Pht gio cht no c! Mt trong nhng c s tn ngng thuc loi ny c tm c thu ht khch n hnh hng try hi ng o nht Nam B chnh l "Thin Hu Qun", cn gi l cha B Bnh Dng hay cha B Th Du Mt ta lc ti s 4, ng Nguyn Du, nm v pha ng th x Th Du Mt (tnh Bnh Dng) v cch ch Th Du Mt khong trn di 300m. Cha B Th Du Mt nguyn c xy dng ti th x Th Du Mt vo khong gia th k XIX nm v tr bn b rch Hng Ch Chiu. Nm 1880, cha ny xy dng thm phn nh pha sau. Tuy nhin, n nm 1925, cha B c ri v v tr hin gi cho n ngy nay 1. Ging nh cc ngi cha, miu ca ngi Hoa, cha B Th Du Mt l mt kin trc gm ba dy nh lin nhau nh hnh ch tam trong Hn t, hai bn l hai dy nh dc dng lm nh tc. Cha lp ngi m dng, vi nhng trang tr "lng long tranh chu, t linh..." bng gm s trn b nc, gc mi cng lm tng thm v uy nghim cho ngi cha. Mc du c bao quanh bng h thng tng gch chc chn, nhng cu trc ni tht ca cha B Th Du Mt l cu trc g vi h thng ko trng rng chm tr rt m thut v nhng hng ct ranh mc ln nc bng lng. Trong cha, bn cnh ba khm th chnh bng g chm tr kh cng phu, cha B Th Du Mt cn c nhiu bao lam, lin i, honh phi, hng n, l nhng tc phm chm tr m thut, c nin i kh xa. Trc cha l mt khong sn rng khong 500m2, ro cao,
Thch Phng - L Trung V, trong 60 l hi truyn thng Vit Nam cho rng cha c xy dng vo khong u th k XX v c trng tu vo nm 1923.
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chc chn. Ni y mi hot ng hi cha B hng nm din ra tng bng no nhit. i tng th chnh yu ca cha B Th Du Mt l Thin Hu Thnh Mu vn l ngi con gi t trong mt gia nh thng nhn. B sinh ngy 23 thng 3 m lch nm 960 di triu i nh Tng v mt ngy 19 thng 2 m lch nm 987. B l ngi Phc Kin. Tng truyn khi B sinh ra c my gm ng sc ph y nh v hng thm sc nc. T nh, B c ti tin on rt chnh xc tng lai ca nhng ngi thn quen. c bit c ln B cu sng nhiu ngi trong mt v m tu ngoi bin khi bng nhng li cu nguyn v php l ngay ti nh mnh. Sau khi mt, B thng hin hin rt nhiu ln cng nh nhiu ni trn bin ng cu tu thuyn, v nhng ngi i bin b nn trong phong ba, bo tp. B cng tng hin hin cu c nhng on chin thuyn v s thuyn ca cc hong Trung Hoa b nn trn bin. Cc hong Trung Hoa nhiu ln phong tng B cc danh hiu cao qu. n 1682, hong nh Thanh phong tng B l Thin Hu Thnh Mu v B tr thnh v thn cu h cho nhng ngi i bin. B con ngi Hoa Nam B gi B bng nhng tn hiu khc nhau: Thin Mu, i Mu, c B,... Ngoi Thin Hu Thnh Mu, cha B Th Du Mt cn th phng mt s v thn thnh khc theo tn ngng dn gian Hoa Nam. Trc ht, khi mi vo ca chnh ca cha, ngay pha bn tay tri l hng n th thn Mn Quan, tc thn gi ca. Theo truyn thuyt th thn Mn Quan l hai v tng ca i nh ng, vo th k VII, tng hng dng bo v cng n ca v Thin t. Ngi ta hnh dung hai ng ny mc o gip, i m v cm kim ni tay. Thng th hnh nh t mu c dn hai bn ca ra vo chnh ca cc n, miu ngi Hoa. Tuy nhin, cha B Th Du Mt th phng mt vung giy sn mu c vit tc v ca hai ng. Ngi ta tin rng hai v thn ny s ngn chn mi loi ma qu, cc thn n dch hoc cc nh hng tai c khc ngay t cng ra vo. Trong khi , pha bn tay phi ca ca chnh l hng n th Th thn, tc thn t. Vai tr ca thn t trong tn ngng ca ngi Hoa l bo v t ai v ngi trong mt khu vc nht nh. Thn t th cha B Th Du Mt l v thn c trng trch cai qun khu vc t ai ca cha, gn gi s an lnh ni y. tn cng gian chnh in ca cha B Th Du Mt l khu vc th phng chnh yu, vi chnh gia l hng n th Thin Hu Thnh Mu v hng n th hai v chng Bn u Cng bn tri, hng n
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th Ng Hnh nng nng bn phi. Bn u Cng hay ng Bn l mt nhn vt lch s ca Trung Hoa. ng tn tht l Trnh Ha, mt quan to di triu Vnh Lc (1403 - 1424) i nh Minh. ng c hong Trung Hoa phi i nhiu quc gia ng Nam tm hiu phong tc, lch s cc nc v a ngi Hoa di c ra nc ngoi. ng cng em v cho nh vua cc sn vt ca cc x l m ng n thm. ng c nh vua khen thng cng trng v sc phong l "Tam Bu Cng", cng cn gi l "Bn u Cng" hay ng Bn. Cn Ng hnh nng nng l nm v thn ln lt mang cc tn nh sau: Kim c thnh phi, Mc c thnh phi, Thy c thnh phi, Ha c thnh phi, Th c thnh phi. Dn gian tin rng nm v thn ny c quyn nng ph h con ngi trong cc lnh vc lin quan n: vng bc (kim), g cy (mc), sng nc (thy), ci la (ha), t ai (th). Khc vi hai hng n th thn Mn Quan v Th thn ch th bng tm bin vit ch hoa cc tc hiu ca thn, ba hng n th chnh yu ca cha u th bng cc tng g chm tr kh m thut. Cng nh h thng cc cha B Thin Hu ri rc khp Nam B, c bit l thnh ph H Ch Minh, cha B Th Du Mt hng nm u c t chc l ving sanh v l va t ca Thin Hu Thnh Mu vo ngy 23 thng 3 m lch v ngy 19 thng 2 m lch. Tuy nhin l hi ln nht cha B Th Du Mt l vo ngy rm thng ging m lch hng nm, tch t nhiu c th vn ha dn gian, thu ht hng triu ngi ti a phng v cc ni khc v d, to thnh mt l hi ln c tm c Nam B. Nghi l cng B c ban tr s cha tin hnh vo m 14 rng 15 thng ging m lch, vi cc nghi thc khn nim, t n b v cu quc thi dn an. Tuy vy, t hai ngy 13 v 14 thng ging m lch, cha B Th Du Mt ng nght khch n chim bi, n chnh l l ngy rm thng ging m lch th s lng khch tng vt mt cch bt ng, n ni khng cn bc, nhng vi sc y ca mi ngi vn c th vo tn cha bng cng vo cng nh ra khi cha bng cng ra! Khch n hnh hng ti cha B Th Du Mt, ngoi vic thp hng, dng l cng b, phn ln mi ngi cn c mc ch vay tin B lm n, bun bn. Vic vay tin ny c tnh cht tng trng, th hin qua vic nhn mt gi giy hng iu bn trong c gi mt t giy bc c tr gi thp nht ang lu hnh. Ngi ta tin rng vay tin ca B s gp nhiu may mn trong lm n bun bn, ng thi ngi ta cng ha vi B l s tr l vo dp l hi nm sau. Nhng nm gn y, khch n
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vay tin B cha B Th Du Mt ng n ni cha phi tng cng khu vc cho vay tin ln n c chc ngi ngi trong phng ngn vi khch m vn phc v khng xu! Trong khi trc sn cha B din ra cuc bn u gi 12 ci lng n tng trng cho mi hai thng trong nm. Trong mi lng n c ghi nhng cu th khc nhau. Trong s ny, chic lng n th nht l chic lng n danh d nht v do thng c mua vi gi rt cao. Nm 1992, chic lng n thng ging c Cng ty xut nhp khu Thnh L ca tnh Sng B mua vi gi 17 triu ng v chic lng n cui cng c mua vi gi 4,5 triu ng. S tin thu c trong cuc bn u gi lng n c s dng vo cc mc ch x hi nh sa cha trng hc... v trng tu, tn to cha B. Ngi ta tin rng mua lng n ca cha B s c B ph h cho cng vic lm n, bun bn sun s, tt p. Tc bn u gi ca cha B Th Du Mt c nhiu c s tn ngng khc Nam B lm theo, nhng kt qu cha cao. Nghi thc long trng nht ca l hi cha B Th Du Mt chnh l l cung nghinh Thin Hu Thnh Mu, tc l nghi l rc kiu B t cha ra ng Nguyn Thi Hc, xung ch Th Du Mt, quay li ng on Trn Nghip, tr ln ng Hng Vng ri v li cha, din ra t 16 gi n 18 gi ngy rm thng ging. on rc gm kiu B sn son thp vng, trang tr kh lng ly, trong t chic l hng ca hng n th Thin Hu Thnh Mu thnh t cha ra, do bn ngi mc trang phc c truyn khing. Theo sau kiu l hai hng l b v bt bu, th hin s uy nghim v linh thing ca B. Ri nhng ngi cm c x, dn nhc bt m, cc i ln, i rng, i s t, i k ln, i hu, cc c xe hoa, nhng c thiu n gnh hoa ti tr... ln lt ni gt theo sau gia hng vn ngi bao quanh v nhng ting ching trng, phng la nh ngang lin hi. Trc y, vic nhn lnh vinh d bng chic l hng trn hng n Thin Hu Thnh Mu t trong cha ra kiu khi rc i, v bng t kiu tr vo cha khi rc v mi nm u c s tranh ginh gia cc bang ngi Hoa, thm ch c mu v c khi cc bang mi nhng i v s c trang b v kh thc th tranh ginh vinh d bng l hng B v cho bang mnh dn n vic u mu. Ngi ta tin rng nu mang c l hng cng nh cm lng cho cuc rc kiu B th li l iu may mn v vinh d v cng, chng nhng ring cho c nhn, gia nh m cho c cng ng ngi Hoa trong cng mt bang. Tuy nhin,
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nhng nm gn y, trnh vic tranh ginh, ban t chc hi l cha B Th Du Mt t chc u gi vic bng l hng B s dng vo cc mc ch x hi v trng tu, sa cha cha. Ai mun c bng l hng s phi tr gi tht cao, c nm nh nm 1992 tin u gi bng l hng ny cng ln ti 20 triu ng. V sau l s c ban t chc "i" mt l hng khc mang v th phng trong nh c phc. Nh trn ni, trong l rc kiu B cha B Th Du Mt cn c s tham gia ca cc i ln, s t, rng, k ln, hu... ca th x Th Du Mt v phn ln ca thnh ph H Ch Minh. Theo , cc i ln, s t, rng, k ln, hu... t thnh ph H Ch Minh, sau nhng ngy ma phc v Tt, u c tc phi v cha B Th Du Mt ma trnh B v tham d l rc kiu B, sau tr v vi ngh ma cho ti dp tt nm k tip. Cho nn c th ni l hi cha B Th Du Mt l ni tp trung nhng ngh thut cao nht ca cc i ln, s t, rng, k ln, hu... cng a ra thi th, trc cng B, v sau phc v khch hnh hng, try hi, ni khc i, l hi cha B Bnh Dng cng chnh l l hi ln s rng khu vc ng Nam B vy. Nt c sc ca l hi cha B Th Du Mt cn ch l sau khi hnh hng cha B, khch i l cn tt qua cha ng th Quan Thnh Qun nm cch cha B khng xa, vut ve con nga thn. Sau , khch cn c th n l cha B Cha Thun Thin, Linh Khng n, cha Hi Khnh... quanh khu vc cha B v l nhng ni c hi nguyn tiu cng khng km lng khch tham quan, chim bi... V cng nh bao nhiu ngi cha Hoa khc, khch n vi l hi cha B Bnh Dng khng phi ch l ngi Hoa, m c ng o ngi Vit na v trong s ny nhiu nht l nhng ngi n t thnh ph H Ch Minh./. H.T.
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Hi cha ng Bn
Hoa H
Cha ng Bn ca ngi Hoa Ch Ln, cn gi l Nh ph

miu, ta lc ti ng Hi Thng Ln ng, qun 5 (TP. H Ch Minh). Cha c v tr quan yu i vi ngi Hoa gc Phc Kin qun 5... Theo ti liu ca L Vn Hng trong Gia nh trng Pht Tch c th ng Bn chnh l Chu t Quan, mt vin quan ca triu nh Trung Hoa i nh Nguyn, th k th XIII. ng tham gia cc s b Trung Hoa n nhiu nc ng Nam , trong c vng t nam Vit Nam v Chn Lp. ng l nh vit s v nh du k... ni ting trong lch s Trung Hoa c i. T min Chn Lp tr v, ng vit quyn Chn Lp phong th k (ghi chp v phong tc, t ai v con ngi) m t vng t cc nam ng Dng th k XIII... ... Cha ng Bn - Nh ph miu c kin trc tng th theo hnh ch khu, gm bn dy nh di, vung gc nhau, khong trng gia to nn sn thin tnh. Nhn t bn ngoi cha ng Bn ni bt gia ph phng vi nhng np mi cong nh chng ln nhau. Nhng np mi cong ca cha ng Bn kh c o so vi nhiu ngi cha khc thnh ph H Ch Minh cng nh c nc. Phn chnh in cha ng Bn by mt bn th Ngc Hong thng vi mt l hng bng ng kh ln. Bn trn Ngc Hong c hai tm hong phi i t "Phc ton c b" v "Thch cp lm phong". Nhng hin vt ny c ghi r lm trong nm Quang T th 27 tc 1901. i qua sn thin tnh, ni c dy bn bng xi mng lm ch bin by cc l vt cng thn, s bt gp mt hong phi i t "Thn Lm phc a", nt ch bay bm phong nh. Bn di honh phi l mt bn by l cng v cng l bn th "Nh Ph miu phc c chnh thn".
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Bn th "Phc c chnh thn" chim v tr trung tm ca gian chnh in vi trang th nguy nga, lng ly. Bao lam in th c sn son thp vng, chm lng hoa l, rng, phng v.v... in th Phc c chnh thn c tng ng Bn bng g cao khong 1,5m, mt c ng s bng ng, mt bi v "Nh Ph i B Cng". Tng ng Bn th hin mt ng gi khun mt quc thc, khoan ha vi chm ru bc trng bung di, dng ngi thoi mi, mt tay gc ln tay ngai, mt tay va mi vut chm ru. Nhng np o tng bung chng trong dng ngh ngi suy t. Bn di tng ng Bn l hai tng nh khc nh hai ng t ang ng ch c sai bo. Bn tri bn th ng Bn l mt gian in th nh hn, th Qung Trch Tn Vng, cng 106 v khc. Bn th c hai di tng, tng mt hi ng yn v trn ngai vi v mt ngy th, c dng nh ngc nhin, bn di l tng mt nh s (hoc o s) mc o vng, u trc, lng my rm un cong ln. Trn trang th Qung i Tn Vng cn mt bc lin nh ghi ba ch "Phng Sn T". Bn phi bn th ng Bn, i xng vi bn th Qung Trch l bn th "Thi tu". Trn bn th l mt o s, tay ang lc chung, chung quanh l ba con h trong trng thi gm gh hung hn. V o s vn bnh tnh nhn v pha trc nh ang thu phc l d th. Trc tng o s l tng mt ng nhi trn ang ma gm. Dy nh gia bn phi chnh in l ni lm vic ca Ban tr s Nh Ph miu. Dy nh bn tri l ni t in th Quan Cng, Quan Th m b tt v hai bn th nh hn mt th b Cha Sanh (Cha Sanh nng nng) v b phu nhn Hoa Phn (Hoa Phn phu nhn). Nhng di tng ni cc in th, bn th bn tri cng gn ging vi nhiu cha Hoa khc th Quan Cng, Quan Th m... Bn trong cha ng Bn, hin cn lu li 10 cp lin bng g, 10 bc honh phi cng bng g c sn thp chm tr rt kho lo. Hu ht cc lin, honh ny c nin i Quang T i nh Thanh tc c hon thnh vo cui th k trc. Ngoi ra trong cha cn hai qu chung, mt bng ng v mt bng gang. Qu chung c bng gang c ghi nm ch to "Quang T nguyn nin" (tc nm 1875), vi dng ch "chng thng ng cng" (do nhng ngi bun bn cng cho cha). Chung ny kh nng v to ln, nh cha khng c gi treo nn nh di du phong sng di t gc cha, cnh l t vng m. Mt chung khc c bng ng, dng nh, thanh thot c ghi ch "t Du trng thu", c l c c vo nm 1825.
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Nhn chung, kin trc v t tng cha ng Bn - Nh Ph miu tng i n gin, nhng vn to c khng kh trang nghim ca mt c s tn ngng, tn gio v th hin mt phong cch c sc vn ha ca ngi Hoa thnh ph. Vic chn ng Bn lm v thn th cng chnh ca ngi cha cng l mt c im ng lu ca tn gio, tn ngng ca ngi Hoa Vit Nam ni chung. Hng nm, cha ng Bn c nhiu ngy l hi ln. c bit ngy l chnh ca cha l rm thng Ging v rm thng Tm theo m lch. Theo Ban tr s ca cha, l ngy sinh v ngy mt ca ng Bn. L vt cng ng Bn thng l heo quay, heo sng, g luc, hoa tri, nhang n v.v... Ngi Hoa phn ln l ngi gc Phc Kin em l vt n cha cng rt ng. B con ngi Hoa thng mua nhng vng hng thp cng treo khp vm trn cha ta khi thm nghi ngt sut nhiu thng. Ngoi hai ngy l chnh, cha ng Bn cng c mt s b con ngi Hoa n cng cha vo dp Tt Nguyn n, Nguyn Tiu, Rm thng Chp v... ngi Hoa thnh ph ti l cha, d hi rt ng vui. Thng vo dp tt Nguyn n, cc i ma Rng n t chc biu din ma ngay sn cha thu ht hng ngn ngi xem. Cc i v thut, th dc th thao, cng thng t chc cc cuc thi u ti sn cha. Vo Rm thng Ging mt s b con ngi Hoa n l cha v xin vay mn tin ca cc v thn thnh trong cha nh ng Bn, Quan Cng lm n bun bn. S vay mn ny c tnh cht tng trng, nhng n cui nm vo Rm thng Chp, b con n cha tr l y c vn ln li bng s tin mt b vo cc thng phc sng. Vo dp ny s ngi n cha ng Bn, cng nh nhiu cha khc xin xm, bi ton kh nhn nhp. Phi chng, nhng tr din, sinh hot vn ha ny l nhng nhnh tm gi mc trn mt cnh cy, cn phi tr b mt cch thu tnh t l./. H.H
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L hi cha Ngc Hong

H Tng
Cha Ngc Hong hay Ngc Hong in, nay gi l cha Phc
Hi, ta lc ti s 73, ng Mai Th Lu, gn ch a Kao thuc phng a Kao, qun 1,thnh ph H Ch Minh. Cha Ngc Hong c thnh lp t nm 1892 do mt ngi Hoa tn Lu Minh ch xng. Nm 1900, cng cuc xy ct cha hon thnh, nhng n nm 1906 mi lm l khnh thnh. Cha khi nguyn tn l Ngc Hong in, ngi Php gi l "cha a Kao", nm 1982 cha gia nhp Gio hi Pht Gio Vit Nam vi ha thng Thch Vnh Khng ch tr, mi i tn thnh Phc Hi T, nhng dn gian vn quen gi l cha Ngc Hong. Trong sn cha Ngc Hong, ngoi hai h nui c v ra, c mt miu th H Php v mt nh bt gic che chic nh ln c bng xi mng gi ng dnh cho khch hnh hng thp nhang trc khi vo cha cng nh ra khi cha. Cha Ngc Hong c tng cng trn 300 tng th, c phn b trong ba gian th. Gian gia lin vi cng vo, l gian th cc bc thin tng v Ngc Hong, theo th t t ngoi vo trong gm c: - Th a (bn tri ca vo), Mn Quan (bn phi ca vo). - Pht Dc S, tng pht duy nht bng g trm t trong lng knh, gia chnh in. - Thanh Long i tng (bn phi) v Phc H i tng (bn tri), tng to bng ngi tht. - Cung th Ngc Hong gia, cung th Chun Quan m bn phi v cung th Bc , tc Huyn V hay Trn V bn tri. gian th Ngc Hong c su pho tng chnh: bn phi gm ba v, vi gia l Quan Phu T (ch v vic v) v hai bn l Thin Tng v Thin Thn. Ngoi ra, cn c cc tng th khc nh: Nam To, Bc u, Hoa tin s, T Thin i thnh, Quan Thnh qun, thn Nht, thn Nguyt, Long Mu nng nng, T i kim quang, Thi t chn nhn, Ha thng o Minh, Khuyn thin i s, hai quan vn,
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hai quan v, hai ng t, ng v b Thin Li cng by thin tng... Hu ht cc tng th y u bng g, mt s t lm bng giy bi. Ring tng ca Ngc Hong l pho tng ngi ln nht trong cha. u tng Ngc Hong i mo ln c mi che trc trn. Hai tay Ngc Hong cm lnh tin. Mt Ngc Hong bnh thn, khng vui cng khng bun, mt trong t th m nhng khng thy r trng mt, mi di v to. Khun mt tng Ngc Hong hnh ch in, hai m cao v rng, c bn chm ru ta di xung ngang vai. Ngc Hong mc o chong rng, hai tay o ph tn n cc ngn tay. o c chm ni dnh lin vo tng vi k thut sn son thp vng tinh xo lm ni bt ng nt trang tr trn thn o vi mt con rng un ln. Gian bn tri t ngoi vo, theo th t t trc ra sau c nhng hng n vi cc tng th sau y: - Gian u tin th Kim Hoa thnh mu, mi hai b m v cc nh mu trong cc t th nui dy cho tr nh. y l gian cu t cho nhng ngi him mun. - Gian tip theo l Thp in Dim Vng, vi mi bc chm g vi cnh mi ca ngc phn b u mi bn vch nm bc. Ni lin gian Thp in vi gian Kim Hoa thnh mu, c cc tng th: Quan m, Kim ng, Ngc N, a Tng Vng b tt (biu tng cho s cu ri), Hot V Thng, T Mng s qun v Dn Hn Tin (biu tng s dn dt, phn bit linh b lnh d). - Thn Ti: Trang phc tng, biu tng mang ht s ri ro vo mnh v ban pht ti lc cho nhn gian. Tng ng cui gian Thp in, tay cm mt ci r ng cc gi giy bc mnh giy nh ghi hai ch Hn "Ti Thn" bn trong khch hnh hng xin lc. - Gian ni lin vi gian Thp in c cc tng th sau y: Nh V song n, M tng qun, Thnh Hong L Ban v Thi Tu. - Gian cui cng (hin khng cn cho khch vo chim bi) gm hai hng n th Thch Cm ng (tc th ca ngi Hoa) v th ng T (tc th ca ngi Khmer). - Bn phi gian th Ngc Hong l phng khch ca cha, sau phng ny c cu thang ln lu. Ni y th phng: Quan m b tt, Quan Thnh Qun, H php v T Lu Minh - ngi lp cha. T lu cha Ngc Hong l mt trong nhng c s tn ngng dn gian thu ht ng o khch hnh hng chim bi. Vo nhng ngy rm, mng mt m lch, nht l vo cc ngy rm ln trong nm (15/1
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m lch, 15/7 m lch, 15/10 m lch) khch n l cha ng n hng vn ngi. Tuy nhin, dp l hi thu ht khch ng nht l dp l va Ngc Hong vo ngy mng 9 thng ging m lch hng nm. Vo dp ny, ti ngy mng 8, v ha thng tr tr cha t chc tng kinh cu an. C ngy mng 9 dnh cho hng chc vn khch n chim bi, c c ngi Hoa ln ngi Vit. Khi hng m mt khp trong ngoi... Trong cc c s tn ngng dn gian ca ngi Hoa thnh ph H Ch Minh, cha Ngc Hong c th xem l mt trong nhng im c sc thu ht khch trong v ngoi nc n tham quan, chim bi rt ng o./.
H.T
1280
L hi Dinh C
Hunh Ti
Cng nh Cha Hn Kin Giang, Ni Sam An Giang,

tn gi Dinh C Long Hi (ng Nai trc y, nay thuc B RaVng Tu) tr nn quen thuc vi khch thp phng. L ngi miu nh th mt trinh n cht nc, nm trn mm i lng gi bi tm Long Hi, Dinh C c dng ln bng lng tin. S tn ngng vn c lu i trong nhn dn. Tng truyn, 186 nm trc, xc mt ngi con gi khong 16 tui dt vo bi, Tn C l L Th Hng Thu, qu Phan Rang, theo cha L Vn Khng dong ghe bu xui ngc Trung- Nam nh bt c v trao i hng an lt bng tre. Mi ln ghe bu qua vng bin Long Hi, C nhn cnh sn thu hu tnh, thng ao c c li y chung sng. Mt m bo t, tri chiu lng C, a C theo sng bin dt vo, nm li trn bi ct trng xo, ni m C tng mong c. Ct n ln che ch, sng v mun nghn li ru cho C yn gic. Dn lng xem C l n thn thing ling nn lp m trn i, dng miu th bn cnh. u tin ch l mt nm m t, miu tre l. Miu v m thay i dn theo s linh ng ngy cng lan rng. Mt ln (vo khong nm 1966), miu pht ho, c trng tu thnh ngi n khang trang hn. u nm 1990, Dinh C li c trng tu bng kinh ph quyn gp ca khch thp phng, tr thnh mt dinh th kin c nh hin nay. T khi c Dinh C hng khi, ng dn Long Hi c thm sc mnh tinh thn trong lng ngc ng u vi vt v, gian nan. Thnh tch ca mnh, dn lng thng gn cho C, dt thnh nhiu huyn thoi thi v, ch yu l chuyn C ng linh ng gip ngi hin vt kh khn. S tn knh dnh cho C tr thnh tp qun ca ngi Long Hi, trong n cha kht vng v nim tin v cuc sng thanh bnh, thnh vng. Hng nm, l hi thng m trong 3 ngy (10- 11- 12 thng 02 m lch), sut c ngy c m. Hng chc vn khch thp phng t min Ty, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Lm ng, Bnh Thun... l lt ko v Long Hi d Gi C, chen chc nhau trong rng dng, trn bi ct, nhng hnh lang, khong trng ngh qua m, d trn 3 ngy hi. C ngi phi n trc my ngy mi mong kim c ch tr. C
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gia nh mang theo c con ci, c dng ni tr n ngh ti ch. m bung mn, rng dng lao xao, sng bin r ro, lp long trng, lng lng gi... cnh hu tnh khin ngi ta qun vt v m vui vi cuc hnh hng mang tnh cht d ngoi. T rng sng ngy 10 thng 02 m lch, ngi ta bt u ving C. Mi ngi thng cm trong tay mt nhnh hu trng tng trng cho s thanh khit. Gii tr ham vui, cc c gi sng tn u chen nhau vt 187 bc dng hng xin lc ni chnh in. m 10 v 11 l m hi hoa ng. nh n sng rc ho cng nh trng. Hng vn ghe thuyn quay mi v Dinh chu C, ting ching, ting trng rn rng thu m. L chnh c t chc t rng sng ngy 12. T chnh in, on ngi chnh t c qut ra bi, ln thuyn, ra khi lm l Nghinh C. L Nghinh C c c hnh long trng. V Chnh bi dn u, on hc tr l tip bc, c c x, lng che, hoa ng rc r. Mt chic ghe to t bn hng n c xem l ghe dnh Nghinh C. Ghe c h tng bi vi chc chic ghe khc. on ghe ni nhau ra khi trong ting ching trng vang tri. n Mi Nh, ni c ngi m C, on ngi xung ghe ln ving m, nghnh n C v Dinh. c bit, trong l Nghinh C, cn duy tr c hnh thc din xng Ht b tro. Theo TS Tn Tht Bnh. Ht b tro c ngha l ht c nm mi cho, mt th loi dn ca nghi l ph bin ca c dn vng bin t Bnh Tr Thin (c) n Bnh Thun. Ng dn thng t chc ht b tro trong nghi l a ma C ng. Long hi, ht b tro li gn vi l Nghinh C. Hnh thc din xng khng khc ht b tro ca c dn vng bin Nam Trung b, cng c tng khoang (hoc tng thng), tng mi, tng li v m bn cho t 12 n 16 ngi. Cc bn cho v cc tng trong trang phc c truyn, va ht va din (xng- x) m phng thao tc ca ngi i bin vt ngn trng sng gi. Ch khc ni dung bi ht ngng vng C (thay v ca ngi, thng tic C ng) v li nguyn cu cho tri yn bin lng, tm c y khoang. Ln iu v bi ht cho thy ht b tro Nghinh C Long Hi phng khong v tr tnh hn li ht nng ni u lo ca vng bin Nam Trung b. Cu li ca mt tng mi Qung Nam: My ging m mt Ging chp sng lo T i Vn cho n Sn Tr
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Cng cu li kiu y, ht b tro Long Hi nh nhng, sng khoi hn: My ging ng mi Gi ui ng sau Mi cho khua nc lao xao Nhanh nhanh ln no, khoang thuyn y c. C l, vng bin tr ph, d lm n to sinh kh hng khi cho cu ht v t din xng nghi l ca ht b tro mang tnh sinh hot tr tnh nhiu hn. Du sao, s xut hin ht b tro trong l hi Dinh C cng vi truyn thuyt v C cng h m cho thy ngun gc ca c dn Long Hi v sc thi vn ho ca vng sng nc. Th v nht ca khch hu tnh khng phi ni in, m l ton cnh bi Long Hi trong nhng ngy hi rn rng. ng hnh lang ca chnh in, c cm gic nh ang vng giao thoa gia bin v tri, gia i thc v h, gia sng bin dp dnh nh ang dt la v Dinh C trong th phc long ang mun bay ln. Bi vy, n Dinh C trong ngy hi khng ch c ngi sng tn m cn c nhng vn s, thi nhn v cc i trai gi i tm rung cm cho con tim. C ngi cho rng l hi Dinh C thuc dng m tn d oan cn bi tr, cn t ra ngoi vng np sng vn ho mi. Tht ra du th no, ct li ca Dinh C vn l lp vn ho c truyn ca ngi vng bin da trn c s lng tin c tht. i dc cc vng bin Vit Nam s thy ng dn Vit cuc sng thi quen th lit n cht nc (biu tng ca m tnh, ca sc nc). Thn n c th phng Dinh C c khc thn n cc n miu ven sng Hng, ven bin min Trung. C khng c k tch anh hng, ch c tm lng yu bin, yu cnh hu tnh m i vo lng ngng vng ca nhn dn. Trong lng su ngha nhn vn: Lng yu bin, yu t vn l c tnh thit yu ca mi ng dn bao gi cng c ngi dn Long Hi qu trng hn tt thy./. H.T
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L nta ca ngi Khme

Thch Anh
L nta (Pithi sen nta) hay l cng t tin ng b l mt hi

l ln th hai sau l hi Pithi Chol Chnam Thmy (l vo nm mi). Khc vi nhiu tc khc, l cng ng b ca ngi Khme l tc l ch khng phi gia l nh ngi Vit hay Hoa. Tc l nta c t chc linh nh hng nm trong 3 ngy, t 29/8 n 1/9 (m lch) vi mc ch cu siu, cu phc cho linh hn nhng ngi khut. y l mt nt c sc trong h thng l t tin m ta tng quen bit. Theo tp tc lu i truyn li, th ngi Khme cng nh mt s tc t ngi khc khng c ngy gi k hng nm cho ngi cht. i vi ngi Khme,mi lin h gia th v phch, gia thn xc v linh hn, gia ngi sng v ngi cht l rt t, nu khng ni l khng c. V th vic th cng t tin i vi h rt nh nhng. S rch ri ca tm tnh Khme khin h quan nim rng: linh hn ng b, t tin, d c thing tht chng na, cng khng th ph h, tr, ban phc cho ngi sng, cho nn khng th hy vng hay mong cu g c ngi khut, ngc li, chnh ngi sng cu phc cho linh hn . L hi nta thc cht l mt ngy hi l vui v, m tng nh, cu phc, tn knh ng b ch l mt vi l thc, thm ch ch cn l ci c. ng ch l s gp g, vui chi theo thch ca tng gia nh, tng ngi. Khng th, th lm sao c th lp y thi gian ba ngy l1. Ba ngy ca l nta din ra nh th no? (v l l hi chung cho ton tc Khme, nn cch gi ngy th nht, ngy th hai... l thng nht trong mi gia nh ngi Khme). + Ngy th nht (29/8), gi l ngy cng tip n. Vo ngy ny, tt c cc gia nh ngi Khme u dn dp nh ca sch s, dn dp bn th Pht (nu c bn th t tin th cng trang tr li), tri chiu, mn, gi mi ln ging; sp t mt b qun o mi; by c, tr ru, bnh tri tip n ng b. C to nh, bnh tri nhiu t tu hon cnh tng gia nh. Nh no cng lm nhng mm cm thnh son, trong dnh mt mm cng. H xi bn bt cm, cng ru
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Tuy nhin, hin, tc Khme khng phi khng c gia nh t chc gi k hng nm, mt cch n s. C l y l do nh hng ca tp tc Hoa, Vit v th cng t tin.
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tr, tht, hoa qu, thp nn (n cy), t hng (nhang) v mi ngi thn, h hng, b con hng xm n lm l cng rc. H khn vi, knh mi linh hn ng b t tin trong h, trong gia nh, linh hn nhng ngi thn khut v nh chung vui, n ung, ngh ngi cng nhng ngi ang sng. Sau ba ln khn, mi ln u c thay tr v ru, s nghnh n ng b t tin hon tt. Mi ngi c th cng nhau n cm. Trc khi n, ch nh gp mi thc n mt t, b ln vo bt, rt tr v ru vo, ri em ra sn cnh chn hng ro. Cm mt nn nhang, ch nh khn mi ma qu ( a linh hn ng b v vi gia nh) li n ung vui chi trong ba ngy l, ri li a linh hn ng b v ni c1. Nhng nghi thc ny m bo cho vic linh hn ng b, sau ba ngy l, khng b vt vng, lc li. Bi, nu ma qu khng c mi n ung vui chi, chng s rt gin d m qun nhim v a linh hn ng b v li chn c. n chiu, gia ch li tip tc cng linh hn ng b t tin, mi cc linh hn cng i vo cha xem s si tng kinh ly khc hay xem vn ngh, ma ht, vui chi tu theo thch. Thc t y l nhng hot ng vui v ca con ngi trn th c coi nh l hng dn linh hn ng b t tin du ngon trong ngy hi. Cc sinh hot ny din ra thu m sut sng ti cha (bi ngi cha, vi ngi Khme l mt ni ht sc quan trng, c th va th Pht, li va t chc vui chi, hc hnh v cc hot ng khc). + Ngy th hai (30/8) l ngy vui chi ca linh hn ng b t tin. Ngha l sau mt m v gn mt ngy cha, n chiu ngy th hai, gia ch li lm l cng a linh hn ng b v nh vi con chu. Mi vic li din ra gn nh ngy th nht. H li lm cm mi linh hn ng b n, khn xin linh hn ng b v ma qu li chi vi gia nh mt m na. m th hai ny c th nh, cha hay nh h hng ngi thn. + Ngy th ba (1/9) l ngy cng a linh hn ng b (cng ma qu) v ni c. Cc gia nh li lm c cng nh ngy u gm c bn, hoa qu, bnh tri, tr ru... Gia ch xi bn bt (chn) cm cng, thp nn,
S d c thm l thc ny, bi theo quan nim ca ngi Khme, nhng ma qu ny phi c cho n ring v chng thuc thn phn khc, khng dm ngi cng mm vi ng b t tin.
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nhang ri mi b con, h hng, lng xm ti cng cng. H khn vi ba ln, mi ln u thay tr ru mi. Ngy cng a, gia ch cng ly mi loi thc n mt t ln vo bt, rt tr v ru vo. Ch khc l h khng chn hng ro m vo xung, thuyn bum ( c lm t trc bng b chui, cau, da...) linh hn ng b (cng nh ma qu) em theo n dc ng cho n khi v ni chn c. Trn nhng xung, thuyn bum , h treo c phn hnh tam gic, khc hnh tc k, c su hay mt vi con vt khc u v ui xung, nhm k v trnh tai nn dc ng, gip linh hn ng b tr v an ton. Sau khi th nhng chic xung, thuyn ny sng, sui hoc mng rch quanh nh, nghi thc rc- a linh hn ng b xong. Gia ch mi h hng lng ging dng c, vui chi cho ti tn khuya. Trong ngy ny, nhiu nh kh gi cn mi s si n tng kinh, cu phc cho thm phn long trng. Vic t chc tc th ng b t tin thnh mt l chung cho ton tc Khme thay v cng gi hng nm trong tng gia nh theo ngy k l mt hnh thc biu hin ng ch . V mt hnh thc, th cc l tit vn do tng gia nh ch tr. Song c l, khng kh lc quan chung ca ngy l, s hin din ca ngi cha nh mt trung tm cng cm cng ng... khin l nta, d ch gi mt ni dung hp, vn cun ht v hp dn trong 3 ngy, tr thnh mt trong khng nhiu hi ln ca ngi Khme Nam B./. T.A
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L hi nh lng Bn Tre
Nguyn Ch Bn
1. Kin trc ca nh lng Theo kt qu in d ca cc cn b Vin khoa hc x hi ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, v Bn Tre trong ti Bn Tre a ch vo cc nm 1982-1984 th qua 64 x kho st, Bn Tre c hn 90 ngi nh ln nh1. Kt qu thng k vo nm 1993 ca Bo tng tnh Bn Tre trn a bn 7 huyn th (cha tnh huyn Ba Tri) cho thy Bn Tre c 133 ngi nh. S lng c th ti cc huyn nh sau : Huyn Ging Trm 22 ngi nh Huyn Ch Lch 22 ngi nh Huyn Bnh i 17 ngi nh Huyn Thnh Ph 10 ngi nh Huyn Chu Thnh 16 ngi nh Th x Bn Tre 11 ngi nh Huyn M Cy 35 ngi nh Theo Baurac, nm 18942, Bn Tre c mt s ngi nh ni ting, nh An Hi (th x), nh Tn Ho, M Thnh (huyn Ging Trm), a Phc Hi, Tn Hng, Hng M, Phc M Trung, Nhun Ph Tn (huyn M Cy), An Thnh, Trng Thnh, i in (huyn Thnh Ph). Trong cc t liu ny khng thy nhc ti nh Ph L (huyn Ba Tri), nh Bnh Ho (huyn Ging Trm), nh Ph Thun, Lc Thun (huyn Bnh i). Phi chng y l s b st, hoc nhng nh ny mi m rng qui m xy ct sau nm 1914. Tc gi Vn nh Hy cho bit, qua s tay thc t in d, qua kho st cc x, Bn Tre c 18 ngi nh ln, c th cc huyn nh sau : huyn Chu Thnh c cc nh Tin Thu, Tn Thch, huyn Ging Trm c cc nh Bnh Ho, Sn Ph, Lng Qi, huyn Thnh Ph c cc nh Thnh Ph, i in, huyn Ch Lch c nh Sn nh, huyn Ba Tri c cc nh Ph L, Ph Ngi, Phc Tuy, Tn Thu, huyn M Cy c cc nh Tn Thanh Ty, a Phc Hi, Minh c, Hng M, Nhun Ph Tn, huyn Bnh i c nh Ph Thun(1).
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Vn nh Hy, nh lng Bn Tre, Tp ch Nghin cu vn ho ngh thut, s 5/1991, tr.10. Nam K v dn c, ti liu ca S VHTT Bn Tre, bn nh my, tr.8. (1) Vn nh Hy, Bd, tr11,12.
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L hi nh lng din ra trong khun vin nh. Ni khc i, n gn cht ch vi kin trc v tn ngng nh.V kin trc, nh lng Bn Tre thng thng l mt cm kin trc gm ba ngi nh vung, mi lin nhau theo kiu sp i. Di y l kin trc mt s ngi nh. nh Ph L thuc x Ph L, huyn Ba Tri, c xy dng vo nm Minh Mng th 7 (1826), gm 6 gian lin mi nhau v 3 gian ph c kin trc theo li ch inh. Bt u l nh v ca, ri nh vin ng c mt hng n cng t tri t, gian th ba l gian thnh ng c mt hng n th ng b tin hin, hu hin v nhng ngi c cng trong vic tu sa v cng phng vo nh, gian th t l gian chnh ng th thn, gian th nm l gian khnh ng dng tip khch v cui cng l gian hu ng gm ba gian nh kho c xy ct vung gc vi 5 gian trn. Bn ngoi l miu th Lang Li i tng qun v miu th ng H. nh Ph Khng thuc th x Bn Tre, pha ngoi l ban th Thn Nng, sau l mt tin nh ri n 3 gian nh lin mi nhau: gian th nht gm 2 hng n v hai vn nga dnh cho ban nhc, gian th hai l gian chnh ng th thnh hong, gian th ba l gian nh hn th tin s, tin hin, th t ph hng chc, hu ph hng chc. nh Ph Hng thuc th x Bn Tre gm mt miu th ng H bn mt ng, miu th b Cha X bn mt ty, pha bc l gian dng i khch, sau l ni th tin hin, hu hin, t ban, hu ban. Bc tng ngn gia gian nh chia phn pha nam th cu v thnh nng, bn hng n v l b hai bn, mt phn th thn, gian ngoi cng l nh v ca quay mt v pha nam. nh Ph T cng thuc th x Bn Tre, pha ngoi l ban th x tc, k n l nh v ca, sau l ba gian nh lin nhau theo kiu sp i : gian th nht c ba hng n ngoi cng, sau l ni by trng, m, ban th tin s, ban by l vt khi dng cng, gian th hai gia l mt ban th c hng n, khi rc sc thn xong, t y cng hai ban th hai bn, gian th ba th tin hin, hu hin, ngoi cng l mt gian dng i khch. Bn ngoi c hai miu : mt bn l miu th ng H, mt bn l miu th b Cha X. nh a Phc Hi pha ngoi l mt ban th Thn nng, sau n gian v ca, ri n mt gian th ng H v b Cha X, gian th ba th t ban, hu ban, gian trong cng l gian chnh ng th thn thnh hong. Nh th, kin trc nh lng Bn Tre - khng gian thing ca l hi nh lng c nhng nt khc bit so vi kin trc ca nh lng ng bng sng Hng. Nt chung ca tt c cc nh lng trn t Bn Tre ch, chng u c mt gian v ca. Chc nng ca gian v ca ny l dng lm ni t chc hot ng din tung, ni vui chi, gii tr ca b con nng dn
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trong ngy hi nh. S xut hin ca gian v ca trong tng th cc di tch nh lng Bn Tre khin chc nng ca nh lng y thay i. Thng thng, ngi nh lng c hai chc nng : chc nng tn ngng v chc nng th tc. Ngha l, ngi nh lng va l tr s ca thn linh, va l cng s ca lng x. nh lng Bn Tre, vn mang hai chc nng y, nhng trong chc nng th tc, ngi nh pht sinh chc nng mi. nh cn mang chc nng ca mt "sn khu", mt "nh vn ho". S thay i v mt kin trc dn n s thay i v chc nng, s tc ng n tin trnh ca l hi nh lng. Mt khc, trong tng th kin trc ngi nh lin quan n chc nng tn ngng, nh lng Bn Tre khng c ci ngh/miu. Nu Bc B "Miu l ch qu thn bng y, nh l ni th vng"1 hay "y l mt im kt thc l hi rc hng nm tn knh dnh cho v thn" 2 th nh lng Bn Tre li khng c mt b phn kin trc cho hot ng ny. S thiu vng ngh/miu trong tng th kin trc ca nh lng khin cho din trnh ca l hi c nt thay i. S thay i chc nng ca ngi nh, do nhiu nguyn nhn to ra. Trc ht l iu kin t nhin : thi tit vi hai ma ma, ma kh r rt, mt h thng kinh rch chng cht. Sau na, lng Vit Bn Tre phn b theo kiu ko di, to tia. C hai iu ny to ra nhu cu vn ho ca ngi dn. t nht, phi c mt trung tm sinh hot vn ho. Khi lp lng, ngi Bn Tre xa, bao gi cng phi lo lp nh, lp bn, lp ch. nh c lp ra, va tho mn nhu cu tn ngng, va tho mn nhu cu vn ho. S xut hin gian v ca trong tng th kin trc ngi nh lng Bn Tre phi chng c to ra t vic tip thu dng m hnh ca vn ho Khme ?!. Trong i sng vn ho ngi Khme, ngi cha c mt v th quan trng. N va mang chc nng th tc, va mang chc nng tn gio, va l ni th Pht, va l ni t hp ca cng ng, sinh hot vn ho ca cng ng. Chc nng mi pht sinh ca ngi nh lng trn t Bn Tre v chc nng ca ngi cha Khme, c nhng nt na n ging nhau. Phi chng, y, ngi Vit tip thu dng m hnh ca vn ho Khme. Bi a phn, nh lng Bn Tre c xy dng di thi nh Nguyn, lc m a bn phn b c dn Nam B tng i n nh. R rng kin trc nh lng Bn Tre c nhng thay i. Nguyn nhn ca n, phi chng do c im x hi, dn c, t nhin ca vng t mi to thnh. 2. Cc v thn c phng th S thay i ca thit ch kin trc c to ra t s thay i din mo thn linh c th phng trong nh lng Bn Tre. Trong khng gian thing
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Phan K Bnh, Vit Nam phong tc, ti bn, Nxb TP.HCM, 1990, tr.76. Nguyn Vn Khoan, Phc tho v nh v s phng th thn thnh hong, Tp san trng Vin ng bc c Php, 1930. Bn dch ca Trnh Hu Ngc, ti liu chp tay, tr.4.
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ca nh lng Bc B ch c v thnh hong c phng th. nh rng, thnh hong c th l mt v, hay nhiu v. Trong nh lng ch c thm th cng c th phng m thi. Trong khi , din mo thn linh trong nh lng Bn Tre li kh phn tp, vi nhiu loi thn khc nhau. Ngoi v thn c th v tr trung tm l thnh hong bn cnh, nh lng Bn Tre cn c nhiu v thn khc nhau. l cc thn nam nh Thn Nng, Th a, Th cng, l cc thn n nh T v i cn thnh nng, b Cha X, b Ng hnh, v cc thn t nhin nh thn H, thn sng nh Lang li i tng qun, l cc v tin hin khai khn, hu hin khai c. C th ni, nh lng Bn Tre l ni tp hp thn linh t nhiu ngun gc khc nhau, c to ra t hai ngun : do nh nc th tc di xung ngi dn phng th nh thnh hong bn cnh, nh T v i cn thnh nng; do ngi dn a vo th phng nh thn H, nh b Cha X, nh tin hin khai khn, hu hin khai c. Ngi dn khng c s k th, hay phn bit no gia cc v thn c v ban th ln nghi thc cng t, phm vt cng t. u tin l thnh hong bn cnh. y l v thn chnh c phng th nh lng. Vi cc lng trn a bn Bn Tre, thnh hong bn cnh ch c mt tr s c nht, khng c ni "bng y" nh thnh hong lng ng bng sng Hng. Vic th cng thnh hong lng Bn Tre nm trong bc i ca tc th cng ny trn a bn Nam B. S pht trin ca n, ch yu nm trong giai on lch s vi nh Nguyn. Cc cha Nguyn, nh Ty Sn cha tc ng g nhiu ti s phn thnh hay suy thoi ca tc th cng ny trn t c lao. V li, cha Nguyn my trm nm c thc trong vic "tch bit" gia hai min. Mi giao lu vn ha khng phi khng chu nh hng. Mt khc s th cng thnh hong bn cnh Bn Tre, cn nhn nhn trn c hai chiu: mt l s p t ca nh nc qun ch i vi cc lng qu Vit trn c lao; hai l thi ng x ca ngi dn, bi l, khng phi ci g ca vng triu th tc di xung u lng ng c trong tm thc dn gian, v cng khng t trng hp ngi dn t phong cho thn lng mnh, bng cch thn tch ho, lch s ho, ri di ngc ln khin nh nc qun ch phi chun nhn. Gia hai chiu y, nn chng coi thi ca ngi dn l chiu tri. Bi l, xem xt s hnh thnh ca tc th cng thnh hong lng Nam B khng th khng ch n mc lch s nm 1572. l nm ng Ngoi, triu nh nh L yu cu cc lng qu phi k khai thn tch, np v triu nh. Sau , triu nh giao cho ng cc hn lm i hc s Nguyn Bnh san nh li, ri gi tr li v cc lng qu. Ngi dn k khai, y l dp h hp l ho v thn lng qu mnh. Triu nh san nh khin cho v thn c mt "l lch" ng hong. iu ny hon ton khng xy ra vi thnh hong lng Vit Nam B ni chung, lng Vit Bn Tre ni ring. Vi ngi Vit, th k XV l lc tc th cng thnh hong c nhng n nh. Mang trong tm thc, c thc ln tim thc,
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ti vng t mi, c l, v thnh hong, v thn ca cng x lng mc, cng cc v thn ni t mi, l ch da tm linh ca lu dn khai ph. Nh nc qun ch c l khng thy ch da no tt hn cai qun tm linh lu dn khai ph l da vo v thn ny. V pha chnh quyn nh Nguyn, bc i ca v thnh hong, vi t cch v thn bo tr thnh quch, v lng qu, tr thnh v thn bo tr cho mt cng ng, c nhng bin thin, trn dm di lch s. Ban u, ti cc tnh thnh, nh Nguyn cho lp cc miu hi ng1. Miu ny khng phi l miu th thnh hong nh s ghi chp ca cc vin quan trong quc s qun nh Nguyn. Du hiu chng t s thay i quan nim v v thnh hong, nn chng tnh t s ghi nhn ca vua Minh Mng i vi li tu ca b L? : "Khi mi khi phc nc nh, dng miu th thnh hong, li dng thm hai nh tng t. Nh bn t th cc v thnh hong, t Qung Bnh tr v Nam, nh bn hu th cc v thnh hong t H Tnh tr ra Bc. Cc tnh c ring miu hi ng, phng th cc v thn k, m khng t ring miu th thnh hong bn ht. i ! Thn thnh hong tr tai ngn ho, tht c cng c vi dn. Cc ni s ti t nh th ring l l vy. Xin h lnh cho cc a phng lp thm thn v Bn cnh thnh hong trong miu hi ng. Bn th cc v thn k em t hai gian bn t bn hu. Khc li ci bin treo trong miu lm miu thnh hong. Cc bi v tng t trong miu thnh hong kinh u em rc ra t chy ! Hong cho li tu y l phi" 2. Sau khi vua Minh Mng qua i, vua Thiu Tr ni ngi, cc miu thnh hong cc tnh c lp ngay. T ch cc v thnh hong c tng t ti miu thnh hong kinh s, nay uc th t cc miu ti tnh thnh, l mt bc i ca v thnh hong, trong quan nim v ci siu linh vi nh Nguyn. Hin ti cha c c liu chng minh thi im nh Nguyn a v thn bo v thnh quch ny v ng tr ti cc lng qu Vit Bn Tre. Kho st trn a bn Bn Tre chng ti cha thy nh no c sc phong thn thnh hong i Gia Long, Minh Mng. Sm hn c l cc sc phong nm th 5 i Thiu Tr, vi nh Hng Thnh (nay l x Long nh, huyn Bnh i). a s cc nh cn li, sc phong thnh hong u xy ra vo thi T c nh nh Lc Thun (x Lc Thun, huyn Bnh i) c sc phong vo nm 1851, nh Vang Qi (nay l x Vang Qi ng, huyn Bnh i) c sc phong thn vo nm 1852, nh M Ho (nay thuc x M Ho, th x Bn Tre) c sc phong vo nm 1853 v.v... Sc phong y chnh l s chun nhn ca vng triu ci tc, cng nhn v "vin chc thnh hong" lm nhim v trng coi mt
1
Xin xem Nguyn Phng Tho, Vn ho dn gian Nam B, nhng phc tho, Nxb Gio dc, H Ni, 1994, t tr.133-152. 2 Minh Mnh chnh yu, Bn dch ca L Phc Thin, tp 3. B Vn ha gio dc v thanh nin xb, S, 1974, tr.215-216.
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lng c th, khng phi e do dn m bo v dn. Thng thng sc thn l do mt ban chuyn mn vit bng mc x en nhnh. N c lm bng mt loi giy sc kh tt, dai, kh giy t 1m20 n 1m50 vi chiu di, t 0m50 n 0m60 vi chiu rng, dy, mu vng. Mt giy c in nn chm bng d ngn hnh rng n trong my. Chung quanh c khung hi vn ch vn. Mi sc thn thng c t 5 n 11 hng, chp t phi qua tri. Cu trc cc o sc thn c bn ging nh nhau : trc y thn c phong m t th ny, nhiu ln linh ng, nay c gia phong m t th ny, thn c trch nhim bo v dn en ca ta, dn lng c trch nhim th cng v thnh hong bn cnh ny. Xin n c sc phong ca thnh hong bn cnh thuc nh Hng Thnh (nay thuc x Long nh, huyn Bnh i) : "Sc Hng Thnh Bo An chnh trc thnh hong chi thn, h quc t dn, nm tr linh ng, t kim ph ng, cnh mnh min nim thn hu kh gia tng Bo An chnh trc hu thin chi thn, nhng chun Kin Ho huyn, Hng Thnh thn, y cu phng s thn, k tng hu bo ng l dn khm tai. Thiu Tr ng nin, thp nh nguyt, nh thp lc nht". ng Vn nh Hy dch : "Nay lnh cho thnh hong thn Hng Thnh, hiu l Bo An chnh trc (c cng) gip nc, dn, nhiu ln linh ng r rng n nay ln lao ng nghim mnh lnh ca ta. Hng nh n cng lao ca thn, ng tng thm hiu l Bo An chnh trc hu thin. Chun nh cho thn Hng Thnh, huyn Kin Ho, y theo th phng thn, thn tip tc bo v dn en ca ta. Knh ly mnh lnh ny ! Nm Thiu Tr th nm, thng 12, ngy 26". Nh th v pha chnh quyn qun ch nh Nguyn, s chun nhn thnh hong bn cnh mi lng qu trn t ba c lao l vic chnh thc ho a v thn t ch l v thn bo tr thnh quch tnh thnh, v lm mt v thn bo tr mt lng qu c th. Tuy nhin, t pha ngi dn, v thn c th v tr trung tm ca nh lng khng hon ton ch c thnh hong bn cnh. Nhng giai thoi c lu gi mt s vng cho thy, ngi dn cn a cp vo th trong nh vi t cch "ng c". nh Chu Bnh, huyn Ging Trm l nh nh th. Hoc Thnh Ph, cp c cng "chn t lm nh" cho dn lng lm n c thnh vng, nn ngui ta coi cp l nhn vt trung tm c th phng trong nh. Hng L, ngi dn lp miu trong khun vin ca nh th ng Yn, mt ngi c sc kho phi thng nh c cp cha, "tinh cp nhp vo" lm ng tr thnh cha cp, em li cuc sng bnh an cho dn lng, v c ng, cp khng dm quy ph dn lng. lng Thi Thnh, huyn Thnh Ph, ngi dn phong thn cho ng V Vn Thnh, ngi chng Php, b chng git, cht lm i, nhiu lng huyn Ba Tri th Tn K L Quang Quan trong nh lng lm thn, v ng ng ln chng Php. Nh th, thi
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ca ngi dn vi ng thnh hong bn cnh, cng nh mi v thn khc, ngha l, nu h c cng lao vi dn lng, th h c phng th. Trong cc nhn vt c triu nh phong kin nh Nguyn a v th phng cc lng qu ca tnh Bn Tre, ng lu , ngoi v thn thnh hong bn cnh, cn c hai v thn khc. l T v i cn thnh nng (hoc i cn quc gia Nam Hi). Chng hn nh nh x Long nh, huyn Bnh i, nh x M Ho, th x Bn Tre. l Cao cc qung tn thn, c th phng trong cc nh x M Ho (Th x Bn Tre), nh Qi Sn, nh Giao Long (huyn Chu Thnh). Vi T v thnh nng, cc v n thn ny khng phi sng to ca nh Nguyn, hay mi c tn phong vi nh Nguyn. Thc ra, nh Nguyn ch lm cng vic ni tip cc triu i i trc, gia phong m t. Bi cc v thn y tng c phong t thi Trn "Lp n th thn ca Cn Hi" 1, do cc n thn ny c cng ph tr Trn Anh Tng i nh Chim Thnh. n thi Nguyn, vua Thiu Tr gia phong : "Hong quan i ch c ph bc", ri sau gia phong hai ch "hin ho", ti vua T c, cc v thn ny li c phong hai ch "trang huy". Vi Cao cc qung tn thn, chnh l thn ni, c l nh Nguyn lm vic tip ni cng vic ca cc triu i trc . Theo thng k t cc bo co ca cc lng qu Bn Tre nm 1938, nh yu cu ca Hi kho cu phong tc, vi 62 thn ca cc tng Bo An, Bo Lc, Bo Phc, Bo Thun, Bo Tr, Minh Thin, Minh o2, thn thnh hong vi cc m t chung: n ngng, qung hu chnh trc, chim 27 trng hp, hoc danh t bn cnh thnh hong chim 19 trng hp. Trng hp Trng Tn Bu c th hai lng ca tng Bo Phc. Trng hp Hong Thc (khng r l ai ?) c th mt lng ca tng Minh Thin. Nh th, trong quan nim v ci siu linh khng gian mt lng qu, phi chng nh Nguyn a v ba v thn : Thnh hong bn cnh (thn t), T v tn thn (thn bin), Cao cc qung tn thn (thn ni), tng trng cho ba hnh thc khng gian, ba min v tr. ng ch l mt nh, thng thng cng c c sc phong cho ba v thn ny. Ngha l, h cng ng tr trn ci thing ca mt lng qu, bo tr cho ngi dn. Tuy nhin, trong gian chnh ung, ngi dn ch v ch thn trn tng. Mt khc, cng vi nhng v thn c nh nc qun ch chun nhn, ngi dn cn th phng nh mt s cc thn khc.
i Vit s k ton th, Cao Huy Giu dch, o Duy Anh hiu nh, tp 2 (in ln 2), Nxb KHXH, H, 1971, tr.112. 2 Th mc thn tch, thn sc, Vin TTKHXH, H, 1996, t trang 145 n trang 150.
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u tin l Thn Nng, ngi dn cho Thn Nng cng l mt v thn, c kh nng sai khin c ma thun gi ho, ph h cho nh nng mt ma mng ti tt. Ban th Thn Nng c lp l thin ngoi tri. Cng Thn Nng l thn H. t Bn Tre thi lu dn mi vo khai ph, vn c nhiu cp d. Cho nn, thn H c th phng kh nhiu nh lng. Thng thng, miu th thn H c bi v, nhng cng c khi uc vit vo tng nh nh Ph L (huyn Ba Tri), nh Ph Hng, Ph T (Th x Bn Tre). Mt v thn khc c th phng nh lng l b Cha X. C th v thn ny c th phng bng mt ban th ngoi, trong khun vin nh, c mi che t t nh nh Ph Hng, Ph T (th x Bn Tre), nhng cng c khi c th mt ban th bn trong nh, nh nh a Phc Hi (huyn M Cy). Cui cng, khng th khng nhc n cc v tin hin khai khn, hu hin khai c c th phng trong nh cc lng qu trong tnh Bn Tre. Tnh cht ca lng khai ph, thi ung nc nh ngun ca ngi dn, khin h a nhng ngi c cng lp lng, lp p vo th phng trong nh. y l nhng con ngi c th, ch khng phi l nhn vt ci siu linh. Tm li, c cu tn ngng ca nh lng Bn Tre khng thun nht, m a tp. Ngi ta c th hiu l mt tinh thn dn ch ca cng ng lng mc, thi bnh ng trong tn ngng ca ngi dn, nhng quan trng hn c, trong c cu hnh thnh tn ngng nh lng cha ng c hai thi cc: s di xung ca vng triu ci tc, s chp nhn v di ngc ln ca ngi dn. Tt c nhng iu y s in vt trong din trnh l hi nh lng Bn Tre. 3. Cc l hi Hin ti, cng rt kh xc nh lch s cc l hi nh lng Bn Tre. Khi ghi chp v nghi thc th cng cc nh lng Nam B, Trnh Hoi c vit : "T x : mi lng dng mt ngi nh, k t phi trc la ngy tt n bui chiu ngy y ln nh u nhm ti nh. Sut m y gi l tc yt, sng sm ngy mai o mo trng ching lm l chnh t, ngy sau na lm l dch t, gi l i on l xong lui v. Dng ngy gi cng t ty theo hng tc khng ging nhau, hoc ch dng thng ging l th ngha xun k, hoc ch dng thng 8, 9 l th ngha thu bo, hoc ch dng trong ba thng ma ng, th ngha l trn nm thnh cng, t chng, t np l p t n thn, s t c ch , u gi l cu an" 1. Ngoi c liu
1
Gia nh thnh thng ch, Bn dch ca Nguyn To, Nha vn ho ph QVK c trch vn ho xb, tp h , S, 1974, tr.10-11.
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ny, cha thy c ti liu no ghi chp v din trnh ca mt l hi nh lng Bn Tre. 3.1. L hi nh lng l dp ngi nng dn thc thi tn ngng ca mnh, by t s mong mun ca mnh vi cc thn linh, m t su thm tm thc dn gian, ngi nng dn vn tin rng, cc v thn ny ang hin din trn ci thing ca mt lng qu. Bi vy, l thc v l hi nh lng chnh l dp ngi nng dn biu l nim tin su m vi ci siu linh. Nhn qui m ca vic t chc nghi l, l hi, chng ti thy nh lng Bn Tre c hai loi hot ng nghi l: mt l hot ng l thc theo vng quay ca thi gian gm c : l nim n, l nguyn n, l khai sn, l tam ngn (nguyn) : rm thng ging, rm thng by, rm thng mi v cc l t thi lp tit, hai l l hi chnh ca lng : l k yn. Cc l thc c t chc nh lng theo vng quay ca thi gian, tnh cht l hi khng c hot ng nghi l ny. C l thun tu l nhng l thc. V ngi lao ng cng khng tham gia mt cch h hi, ch ng nh l k yn. Vi l k yn, c th ni y l ngy hi ln nht ca mt lng qu. Tc gi Nguyn Vn Chu cn cho bit l ny: "cn gi l l t x" 1. Vy ti sao li gi l l k yn? gc ng ngha ca t, nhm t k yn ng ngha vi nhm t k an / cu an. Gii ngha hai ch k an, nh hc gi o Duy Anh gii thch: "Cu khn cho c bnh an" 2.Cn hai t cu an, Hunh Tnh Ca gii thch l l: "Cu cho lng c bnh an" 3 , khi ct ngha hai t k yn, ng vit: "K yn l cu cho yn, l cu cho yn lng lng xm" 4. Nh th, trong i sng ngn ng, d l k yn, hay k an / cu an, ngha gc ca n vn l cu s bnh an cho c th, cng ng. Ngi nng dn m l k an by t nim tin ca mnh vi cc v thn trong ci thing lng qu, cu xin nhng i tng c tin ph h tr cho nhng c m ca h, cho h thc hin c kht vng ca mnh. Nhn vt c hng ti, gi nim tin l thnh hong bn cnh. Nh vy, l k an, u tin, trc nht l l ca ngi nng dn thc hin s "knh tn" - ch dng ca tc gi T Ngc Thanh, i vi thnh hong bn cnh. Chnh nim tin ny to cho hot ng nghi l ny khc hn hot ng nghi l theo vng quay thi gian, to cho l hi ny mang m tnh cht hi hn, so vi cc l theo vng quay thi gian. 3.2. L hot ng ca cng ng, nn mi ngi trong lng u c trch nhim phi tham gia l hi nh lng, vo ngy l k yn. Trc
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Tp ch Nghin cu vn ho ngh thut s 5/1991, tr.32. Hn Vit t in, Trng thi xb, in ln 3, S, 1957, tr.32. 3 i Nam quc m t v, bn in ca Cng ty PHS TP.HCM, 1988, tr.8. 4 i Nam quc m t v, Sd, tr.510.
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ngy lm l, mi ngi trong lng u phi ng tin cng nh cho ban qu t. Tin ng cng nh trong l k yn gi l tin ch. Trai inh trong lng khng c tin ng tin ch th phi lm tp dch trong ngy l k yn. Nhng ngi ny dn lng gi l dn dc, t di quyn iu khin ca mt hng chc trong lng m ngi dn gi l u dc tam sai. Thi im t chc l k yn, tu theo tng lng qui nh khc nhau. nh Ph Khng (th x Bn Tre), m l k yn vo cc ngy 12, 13/4 (m lch), nh Ph Hng t chc l k yn vo ngy 11, 12/4 (m lch), nh a Phc Hi t chc vo ngy 16,17/3 (m lch) v.v... Ni chung cc nh lng Bn Tre u t chc l k yn vo thi im cui ma kh, chun b bc vo ma ma. V trnh t l k yn c t chc vi cc nghi thc sau: tc yt, t tin vng, chnh t. Nghi thc cn bn ging nh cc nghi thc ca l k yn m cc tc gi Hunh Ngc Trng, H Tng, Trng Ngc Tng 1, Sn Nam2 vit. C khc chng l theo cc tc gi Hunh Ngc Trng, H Tng, Trng Ngc Tng, Sn Nam, l k yn nh lng Nam B c mt nghi thc l l on c. Vy, on c l nghi thc no ca l k yn. Ct ngha t ny, Hunh Tnh Ca gii thch : "Chnh l t thn, nhm ngy th hai. Php k yn, yt ri qua ngy sau th l on c" 3. Ni cch khc l chnh t, chnh l l on c, theo cch gi ca dn gian Bn Tre. M u ca l k yn l l tc yt. Trc y, vo ngy ny, bui chiu hng chc trong lng t hp trnh bm vi thn v vic t chc l k yn nh, trong lng, k ln, ngi nh u t hp v nh. Mi ngi lo mt vic, ngi th chng dn, ngi lo m heo, chun b cho cc hng chc hi t, lm l. Trnh t ca l tc yt cn bn ging nh l chnh t, ch khc c bi vn t. Bi vn ca l tc yt m chng ti ghi c nh Ph Khng, (th x Bn Tre) nh sau: "c phi lng nghi, dng dng ti thng, danh th thin c, trc trc huyt linh, nan danh cng c, hu t phc thng bnh, nguyt k cm li, thn x khng ninh, thn n ban phc lc, thnh c ho bnh, l o k an, h in nht din chi l, cung trn bc vt, thiu thn nhi ti nhi thnh. Nguyn k chiu trc thnh c ban n, ngng li thnh hong chi gia hu d. Phc duy cn co" ng Kiu Thu Hoch dch l : "c snh lng nghi (tri t) mnh mang ci trn. Tn trm mun thu, sng lng linh thing. Cng c nhiu khn xit, ban phc v vn. Nguyn cu cho thn x c an khang,
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nh Nam B, tn ngng v nghi l, Nxb TP.HCM, 1993, tr.122-150. nh miu v l hi dn gian, Nxb TP.HCM, 1992,tr.169-175. 3 i Nam quc m t v, Sd, tr.88.
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c thn ban phc lc, bnh yn. Nay n l k an, h in, xin dng mt l bc. Lng thnh xin c chng gim, ban n c. Nga trng n hu ca thnh hong. Ci ly, knh cn tha trnh". Sau l tc yt l l cng tin vng, tc l l cng tin hin, hu hin. Ngoi cc l vt, l t tin vng c tin hnh khng c ching, trng, m ch c bi vn t. V d bi vn t tin vng nh a Phc Hi (huyn M Cy), ngoi nhng phn nh nm thng a im, nhng ngi ng ra cng t, phn chnh l phn ca ngi tin hin, hu hin: "chim tin vt bn, c hu lu tri, t c lin thnh nh l, s cu lc c nan di, nguyt k chiu gim bo h ph nguy, nhn dn a kit khnh, hng x c thnh th, ngng li tin hin chi d hu d". Trnh t ca l t tin vng, m chng ti ghi c nh Ph Khng nh sau. M u l ba hi chung chnh y, sau l nhc tip l, hc tr l i ra, ri n hi hng cng cc v trong ban khnh tit tu v. Chnh nim hng n thau nc ra mt, ra tay, ri n trc bn th tin hin, hu hin, cm ba nn nhang c t a ln ngang trn khn, ri trao cho hc tr l cm ln bt nhang bn th tin hin, hu hin. Nghi thc cng c tri qua ba ln dng ru, dng tr, c chc vn. Tip theo l nghi thc t vn t, v cui cng l l tt. Phm vt cng tin hin, hu hin bao gi cng l thc n chn. Cng nghi l cng tin hin, hu hin, ngy l k yn, dn lng Bn Tre cn lm l cng Thn nng, nh a Phc Hi, Ph Khng, l vt l mt u heo. Vn t Thn Nng l vn t ring, khng phi vn t thnh hong bn cnh. Xin n c bi vn t Thn Nng nh a Phc Hi (Th trn M Cy) : "Cm chiu co vu: Tin thn nng i cp b h c hn ng lai chng hng vit : Thu cng cu trng, thm lm triu c nhn thin tng a tu thi. Thi vi gio dn gi sc tc tun, h du thn x, t o tc thc hi hi, nhin hm lc xun o cm c thn nng v cng chi du hu d". Xin dch l : "Cn co : Xin knh co tin Thn Nng i cng b h c hn cng ti chng gim hng l. c triu vong hn trong ci rng su tri rng, c tri che t ch, dy cho dn cy cy, gip thn x thng xt. Nay cho dn c no , hnh phc, mi iu u cm n c ca thn nng, n hu v cng vy". Nghi l c ngi dn xem trng nht l l chnh t, dng cng thnh hong bn cnh. L ny thng c tin hnh lc gia m, lc
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giao tip gia mt ngy c v mt ngy mi. M u l hi chung chnh y, tip n l nhc l, sau khi hi hng cng cc v trong ban khnh tit tu v, l nghi thc nh m. Chic m tre c trm khn , ngi nh m n trc ban th thnh hong bn cnh, nim hng, sau rt ba git ru ty u m, ly khn lau m v nh 90 di, chia lm ba t, mi t 30 di. Sau l nghi thc nh trng, cng vi mt s lng m thanh nh th. Tip n l nghi thc nh ching. Sau tt c nhng hi m, trng ching, ban nhc l mi vo v tu nhc. L sinh bt u iu hnh bui l theo cc nghi thc : - C sot l vt - Tun hng - Tun ru th nht - c vn t - Tun ru th hai - Tun ru th ba - Hin qu phm - Hin tr - t vn t Mi mt ln hin ru, tr, qu, ngoi hc tr l cn c cc o thi i sau ht nhng cu ht chc thn. T trc nm 1945, Phan K Bnh nhn ra s khc bit ca nghi thc ny trong din trnh ca l hi Nam B : " v Nam K th cc mn n g cng hin. Trong khi hin ru, ngi ta i mt cch khoan thai, nghim trang. Nam K, khi hin ru, hin n thng c hai ngi ng tung, mc nhung trang cm nn i trc, k n mi bn ba bn con ht, o m rc r mi cm vi nn hng va i va c cu chc h ri mi n ngi hin ru, hin n i sau. M cch i th rt ng, ngi no mt cng nhng nhng nho nho, nghing u nghing c, chn n chn kia, lm cho ai l mt cng phi ph ci m h th cho th mi l i vo kiu" 1. Bi vn t thnh hong bn cnh m chng ti ghi c nh a Phc Hi (huyn M Cy) nh sau : T tit qu xun, l o k an, h in nht din tri l. Cn d t thnh, thanh chc th phm chi nghi. Cm chiu co vu i cn quc gia Nam Hi thn chiu linh ng, t v thnh nng, nam ban trn trng ch v, tin thnh vng, sc Cao cc tn thn gia tng : hong m v lc, v lc n hu ph hu, trc dng trc v thng ng
1
Vit Nam phong tc, Sd, tr.86.
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thn, sc Thin y na din vng phi tn thn gia tng : hong hu tinh t, linh cm, diu thng, mc tng, trang huy thng ng thn; sc bn cnh thnh hong gia tng qung hu chnh trc, hu thin chi thn nguyn tng qung hu chnh trc hu thin n ngng chi thn. T ban lit v ch danh tng Hu ban lit v ch c danh tng ng nin Tng vng thnh khin chi thn Ng o hnh binh Nam To phn quan tn thn Bn x ch v linh thn. Tin thn nng, i sn xuyn nhc c chi thn, bn x th a chi thn, ng phng th cng cha Ngung man nng chi thn, nc sng vng a rc chi thn, t y n, hu y n ni tr bn cha tng, bo bo ngc n vng thn. Bch m thi gim chi thn, mc tr thn quan chi thn, cha nha cha nhp chi thn, vinh xuy qu x chi thn, h lang sn qun chi thn, lang li i tng qun chi thn, tin hin khai khn chi v, hu hin khai c chi v, chin s trn vong, ng bo t nn, hu danh v v, hu v v danh, c hn ng chng, anh hng lit s, v quc vong thn, ng lai phi hng. Vit : Vng cc quang dng, k thn t phc, thnh c trinh tng nguyn k thn x khn c ct xng, n nam thnh thi, lo u min trng. Tin l ng thn ti v, tin trnh t qu lu phng, ngng li thnh hong bo h, khn cu thnh c ban hng. T tit h in chi l, s cu nhn vt thnh, nhn dn a kit khnh, lo u hu an khang, ngng li thnh thn chi gia phc d. Phc duy, cn co" ng Kiu Thu Hoch dch : "Theo l vo dp t cui xun nm nay lm tic l k yn h in. Knh dng xi ru lm l t co cc thn linh ca nc i Cn Nam Hi thn chiu linh ng, T v Thnh nng vng, Nam ban trn trng ch v tin thnh vng. Sc phong Cao cc tn thn. Gia tng Hong m v lc n hu phu hu trc dng trc v thng ng thn. Sc phong nh c cho Vng phi tn thn Din Chu. Gia tng Hong hu tnh tu linh cm diu thng mc tng trang trng thng ng thn. Sc phong lm thnh hong bn cnh. Gia tng qung hu chnh trc hu thin thn. Nguyn tng qung hu chnh trc hu thin n huy thn. T bn lit v cc c danh tng. Hu ban lit v cc c danh tng. Quan hnh khin nm o binh
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ca vua Tng ng thi l Lm To phn quan tn thn, cng ch v linh thn bn x. Tin Thn Nng i . Thn ni non sng lch g i. Thn th a bn x. Ng phng th cng, th ch, cng cc thn cc x cc gc; thn Man Nng; thn H B ng phng. Duy sng vng lc thn, Thn Bch M, thn cng, cha nha cha nhp; suy oa vinh, suy ma thn; thn h lang sn qun, thn lang li i tng qun. V tin hin khai khn, v hu hin khai c. Cc chin s trn vong cng ng bo t nn. Cc c hn c tn khng tn. Cc anh hng lit s, v nc qun thn, u cng n phi hng. Gc ngc sng lng, cu xin thn ban phc, c mi s hng thnh tt lnh. Nguyn xin cho thn x khai khn thnh vng, trai gi tt p, gi tr kho mnh sng lu. Trc ht l ng thn ngi, cu cho bn ma ngt thm, nga trng thn thnh hong che ch, ci xin cc thnh ban c lnh. Nay nhn l tit h in, xin cu cho nhn khang vt thnh, mi vt thnh, mi vt di do, chng sinh nhiu iu tt lnh, tr gi an khang, nga trng cc thnh thn ban thm phc lc. Ci xin knh co ! " Ton b phn c vn t c v chnh t tin hnh trong ting m, trng v ching. Cc nhc c ch yu l : trng ci, trng cm, n c (nh), kn no bt, chp cha, m. L vt dng trong l chnh t l mt con heo (ln) trng, m xong, co sch lng, cha nu chn, mt chn (bt) ng huyt, mt t lng heo t trong chn (bt), trn ming c bt giy, gi chung l mao huyt, mt mm xi, mt mm tri cy, mt mm tru cau, mt a mui go. Ring con ln c t sp, thn ph trn mt gh cao, l m chi ca n c ngi ta ph ln u. Cng l xong, l ca dn lng c dng ht nh, khng c mang l v. Ring nhng l m ngi dn mang t gia nh ti cng nh, sau khi kin (biu) li cho ban hng chc hi t mt cht, gi l ly phc, phn chnh ca l vt ny, ngi ta s em v nh gia nh th hng. 3.3. Trong nghi thc ca l k yn cn c nghi thc xy chu i bi, nghi thc ny c hay khng cn tu thuc vo vic nm y nh lng ban t chc c mi on ht hay khng. Ton b nghi thc ca l xy chu i bi c din ra trong gian v ca, cng nh mi hot ng ca on ht u din ti y. Nghi thc ny c hai nghi l : xy chu v i bi. Xy chu cn c gi l khai trng, tc l m u cho m ht bi. Ngi ta mang chic trng ln t gia gian v ca. Mi ngi tham d l n mc chnh t,
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ng thnh hai hng t gia ca gian chnh ng tr ra. Tt c din vin ca on ht bi chun b sn sng. ng chnh bi ng pha trc, gn ci trng. Khi vo, sau khi nghe li ca l sinh, chnh bi ng pha trc, gn ci trng. Khi vo, sau khi nghe li ca l sinh, chnh bi ly chic khn qun vo roi chu, ch h mt u. Sau , ng khn vi thn linh, xin thn linh cho nh trng xy chu. Tip l nghi thc i bi vi cc l chnh : khai thin tch a, l xang nht nguyt, l Tam ti hay l Chc thnh chc th, T thin vng, l ng bi, l ng ci, l bt tin hin th v l ph : gia quan tn tc. Sau l i bi l phn ht bi. y chnh l phn hi ca l hi nh lng. Ni dung chnh ca phn hi ny l ht xng, vui chi, chiu i v giao ngha. Tt c mi ngi trong cng ng c thu ht vo y. H c t do xem ht tung, tham gia cc tr vui trao i v tr chuyn, tm tnh mt cch vui v, thoi mi./. N.C.B
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L hi gi t gii ht bi v ci lng Nam B

H Tng
Hng nm, c n ngy 11 thng 8 m lch, ti s 133 ng C

Bc, qun I, thnh ph H Ch Minh, u din ra l hi gi T ca gii ht bi v ci lng. y l tr s ca Hi i hu Ngh s (nay gi l Ban i hu Ngh s) hnh thnh t nm 1950 v nay gi l Nh truyn thng sn khu, ni tin hnh l gi T chung ca gii ngh s, ngy hm sau 12 thng 8 m lch, cc on ci lng v ht bi cng nhng "l" dy ca c s tin hnh l gi T ngay ti on ht. Theo truyn thuyt tam v T S ca ht bi v ci lng vn l ba hong t am m ngh thut sn khu, t gi cung son trn trnh vua cha ri cui cng cht trn cy vng nem. V th, ct tng tam v T S cng ngai th c gii ht bi v ci lng lm bng thn cy vng nem, c xem l vt thing ca ngh nghip, c bit l trong dp gi T. Bn cnh cng T s trong ngy l gi T, gii ht bi v ci lng cng cng king cc v Thnh s, Tin s, Tam gio i s, Thp nh cng ngh, Lo lang i thn, Tin hin, Hu hin... (tc l Thnh, Hin, T s, nhng nhn ti xut chng, nhng bc thy cc ngnh dt, nhc, mc, ma, rn, thuc, i bun... l cc ngh c dnh ng n nghip cm ca, cng cc ng nghip qu c). Trong chng trnh l gi T din ra ti Ban i hu Ngh s, khi u bui l, ng nhc trng ca ban nhc l c truyn ban (nh) ba hi trng thnh T. Tip theo l v hi trng cng ngh s cao nin nht bc vo trc khnh th T s bng g chm tr tinh xo c nin i vo thi Khi nh (1916 - 1925) lm l nim hng. Sau l phn biu din lp i bi truyn thng, gm c ma Nht Nguuyt, ma T Thin Vng, hoc dng l Ng hnh c ng Ci v bn o Con, do cc ngh s ht bi trnh din, nhm ca ngi t nc thi bnh, ma thun gi ha, vn vt sinh sinh ha ha... Dt phn biu din, ln lt tng nhm, tng ngi trong gii ht bi, ci lng tin vo trc khnh th T s dng hng ly t, by t lng tn knh v bit n cc tin nhn khai rng c ngh thut hm nay con chu tip ni lm p thm
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cho cuc i. T l xong l n tc l ht hu T gm cc ngh s cc th h thay nhau ht dng T nhng bi ht tm c nht ca mnh, ng thi phc v cho ng nghip cng quan khch ang vui v nhp tic th lc t. Ring cc on ht, nht l cc on ht bi v cc on c gc t ht bi, vic t chc l gi T hay cn gi l cng ng kh chi tit. Trc ngy gi T, ng bu cng tp th trong on ht nht tr chn vi im din c doanh thu cao, khng trch chi ph hay bi dng, dng chn cho l cng ng. Mi ngi u c phn cng rnh r, ngi no vic y trong l gi T. m 10 thng 8, mi ngi lm v sinh trang th T, tm ra v thay qun o cho ct ng. Sng 11 trang tr ni hnh l, sn khu c sp t rt trang trng: trn cao t ngai ng pha tri, ngai B pha phi. Di mt bc l bi v tin s, Hi ng lng ban, Thp nh cng ngh, Tin hin, Hu hin... Pha di na, bn tri th Bch h (u cp, biu tng t vai v), bn phi th Linh Quan Th a (mt ng a, biu tng t vai h), pha di cng l bn th ng Ng Nghch (v thn ym tr s ph phch, gy ri ni b). Bn ngoi ca rp, di gc cy to, hay hi xa cc bn th kia l bn th ng b ch qun, biu tng ngi n ca bn ht ngho. m 11 thng 8 l chnh l cng ng ti on. L vt gm: heo quay, g, vt, bnh tri... v cc mn mn. Khong 9 gi, mi ngi trong on ht t tu ng , k c cc bn ht ri on nay nh ngy tr li c thm khch mi l cc v mnh thng qun cng thn bng quyn thuc, khn gi i m hay b con li xm ca ngh s. M u, ng trng dn nhc nng cp roi trng chin x my ci ri ban ba hi trng thnh T. Trong lc , ng Nhng (o din), ng Bu (trng on) khn o chnh t vo nim hng cng ng. Dt trng, dn nhc chuyn sang bn ha tu "Bi Ha", khin cho bu khng kh tr nn trang nghim, thanh thot hn. cng l lc mi ngi d l ln lt vo dng hng ly T, tin khch hu ch, th bc tui tc v vai v trong on. Sau l l phn hi th lc T v ca ht vui chi. Trong ngy 12 thng 8 ny, ti cc "l" dy c nhc khp ngang cng ng hm Nam B cng t chc l cng T song n gin hn nhng khng km phn m cng, y ngha tnh. My nm gn y Hi sn khu thnh ph H Ch Minh cng t chc l gi T ngnh sn khu vo ngy 12 thng 8 m lch, vi nghi thc nim hng kh trang trng ti tr s ca Hi s 5B V Vn Tn, qun 3, thnh ph H Ch Minh.
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L gi T gii ht bi v ci lng ni ln tnh on kt ca cc ngh s, nhc cng cng ngh, ng thi by t tinh thn ung nc nh ngun tht cao qu. L hi tuy n gin cc l hi dn gian khc nhng cng to nn sc thi ring trong sinh hot l hi cc tnh Nam B./. H.T
1307
L hi gi t ngh kim hon

H Tng
n th T s ngh kim hon Nam B to lc ti s 586 ng Trn Hng o B, phng 14, qun 5, thnh ph H Ch Minh, vn c xy dng t nm 1892 1896, vi s gp vn ca th kim hon Si Gn, Ch Ln v cc tnh min ng, min Ty Nam B. n mang tn L Chu, gm ba ton nh v mt sn thin tnh pha sau chnh in, c cu trc gn gi cc ngi cha ca ngi Hoa trong khu vc. Ton b ba to nh nm trn mt khu t rng, pha trc c khong sn c bao quanh bng mt tng ro. To nh th nht dng lm ni hi hp v l khu vc bi ng trong ngy l. To nh th hai ni lin chnh in, rng ri hn, l ni t ba hng n th phng: T S (chnh gia), Tin hin (bn tri) v Hu hin (bn phi). Cch vi bc tng sau ca chnh in v khong sn thin tnh l to nh dng lm ni th phng nhng hi vin qu vng, gi l nh ngha t. Ton b kin trc hin ti ca n vn c trng tu ln gn nht vo nm 1968, khi nh hng ca chin cuc Mu Thn lm h hng 90% kin trc ca ngi n. n th L Chu cng c trang tr bi nhng bc bao lam hoa iu, nhng bc honh phi v cc cp lin i chm khc ti hoa. Bn cnh l cc t kh kh sc so nh: l ng, bt bu... Hng nm c n ngy mng 6 thng 2 m lch th cc hi vin ca Hi L Chu t tu v n th T trang tr chun b cho ngy gi T trang trng c tin hnh chnh vo ngy hm sau. m mng 6 thng 2 m lch, sau nghi thc tng kinh cu an do mt tu s Pht gio m trch trong khu vc chnh in th mt chng trnh vn ngh c thc hin ngay trong khonh sn trc n. Trc nm 1975, chng trnh vn ngh ny l cc v tung ht bi c ni dung lin quan n ngh kim hon, nhng nhng nm gn y ch cn l nhng bi ca vng c nghip d do chnh nhng ngi th kim hon t bin, t din. ng 10 gi ngy mng 7 thng 2 m lch, l Chp minh c c hnh ngay chnh in ca n, gm cc v trong ban chp hnh hi L
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Chu m trch cc khu: Chnh t, Bi t, Hip l, Chnh ng, Chnh ty, cng vi tm l sinh, bn o thi, ban nhc ng m, i c, minh chung. L Chp minh l mt nghi l tin hnh theo t l c truyn Nam B, theo th t dng cc l vt ln bn th T S, Tin hin, Hu hin v Tin vng: dng hng, dng ru, c vn t, dng ru (2 ln), dng tr, dng qu phm, th lc, ho vn t. m mng 7 thng 2 m lch, lc 23 gi, nghi l Chnh t ca l gi T ngh kim hon c thc hin tng t vi nghi l Chp minh, vi l vt dng cng ca t l c truyn Nam B. Trong c hai ln t ny, ti hng n T u c mt con heo quay trng, lm tht, m ngy nay nhiu khi c thay bng heo quay, t nm p, quay u vo, v ti hai hng n Tin hin, Hu hin c mi ni mt con vt luc. l cc l vt c tnh cht bt buc, khng th thiu. Sau mi nghi l Chp minh hay Chnh t, cc hi vin ngh kim hon tng vng (thnh ph H Ch Minh v cc tnh) ln lt vo dng l vt v thp hng cho T s v cc bc tin bi. Vo 16 gi ngy mng 8 thng 2 m lch, nghi l t Ngha t, tng nh cng n ca cc bc tin bi ca hi c c hnh ti ngha t, theo nghi l t c truyn Nam B. Xen ln nhng bui t l c truyn, ging nh cc l nh Nam B, ti n L Chu cng din ra l nim hng t s ca hu ht nhng ngi lm ngh kim hon Nam B tu v v nhng ba tic kh linh nh gia nhng ng nghip ngh kim hon. Trong dp ny, nhng kinh nghim lm n ca ngh nghip cng c hn huyn, trao i... Thng qua ni dung ca cc bi vn t s dng trong ba ln t l T S ca ngh kim hon c khng nh l: Kim hon m ngh khai sng Trn cng tam v t s tn thn, ngha l t s khai sng ngh kim hon vn l ng h Trn. Sau khi n th L Chu c hnh Gi T th cc n t nhiu ni khc Nam B mi bt u l gi T cho cc th kim hon a phng mnh. C th ni l hi Gi T n L Chu l mt cuc hnh hng ln ca th kim hon ton khu vc Nam B ./. H.T
1309
L K Yn nh Chu Ph
Nguyn Th Minh Hoa
nh Chu Ph nm th x Chu c tnh An Giang, trc y

nh khu vc khch sn Hng Chu by gi, sau mi di v a im hin ti. nh c xy dng trn mt khu t thong mt, hng chnh ca nh quay mt v sng Hu cu trc theo kiu ch inh, c din tch tng th chng 1500m2. T ngoi vo, bn tri l miu th Sn qun, bn phi l am th Ng hnh. Bt u gian chnh in, sau gian v ca, l bn th hi ng, bn th ng tng, th thn Bch m, k l bn th thnh hong bn cnh, bn th hai ng: ng Tu (chnh v thu): L Vn Sanh (ph v thu), ri bn th Thoi Ngc Hu, bn th Nguyn Hu Cnh. Hai bn l cc ban th t ban, hu ban, tin hin, hu hin. V thn chnh c th trong nh Chu Ph l Nguyn Hu Cnh. ng l ngi c cng vi min Nam B ni chung, An Giang ni ring. Nm 1698 ng nhn chc Kinh lc vo t Gia nh, ln u tin, t chc vic hnh chnh, to n np cho ngi dn i khn hoang. Nm 1700 ng cht, cha Nguyn Phc Chu truy phong l hip tn cng thn, c tn chng dinh. Cc vua nh Nguyn, bt u t Gia Long u truy phong chc tc cho ng. Ngy 29 thng 11 nm 1852, vua T c phong ng l thng ng thn, chun cho lng Chu Ph, huyn Ty Xuyn phng th. C l khi y, ng c coi l thnh hong lng Chu Ph. Bi l, trc , cc cun sch v vng ny nh Gia nh thnh thng ch (Trnh Hoi c), i Nam nht thng ch (cc quan chp s nh Nguyn) u cha chp g v ngi nh v vic th ny. Hai cun sch u ni, ti vng ny c n th ng. i Nam nht thng ch chp: n th L cng a ht thn Chu Ph, huyn Ty Xuyn, cu trn th Nguyn Vn Thy dng n ny phng t Tin thng sut chng c L Thnh hu Nguyn Hu cnh. n nay, hng ho cn y nh trc m r c linh ng(1).
(1)
Bn dch ca Nguyn To, Nha vn ho ph quc v khanh c trch vn ho ti bn, tp h, S, 1973, tr37.
1311
Vic a Thoi Ngc Hu vo th phng y, khng r vo thi gian no. Vi cc ban th, nhn vt c phng th nh trn, l k yn ti nh Chu Ph c t chc theo trnh t sau: 1. L thnh sc: Bt u t 7 gi sng ngy mng 10/5 m lch tin hnh l thnh sc thn Nguyn Hu Cnh t Nh ln v nh. L ny rt long trng, c xe hoa, long nh, ching, trng, hc tr l v.v... cc v trong ban qun tr nh thn mc o di khn ng i hu pha sau. Sau l thnh sc thn Nguyn Hu Cnh l l thnh Sc thn Thoi Ngc Hu ti ph th ca ng Nguyn Khc Mi (chu nhiu i ca Thoi Ngc Hu), sc thn ca hai ng chnh v thu ng Tu v ph v thu L Vn Sanh. 2. L tc yt: L tc yt c din ra theo trnh t nghi thc dn gian truyn thng thng thy cc nh trong tnh An Giang. ng mt gi m ngy 11/5 m lch Ban qun tr ca nh t tu ng bt u cng tc yt. Chu trch nhim chnh bui l cng l ng chnh t- cng l trng ban qun tr nh. - L vt chnh dng cng trong bui l tc yt gm c mt con heo trng (heo m xong, co sch, cha nu chn), mt chn ng huyt, mt t lng heo gi chung l mao huyt, mt mm xi, mt tri cy, mt mm tru cau, mt a mui, go. Cc l vt c by trn bn, ring con heo trng c t sp, thn ph ln mt gi g cao. Ngoi ra cn c nhng l vt khc do nhn dn mang n dng cng. Bt u vo l, ng chnh t n dng hng l trc bn th, ri ln lt Ban qun tr thay nhau vo l. K n l phn Khi chinh c, sau khi nh ba hi trng g v ba hi ching m. Ban nhc l vi cc nhc c dn tc bt u tri ln, l dng hng, chuc tu, tim tr bt u. Din tin ca bui l u theo s iu khin ca ngi xng l. Sau khi dng hng, dng ba tun ru gi l chuc tu v dng tr gi l tim tr, theo li xng ca ngi xng l, bn vn t (vn chc) c mang n trc bn th. Ban t qu xung c vn, trong khi ban nhc l tri nhc ph ha cho ging c. Dt bi vn t, ng chnh t ngh cng, t vn bn ny v mt t giy tin vng bc, phn nghi thc l tc yt coi nh xong. 3. L xy chu v ht bi. Sau khi l tc yt xong, l n l xy chu v ht bi c t chc ti gian v ca pha trc chnh in. Nhng
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ngi tham d cng n mc chnh t xp thnh hai hng nhng t ca chnh in tr ra. Trn gian v ca, tt c din vin on ht bi ho trang, trng m sn sng. ng chnh bi ca cng (Ch tr l xy chu) nhng cnh dng vo t nc cm trn tay vy ra xung quanh v c li cu nguyn: - Nht si thin thanh. (Tri thm thanh bnh) - Nh si a linh (t thm ti tt) - Tam si nhn trng (Ngi c sng lu) - T si qu dit hnh (Qu d b tiu dit). c xong, ng chnh bi nh ba hi trng v ni: Ca cng- tip ht, lp tc trng m ca on ht bi r ln v chng trnh ht bi c bt u. on ht rt nhiu xut vi cc tch tung xa nh: Trn Bnh Trng, St Tht, Trng N Vng, Lu Kim nh, Sn Hu... 4. L Chnh t: vo 3 gi sng ngy 12/5 m lch bt u l chnh t, nghi thc din li nh l tc yt l sau phn dng tr l phn m thc mang ngha truyn thng. Phn thng ca thn ban cho v chnh t. 5. L ni sc: Tin hnh vo lc 13 gi ngy 12/5 m lch- ngy cui cng ca l hi. Nghi thc cng ging l thnh sc. L hi k yn ti nh thn Chu Ph n y l kt thc. L hi ny thu ht ng o nhn dn quanh vng qui t v vi l vt trn tay, ngi no cng trang phc chnh t, qu ly trc bn th v cu nguyn thn linh sao cho ma thun gi ho, quc thi dn an, ma mng thun li, sn xut pht trin, nhn dn m no. Nh th, l k yn nh Chu Ph mang hai lp ngha va tng nh mt v c cng khai ph min Nam B, va cu mong mt cuc sng no . Cho nn, y l mt sinh hot vn ho dn gian ng c bo tn, duy tr v to iu kin pht trin./. N.T.M.H
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L Hi Miu ng a
H Tng
Miu ng a ta lc ti s 123, ng L Li, phng 3, qun G Vp, thnh ph H Ch Minh. T trung tm thnh ph, bn c th n Miu ng a bng hai ng: mt l theo ng inh Tin Hong ln n Phan ng Lu th quo ng ba N Trang Long, i ti ng t th r tri theo ng L Quang nh bn tri, vo li ny th tip tc theo ng Phan nh Phng, ri Nguyn Kim, vt giao l u tin, theo ng Nguyn Oanh chy thng, va khi Qun y vin 175 th gp ng ba L Li - Nguyn Oanh bn tay phi, theo li ny th Miu ng a bn tay phi. Miu ng a vn l mt ngi miu c ca x Hanh Thng, huyn Bnh Dng, Gia nh thnh thu xa, tng c vua T c nh Nguyn sc phong l "Trn tnh Qung thi Bc hu n ngng chi thn" vo nm 1852. Tuy vy, ngi miu hin ti c trng tu, sa cha nhiu ln, cng nh cch th phng c thm tht khc xa khng t. Trc ht, mc du chnh in v nh tc ca miu vn cn gi c dn ct v b v ko truyn thng Nam B bng loi danh mc, mi ngi m dng vi nhng trang tr snh s quen thuc, nhng nhng b th, v ca v ton th cnh quan hon ton mi m, khin cho khch tham quan khng khi nui tic... K n, vic b tr cc hng n th phng ti Miu ng a hin nay nh sau: Chnh in gm Phc c Chnh Thn chim v tr chnh gia v trong cng, bn phi l tng Bch M v Ngc N, bn tri l Ng phng Ng th Tin hu a ch chi Thn v Quan Thnh Qun cng Quan Bnh v Chu Xng. Vn trong khu vc chnh in, dch ra ngoi mt cht, pha vch bn phi l bn th Hu Ban vi tng th Thn Ti. Thng trc hng n Phc c Chnh Thn l hai bn th Hi ng ni v Hi ng ngoi. St ca chnh in pha bn phi v bn tri l hai bn th Tin hin, Hu hin. Bn ngoi chnh in, di mi tho ht, chnh gia l hai tng a Mu Diu Tr v hai bn l Thin thn (bn phi) v c thn (bn tri). Tr hai tng Phc c Chnh Thn v Ng phng Ng th Tin hu a ch chi Thn c to bng g, cao chng na thc, cn li tt c cc tng khc trong miu
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u bng cht liu xi mng v thch cao. Ngoi ra, khu vc nh tc ca miu cn c ba hng n: chnh gia l hng n th Lch i T s ngh kim hon ca cnh th kim hon G Vp, Bnh Thnh mi a vo, cn hai bn l hai hng n th Tin hin Hu hin v h vin qu vng ca Hi Miu. T , ngi ta c th thy rng Miu ng a c hai h thng th phng: mt l h thng nguyn thy gm: Phc c Chnh Thn, Ng phng Ng th Tin hu a ch chi Thn, ng a, Thn Ti; hai l h thng lai tp gm: Quan Cng, Chu Xng, Quan Bnh (Hoa), Ngc N, Thin thn, c thn (Pht), a Mu Diu Tr (Cao i?), T s ngh kim hon (dn gian)... H thng th phng nguyn thy gm cc v thn lin quan n t ai, tin bc, ng vi tn gi ca ngi miu. Cn h thng lai tp l do nhng th h ch miu ty tin a vo phc v nhu cu tn ngng ca s ng tn hu miu ng a. Hng nm, miu ng a c cc l hi nh sau: - Ngy mng 2 thng 2 m lch: l va Phc c Chnh Thn. - Ngy 12 thng 2 m lch: l Gi T ngh kim hon. - Ngy 17 thng 2 m lch: l va Ng phng Ng th Tin hu a ch chi thn. - Ngy mng 10 thng 3 m lch: l va Thn Ti. - Ngy 18 thng 4 m lch: l va b Ngc N. - Ngy 16 thng 8 m lch: l va ng a. - Ngy 18 thng 10 m lch: l va a Mu Diu Tr. L cng ng a v cng a Mu Diu Tr gm nhng l vt chay. L cng Ng phng Ng th Tin hu a ch chi thn, Thn Ti v T s ngh kim hon gm nhng l vt mn: u heo, heo nguyn con, vt... Khi tin hnh cng chnh v thn ny th tt c hng n cc v thn khc u c king l vt, nhiu t ty kh nng. L vt cng bt u bng vic tng kinh cu an (theo Pht gio) t 19 gi ti hm trc, ri bt u L cng chnh vo 9 gi sng hm sau vi nim hng v ging chung trng, ri cho b tnh v chim bi. Ring l va a Mu Diu Tr th c l rc mu t m hm trc, sau l tng kinh cu an. Ring hai l va Phc c Chnh Thn v l va B Ngc N l hai l ln ca miu ng a. L va Phc c Chnh Thn c hc tr l cng ban qu t miu thc hin cc nghi thc t t ging nh cc nghi thc cng nh Nam B (ngy trc cn c l xy chu, i bi, nay
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b) v sau l trnh din ht bi. Cn l va B Ngc N gm: ht bng ri chu mi, ma dng bng, ma dng mm, pht lc, ht bi hoc ht chp tung hi dn gian a Nng, an v. L vt cng t Phc c Chnh Thn l nguyn mt con heo trng, cn l vt cng B Ngc N l l vt chay. Trong cc ngy l ca Miu ng a, tn hu gn xa n nim hng chim bi v cng ng o. c bit trong l va Phc c Chnh Thn l l va B Ngc N, ngoi l bi, b con nhn dn cn c xem ht bi, ht a Nng, ma dng bng, ma dng mm... Cng khng t ngi nhn cc ngy l ny mang nhiu l vt n t n thn thnh ph h cho h c toi cng lm cho khng kh ngy l thm phn long trng. n ving Miu ng a, cc bn cn c th theo ng Nguyn Vn Nghi n thm Qun Tn Hi Qun ca ngi Hoa (gc H) xy dng t th k XIX bn cnh ch G Vp, hay chy thng theo ng Nguyn Oanh n ng Nguyn Vn Lng ca phng 11 ving nh Thng Ty Hi, l mt trong nhng ngi nh c knh v p thnh ph H Ch Minh./. H.T
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L hi OK om bok
L Ok Om Bok, ting Khme c ngha l t cm dt, cn c tn

khc l l Cng Trng (v l t chc vo ng hm trng rm v bt u t khi trng ln) ca ngi Khme Nam B sng cc tnh Cu Long, Cn Th, Sc Trng, Minh Hi, Kin Giang. Xut pht t mt tn ngng dn gian cho rng mt trng l thn bo v ma mng, ngi Khme hng nm c n ngy rm thng 12 theo Pht lch, tng ng thng 10 m lch, t chc l Ok Om Bok t lng bit n v thn lm cho ma mng tt ti, mang li lng thc di do cho con ngi. Ly nhng ht cm dt t vo ming chng ly phc. Vo lc ny, thi tit bt u kh ro, gi chng thi nh, la ngoi ng bt u chn lm m. c bit i vi tui tr, vo nhng ngy ny trai gi thng r nhau i chi, ngm trng, tm s v t tnh. chun b cho m l Cng Trng ngi ta o l trc sn nh, hay sn cha (ni d nh cng l) chn hai cy tr tre, hay tm vng, bn trn c mt cy x ngang di 3 mt, ging nh mt cng cho c trang tr hoa l. Di cng c k mt chic bn ph vi p, bn trn c mt l hoa, nhang, n v cc thc cng gm c tri cy nh chui bi cam, thm cng cc loi c c cht bt nh khoai lang, khoai m, khoai mn v bnh ko; c bit l mn cm dt c ch bin t nhng bng np va chn u ma ly t ngoi ng v. Mi ngi t gi n tr u n mc p, dn dp, trang hong nh ca n trng. Bui ti, khi ng trng rm to nh chic a mu vng va nh ln khi ngn cy, th dn chng t tu ng ti ni khun vin cha, hay ni sn nh, hoc nhiu nh cng tp hp nhau li ti mt a im rng ri, thun li nht chun b l cng. B con n d l c mi ngi trn nhng chic chiu hay tm m tri sn trn t, hai tay cung knh chp li ra ng trc mt hng v pha mt trng ang ln. Mt c gi lm ch l ng ra c li khn, ni ln lng bit n ca con ngi i vi thn, xin thn tip nhn nhng l vt v cu mong
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trong nhng ngy thng ti, thn Trng s em li cho mi nh, mi ngi nhng nim vui mi: sc kho, thi tit tt p, ma thun gi ho, ma mng bi thu, cuc sng thi bnh, no m. L xong, khi tun hng va chy ht, ngi gi gi cc em b li ngi xp bng thnh hng, hai tay chp li, ri t t bc nhng nhm cm t vo mm tng em mt, tay kia m nh nh vo sau lng, v hi: - Cc chu ngoan ca ng (hoc b) nm nay mun g? Cu tr li ca cc chu rt a dng. C chu mong c c nhiu vng bc, chu bu, tru b. C chu mong sau ny c v p, giu sang. C chu mun c n no, c hc hnh... Nm no, nhng cu tr li ca m tr sui s, l , rnh rt th ngi ln coi nh l nhng tn hiu ca im lnh i vi dn trong sc, trong x vo nhng ngy sp n. K , mi ngi h mm cng, cng nhau hng l vt, va n va k chuyn sn xut, chuyn lng xm thay i v.v... Tr em, thanh nin th vui chi, ma ht. Nu c khch t ni xa n d, ch nh gi mt t cm dt lm qu. nhng ni th t, th trn, vo m l ny, ngi ta ra ng ng nght vui l Cng Trng. Tham gia l ny, khng ch c ngi Khme m cn c ng o ngi Hoa, ngi Vit cng vui chung. Ch ny t chc u v, ko co, ch kia biu din vn ngh nh ht D k, ht tp th Romvng, Romxaravan, Lm leo, A day... Nhng m vn ngh, vui chi din ra trong ting nhc, ting trng rn rng, dn dp, c khi ko di trng m, cun ht hng ngn ngi xem. Trong khi , cc ngi cha Khme, ngi ta t chc th n nc trn sng, rch, hoc ao h v th n giy bay theo gi. n nc c kt bng thn b chui trng theo m hnh ngi n nh, c trang tr hoa c, phn, bn trong by mt t l vt: tri cy, bnh ko, mui... M u, mt v s thp n cy v nhang, ri hng dn mi ngi c kinh tng nh n c Pht. Sau , ngi ta rc n ra bn nc, hoc ao h gn , c on ma trng xdm i theo biu din. n a im nh, nhng chic b chui c nhang n chy sng c a xung nc v y ra xa. Nhng chic n t t tri theo dng nc, trong khi ting hoan h, ci ni ca m ng ng trn b vn rn ln khng dt. Theo quan nim ca ngi Khme, tc th n nc nhm xua tan bng ti, s u v bun b, ging nh l tng n, tng gi ca ngi Vit, ch cn li s bnh yn, nim vui v tnh on kt xm
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lng. L mt dng l hi nng nghip, l cng Trng vi nhng hy vng iu lnh, may mn v hnh phc phn nh c c tnh, tm l cht phc v hn nhin ca ngi nng dn Khme cng nhng c m bnh d: ma thun gi ho, ma mng ti tt, mi ngi m no, hnh phc. Theo phong tc ca ngi Khme, tip theo m l Cng Trng, sng hm sau l hi ua ghe ngo. Cho nn hi ua ghe ngo c coi l gn vi l Ok om bok. y l hi tng bng, no nhit nht, c chun b kh cng phu, mt sinh hot vn ho, th thao c sc thu ht hng chc vn ngi tham gia, khng nhng ch c ng bo Khme, m c ng o ngi Vit, ngi Hoa cng hng ng mt cch cung nhit. Ghe ngo, ting Khme l tuk ngo, mt loi thuyn c mc khot t thn cy g tt, ra i t nhiu th k trc y. y l mt loi ghe ua c trng ca ngi Khme Nam B. Khc vi ghe ua ca ngi Vit thng c b di ngn hn, b ngang rng hn v c sc ch trung bnh t 15 n 20 tay ua, c ghp t nhiu ming vn li; ghe ngo c thit k c bit di t 25 n 30 mt, mnh thon nh con rn, lt sng tt nh lc cn nh, mi v li u cong vt ln, mi c thp hn li mt t. Mi ghe thng chm u xit (mt loi rn nc), hay u chim phng. T be xung n mn nc c trang tr bng nhng ng hnh hc sn trng, xanh, , vng. Phn ln ghe thng sn en. Do chiu di ca ghe qu ln, c ch ngi cho 45 n 50 tay bi, m bo an ton, trnh c hin tng v, gy hay xon v trong khi tng tc nc rt, hoc ngoc gp, ngi ta c nh thm mt cy g chc lm chu lc dc theo thn ghe chy sut t mi n li. Vi kiu ghe c thit k nh vy, cho nn khi bi ua, i hi ngi iu khin phi c mt ngh thut iu luyn, giu kinh nghim, nu khng quen, ng tc bi khng nhp nhng, ghe rt d b lt p. Cho nn, thng trc khi a ghe xung bi di nc, ngi ta t chc tp bi trn cn cho thun thc mt s ng tc. Ngi Khme coi ghe ngo ua khng ging nh cc ghe thng thng, m l mt vt thing. V vy, trc khi i d thi, h thng lm l t thn, thp hng cng vi, sau chn ngi iu khin, ngi li, qun dm bi, v t chc chiu i nhng ngi tham gia cuc thi. i qun bi u gm nhng trai trng kho mnh, c kinh nghim, bit phi hp ng tc cht ch, mc trang phc p, i m ng phc. Ngi ngi u ch huy c chn t nhng ngi c uy tn v thng tho ng nc. Cuc ua din ra nghim trang v y ho hng, c sc cun ht hng chc vn ngi xem. Trn chng ng ua ko di ti my
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kilmt, hai bn b sng ngi xem ng ng nght - ng l ng nh hi - tr con leo ln cnh cy quan st, ngi th li xung nc xem cho gn, cho r. Khi pho lnh n, nhng chic ghe di nh nhng con rn khng l ni ln trn mt nc lao vt i nh tn bn theo hng ch ng ca nhng cc tiu cm trn dng sng. Theo nhp thc qun bng ting cng ca ngi ng gia ghe, c my chc chic dm gi ln, b xung nc rp rng nh nhng chic tay my. Ting h reo c v no nhit, ting trng thi thc vang ng c mt vng, nht l khi c mt chic ghe v n ch. Cng chng vy m, vy nn hoan h vang dy, cung nhit. Ngy xa, cch y hng trm nm, vo dp l Ok Om Bok, ngi Khme t chc ua ghe Vm Tho (Pomkentho) thuc M Xuyn, v , ghe ngo t vng Bc Liu, C Mau ln, t vng Kin Giang xung u thun tin. on sng dnh cho cuc ua kh thng, dng nc chy chm v u, trn b c ch ba, c nh ca ng vui. Nhng ngi i xem ua thng i bng thuyn c chu v thuyn c chai u dc hai bn b sng. H em theo c lng thc, ni niu nu nng v n ng ti ch. Hng nm, cc tnh ng bng Nam B c ng ngi Khme, vo dp l Ok Om Bok u c t chc ua ghe ngo nh mt sinh hot vn ho - th thao truyn thng. T sau ngy gii phng, nhiu cuc ua ghe ngo cho c khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long c t chc u n ti th x Sc Trng ni y c iu kin thun li v ng ua trn sng tt, cng nh ch n ngh ca khch thp phng v d hi - s ngi xem c nm ln ti 30 vn. Trong vi nm tr li y, thnh ph H Ch Minh, vo dp Quc khnh hng nm cng t chc cuc ua thuyn truyn thng trn sng Si Gn vi hai loi ghe bu v ghe ngo (cn gi l thuyn rng). Hu ht cc i ua ghe ngo ni ting ca cc tnh Kin Giang, Minh Hi, Sc Trng, Cn Th, Long Xuyn u v tham gia tranh gii./. TP -LTV
1326
L hi Rm thng by
H Tng
Quan nim dn gian ca ngi Vit cho rng trong mt nm c ba

ngy rm ln. l: rm thng ging, rm thng by v rm thng mi. Rm thng ging gi l thng nguyn (hay thng ngn) l ngy va Thin quan i , nhm t n v thn ny lm cho ma thun gi ha, ma mng ti tt. Rm thng by gi l trung nguyn (trung ngn) l ngy va a quan i , cu mong t ai un c cho la mi, cy ci ti tt ny mm. Rm thng mi gi l H nguyn (h ngn) l ngy va Thy quan i , cu nc ni m thm iu ha gip cho la lm ng. Ni khc i, ba l cng dn gian vo ba ngy rm ln trong nm khi nguyn vn l nhng l nghi nng nghip, nhng tp qun lu i ca c dn trng la nc. Tuy nhin, v sau, s tip bin cc nn vn ha khc lm cho tp qun ny c thm nhng ngha mi, ng thi tp qun canh tc v nng lch ngy nay thay i lm cho ngha ban u ca nghi l cng tam nguyn b phai nht. Ngy rm thng by c nhng ngha bin i to ln so vi hai ngy rm thng ging v thng mi. Trc ht, thng by l thng trc ph theo quan nim o gio dn gian v theo l thng ph a ngc, cho nn ngy rm thng by cn c gi l ngy va a quan gii ch. Bn cnh , ngy rm thng by m lch theo Pht gio l ngy l Vu Lan. Hai t Vu Lan, thc ra ni cho th phi ni l Vu Lan Bn, vn c phin m t ch Phn ca n l Ullumbarma (hay Ullupama), c ngha l "kh tt bc" v v sau chuyn thnh ngha l "cu vt ngi au kh", ng thi cn c ngha l ci chu dng cc vt phm dng cng vi mc ch cu xin vong hn ngi thn ca mnh c thot khi nhng hnh pht ci m. L Vu Lan c gc gc t kinh Vu Lan Bn (Ullumpama sutra) ca Pht gio k li chuyn Mc Kiu Lin cu m. Mc Kiu Lin vn l mt trong nhng t gii ca c Pht, luyn c su php thn thng (gi l lc thng). Mt hm, Mc Kiu Lin dng "mt o" quan st ci m, bng thy m mnh l Thanh ang sng vi bn qu i, thn hnh gi yu da bc ly xng, bi lc sng nhn gian, Thanh do ght my v s trng ph khinh bn m th thch ch tng bng cch git ch lm nhn bnh
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cng dng. Vn l ngi con ch hiu, rt thng m ang kh s trm b, Mc Kiu Lin dng php mu dng cho m mt bt cm, nhng Thanh khng ti no n c cm ca a con c hiu, bi lng c c ca b khin cho cm va vo ti ming bin thnh la khin b khng nut c. Mc Kiu Lin lin tr v van xin c Pht, cu ngi dy cho cch cu . Pht dy cho Mc Kiu Lin rng ngy rm thng by m lch l ngy an c t t ca ch tng, hy sm sa l vt ri t vo trong chu Vu Lan mang n cng dng v nh ch tng ch nguyn, chuyn nghip tham sn si cho vong nhn th mi mong cu ri c. Mc Kiu Lin lm theo li Pht dy, qu nhin cu c m ra khi m cung. Sau b Thanh tnh ng hng thin, thot khi kip qu i. T v sau, cc Pht t cn c vo li dy ca c Pht, thc hnh php Vu Lan Bn cu cha m, t tin. Dn dn l Vu Lan vo dp rm thng by tr thnh ngy bo hiu ca Pht t v ng o ng bo Vit Nam. Tr nn l cch gii thch theo Pht gio Bc tng. Cn Pht gio Nam tng k rng vo thu Pht cn ti th, cn bn qu i n i vua Binbisara phi git 100 ngi n ng, 100 ngi n b v 100 gia sc dng cho chng. Vua Binbisara v b quan vn v thy i hi ca bn ng qu phi l, khng chu git ngi v ti, lin n cu cu c Pht. c Pht mi by cho vua Binbisara hy cng dng nhn ngy an c t t, tc l ngy rm thng by m lch, nh ch tng ch nguyn, bn ng qu s khng cn i kht m ph phch na. Vua Binbisara theo li Pht dy v khng b bn qu i n quy ry na. L Vu Lan c t chc cc cha dn d c ngha v ni dung l "m ca ngc" nhm x ti vong nhn. Trn bn cng vong thng c by lc cng (gm: hng, nn, hoa, qu, on v nc), i khi ch cn go, mui v nc sch. Ngoi ra cn c mt ci bt p trn bn, bn trong bt c t t giy ghi ch "Ngc" c km theo t s ghi r tn tui, qu qun ca vong cng cc l vt dng cng. Nh cha quan nim y l vic lm nhn ngha, v vy vic t chc l Vu Lan vi cc nghi thc bao gi cng y v chu o, v iu quan trng l ci t cch ca ngi dng v nguyn tm thnh ca thn nhn cc vong. Trong l cng phi tng danh hiu Pht v B tt, ng thi c li sm hi cho c hn. Tip theo l cng vong l l "th thc", cn gi l "chc thc", ngha l mi n, hng lc. Lc ny, nh s c nhng cu ch gi l
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Mng sn th thc, c th ha vic th thc vong linh. Vo dp ny, nh cha thng nu nhng ni cho hoa ln, ri ly l a, l mt lm thnh nhng chic b i nh ng cho, em t mi no ng ti cha cng cc mt ng nhng l phm khc nh tri cy, on... cho ngi ngho v nhng tr em n d l c t do hng lc. Tc "cp cho l a" din ra ngy xa cng l mt cch hng lc ca Pht trong l Vu Lan. Nghi thc ny Nam B thng l mn kim cng cc mn chay. L Vu Lan thng kt thc bng tng kinh A Di cu siu cho mi vong linh, k c nhng c hn b v, nhn ngy ny m c siu thot. Khong hn ba mi nm v trc, tp tc ci bng hng ln o trong dp l Vu Lan du nhp vo nc ta. T tp tiu lun mng ca tc gi Nht Hnh c ta l Bng hng ci o n bi nhc ca nhc s Phm Th M mang tn Bng hng ci o, v v tung ci lng Bng hng ci o ca hai son gi H Triu, Hoa Phng, ny sinh vic chn nhng a hoa hng mu hng dnh ci ln o nhng ai cn m v chn nhng a hoa hng mu trng ci ln o nhng ai khng cn m trong dp l Vu Lan tr thnh mt m tc cho tt c mi ngi ch khng ring g ngi theo o Pht. C th thy rng, ngoi ngy quc t ph n mng 8 thng 3 th ngy rm thng by - l Vu Lan chnh l dp nhng ngi con by t lng hiu i vi m, vi cha. Bn cnh nhng ngha nu trn, thng by m lch i vi dn gian Vit Nam cn l dp cng C hn. Theo quan nim dn gian Vit Nam, nam c ba hn by va, cn n c ba hn chn va. Khi con ngi cht i, ch c thn xc v phch va tiu tan, thi ra cn vong hn th trng tn. Sinh thi, nu con ngi bit o l, bit lm lnh lnh d, th linh hn c u thai tr v kip con ngi. Cn nu l ngi xu xa, gian c th lm cn trng sc vt, hay b giam cm ni a ngc i kht, b qu s tra kho. Ring nhng k bt c k t, nh cht sng sui, cht v tai nn, t t hay ma thing nc c... nu khng c ngi th cng th cng sng m ph hay tr thnh c hn ln qun ni b xc, ch khi c ngi cng t th n ginh git tng ming n chng khc no nhng k lang thang u ng x ch ca chn dng gian. Tn ngng dn gian Vit Nam, vi phn no nh hng Pht gio, cho rng c hn c mi loi, gi l thp loi c hn, gm: t sinh v
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lc o. T sinh gm: loi mang thai nh ngi v sc vt, loi trng nh gia cm, chim chc, loi chuyn tip nh tm nhng, loi mu lnh nh thy tc, tm c. Lc o l su con ng n su th gii l :ci tri, th gii loi ngi, th gii hung thn (atula), a ngc, sc sanh v ma qu. Ni chung mi loi y l chng sinh hu tnh v theo Pht gio do h to nn "nghip" cho nn khi cht, nu cn vng vu th phi thnh c hn, d cht trc mt ngy mt gi. Tuy nhin theo Nguyn Du th mi loi c hn ch gii hn trong th gii loi ngi. Theo ng, mt ngi d l bc anh hng ci th, d p nghing nc nghing thnh, d l cng hu khanh tng tt nh vinh hoa... nhng n khi cht cng thnh c hn, nh k v mng cng danh, k lu xanh bc phn, k t y, k hnh kht, k oan nghip yu t... nu lc cht khng c ngi thn thch chm lo hng khi: K thn thch vng sau vng trc Bit ly ai bt nc, nn nhang ? C hn tht thu dc ngang Nng oan kh l tm ng ha sinh ! T quan nim c hn nh vy, dn gian Vit Nam ny sinh tc th cng c hn. nhng ni ch ba ng ngi, cng nh cha nh n miu thng c cng t, ngi ta hay lp bn th c hn. Nhng ni xy ra tai nn cht ngi cng c miu th c hn. Dn gian Vit Nam cng quan nim chin s trn vong v ng bo t nn cng l mt loi c hn. Ri do nh hng t tng Pht gio, th c hn chin s th phi cu siu cho ci "nghip" ca h sm tiu tan. Th nn khng th qui kt ng bo nhiu ni t chc l cu siu cho chin s hy sinh v t quc, cho ng bo t nn chin tranh l d oan m tn, l xuyn tc s hy sinh cao c... Theo tp tc ca nhn dn ta th thng by l thng bo hiu v cng c hn. Nhng bui l c t chc vo thi im u thng gi l l Vu Lan vi mc ch cu siu cho cha m by i nh ni trn. Cn nhng bui l t chc vo cui thng, gi l hi a Tng, mc ch l cu cng c hn cc ng, thng din ra vo bui chiu bi quan nim dn gian cho rng lc y l gi m khin cho ngi sng v k cht thng cm nhau hn ! Theo c l, mt l cng c hn thng t chc trong hai ngy: ngy hm trc tng kinh l Pht v ngy hm sau l cng cp, chn t. Cc n miu thng t chc l trai n, mi cc s ng ph ng vai Pht
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a Tng chn t c hn. Trong cc l n miu hay c cc ng X Sai bn bng giy ci nga hay ci hc dng s ln thin nh v xung a ph. Hoc c ni bn hnh ng Tiu din hay ng H php ng gia n, trng oai phong lm lit. L vt cng c hn thng t trn gin cao. Tr con ngi di nhn ln khng rt con mt, ch ch cho ng thy c tng kinh xong v phng ng, th nhy vo ginh git nhau bnh tri hay my ng bc l! Linh thing nh ng tiu m chng ai king n c. Ngi ta nhy vo cp l c trn lng ng, x ci li le di ca ng, hay phanh thy ng ra m tm ng tin dn tm m em v nh lm ba. Mi ngi u h h. Tc gi "qu ph nh chay" l nh vy. Nhng n miu gn sng sui, my m trc khi ra gin chn t cn c tc ly giy xp hnh ci thuyn hoa sen, gia c cm cy n cy (nn) chy lp le. Mi ngn n l mt ngn n cho anh em ci m thy ng v d l, v l mi tm lng ca ngi trn gian vy. T gia lm ngh thng mi, chy xe khch hay c hng xng t tp ng ngi cng hay c tc cng c hn, khng phi ch trong thng by, m cng vo mi mng hai v mi su m lch hng thng. ngha ca h l mun anh em ci m c no , khng v ph phch cng vic lm n ca h. L vt cng c hn thng m bc nh cho hoa, giy tin vng bc, cc, ma, u nu. .. v c bit l lun lun phi c go, mui anh em ci m d phng khi i kht. min Bc cho hoa c ng trong nhng b i kt bng l a nh ni trn. Cn min Nam l vt cng c hn thng khng thiu cc loi bnh nh: bnh cng, bnh cp (hai loi ny c hnh dng nh linga v yoni cu mong cc vong hn sm ti sinh), bnh gi bng np lc hay np ngm nc tro. Sang trng hn, c th c vt luc, heo quay nhng tt c phi cht nh ra, v bit u h ko n qu ng ! Cn chn bt c th l bn ci, su ci, mi ci (tc t sinh, lc o, thp loi c hn), v a th tng nm... Ngoi ra, l cng c hn cn c giy tin vng bc ( m) na. L cng rm thng by l mt l mang tnh nhn bn. Vn t ra l vic cng l lm sao khng qu xa x cng nh hn ch bt nhng hnh thc mang nng tnh cht m tn d oan./. H.T
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L vo nm mi ca ngi Khme
I LY
L vo nm mi (Chl chnam thmy; pithi chl chnam thmy, bn

chl chnam thmy) l mt trong khng nhiu l hi tiu biu ca ngi Khme Nam B. y l l Tt hng nm ca ngi Khme, tnh theo Pht lch, thng din ra vo cc ngy 13-14-15 thng Chett ca ngi Khme (tc khong gia thng 4 dng lch). Thi im ny ma kh kt thc v ma ma sp n; tri nng gt, thi tit nng bc, thng hoc c mt hai cn ma ro ngn ngi bo hiu u ma. V, cy c l hoa, sau mt ma cht l, gp ma n cy, bt u thay o mi, m chi ny lc. Do , ngoi ngha n mng nm mi, l vo nm mi cn mang mt ngha su xa hn: mng chm dt thi k nng hn bc sang thi k ma nhiu chun b v ma mi. L vo nm mi, v th cn ng ngha vi l vo ma mi kt hp vi s ngh ngi, vui chi, gii tr khi ma mng c xong. L hi vo nm mi ca ngi Khme thng ko di trong 3 ngy, nm nhun th ko di 4 ngy, mi ngy c tn gi khc nhau. Ngy u tin c tn l Chl sangkran Chmy; ngy th hai: Wonbf (nm nhun, wonbf t chc 2 ngy); ngy th ba: Lm sk. Ngoi vic th phng Pht, ngi Khme cn tin rng, mi nm c mt v tin trn tri (Tva) c Tri sai xung chm lo cho cuc sng v con ngi trong nm , ht nm li v tri v tin khc xung h gii. V th, trong m giao tha, nh no cng lm c, thp hng, t n, cng l tin a v Tva c, n rc Tva mi. C gia nh ngi xp chn trc bn th t tin, khn vi, mong v tin c tin ban phc lnh. Vi b con Khme Nam B, t xa xa, l vo nm mi tr thnh ngy l hi truyn thng ca dn tc. C mt truyn thuyt di gn vi ngy l ny, xin c tm lc nh sau: Thu thng Inra to nn tri t, c mt v quc vng sinh c mt hong t thng minh nh ng t tn l Thommabal. Ln 5, Hong t bit c, ln 7 thng thin vn, tng a l. Tip xc vi mi ngi, Hong t thuyt
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php v ch thin trong vic gi gn hnh phc i, em nhng iu hc hi c truyn b khp nhn gian, c mi ngi hoan nghnh v tn l Nh hin trit. Ting n v nh hin trit Thonmabal lan n tn thin nh. V thn 4 mt Kabinh Mahaprum (chuyn xung trn thuyt php) ni cn ghen tc, s Hong t ginh ly a v, tm cch hm hi Thommabal. Xung trn, v thn 4 mt thch vi Hong t bng cch a ra 3 cu hi, trong 7 ngy nu Hong t gii p c, thn 4 mt s t ct u np Hong t; nu khng th ngc li. Hong t nhn li. Ba cu l: 1. Bui sng, ci duyn con ngi u? 2. Bui tra, ci duyn con ngi u? 3. Bui ti, ci duyn con ngi u? Thot u, Hong t ngh khng ra. Nm ngy, vn khng ngh ra. Hong t, trong cn b cc, trn vo rng v may thay, nh c cuc chuyn tr ca cp chim Satongry chuyn n tht sng m gii c nhng cu kh khn. l: 1. Bui sng, ci duyn con ngi mt, nn ngi ta ra ry sch s mi khi thc dy. 2. Bui tra, ci duyn con ngi ngc, nn ngi ta tm mt. 3. Bui ti, ci duyn con ngi i chn, nn ngi ta ra chn trc khi i ng. Nghe c p n ny, v thn 4 mt chu thua cuc, nga mt ln tri, gi 7 ngi con gi n truyn rng: V thch vi Hong t, nn thn phi t ct u v dn em u thn trong mt ngi thp khng ngi trn chm n, bi nu u xung bin th bin cn kh, ln tri th tri khng ma, t th t kh cng. Truyn xong, thn ct u, trao cho con gi, thn mnh ho lung khi xanh bay vt ln cao. u ca thn c cc con a vo ngi thp trong hang thu tinh thuc khu rng yn tnh nht dy Hi m lp sn. T , ng ngy thn Kabinh Mahaprum t st, mi nm mt con gi ca thn b u 4 mt i theo hng mt tri, vng quanh chn ni 3 ln. Sau , tt c cc ch thn cng quy qun vui v, hng ngy vui sng an nhn. l ngy bt u vo nm mi ca ngi Khme. Truyn thuyt ny gii thch l do xut hin ngy vo nm mi, ng thi bc l mt ngha nhn sinh khc. l thng li ca tr tu uyn bc, tr thng minh ca con ngi trc thn linh, thin nhin; l
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s tn vinh lng yu thng ca o Pht, xo b k, ghen ght; l c mun s ho ng th gii thing v th gii con ngi... iu th hin khng kh vui v, sung sng, an nhn khi vo nm mi. L thng, b con Khme chun b cho l vo nm mi ht sc chu o. Nh no cng sa sang, qut dn, trang tr li, chun b n thc ung y cho ba bn ngy tt. Ngi ta gi go, ch go sn, cc th thc n nh bnh tri, hoa qu, c, tht, rau... u c chun b sn sng. Mi cng vic rung ry u dng li, mi ngi c ngh ngi, tru b c th t do. Ngi ngi ho hng chm lo cho ngy l thm vui, thm linh nh. Ba ngy l chnh thc c tin hnh trong khng kh vui v, ho hng . - Ngy th nht: l rc i lch. Trong ngy ny, vo gi tt c chn, bt k sng hay chiu (thng l vo 7 gi sng hoc 5 gi chiu), mi ngi, t tr th n ng gi b c u tm gi sch s, mc b qun o mi nht, p nht ca mnh bc vo nm mi. Trc ht, mi ngi mang theo l vt: nhang n, hoa qu i cha lm l rc i lch, Maha sangkran1 . Ti cha, di s iu khin ca v Acha, mi ngi xp hng hai (hng t, hng su...) rc lch (thay cho vic rc u thn 4 mt) i vng quanh chnh in 3 ln, va l l cho mng nm mi va l th xem nm mi tt hay xu, tu vo cuc rc c hon thin hay khng. Sau , mi ngi vo l Pht, tng kinh, nghe thuyt ging Pht php hay tham gia cc cuc vui ma ht ti khuya. Ngy th hai: l dng cm v p ni ct. Trong ngy ny, mi gia nh Khme lm cm dng cho cc v s si cha vo bui sm v tra. l mt l tc khng th thiu. Trc khi n, cc nh s tng kinh lm l t n nhng ngi lm ra vt thc, nhng ngi mang vt thc n cho nh cha. Sau khi n, cc nh s li tng kinh chc phc nhng ngi dng cm. Bui chiu cng ngy, ngi ta t chc l p ni ct tm phc duyn. Trc , mi ngi tm la ct sch, mang n thnh ng ln xung quanh n th Pht trc sn cha. Cng li di s iu khin ca v Acha, mi ngi p ct thnh nhiu ngn ni nh theo tm hng v mt ni trung tm, tng cho v tr. Cc ni ct ny u c lm l quy y v ti sng sm hm sau c lm l xut
1
Maha Sangkran l quyn lch do cc v i c ti cha son dng trong phm vi 1 nm.
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th. Cc l ny c thc hin theo tp tc xa. Gn vi mt huyn tch lu i biu l c vng cu ma, cu phc ca con ngi2. Ngy th ba: l tm tng Pht, tm s. Vo ngy ny, sau khi dng cm sng cho cc s, mi ngi sm nhang n, l vt, em nc c p hng thm n bn th Pht tm tng Pht, ri tm cho cc v s si cao nin. Sau l ti cha, mi ngi rc cc s ti ngha trang, ti nhng ngi m hay thp ng hi ct... thc hin l cu siu cho linh hn nhng ngi qu c. Ri, mi ngi ai v nh ny, lm l tm tng Pht ti gia, dng c bn, bnh tri chc phc ng b cha m, xin tha th nhng thiu st, li lm nm c. H tip tc cng rc Tva mi, vui chi n khuya mi dt. Trong ba ngy Tt, nh l ca ngi Vit, b con Khme cng i thm hi ln nhau, chc nhau ti lc, sc kho, pht t v cng nhau vui nhng cuc vui cng ng. Trong nhng ngy ny, cng c khi trong c tun l, ti n, ngi ta t chc nhiu tr chi, nh t n tri, t ng li, nh quay a... Cc c gi k c tch, thn thoi, chuyn c cho con chu nghe. Trai gi khng nm cn, ko co, u vt, nh v, chy ua... th ma ramvng, ma trng, ht aday, din roban, ht duk... Khng kh lc no cng vui nh Tt, c khi ko di hn tun mi vo nhp i thng. Vo nm mi, rt cuc khng ch l ngy tt truyn thng ca ngi dn Khme; n cn l l hi thc s ca mt cng ng, mt tc ngi. L hi ny, ngoi tp hp nhng tp tc v biu trng nh cp trn, cn th hin mt kht vng i thng ca ngi Khme cng nh ca bt c tc ngi no, li; bi b nhng g c ca nm c bc sang nm mi vi nhiu iu mi. Nim vui, c l xut pht t kht vng , Chl Chnam Thmy mi mi l l trng nht ca ngi Khme./. I.L
. Huyn tch k rng: Mt th sn tng git nhiu mung th, c nh s ku gi v hng dn tu thn tch phc bng cch p nhng ni ct ti cha gn ni anh ta . Khi bnh yu, ng b m nh, thy hn cc loi th ti i n. Do phc c tch t, ng tnh to tha thun vi th rng rng: hy m ht cc ht ct tch phc ca ng ri hy i n. th rng ng , i m nhng khng m xu, chn ngn b i. T , ng khi bnh v mit mi tch c, lm thin, trnh c. Sau ng mt v c ln thin ng. L p ni ct gi nh vic ny.
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1338
L Hi Va B Cn o
H Tng
Qun o Cn Ln gm 16 hn o vi tng din tch 72,18 km2,

cch Vng Tu 97 hi l. Qun o mang tn hn o ln nht: o Cn Ln (thng gi l Cn o). Chung quanh hn Cn Ln l 13 hn o nh bao bc, nh nhng ngn ni vt ln trn bin c, vi bi ct vin quanh, chi la nh nng trong nhng ngy p tri. Mt trong 13 hn o nh c tn l Hn B, cch hn ln Cn o mt doi nc hp, gi l Hng m, to hp vi hn Cn o thnh vnh Bn m, nc su, kn gi, c tim nng xy dng thnh hi cng rt tt. Hn B rng hn 5km2, trn nh c mt tng dng, ta hnh vng phu, c ngi ni rng v th m c tn Hn B. Ring nhng ngi dn Cn o, li c cch gii thch ring, gn vi truyn thuyt k v mt ngi th phi ca Nguyn nh c tn tc l Nguyn Th Rm v c tn vinh l B Phi Yn. Chuyn k rng th phi Phi Yn v hong t Ci c Nguyn nh mang theo trn ng chy trn qun Ty Sn n Cn o (1783) cng tu tng binh lnh v dn chng. Chnh nhng ngi ny l nhng c dn lp nn hai lng C ng v An Hi sau ny. Trong mt ln, b ln ting can ngn Nguyn nh khng nn nh Xim La can thip chuyn ni b ca t nc. Nguyn nh v cng phn n, cho rng b c nh thng ng vi qun Ty Sn, nn ra lnh nht b vo mt hang ti ti hn Cn Ln nh sau ny ngi dn i tn l Hn B. t lu sau, nghe tin qun Ty Sn em chin thuyn ra Cn o, Nguyn nh vi trn sang Xim. Trn ng i, hong t Ci lc ny cn rt nh - c mt cn thn bo tin m cu b nht trn o nn khc lc, i gp m, Nguyn nh ni gin qung con xung bin... Xc hong t Ci tri dt vo b, c dn lng C ng vt ln chn ct v lp miu th. Ring b Phi Yn c hai con vn bch cu ra khi hang, a v C ng. Dn lng lc y mi bit b cn li trn o, vi rc v. Nm 1785, ngy 15 thng 5 m lch, nhn dp l trai n ln, dn lng An Hi em kiu n lng C ng xin c rc b v An Hi. Ngy 18 thng 10 m lch, kiu b v n An Hi. Ngay m , trong s nhng ngi khing kiu c tn Bin Thi, v si m sc p ca b ln vo
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cm phng ca B. Va chm vo tay, b thc gic v tri h ln... Tn Bin Thi b dn lng x t ngay ti ch. Nhng b li ngh rng thn th b hoen , l tht tit vi chng nn cht t cnh tay v quyn sinh gi trn danh tit. Sau khi chn ct b theo ng nghi l, dn lng C ng gom gp cng ca xy ct ngi n th b, gi l Miu B An Hi, hng nm cng t trai n vo ngy 18 thng 10 m lch, l ngy B Phi Yn quyn sinh, tng nh mt trang lit n. Cng t , trong dn gian Cn o c cu ca ni v chuyn b Phi Yn c truyn khp c Nam B: Gi a cy Ci v tri Rau Rm li chu i ng cay. V sau, t khi thc dn Php chin Cn o lp nh t, thng dn b a v t lin. Ngi n th b Phi Yn c knh hoang tn, xiu vo. n nm 1958, nhng cng chc trn o xin php nh cm quyn, quyn gp tin bc v huy ng cng sc ca cc t nhn xy li ngi n khang trang trn v tr ca to miu c, gm mt in th, mt nh bp v mt nh n. in th c ba gian. Gian gia l ni th b Phi Yn, vi i cu i: Mu nghi xng hu m Cn bang Thnh c phi thin An Hi quc. Gian bn tri th hong t Ci v gian bn phi th quan c Ngc Ln, ngi can gin Nguyn nh xin b khi ti cht khi Nguyn nh khp b vo ti thng ng vi Ty Sn. Ngoi ra, trn hng ct trc ca n cn c i cu i khc do mt t nhn p i knh dng ln mt bc n lu ho kit: Trung ngha gin qun thin c chiu Tit hnh quyn sinh vn i truyn. T nm 1991, ngnh Vn ho thng tin v Bo tng Cch mng Cn o trng tu li ngi n, xy dng thm khong sn rng lt gch, sa cha nh n, nh bp thong mt hn v ng ra t chc l hi Va B vo ngy 18 thng 10 m lch hng nm, hng dn nhn dn nghi l, tng cng cc hot ng vn ho, vn ngh v loi tr mi hot ng m tn, d oan. Trong ngy l hi Va B, t m sng, mi ngi dn o, t em b n c gi ln lt n nguyn cu vi tt c thnh tm. ng 19 gi, trong khi hng trm nghi ngt, nghi l chnh thc mi c bt
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u. Mt c gi i din nhn dn trn o, mc o di, i khn ng, trang nghim knh cn t chn nn hng ni ba gian in th, ri quay ra trc sn, ging ln ba hi trng ln, ming lm rm cu nguyn nhng iu phc c cho mi nh... Sau l cc hot ng vn ngh va lm bui l cng thm phn trang trng va gip vui cho nhn dn trn o. D tri qua bit bao kh khn trong cuc sng ca hi o, nhng sut bao nhiu nm ri b con nhn dn Cn o vn lun lun t chc l hi Va B vi tt c tm lng, to nn mt sinh hot vn ho y sc thi truyn thng dn tc trn mt vng t xa b./. H.T
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L hi va b Thnh An
H Tng
Hn o nm gia Vng Tu v Cn Gi ng ra Bin ng chnh

l x o Thnh An thuc huyn Cn Gi (thnh ph H Ch Minh), vi hn 500 nc gia v trn nm ngn dn chuyn ngh nh c v mt s t lm rung mui. Tuy l mt x nh, nhng Thnh An c n nm c s th cng: nh lng Thnh An (hay cn gi l nh ngi Ch), miu b Thy Long v Ng Hnh nng nng, lng ng Nam Hi (tc c voi), mt ngi cha thuc phi Tnh C S v mt ngi thnh tht o Cao i. Mi mt c s th cng c mt dp l hi thng nin khc nhau, to nn nhng sinh hot vn ha cho ngi dn trn o. Miu b Thnh An ta lc ti p Thnh Ha, vn c t rt lu, lc u bng vt liu nh nh tranh tre na l, n nm 1960 mi c trng tu thnh ba cn nh hnh t tr xp lin nhau, tng xy gch, mi lp ngi m dng. Cn nh th nht c hai tng mi, l chnh in th b Thy Long v Ng Hnh nng nng gia, hai bn tri phi th Nh V Cng T v Nh V Cng Nng, Tin hin v Hu hin th hai bn vch tri phi ca chnh in, pha sau chnh in gi l nh hu c hng n th Tin S. Cn nh th hai lin trc chnh in l tin in, ni din ra cc nghi l cng bi hng nm. Cn nh th ba rng hn, cng lin ngay pha trc tin in l v ca, ni trnh din ca on ngh thut ht bi mi khi vo dp l cng B trc lm vui cho B v sau b con nhn dn trn o gii tr. L Va B ti miu B Thnh An c hnh trng th vo cc ngy 15, 16, 17 v 18 thng 10 m lch hng nm, khi nc triu ln cao. u tin, vo khong 11 gi tra ngy 15 l l cng ng vi l phm l ch xi, do ban qu t miu B m trch. Sau , song song vi vic chun b cc cng vic cho l Nghinh vo hm sau, ban qu t miu B cng n tip cc on tn hng trong phm v x nh n l B ti miu. Bui ti, tt c nhn dn trn o tp trung v khong sn trc tr s y ban nhn dn x d mng cng tng kt mt nm hot ng ng nghip ca x v xem chng trnh vn ngh gm ca nhc tp k v ht ci lng do cc on ngh thut t ni thnh ra biu din.
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Sng ngy 16, sau l thnh xi ca cc v ph lo v thnh bnh ca ph n dng cng B vi on ln h tng, ban qu t miu B tin hnh l Cung Nghinh. Mt on dn u t miu i ra tip theo l mt ngi tng li mang trng v nhiu b tro cm gim trong trang phc c truyn mu vng u i nn chp, cng on ching trng h tng mt hng n th B c by nhiu l vt, hai bn c tn lng, c x, sau cng l cc v trong ban nhc l v ban nghi l ca miu. on hng v pha cu tu cnh y ban nhn dn x. Ti cc cu tu hng trm chic tu ln nh treo c rc t mi n li. Tt c tu u c sn mi. C c nhng tu thuyn t cc x khc ca huyn Cn Gi v nhng chic tu ch khch du lch na. Trn bn di thuyn u rc mt mu c m cng l mu thnh vng v may mn. i qun trn tu ch huy ni trng v t pho nghinh tip cc chc sc t trong miu B mang l vt ln tu. Tu ch huy dn u ra khi. Tt c nh mt hm i chia lm hai dn hai bn cng tin ra bin. Tht l mt cnh tng hng v trn mt bin. Ting ng c n gin cng vi ting pho nghe rn r tng bng. Mi tu trc y u c hng trm thc pho cun trc ca-bin, nay thay bng nhng dy c mu sc lng ly. Lng Thnh An dn dn li xa cho ti khi hai thp thnh tht Cao i v vm cao cha Pht ch cn l ba chm nh. Ra n ca bin, trn tu ch huy, cc v trong ban qu t tin hnh lm nghi l Nghinh B bng cc tun ru l trc hng n B t trn tu gia nhng ting h xng ca cc hc tr l o thi, tng li v cc b tro. Sau l l cng cm cc ng nghip b b mnh trn bin c. Sau l, ton b mm cm c nm ht xung bin. Xong xui u y, c on tu quay mi tr v lng. Chic no cng phn khi n my ln vt qua cc tu bn. Sng to, gi ln, hng trm tu ln nh chy st vo nhau, hng k hng, mi st li, sut va vo nhau. y l cuc thi li tu kho din ra sut hai ting ng h trn qung ng t ca bin v chy quanh x o. on tu cp bn u x. on ln li dn u on rc hng n B theo con ng c o di khong mt cy s v miu. Ting ching trng ha vi ting trng ln v ting h ca cc tng li, b tro, to thnh th m thanh vui tai, rn r. on rc i n u, hai bn ng b con nhn dn t hng n vi nhiu l vt nghinh n rt trang trng. Trc y, mi hng n nghinh n nh vy c nhng dy pho di hng chc thc, thm ch hng trm thc, c t ln cho n, to thm s trang trng cho bui l.
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on v n miu, sau khi lm l an v B, chng trnh i Bi vi cc tit mc ma ht din li qu trnh hnh thnh v tr theo quan im phng ng, gm: khai thin tch a, xang nht nguyt, tam hin, t thin vng, ng hnh v gia quan tn tc, do cc ngh s ht bi trnh din. Mn ht S C c tip ni ngay sau chng trnh i Bi, l mt trch on hay trong v tung ht bi. Sau chn bui chiu ngy mi su, ban qu t miu tip n cc phi on cc x bn vt sng Ci sang cng B. on no cng c mt con heo quay ph vi t trn khay do bn ngi khing. Sut chng ng t bn ti miu B u c ngi ng xem en kt v trc y cn c t pho mng phi on na. Khong 17 gi 30, mt l t Tc Yt din ra ti miu trong bu khng kh trang nghim, vi y cc nghi tit theo t l c truyn Nam B, do ban qu t miu cng ban nhc l c truyn, cc hc tr l, o thi trong trang phc c truyn thc hin. m n, sau khi l t chm dt, trong v ca miu din ra chng trnh ht bi cng B phc v cho i tng trung nin v ln tui, cn ngoi sn trc tr s y ban nhn dn x din ra chng trnh ca nhc tp k v ht ca kch ci lng phc v cho i tng thanh nin nam n. Tt c ngi dn trn o xem ngy l hi va B l ngy tt th hai o vy. Sng ngy 17, xut ht bi th hai c din ra ti v ca miu B t khong 8 gi 30 n qu tra vi s tp trung thng thc ca ng o b con trong x. Trong lc , sut ngy, miu B tip n b con ng dn khp cc vng ln cn v l B. n khong 16 gi chiu ngy 17 l l thnh xi ca vin chnh bi v bi bi din ra rt long trng. Tng mm xi c t trn cc hng n v cng trang trng c khing t nh cc v ny n miu, c ching trng, nhc l, on ln h tng. L thnh xi va xong th nghi l t n C c tin hnh ngay trong khu vc tin in v chnh in ca miu vi ni dung t n v cu mong B ph h cho nhn dn trn o mt nm mi thnh vng. Sau l n C l xut ht bi cng xut ht ci lng th ba m mn, mt trong miu v mt trc tr s y ban nhn dn x phc v nhu cu nghi l v nhu cu gii tr ca b con nhn dn a phng. Ring trong miu B, cui chng trnh ht bi l l Tn Vng hay Tn Soi theo truyn thng cung nh Nam B bo hiu chm dt chng trnh l hi. C th ni rng l Va B Thnh An l mt l hi cng miu c qui m ln nht thnh ph H Ch Minh. Qui m v tin trnh t chc l, qui m c v phm v hnh l v qui m c v s lng ngi tham
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d. V qui m t chc l, s d to ln chnh l nh hu ht nhn dn trn x u c thn nhn nc ngoi, mi ln o ly va B u c gi tin v tham gia ng gp t chc l. Cn qui m v phm vi hnh l, din ra t trn t lin cho n tn ngoi ca bin xa xi, chnh l v ton b nhn dn trn o hu nh ch sng vi ngh bin, vy vic hnh l nh vy mang ni dung cu mong s ph h ca mt nhn vt siu nhin cho nhng ngy ngc xui trn bin c ca h vy./. H.T
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L hi va Linh Sn thnh mu
H Tng
Ni B en hay ni in B, tn ch l Vn Sn hay Linh Sn,

nm cch th x Ty Ninh chng 11 km, l ngn ni cao nht Nam B vi cao 884m. T di chn ni ln, ni B en c mt qun th kin trc nhiu tng nc khc nhau gm nhng in, cha, miu, thp v hang ng c bn tay con ngi tn to, sa cha li nh: - Cha Phc Trung, tc Linh Sn Phc Trung T, ni chn ni, th Quan m, Thch ca, a Tng, Di , Di Lc, Pht B Quan m, Cu Thin Huyn N, Quan Cng, T V Sn Thn, H Php, Tiu Din i S gian ngoi v th Linh Sn Thnh Mu, C Hng, C Cc, Thin Hu Thnh Mu, Diu Tr Kim Mu, t Ma s t gian trong. - Thp ln cha ba thp nh: thp t Trng Tng nm gia, cao hn hai thp hai bn, thp t Phc Chi bn tri v thp t Tam Ha bn phi. - Cha ng, tc Linh Sn Thin Thch T, nm cao khong 400m, quay mt v hng ng nam, th: Pht B Quan m, Tiu Din i S (trc sn); Pht A Di , i Th Ch, Thch Ca s sinh, Di Lc, Quan m (gia cha); Quan m B Tt, Pht Chun 18 tay, a Tng, Pht Quan m (pha tri); i Th Ch, Pht Chun , Ph Hin, Vn th (pha phi); Ngc Hong, Nam To, Bc u (tng bn phi) v bn tng La Hn (tng bn tri); t Ma s t, Tam v T, Quan Cng, Gim Trai v b tnh gian hu t. - in B nm ngay bn hng ca Cha ng, cng quay mt v hng ng nam nh cha. in B gm c hai phn: phn trong l mt vm hang c to nn bi mt phin rt ln nh ra khi sn ni, vi trn cao khong 2m, to thnh mt ci hang c din tch chng 20m 2, v phn ngoi l mt kin trc mi xy ni tip vi hang , trng ba pha, vi din tch chng 20m2. Gian trong in B th Linh Sn Thnh Mu gia (mt tng trong v mt tng ngoi), Cha x nng nng (nm gia hai tng bn), C Hng, C Hnh, Cu Ti, Cu Qu hai bn; pha ngoi c bt hng th T V Sn Thn hai bn. Ngoi ra, cng th con nga g, ng a, ng T ca hang. Gian ngoi in B
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th a Mu, Pht B Quan m gia v T V Thin vng (Ma L Hng, Ma L Hi, Ma L Th v Ma L Thanh). - Cha Hang, tc Long Chu T hay ng ng Chm, l mt hang tng cao hn in B. Cha Hang th: Pht B Quan m, Tiu Din i S sn; Linh Sn Thnh Mu, C Cu, B Cha X Chu c, Ngc Hong, Vn Th gia trong cng; Pht A Di gia hang, H Php ca vo, v Quan m, Thch Ca s sinh, Th Ch v Quan m 18 tay bn gc hang. Vi cu trc tn gio tn ngng nh vy, ni B en thu ht khch thp phng n chim bi rt ng vo dp rm thng ging m lch v l hi va Linh Sn Thnh Mu vo hai ngy mng 5 v mng 6 thng 5 m lch hng nm. Dp rm thng ging m lch c gi l Hi Xun ni B c n hng my chc vn ngi n d, ch yu l cu phc, xin lc B (hoc l lc tin, hoc l lc go) cho cuc sng c an khang thnh vng. L hi mang mu sc tn gio tn ngng l l hi va B Linh Sn din ra vo ngy mng 5 v mng 6 thng 5 m lch hng nm cng thu ht ng o khch thp phng n tham d. C nhiu truyn thuyt v ngun gc Linh Sn Thnh Mu, hay B en, v thi im chn lm l va B. Thuyt th nht k li rng thu xa ti vng ni Ty Ninh c vin quan trn th a phng sinh h c mt ngi con gi t tn l nh. Nm 13 tui, nng nh c cha m gi cho mt ngi con gi t tn l o. n tui cp k, c con trai ca vin Tri huyn trn nhm Trng Bng (cng thuc Ty Ninh) ng cu hn. Thy xng i va la, gia th i bn cng thuc loi mn ng h i, cha m nng nh nhn li. Th nhng nng nh c nguyn xut gia cu o, khng tnh n chuyn lp gia nh, nn mt mc t chi. Mt m, khi c nh ang yn gic ng, nng nh ln ra i, nh tm n t tc ti ngi cha trn ni. Th nhng, chng may trn ng i, nng b cp v. Hm sau, n khi gia nhn theo lnh vin quan Trn th i tm nng b cp n tht, ch cn st li mt chn nm ni kt . c tin, song thn nng v cng au n, nh cho qun lnh mai tng phn thi th cn li trn ni v cho xy miu th. Hm l ngy mng 5 thng 5 m lch. Dn a phng cho rng ci cht ca nng nh thuc loi cht oan, th tt phi linh hin, t h c vic g kh khn, h thng n ni miu cng bi, mong c nng ph h. Ting n lan xa, dn dn ngi ta l bi ngy mt ng.
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Truyn thuyt th hai v B en k rng thu xa ni B en c tn l ni Mt. Trn ni c mt ngi cha th mt tng Pht bng . Ngy rm, mng mt, ngi trong vng thng ln y l Pht. Trong s nhng ngi m o c mt c gi qu Trng Bng tn l L Th Thin Hng, cng thng ln y cng l. C gi tuy da d ngm en, nhng li c duyn thm, nn c nhiu chng trai , trong c con trai vin Tri huyn Trng Bng. Mt ln, trn ng t ngi cha trn ni tr v nh, Thin Hng b bn gia nhn ca con trai vin Tri huyn n ng chc gho. Gia lc nguy khn nng c mt chng trai gii v li cng qu tn l L S Trit gii thot. T n tri ng, h i n tnh yu. Nhng lc y, gic gi ni ln nhiu ni, L S Trit b bt sung vo qun ng. Thin Hng nh mt lng ch i. Mt hm, trn ng i l cha trn ni Mt, nng b gia nhn ca con trai quan Tri huyn n bt. Trong lc th c gia chn ni rng, Thin Hng nhy xung mt h su t tit. Nh s tr tr ngi cha trn ni c bo mng, tm c xc nng v cho chn ct t t, ri lp miu th. Hm y l ngy mng 5 thng 5 m lch. T , qua nhng li n i, ngi n cng bi miu Thin Hng ngy cng ng. Cn c vo mu da ca Thin Hng, ngi ta gi nng l B en. Tn ni Mt t cng dn dn thnh tn ni B en. Ngoi ra, cn c mt truyn thuyt th ba k rng khi Nguyn nh b qun Ty Sn truy kch t Gia nh. ng ny ngc theo dng Vm C qua Ty Ninh vi nh sang Xim. Lc chy ngang qua ni B en, trong lc nguy cp vo miu cng bi cu xin nng nh ph h cho tai qua nn khi. Ln y, Nguyn nh thot nn. Sau khi ln ngi nh n xa, Gia Long Nguyn nh cho c tng ng v lnh cho vin quan a phng lp in th nng nh cho khang trang hn, km theo sc phong l "Linh Sn Thnh Mu". Do vy, ni Mt hay ni B en cng c gi l ni in B t . Theo Hunh Minh, trong Ty Ninh xa v nay (tc gi t xut bn, Si Gn, 1972) th cho rng tng ng ca vua Gia Long c c th ti in B trn ni, nhng nm 1945 - 1954 tng b tht lc nhng sau tm li c v a tr ln th in B nh c, tuy nhin t nm 1962, tng ny c rc xung cha Phc Lm chn ni th phng cho n ngy nay. Tng bng ng t th ngi, cao 42cm, ngang 24cm, nng khong 10kg. Cc tng B th trn ni c c v sau bng cht liu xi mng. Cn sc phong ca Gia Long n nay khng cn, ch cn sc phong ca Bo i vi danh hiu l "Linh Sn Thnh Mu tn thn".
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D theo truyn thuyt no th ngy va B vn l ngy mng 5 thng 5 m lch hng nm, ko thm mt ngy ph na l ngy hm sau mng 6 thng 5 m lch. Trnh t l hi va Linh Sn Thnh Mu din ra nh sau: Vo lc 0 gi m mng 4 rng mng 5 m lch, l Tm B c t chc trang nghim ti in th chnh nm cnh Cha ng trn lng chng ni. Lc ny ca in c ng kn, khng c khch bn ngoi tham d. Su ngi ph n, trong c ba ngi ca nh cha v ba ngi ca a phng c n ph gip. iu hnh l Tm B l mt ph n cao tui nht trong nhm. Sau khi lm l thp nhang khn vi xin php B, h bt u ci o khoc trn tng B, ri dng nhng chic khn mi tinh lau qua tng bng nc thng sau lau bng nc da nu vi cc loi l v hoa thm c pha vi nc hoa. Mt s ngi sng tn trc gi nhng chic khn mi phc v cho vic tm B, sau xin li lm lc. Mt s ngi khc th tin rng nc tm B rt qu, c th ung tr bnh hay thoa vo cc ch b au trn c th iu tr! Tm tng B xong, ngi ta mc o mi (do b tnh dng cng) cho B, ri ln lt ly B, coi nh xong nhim v. Mi cng vic trn u c thc hin trong mt ci mng che kn. Sau , nhang n trong in c thp sng ln v ca in c m rng n khch vo l bi. L vt cng B gm c: tri cy, hoa, tr, nhang, n, ru ngt, bnh, vng m... Rng sng ngy mng 5 thng 5 m lch, ting tng kinh Cha ng vang ln m u cho ngy l chnh. n khong 6 gi sng, cc s t Cha ng v cc cha ln cn trong b o vng ln lt ko n in B lm l "Trnh thp cng", vi mi mn gm: hng, ng, hoa, tr, qu, ru, bnh t chay, cp dy chuyn, xuyn, bng tai (ba mn sau l m c tnh cch tng trng). Nhng ngi dng hng u mc o thng xanh, tht ai en, i m t, mang hi, bc i trong ting l nhc dn tc Nam B ha cng ting ching, ting trng vang rn. Sau l dng hng l cc s tng kinh. Ti n c chng trnh ht bng ri, ma mm vng mm bc, ma chi, ht chp a Nng cng nhc dn tc gm: n nh, trng, phch... (nh cc l cng miu theo truyn thng Nam B) do b tnh dng cng. Ngy mng 6 thng 5 m lch, l hi va B tip tc tin hnh mt s nghi l khc, nh: cc s c kinh Bi sm (sm hi) ni bn Pht, l Cng Ng, l Th thc c hn, pht go mui cho ngi ngho. Theo li k li, trc y, l hi va B cn c chng trnh ht bi din ra vo ngy mng 7 v mng 8 thng 5 m lch, nay b.
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Tuy nhin, hng nm, dp ni B en n khch n tham quan, chim bi ng nht l cc thng ging, hai v ba m lch, gi l L Hi Xun ni B. c bit l t gia nm 1998, h thng cp treo bt u a vo hot ng, to iu kin ln xung tham quan in B d dng lm cho khch n tham quan, chim bi in B tng vt bt ng. Trong cc l hi Xun ni B, hng chc vn ngi t cc a phng Nam B tu v ni B en, trc l thp hng cu nguyn iu tt lnh s n trong mt nm mi v sau l vn cnh ni rng. Cc ngi cha v in B trong sut thi gian ny khng lc no vng khch. Ting chung, m vang ln thnh tht ha cng nhng li nguyn cu to nn nhng m thanh huyn diu nh nh thc ni rng tri dy di nh nng xun quyn y khi hng. Ring khu vc in B, ngoi vic thp nhang chim bi, ng gp tin bc cng c trng tu in, cha, khch thp phng cn c tc xin lc b. l nhng gi giy hng iu, bn trong c th l go v cng c th l tin l. Ngi ta tin rng vi cc gi lc ny, trong nm mi s c tin bc d d, thc go y lu! in B Ty Ninh l mt c s tn ngng dn gian c Pht gio ha, cho nn l hi cng pha tp mu sc tn gio v tn ngng dn gian. y c th xem l mt c trng chung ca cc c s tn ngng dn gian ln, c khch n chim bi ng o nht nh Nam B./. H.T
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L cng Yang ca ngi Chro

Phan nh Dng
Tc ngi Chro l mt trong nhng c dn c mt rt sm trn

vng t ng Nai. Theo cc ngun s liu, trc khi lu dn Vit, Hoa n ng Nai khai khn, th ngi Chro c tr v sinh sng trn vng t ny. Hin nay ng Nai, ngi Chro sng tp trung ch yu cc khu lng huyn nh Qun, Vnh Cu, Xun Lc, Long Thnh. y l nhng khu lng m nh nc quy tp theo chnh sch nh canh, nh c gip cho ng bo thiu s c cuc sng n nh. L Lch cng l mt khu lng tng t nh vy v c thnh lp t nhng nm u ca thp nin 80. Cng cn ni thm. L Lch trc y l mt x, nay tr thnh n v p thuc x Ph L, huyn Vnh Cu, tnh ng Nai. Ni y c tt c 64 h ngi Chro sinh sng vi s khu gn 400 ngi. Theo gi lng Nm Ni k, th t tin ngi Chro L Lch trc y Bho, bn dng sng Dahnhng. a danh ny ngy nay cch L Lch khong 10 cy s ng chim bay v l tn ca mt phn trng thuc lm trng Vnh An. Vi li sng du canh du c, tri qua bn nm i, ngi Chro n vng L Lch v hin ti sng n nh theo chnh sch ca Nh nc ti y cho n by gi. Cng nh bao dn tc t ngi khc trn a bn ng Nai, ngi Chro L Lch c kho tng vn ho dn gian rt phong ph. T nhng cu chuyn k, truyn thuyt n phong tc, tp qun, tn ngng, l hi... ca cng ng ngi Chro ti y gp phn lm a dng sc thi vn ho ca ng Nai. Sng trong khu lng L Lch, ngi Chro gn nh sng xen k vi ngi Vit. V vy, mt mt no , cc phong tc tp qun, trang phc ca cng ng h dn b gin lc v gn nh b m nht, Vit ho qua nhng mi quan h thng nht sut gn hai thp k qua. Trong nm, iu duy nht cn gi c nguyn bn l l hi ngi Chro t chc l cng Yang la. y l mt l hi quan trng ca ngi Chro, h n ch, n l cng ny tng ng nh ngi Vit n Tt m lch. - Bng dng l hi qua nhng cu chuyn k:
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Trong kho tng l hi nhng chuyn tch m ngi Chro L Lch cn truyn ming cho n ngy nay nh: S tch Miu ng Chn, Thng m ci, Con chim cho bo... cp v nhng l hi ca ngi Chro cc thi k lch s qua. C nhiu nguyn nhn, s tch dn n l hi, chng din ra ni dn d hoc vng quyn, song tu chung, l hi mi khi c t chc l c cng ng tham gia trong khng kh vui mng ca ht, thi th ti nng vi nhau. Kt thc l hi bao gi cng l mt kt thc c hu: Ngi ti gii c chn, k gian c b loi tr, phn nh rch ri gia thin tm v c t. cng l mt trong nhng trit l sng, phn nh nhng nguyn vng m c ca con ngi hng thin v mt cuc sng bng an, cng bnh m nhiu dn tc th hin qua nhiu cu chuyn k dn gian chng ta thng gp. c bit, trong cu chuyn k v s tch Miu ng Chn, ngi Chro L Lch nhn mnh n hnh thc ca l hi. a danh trong cu chuyn k lin quan n mt vng ni m tn gi vn cn tn ti cho n ngy nay. l vng ni Miu ng hin cn lu li nhng ph tch kin trc gch c (c nh on l kin trc khu thp, n) nm lng chng ti dy ni pha ty bc x Ph L. L hi c nhc n trong cu chuyn v mt cuc thi ti ca su chng r con mt gi lng ngi Chro. Trong , tuyn nhn vt chnh l chng r Chn- mt con vt c nhn cch ho sng ng, hp dn i din cho s ti gii, ngay tht ln lt chin thng trong cc cuc thi sn bn, xy miu din ra ho hng n hi phn nh k thng, ngi thua. Tng t, cu chuyn k v Thng M Ci lm php ho la t nhng tri b theo li tin dn phn minh trc t trng ri c trng thng, minh oan. L hi li c t chc khi la ngp trn cc kho, dn chng h h n mng. Phi chng hnh thc l hi v cc vt cng trong l hi m cc cu chuyn cp, ngi Chro cn lu gi cho n ngy nay trong cc dp l cng Yang? Mc d cu chuyn k khng h nh danh v l hi no, song d a chng ta lin tng n l cng Yang rng, Yang nh, Yang la qua cc sn vt cng c ngun gc t rng, nh, la m ra. - L hi cng Yang la ca ngi Chro L Lch: Ngi Chro L Lch quan nim mi vt u c linh hn, k c cc hin tng thin nhin nh ma, gi, sm chp. l t duy tn ngng nguyn thu: vn vt hu linh m hu nh dn tc no cng c.
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Ngi Chro L Lch gi Thn linh l Yang. H quan nim c rt nhiu Yang, chng hn: Yang nh, Yang rng, Yang la, Yang sm, Yang ma... V vy, theo suy ngh ca h, cng Yang trong nm khi gp nn, theo nh k, m u pht nng ry hoc thu hoch xong... l mt cch ng x vi thn linh. H ku cu gip hay cm t s bao che, nng ca cc loi Yang. Trong cc loi Yang, ngi Chro L Lch xem trng nht Yang nh, Yang la, Yang rng- nhng loi Yang c s tc ng, nh hng nhiu n i sng ca h. Yang nh theo quan nim ca ngi Chro L Lch l Yang nui mng sng dng h, thn tc, gia nh. Yang nh l ch th. Bt k khi t chc l cng no cng phi trnh qua Yang nh trc. Nu khng, l hnh ng b xem l ngo mn s b thn linh qu pht, thm ch gy nn bnh m cht. V vy, trong cc l cng Yang la, Yang rng bao hm c vic cng Yang nh. Yang nh c th cng bt k thi gian no, cn Yang rng th bt u cng khi pht ry vo ma, Yang la cng theo nh k hng nm v tr thnh thng l. y, chng ti s cp su n l cng Yang la ca ngi Chro ti L Lch. L cng Yang la l l ln nht trong nm ca ngi Chro ti L Lch. Ngi ta khng n nh ngy r rng, nhng thng cng vo khong t thng hai n thng ba m lch vo nhng ngy tt tri, trng sng. Trc y, tnh cng ng cn cht ch, ngi Chro t chc l cng rt ln, ko di trong ba ngy ba m. Tt c mi ngi trong bun lng u tham d. H n mc p, nhy ma ca ht nhng bi ca ca dn tc mnh trong ting cng ching tu ln gic gi ca bu khng kh l hi. Ngy nay, do nhiu nguyn nhn m ch yu l kinh t m ngi Chro L Lch t chc l cng Yang la n gin, khng ko di thi gian nh trc y. Mt s ch din ra khng qu mt ngy mt m- c th xem nh ngi Vit t chc m gi. Trong hai t in d ti L Lch, chng ti c tham d vo hai t cng Yang la ti nh ca gi lng Nm Ni. So vi trong cng ng Chro ti vng ny, y l mt gia nh hng nm u c t chc l cng Yang la. L cng Yang la gm: - Tht g luc (nguyn mt con) - Tht heo (nguyn mt u heo sng) - Mt s tri cy - Bnh tt, bnh np du trn m - Cm lam
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- Ru cn - Nhng bng la (ht nhiu) Phn bnh c lm nhiu hay t tu theo gia ch. Nhng bnh ny c lm ring trong ngy l cng Yang la, ngy thng ngi Chro khng lm. Ru cn c lm trc t nhiu ngy, bng phng thc: lm men ru, ly l cy x en lt thng, ly cm t vo thng v trn ph mt lp l cy x en. iu quan trng l go lm ru phi ly t ry ca mnh, ch khng c mn ca ngi khc. vi ngy, go ln men, em phi nng ri gi, v cho vo ch khuy tht k, tht u. Hi l du rng ri nht li v chn t cho tht k ch n ngy cng. Ngoi cc l vt cng (trong bao hm cng Yang nh, Yang ry, ng b t tin), trong l cng Yang la, ngi Chro lm mt cy Nhang bng tre di c chng 1m n 1m5. Pha ngn ti bng ra, an hnh ci r ln tng trng cho bng la ln. u cy c bn tia ra un rt p. Hai tia tng trng cho chim cho bo (con chim mnh m v p hng dng, oai v), hai tia cn li tng trng cho lng g- c ngha l c cng Yang la hng nm. Cch sp t bn th cng: Bn th c lm bng loi cy rng v tre. Chia lm ba phn v gn vo vch trn gian nh chnh. Phn trn cng c cy sp ong t khi khn vi, tng trng cho s p t, ph h ca thn linh. Khi gi Yang, ngi Chro tin tng la cy sp ong c t s bp bng ln xung nh nhy ma l lc Yang nghe li cu ca gia ch. C chn v cy chm hum c hun xng hng v mt t l vt bng tht con vt cng mang ngha tng trng . Phn gia bn th cng tng t nh phn trn cng. Phn di bn th c l vt gm hoa qu, tht g luc v u heo sng, bnh tt, bnh dy. Trc bn th khong 2 mt, t ch ru cn, c hai si dy ch buc t hai vi cn ko ln cao trn trn nh ni c cy nhang ln v mt t bng la tht ca t cng trc cn li. Trn hai si dy c buc nhng ming bng gn mng tng trng cho nc thang i ln i xung vi quan nim Yang la xung cng hng ru cn. Ngi gi Yang- c li khn trong bui cng. l ngi ch gia nh, ngi c tn trng trong dng h, thn tc. Trong gia nh ngi Chro ti L Lch, ngi gi cy Nhang u th gi cho n cui i, khi cht th truyn li cho con. Nu con ci cn t chc cng th vn
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gi cy Nhang u ca t cng trc. Bng khng, hoc khng bit c li khn th phi t cy nhang theo ngi khut, khng nn gi, nu khng s b Yang qu pht. L cng Yang la thng bt u vo lc 11 gi. Trc tin phi trnh l cng qua Yang nh. Ch nh ngi trc ch ru cn c li khn, c mt ngi ph ng pha sau. Li khn mang ni dung (chng ti c ging gii qua ting Vit) nh sau: Vi thn linh, ng b t tin, vi Yang nh, Yang rng... ( cc loi Yang). Yang la, bng d ti thn linh u bit. Hm nay ti cng l, xin tt c thn linh chng gim v v y cng hp (d) trong l cng ny. Xin gip ti ma gi thun ho, gip t gc ti ngn, la trng khng b ph h, thu v ct y kho nui sng gia nh. Nm nay ti cng nh th ny, ma sau gt hi nhiu hn ti nguyn khng qun m t cng nhiu hn. Hi cc Yang hy nghe li khn ca ti. Bng d ti khng gian di, giu dim, kht li. Nu ti lm sai xin qu pht ti. c xong li khn, gia ch ng ln, hng v bn th i ti, va tip tc gi Yang lm rm va a tay nng cc l vt nh mi thn linh. Khi cng xong phn trn nh, gia ch v ngi gip ph bng mm l vt ra kho la. Trn mm l vt c thm cy Nhang, u ngn hnh bng la c bi huyt con vt cng (g hoc heo). Kho la ca ngi Chro thng c dng khc hng vi ngi nh chnh. Kho la, theo quan nim ca ngi Chro l ln v c Yang la, nn phi lm theo hng ng Ty, bng mt tri khng th i ngang qua v nu i ngang qua nh vy l xc phm, b Yang la qu pht, khng ph h, gip . Mm l vt c by hn trn la, gia ch cng qu trn la, mt hng v l vt, cy nhang c t da vch nh kho, lm rm c li khn. Ni dung li khn khng khc my vi li khn khi c trong nh, nhng ch trng n v Yang la nhiu hn cc Yang khc. Khi cng xong nh kho, khong thi gian ko di 20 pht, gia ch mi khch ln nh chnh. L vt, thc n lm cho ngy cng Yang c mi khch n d. Ring ru cn, ngi n ln tui nht trong gia nh ung trc v mi khch. Theo quan nim ngi Chro L Lch, ngi ph n phi chu nhiu kh cc, t vic nng ry n ni tr, nn c u tin quyn ung ru cn, mi khch. Ln lt khch mi u c ung, v khch ung vi mt lng ru l hai c (tng ng hai chn ru) nh vy l thc lng v lm tho lng gia ch. Trong khi
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cng chung vui ung ru cn, mi ngi u vui ti, ca ht nhng bi ht ca dn tc mnh theo ting n tre, ting cng ching c nh ln. m xung, ti khong sn rng trc nh, ngi Chro t la, cng nhau nhy ma, nh cng ching, vui ht theo vng trn ly bp la lm tm. Bn cnh , gia ch cng chun b mt ch ru cn mi khch. Nhng nhc c nh n tre, cng ching, khn mi u c nhng ngi ln tui s dng thnh tho trong ngy l cng. H vui chi, sinh hot cho n khi bp la tn, thng l na m, mi kt thc trn vn ngy l hi cng Yang la. Vi nhn xt: Ngi Chro L Lch l mt b phn trong cng ng chung ca c dn tc Chro ng Nai. V vy, nhng sc thi vn ho ca b phn ngi Chro ti y gp phn lm a dng thm cho vn ho ng Nai- mt nn vn ho nhiu sc thi. Trong cuc sng ca nhng thp k qua v hin ti, do sng gn gi an xen vi ngi Vit, mt mt no em li nhng thun li theo chiu hng pht trin tt ca ngi Chro L Lch, ng thi bn cnh , cng c s pht trin ngc li vi h. l s m nht, thm ch theo chiu hng xo i nhng phong tc, tp qun mang nt ring ca ngi Chro. Trang phc, cch sng khng ch ca ngi ln m nht l lp tr s dn n ch gn nh mt gc hn. y l mt trong nhng nguy c lm cn dn kho tng vn ho dn gian, bn sc ca ngi Chro ti y. L cng Yang la l l hi duy nht trong nm, ngi Chro cn bo lu c. Tic thay, cn rt t gia nh c iu kin t chc, bo tn c nt p vn ho ny. y l mt l hi quan trng v chc hn c t xa xa cn truyn lu n ngy nay. Phi chng l l hi ca c dn nng nghip a hnh bn sn a, lm nng ry ph thuc hon ton vo thin nhin. l hi c t chc n mng ma thu hoch qua v chun b cho v ma ti th hin cch ng x ca ngi Chro vi cc thn linh m theo quan nim ca h c tc ng su xa n ton th cuc sng ca cng ng./. P..D
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L hi x Xun Hi
L Trung V
Xun Hi (tn c l Hi Thng), huyn Nghi Xun, H Tnh, vn l lng bin, cn gi l lng thy c, lng ni hay vn chi... Xa, nh dng trn nc. T nm 1958, ng dn ln t lin , va lm thm rung, va nh c. X chia lm nhiu xm, nhng ch c xm Hi Thy l gn b nc hn c. V vy xm ny thng c nhiu l tit hng v cu thy thn v c l cu ng (cu c nhiu c) vo ma xun. Ngi Hi Thy rt am hiu cc cch kim c bng cc loi li, s dng ty theo su nng ca nc, ty theo ma c r, ng c bi, ty theo thi tit tng thng trong nm. Cc c ni "ngh nh c cc nhc, gian nguy, sng cht khn lng, sng m cht , nm tc l ngi, nm tc l ma". V thuyn khi hnh ngh ra khi th li mn thuyn mp m mt nc khong 20-30cm (5 tc ta) d m, gy nn cht ngi. Hng nm, dn chi lo cu cng chu o, mong cho trai inh ca lng khe mnh (v y l lc lng ra khi nh bt c). H cu yn, mong cho thi tit thun ha bin m sng lng v cui cng l "cu ng", mong thu c nhiu hi sn ca bin khi. Trong dp Tt nguyn n, ngay t hng ng ngy mng mt, c nh cho thuyn ra lch nh m c cu may. Cn thng thng, cc gia nh vn chi u chn cc ngy chn: mng 4, mng 6 hay mng 8 Tt mi "xut hnh" cho thuyn i "m hng u nm", sut nm lm n thnh t, m li no cng nng tay. Cn l cu ng thng t chc vo lc ng nhn, khong thng hai m lch. Cc ch h hp bn, c ra "Ban cc li" , i thu tin tng nh, np cho th qu. L ph cng ty nm m nh ra nhiu hay t. Song mi h cng khng nn qu 10 quan (tng ng na t thc). Nh ngho hay trung lu u ng gp nh nhau. Nn khng sn tin th ngi ta nh mt ngy i nh c chung, sau khi chi cho cc thy th hm , ton b s cn li cho l cu ng. Nh vy l ph c khi li d dt. C hai hnh thc c hnh l cu ng: l trn cn v l trn nc. L cu ng trn cn. Trng vn (nh Trng xm) c dn chi giao cho trch nhim lo vic chung. Chn c ngy tt, ng bo cho b con bit. Vic u tin l dn "n" - nm t gia lng, cn gi l "cn Tin hin", th cc bc tin hin. Mi li - h - lo mt mm on thi. Nhng mm p nht (on mn, trng) mi c bng ra dng cng Tin hin ri i ra rp. Rp dng bng khung tre, ba bn che bung, cao khong 3m, rng 6m. Mt m hng ra nc bin ng ( lch Ca Hi), mi trng sng ca ng dn. Trong rp, k mt bn th rng bn trn by nhiu l phm gm: ln luc c con, cng mm
xi g, chai ru, ngoi ra l la lit cc mm on p cng cn Tin hin. Trong rp, t sm nhang nghi ngt ta hng ngo ngt, nh n chiu sng rng r ba bc tranh Pht trn vch. Cng lc y n (in) C (cn gi l in dc, xa bin hn in Cu, xy bi ct gn xm bin Ca Hi) th c Voi ci (tc gi l sau) 1 cng c hnh l vi vt phm xi, g, vng hng cng li trnh xin php v bo cho C bit l cu ng hm nay. Chiu hoa tri rng trc bn th. Mt thy cng chnh (v hai, ba thy ph phc dch) nghim chnh ngi gia chiu cng chic trng con. Hai ngi khc ngi pha sau thy nh ching, kng, v g m. Trng ci to treo trc ca rp, li c "ng ng tht" tc l mt ngi tht, (bng xng, bng tht) y phc xanh ng ng, bn thy cng. Sau l cng, ch thy cng - nhp thn - ng ng tht, s c li phn bo dn chi, l li ca thn. Trng vn cng tc trc ti . Mm cng hng v phng ng, cc c lo, trng tc dn dn thy . Ngi ln tr em xm bi qun o lnh ln ko ti mi lc mt ng. Trng m ni ln no nc, m vang mt vng tri nc. Thy cng thp cy hng, vi ba vi, ri gi hng vo tai, ngi trc mm cng cu khn: "Hng dng cng ging, thy gii H B linh quang Ngh An tnh, Nghi Xun huyn, Hi Thng x, Hi Thy thn, cc tn ch (thuyn ch) thnh tm dng hng cng hin. Nguyn h thuyn cu ng, phc lc (ti lc) dng vo thuyn. Trm ngh, l mi m u lo khng chu o, lo by t khng c nghim trang, li khng c sch s. Nay xin nc ca Pht T Nh Lai ry vo lm sch u. Li ni nghim trang, xin c: Chn ngc nc trong nh bng nguyt, git nc cnh dng qu nh ngc chu. Nay em mt git ri ln n (thy dng ngn tay vo chn nc mm cng ry ln vt phm, tng trng). Mi s d bn u ha thnh trong sch... ... Mt lng thnh mi c Pht Nh Lai, ngi m ca nhn t, che ch cho mi nh. Nh Ngi ra n cu tai nn cho sinh nhn. Knh mi (thy vi) v ng nam st hi trng coi vng bin ng - nam) ... Nam Hi c ng c ln, nh tn nng, lch triu sc phong ch m t, Trung ng, ti linh tn nng... ... Chn c li chi, cu ko cng c li mun i. H thn th mnh khe, ti li tng thm, bn ma thnh vng, tm tit thu hoch di do... ... Li xin thnh tm mi nm phng H B. Cc v thnh y , cng vi gi l, mi vic xin dng cng: hng hoa cng, ng tr cng, qu thc cng. Gi l ca lm duyn, khng bao nhiu theo php Pht. Mi ngi sng knh dng. Mi vic nh cng c c Pht. (Thy tung tin xin m dng) Ngi nhn lnh... Ching trng vn gi nhp, lc mau lc khoan, ha li thy
C Voi c gi l Ta, th n (in) Cu cn gi l in Ngang, in Ngoi v gn bin hn.
ngm ngi thnh knh, to khng kh linh thing v hp dn cho bui l. Dn chng vui v theo di v ho hc i ch ng ng ng. m nhc bng nhn nhp hn ln. ng ng tay cm nn hng chy , khoa i khoa li trc mt ri o u, o thn theo nhp nhc. t pht sau, ng phn "G ng thuyn" ng mc". Phi khua kim ch ng sc cng my ng tin cc loi ng p vo thuyn "trn c". l li thn mn mm ng ng phn nh vy. Lm ng li thn s gii c ci en, vn ri cho dn vn chi. Qu tra sang chiu, l tt. Cc thn chp nhn lng thnh ca ng dn, bo h dn chi v ban li "mi iu cu mong s c nh ". Cc trng inh c phn vic sn, chuyn ton b l vt t bn th xung. u, c, tim, gan con vt hin sinh dnh cho ba v cu cng trc tip (thy cng, ng ng, Trng vn). Cn li em chia u cho u thuyn nh c. Cc ch h ln lt ra nhn lc thnh vui v ra v. L cu ng trn nc. Khi cn sng trn lng ni, dn vn chi lm l cu ng trn nc, tc trn cc thuyn. Ba, bn nc (thuyn nh c) buc li vi nhau, tri vn ln, t bn th. Cc b t l vt v hng n u lm bng na. Bt nhang l khc thn chui. L ph tn khong 10 con ln. Thy cng i mo (m t), o thng, cu cng tng t nh l trn cn. Nhng sau khi chia phn v hng l vt, th mi h li lm l cng ring ti thuyn ca mnh. Trn mm, vt dng cng tht chu o v c phn phc tp hn: xi, g, on, cho, bng rang, bt go, bt mui, vng (giy) vn. Mm l t gia thuyn. Gia ch t cu. Mi nh t lm nh th thy yn tm v c lng tin su sc rng sau l cu ng, c tm s y thuyn mi chuyn ra khi. Hi cho bi. Sau l cu ng l hi cho bi. y l hi ua thuyn, mt loi hi nc, mt cuc vui cng ng ln ca dn vn chi mi ma xun ti. Trong li knh bo thy thn, hi cng c dng cu yn, cu ng. Song ngha su sc thit thc hn l trai lng luyn tay cho, vng li trong ngh sng bin, ra khi vo lng trong ngy tri p cng nh khi bin ng u c th a con thuyn tr v bn bi bnh yn. Lng chia lm bn bang (tng dng phe, gip), mi bang chn tuyn mt thuyn d thi. Thuyn thi l thuyn nh c nh, tt, cha khong 16 ti 20 ngi. Thuyn phi c kch c bng nhau. Thuyn nh th ngi ngi bi bng dm. Thuyn ln ngi ng bi bng mi cho, mi thuyn c hai li ui thuyn: mt li iu khin ng bi, mt cho vt, cho c, iu chnh cho thuyn thng bng trong lc ua. Mt ngi bt nhp mi thuyn bng tay v hoc bng m, nn gi l "ng ma m", iu khin cho trai bi b dm u n, to mt sc y tng lc cho thuyn lt nhanh nht trn mt nc.
ng bi dc b bin, di khong 1km gii hn bng hai ct tiu. Thuyn ua ln hai, ba vng, c di 2-3 km. Trai bi tuyn chn xong, c luyn tp ba ngy. Ngy u l "nhp", tp cho u tay, quen sc. Hai ngy sau: cho th, quen ng bi, rn tinh thn ng i. Nhng ngy luyt tp ny, phe, gip chi tin cho cc "trng s" n ung y , m bo sc do dai trong cuc ti, ly may mn cho phe, gip mnh. Mi thuyn cm mt c mi thuyn, khc mu nhau. Qun cho bi, ci trn, ng kh hoc mc qun i. Khi cc trai xung thuyn ri th li c ln rp lm l dng hng, co thnh. Mt hi trng di m vang, bo sa son. Ri mt trng pho t, c lnh pht. Cc thuyn lp tc lao vun vt v pha trc nh nhng con rn bin khng l vn di trn mt nc, trng tht k th. Ching trng khua vang. Dn chng h reo c v m vang mt nc, bin tri nh tip sc cho on qun xung trn. Cn thuyn v nht, hai li ln rp trnh thnh trc, ri cc c lo trao gii. Ton th thy th thuyn nht c thng mi ngi mt chn ru xun gia ting pho n cho mng. Hi cho bi kt thc l cu ng trong nim hn hoan ca dn vn chi, trong nim hy vng chn thnh chung ca xm chi, m u cho nm lm n mi, cho ma nh c mi. Ai cng hy vng c nm dn lng s trnh c bin ng, con ngi khe mnh, tm c ma no thc y, y thuyn mi chuyn ra khi tr v./. L.T.V
Hi lng H
Tn Tht Bnh
D ai i ngc v xui Nh ngy thng by v chi lng H Xem ngi khing kiu rc hoa "H khoan, cho cn" trong ba m ngy. (Ca dao lng H) Lng H (hin nay l x Bo Ninh) l mt vng t st bin Qung Bnh, ngy trc gm cc lng nh tp hp li: Nguyn Ct, Ca Ph, H Thn, H Dng, Trung Bnh, Sa ng, ng Dng v M Cnh... Th ca lng ging hnh li mc, chy di n 8 cy s ra n ca sng Nht L. Sng Nht L v pha ty ca x, pha ng l bin. Ngh nghip ch yu ca dn c trong x l ngh nh c, lm mui, ng thuyn. Dn c y khng nhiu, nhng rt ham thch cc sinh hot vn ngh. H khoan, cho cn l hnh thc din xng, ma ht dn gian c t chc ti lng H trong hi cu ma chay (cn gi l hi xung bin) vo thng t v thng by, tng nh cng n ca c voi gip cho dn lng lm n thnh vng. Theo truyn thuyt th lng H c hai cha con lm ngh nh c nm m thy mnh nh c mt con c rt to, m bng ra th thy y p tin vng. H phn vn theo gic m . Khi i nh c vo thng t m lch, h gp c c ng "ly" 1 . H a vo b lm l chn ct rt long trng vi s gip ca ton dn lng. Nm y, bin lng sng m, dn lng i nh c c rt nhiu. Hai cha con nh c tip tc hnh ngh, nhng mt ngy kia khng thy h tr v. ghi nh cng n ca hai cha con, dn lng lp miu th v n hng nm, c n trung tun thng t m lch, nhng ngi dn lng H li m hi gi l "hi cu ma" mong cho cng vic lm n ca mnh trong nm y gp nhiu may mn, pht t. Theo tp tc, hi gm ba ngy: 14, 15 v 16 thng t, sng ngy 14 thng t, mi ngi tp trung lng rc "ct ng" 2. Bn ngi khing kiu l trai cha v, nhng ngi ny mnh trn, ng kh v u cht khn la . Mi hai ngi i sau cm c, lng, tn hoa, gm gio h tng (cng l nhng thanh nin cha v). Nhng ngi ny ng kh xanh. i theo on ny l ton dn lng. Khi khing kiu n b bin h h kiu xung v lm l rc "ng" vo nh gi l l rc "ct ng". Mc ch l "ng" cng tham d l "hi cu ma" ca c dn vng bin.
1 2
"Ly" l cht (t ng dnh ring cho c ng / voi). "Ct ng" tc l xng c voi c ct gi ti miu th c ng ven bin. Sau ba nm ra ra, dn bin lm l ra ct th.
Ti ngy 14 dn lng t chc h khoan cho cn v ma bng. Sng ngy 15 h m b, ln t l. n ti li tip tc trnh din h khoan, cho cn ma bng. Ngy 16 lm l "xung bin". Dn lng lm mt chic thuyn bng giy khung tre. Trn thuyn c t con c bng giy, mang ra bin th. Khi mt tri ln th th chic thuyn xung. Ngi ta tin rng: nu chic thuyn vt qua c cc lp sng m vn nguyn vn th nm s c ma c. Bng khng, nu b sng cun th nm gp nhiu kh khn v mt ma c. Cuc vui h khoan, cho cn v ma bng li c tip tc vo ti 16 kt thc ngy "hi cu ma"./. T.T.B
L hi lng An Bng
Tn Tht Bnh
L hi Cu Ng lng An Bng, x Vinh An, huyn Ph Vang l hnh thc l

hi theo tc l, 3 nm t chc mt ln vo thng 5 m lch gm hai ngy mt m ti bi ct lng ng Ng v nh lng. Nhng nghi l c t chc trng th ti b bin trc lng ng Ng. i tng c th trong l hi ny l ng Ng, tng tch ca ng cha c r rng, xc minh. Theo li truyn tng ca dn trong lng, cch y khong 500 nm, ng Ng t Bc vo tr ng An Bng lp lng, sng to ra cc ngh nh bt c bin. tng nh n cng n ng, v cu an, cu ti, cu lc cho dn lng, c ba nm mt ln, lng li t chc l hi vo thi im thng 5 m lch. Trc khi vo l hi, lng phi cng o bi bin trc 3 ngy, lp hng n v nh th. y l mt nghi thc khng th thiu c trc khi chnh thc t chc l hi cu Ng. Ti lng ng gm c hng n th ng Ng v mt s tiu snh ng xng c voi, dn lng vt c khi c ng cht tp vo b bin t trc cho n nay. Nh vy dn lng xem ng Ng ln c ng Voi l nhng phc thn gip cho dn tai qua nn khi, nn t chc nghi l rt trang trng. y l l hi theo phong tc ca lng, bt ngun t xa, nay dn lng vn bo trng. Cc nghi thc tin trnh l hi c phn nh nh sau: Cng ti bi bin trc ba ngy so vi ngy t chc l hi xin thn t chc. L hi chnh thc c c hnh trong hai ngy. Ngy th nht lc 18 gi l thnh v l tc yt ti nh v lng ng Ng. T 19 gi n 21 gi, t chc vn ngh dn gian trn bi bin. Sau phn vn ngh, cc v b lo ca lng phi tc trc ti nh chun b l chnh t ngy hm sau. Ngy th hai l ngy Chnh t. ng 03 gi ngy ny, l chnh t - cu an tng nim ti nh lng bt u c hnh. Ph trch nghi l l cc b lo trong lng. Cc phn nghi thc u c gi nguyn t trc n nay. Phn nghi l kt thc, phn hi bt u t 7 gi sng cho n 17 gi. Tt c c 3 hip ua thuyn. Chnh cuc ua thuyn ny l phn ch yu to khng kh si ni ca ngy l hi. Cuc ua c din ra trn b bin nn c nhng kh khn m cuc ua tri trn sng khng gp.
ua thuyn c chia theo tng vng ca lng. Mi ln ua thng c 6 ghe bin. ua y dng cho. Mi ua t 4 n 5 cy s. Vn ng vin ua thuyn l cc thanh nin c sc kho. Kt thc cuc ua, Ban t chc lm l tng kt, trao gii thng cho cc ghe ua thng gii. Sau l bui cm thn mt, kt thc ngy l hi cu ng. y l l hi truyn thng ca lng c t chc theo tp tc. Dn lng An Bng tin rng, nu khng t chc l hi ua thuyn th sut nhng nm sau , dn lng s khng thu hoch c di do sn vt bin c, nn d bt c p lc no h vn tm cch t chc cuc ua thuyn. Trong thi gian chng Php, t chc ua ban ngy khng c, dn lng phi t chc ua m. y thc l mt cuc ua k l m ch c dn vng sng bin nng phn tn ngng mi t chc c. Mun ua c cc cy ua phi cho thuyn theo nh sng ca cy l m ban t chc treo vo nhng a im cn thit. Ngy nay, cuc ua c t chc li vo ban ngy. L hi Cu Ng l mt l hi trng yu ca dn vng bin. N khng nhng p ng c tinh thn trng o ngha ca nhn dn: Nh n ngi truyn dy cho mnh ngh lm n bin c, m cn phn nh c nhng cu mong, nguyn vng ca dn y. T.T.B
L hi m tang c ng Voi lng Ph Tn

Tn Tht Bnh
C dn lng Ph Tn, huyn Ph Vang, tnh Tha Thin c mt l hi th C

voi t khi gp c ng cht n ht tang 1. C ng Voi cht, dn chi gi l ng ly hoc b ly, ty theo c c hay c ci. Gi ni ln ch a c vo t lin. Bt gp c ng Voi cht, ngi thy xc c ng u tin c nhim v ko c vo b bin t chc l tng tng. By gi h tr thnh ngi con trai trng ca c ng. Nu c ng nh cht, dn chi gi l thai sy v gi l Ngi t lng tn knh. Ngi ta c gng a xc c vo trong thuyn cho vo b. n b, thuyn vn gi nguyn xc c ng gia thuyn, dn chi ly giy tin 2, giy trng bc ton thn c ng, nm hai ci cht mi bn thn c gi t th cn bng. Pha trn u c, ngi ta thp nhiu cy n sp v hng nhang. Nhng dn chi khc lo dng mt ngi nh chi bn cnh nh con trai trng ca Ngi thnh c ng Voi n t . Ngi ta khng c ng nm trong thuyn hoc trong nh bt c mt ng dn no ngoi tr nh ca ngi trng thy xc c ng u tin v ko ng vo b. Ng dn tin rng, c ng nh cha m cn c vinh d c c hnh l tang trong nh ca ngi con trng. Chnh ngi con trng phi t chc tang l v dn u m ma, quyt nh mi vic. Cc ng dn khc ch c mt sn sng gip h v hng cc n hu s do thn linh ban pht mi mi. Trong khi cc ng ph lm nh chi thnh c ng th nhng vin chc lnh o ca hai lng chi L Bnh v Tn Thy, vit giy bo tang gi i cc lng chi ln cn thng bo ngy gi, a im, tham d l m tang c ng "ly". Cuc l chun b m tang din ra trong nh ngi con trai trng ca c ng, gn vi chi t thi th c ng c rc n mt cch knh cn. Thi th c ng c t nm trn chic chiu hoa, c bao chung quanh mt lp vi , trn lp vi y, ngi ta t mt xp giy trng. Khi hng nghi ngt chung quanh. n sp c thp sng ln mi lc mt nhiu hn. Dn lng hp bn nghi l chn ct c ng, a im chn ct v cc nghi thc khc. Cuc bn bc c th sut m v tnh cht quan trng ca bui l, nhng ai cng t ra phn khch, hn hoan v h tin rng c ng s ph h cho dn lm n pht t sau khi lo l tang chu o. Ting phng la v ting trng vang ln sut m l. V coi c ng nh cha m nn nhng nghi l ca mt ngi cht u c thc hin trong nghi l m tang c ng. i l c ng c c hnh tng giai on theo
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Vo ngy 08 thng 02 nm 1973. Loi giy c in ng tin t trong cc nghi l cng t.
Th Mai gia l ca Khng gio, nhng rt gn hn. Ngi ta trng by cc loi c i c truyn, phn ln mu xung quanh khu vc nh ng trng nam ca c ng. Lc ny ngi con trai trng c bt khn tang c ng, c ng c t vo trong mt quan ti loi tt nht. Khi lim ngi ta dng tr thay cho ct, tro hoc mt ca dng lim ngi thng. Tr ch s dng cho ngi giu c hoc cc nhn vt cao cp. Bui chiu ngy 9 thng 2 dn lng t chc cuc ua thuyn. Ni khi hnh v tr v ca cc ng ph ng vo v tr t quan ti ca c ng . Chnh ngi con trai trng ca c ng ch tr cuc ua thuyn y v pht gii thng cho nhng ngi thng cuc, gm 3 gii. Mi gii gm c mt ci phan mu , di ngn khc nhau ty gii v nhng ng tin c. Dn chng n xem cuc ua rt ng o. Nhng ngi ln tui ng cht chung quanh nh chi t c ng Voi, gn nh ngi con trai trng. Nhng ngi khc th ng trn thuyn ca h theo di cuc ua. Tt c mi ngi u nhit tnh c v cho cc tay ua. C 7 chic tri ang ua, trn mi tri ua c 14 ngi. Cuc ua din ra mt cch si ni, nhanh chng chung quanh v tr t c ng Voi, trong mt vng trn ng knh khong 500 mt. Tri ua phi cho ba vng nh vy. C tt c ba cuc ua. Cuc ua ny cch cuc ua kia khong ba mi pht. Nhng cuc ua y biu l s hn hoan ca dn chng, ng thi cng l mt biu hin ca s sng bi, mt dp by t nim vui dng ln cho c ng cu may v cu li. H tin rng c ng s ban theo nhng cu mong ca h trong sut nm sp n. Cuc ua chm dt, ngi ta quy qun n ung. Nhng ngi ln tui t hp trn nh ng trng nam c ng. Cn nhng ngi tham gia cuc ua th ngi trn thuyn ca h. Trong khi n, mi ngi trao i vi nhau nhng cm tng ca mnh i vi cuc ua cng a gin vi nhng bn b ngi trn cc thuyn xung quanh. Hai ngy tip theo, chng trnh ging nh ngy trc. Bui sng tip tc cc cuc l cng bi; bui chiu dnh cho cc cuc ua tri. Phn thng cho cuc ua cng lc cng tr nn nhiu hn. Ngi n t Qung Nam ra, c ngi t Qung Tr vo khi nghe tin c ng voi c vo b hai lng chi ny. l nhng ngi gc hai lng hoc c b con thn thch, v sinh k phi i lm n xa. Chiu ngy 11 thng 2, cc cuc ua c v si ng hn, v y l cc cuc ua cui cng. S ganh ua si ni, nhit tnh, c lc gy ra nhng cuc ci v. Dn chng nhit lit tn thng nhng tay ua gii, iu khin tri ln v nhanh nhn v ti ch u, chim nhng gii quan trng. Cc phan m tri git c trong cuc ua l nim vinh hnh ln ca lng. l du hiu nm sp n lng s thnh cng ln trong cng cuc lm n trn bin. Ngy 12 thng 2 l ngy a m c ng voi n ni an ngh cui cng. V tr la chn chn l mt hn o nh, mt ci cn trn ph Tam Giang, nhn dn gi l Cn T.
T sng tinh m, ngi ta nghe ting phng la, ting trng v ting ca thy cng tng kinh. Trc khi a c ng i, ngi ta t chc mt cuc ua tri cui cng. Cuc ua ny c tnh cch nghi l. V vy, ngoi tr nhng ngi tham gia cuc ua, khng ai ch n cuc ua my, v tt c mi ngi ang chen nhau tm cch tham d vo on a m. ni t quan ti c ng, ngi ta dn ra mt chic bng ln gm ba chic thuyn ca cc ng ph kt li vi nhau. Bn trn bng ngi ta trng ra mt ci d mu vng vi nhng ci phan m bng mt ca chng c th che c nng. Ton cnh trng tht hng trng. T chic bng y ta ra nhiu si dy to cho nhng chic thuyn pha trc ko i. Ngi ta tuyt i khng dng mt my n no, tt c u dng cho, thuyn ko i mt cch m . Khng mt ting ng tng thm s long trng ca m tang bng chnh s thong th , v cng biu l s tn knh c th c c dnh cho c ng Voi. T ch hai lng c ng trn thuyn n ni chn, khong cch khng xa, chng hai cy s. Nhng thm phn trng th v biu l cho mi ngi thy tt c nhng tnh cm ngi ta dnh ring i vi c ng voi, ngi ta i quanh mt vng n bn Thun An (nay bc chic cu qua ph Tam Giang) bng cch i dc theo b sng bn ny ri qunh qua dc b sng bn kia. Nh vy trc khi ri bn Tn M, i dc theo b sng, ln n ci bn nh m cc thuyn ng ph thng gh bn c, ri ngi ta tip tc i n n Thun An c (nay dng lm cn c hi thuyn) khi ngi ta quay v pha lch Thun An l ni tr ca ph thng ra bin. ngi ta dng li lm l v khn vi cu xin cho nh c bin c ma. Phn l ny xong, thuyn n ch chn khng xa lch my, ch khong 1.000 mt v pha Ty Nam. Trong sut l a m cc thy cng khng ngng tng kinh cu siu v vi ly cu nguyn. Khi n a im chn ct, ngi ta a quan ti xung ci huyt o sn. Vic coi t, chn hng ngi m phi nh mt thy a l sa son trc. Ba ngy sau khi mai tng l l m ca m. Khi chn ngi ta p ln gia m mt m t nh hnh trn, xung quanh ngi ta cng p mt vng t thp un cong hi dc. Sau ba ngy ngi ta tr vng t un cong y mt ch trng c th i vo bn trong. Sau ba thng mi ngy th ht tang, ch n khi th ng trng nam L Ny mi c th ci chic khn m h bt trn u. Ti sao khn tang bt trn u trng nam c ng li c mu ? Ng dn gii thch, mu l mu tang ca vua cha v ngi trong hong gia, vua Gia Long phong cho c ng tc hiu "Nam Hi C Tc Ngc Ln Thng ng thn" v cc vua triu Nguyn sau cng sc phong c ng vi danh ngha "i Cn Quc Gia Nam Hi" cho a vo lng th. * * *
m tang c ng lng Ph Tn l mt ngy l hi tng bng ca ng dn vng bin Thun An ni ting Hu. T.T.B
L hi Hi An
Nguyn c Minh
Hi An, ng dn sng bin v thng nhn bng ghe bu, theo o Pht Hi
An gi c Voi l c ng hay ng Ng. Cn c vo hnh dng v ni xut hin h gi c Voi bng nhiu tn: ng Khi, ng Lng, ng Chung, ng Km, ng Xa, ng ng, ng Hoa, ng Ng... Lng th gi l lng ng c ngi trng coi thng xuyn hng khi. Lng c khi do lng x lp hoc ca vn xy. Vic qun l c c mt hi ng. Lng c kin trc nh miu pha trong c bi tr n gin. B th ngay trn b quch cha xng. Cnh lng ng thng c miu m linh th nhng ngi khut mt. Sau khi lm l m T (b tang phc) thn ch tr li vai tr ng dn bnh thng v hng nm vo h tun thng 2 s t chc l t c ng kt hp cu ng. L t c ng c t chc vo ngy th hai khi mai tng c ng cng nh sau ny kt hp cu ng cc lng th v c bit l ca i v l ni tip cn bin, c nhiu thn linh phi hng nht nn lm ln. L t c ng bc l r mc ch th hin lng tn knh trc n nhn v tha thit cu ng, cu thn gip , ph h vt qua mi kh khn c "hnh thng ti li". Ch tr t chc l bao gm l trng, vn trng s ti. Cc thnh phn khc tham gia ging nh t chc hi ng t nh. Trc l, mi vic c chun b k cng v nu c s sut s l nguyn nhn dn n ri ro sau ny. Sn lng c dng rp rng ri, thong mt, va cho ngi d l va t chc ht bi vo ban m hoc ht B Tro hay l Bng Quan cho hi ua ghe ban ngy. Ti y, bn th, hng n, kh t, c xo, c phn lm quang cnh thm rc r. Phn u l l cng m hn c c vn, tip theo l l t thn, mi thn linh phi hng. C ni lm n gin, ni khng, cng c khi chnh bi i din, khn vi cu l c. Ht phn ny ngh. Phn t c ng, nu l tng th quan ti dn giy iu qung trc lng, k (khu linh sng) nhn ra bnh phong l bn hng n, c sc phong rc t nh ng th t v chiu hm trc, di t tri chic chiu thng tch (chiu thn v) dng cho chnh t bc ln bn l, Trung tch (chiu t ch th t) dng cho chnh t khi th t v chiu H tch (chiu bi t) c 2 chiu: chiu trn l ni hot ng ch yu ca chnh t, chiu di cho bi t. Hai bn chiu b tr hai bn nh, ng hnh ru, ty qu tru cau mi ngi d t t chnh hin n cc chp s u ng sp hai bn; t trong ra ngoi, t ln n nh u sn sng. n gi Ng (11-12 gi tra) l t c ng bt u, hnh thc v nghi xng hon ton ging t nh, ch khc v ni dung. Cc bn vn t bng ch Hn, Nm m chng ti su tm trong a bn Hi An cho thy mt tp th thn bin, thn nc. Ng Hi c tc Ngc Ln (c Voi) c xp sau i Cn quc gia Nam Hi, Cao Ct qung i vng, thi gim Bch m Ng
hnh thnh mu, Thin Yana Din Phi cha Ngc, bn x Thnh hong, Dng phi phu nhn li ng trn Quan thnh qun v cc v thn khc k c ch Ngung Man nng, Chm, Ch, Mi, R, Li, Lc ( l nhng v thn Chm). Th t c ng trong vn t v vic phn cng theo trt t ng cp trong bui l, s dng y phc l du vt Nho gio. Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu bn vn lc bt vi ni dung khn cu song tnh dn d bc trc hn v khng cn s sp t th t trn di v tr cc thn. "Cu cho bc vn tin thin, cu cho ngh nng cho ch ngh khi...". Li l va khao kht, va sc tch, mc mc, chn thnh v rt m mu sc dn gian khin cho gia thn linh v con ngi xa dn khong cch, su m tnh ngha. Thn linh c nhn cch ha, ngc li con ngi c thn linh ha, c hai cm ha ha nguyn y kht khao, c m v sc mnh. Sau l t c ng n ht B Tro. Trong t thng (cho a linh ng) c t chc vo ban m. Trong l mai tng c ng, b tro c thc hin trc v c trong lc h huyt. B tro l hnh thc ht tay nm mi cho a y. B: cm, nm. Tro: lay ng, cho ghe. B tro l hnh thc ma ht nghi l dn gian. gia sn by mt chic ghe khng y, khung tre lp vi, trong lng ghe c nhng cn nhn khi ht cho nhp nhng nh ang lt sng. i ht gm tng mi, tng thng, tng li v m bn cho (con tro) c s chn t 10-16 ngi. Tng li mc o di hng cm cho li di 2m, sn trng na di, hai xoy m dng v hai mt, mi cho long trng nh c nhng nc. Tng mi mc o di pht vng tay cm cp snh iu khin. Tng thng o di vng m, thm o cc khoc ngoi trang tr hoa l, rong lng tht ym di thu hnh mt qu mt to nhng hin. Tng thng cn c trang b thm cn cu v gu tt nc. Cn tro tri, phi mc o di vng, mi ngi u c mt mi cho ging tng li nhng ngn. Tr tng thng bt khn en v phi lo khi, la, i ch, coi ghe... v lm vic lt vt cn ton i u bt khn , tht lng , chn b x cp sc en trng hnh ch V. Khi biu din cn c 2 cy c xo ng hnh cm hai bn lm ranh gii gia i cho v ngi xem. Tng mi c vai tr iu khin con tro thng qua hiu lnh ca cp snh, lc bi, lc h nhp nhng uyn chuyn. Tng li c nhim v li ghe: lc chy, lc ht. Hai ng tng 2 u phi hp rn rng, cn tro ph ha theo. Nhn vt c ch nht l tng thng qua cc ng tc li ni hi hc chc ci ca ng. Khng kh sinh ng l th, lc trang nghim lc bay bng, sung sng, bi hi. Khn gi l nhng ngi quen ngh sng nc, gn b ha mnh vo nhng ng tc cc cnh tng, tnh hung c din gii bi i cho. Bng ti nng ca mnh kt hp vi vn sng tng tri, tng li v tng thng dn dt ngi xem cng mnh x l nhiu s c. Cuc sng thc hin ngh thut ha thot dng khng kh trang nghim bn cnh ca ngh thut cho ghe, xng sng ca ngh thut ht vn l xng x v trnh din cc ln iu dn gian nh h, l, ngm phi hp vi cc iu ht tun. Qua cc ln iu y, hnh ng xut hin: khi tnh, khi say lc xem bin, lc ngm tri, xem sao, khi th cu, bung li lc nghe sng ng chn tri... ri cuc i c ng nh ngi bn tt tng gn b vi ngi bng chc kt thc mt cch ngn ngi. C ng ra i nhng l ha, chuyn sang mt cuc i
mi gi li bao tic thng. l lc ht chc kt thc, h a linh c xng ln khi dy tm trng nn nao chia bit v phc thn bin c v ni vnh hng ca s sng. H a linh c khi c c ngi xem cng ct ging ph ha theo trong tnh cm dt do tic nh. Ht B Tro l b mn ngh thut khng ph thuc thi gian ngy hay m, cng khng cn n sn khu. N gn b v to nn cm ng su sc gia ngi xem vi nhau, gia din vin vi nhau v gia din vin vi ngi xem. Hn na din vin cng chng ai xa l, hng ngy vn bung cu th li, cho ghe sinh sng nh mi khn gi. L t c ng l hon cnh cho ht b tro bc l, hay ni ng hn l dp cho ngi lao ng trn tnh, by t o c tm t. Chic ghe, mi cho c ngh thut ha l phng tin c th cht cha phm cht trng o c, nghi l, yu lao ng, trn trng truyn thng m im lp lnh l lng v tha, bc i gip ln nhau trong cuc sng. Ht B Tro l vn vn ha vn ngh dn gian xut hin trong l t c ng nh mt bin php dung ha gia cng ng c dn vi nghi l trng th, trang nghim ko con ngi thot ra khi nhng rng buc ca l gio phong kin. ngha ny cn c nhn mnh hn trong cuc ua ghe ngang t chc sau khi mai tng c ng hoc hi ua ghe ting trong l t c ng kt hp cu ng thng k hng nm. C ng i vi cc ni khc thng c knh trng n tc ti linh thing. Hi An, c ng l nhn vt, l trung tm m xoay quanh nhn thc tnh cch con ngi sng nc Hi An c bc l dn. Ngun gc c ng qua hi c v huyn thoi l hin thn lng t bi bc i ca Pht B Quan m v thng sinh linh cht chm ngoi bin khi m x o c sa thnh trm mnh cho bin thnh c ng cu ngi b nn. Ng dn tang c ng trm ngy hp vi con s y. Cch ct ngha ny c mu sc Pht gio ph ln tn ngng s khai nguyn thy l tc th c c t lu i c dn bin nh mt s b sung cho phong ph, phc tp hn. Nhng ngi cng gio tuy khng th cng, khng lm Long Chu hng nm nhng mi khi c cng t ca i u c gp tin cho vn lm m. Bi v h vn thuc c dn Vit Hi An, v ca i vn l ci ng chung cho mi ng dn nn nhng nh hng, tn trng, giao cm l tt nhin. Lc sng c ng cu ngi, lc cht c ng vn tip tc ph h cho dn. Thc cht ch l ci v bc b ngoi cha ng ci li nhn sinh. Ngi Hi An bc trc, v tha, trng ngha v lun ci m, ho phng. Trong vn ha li cng khng co li t v m m ra n nhn ci hay, ci thc s c ch, s nh hnh v bo th tng i trong tim thc. Cc nh nghin cu vn ha Chm khng nh ngi Chm l nhng ngi u tin th cng c voi v cn thm dn chng rng Sn Hi, M Nghip (Thun Hi) hin cn cc lng th c voi do ngi Chm dng nn. Vic tip tc th c voi ngi Chm chnh l mt biu tng tnh cch ca ngi sng nc Hi An. Song nh trn nu, mc d tn trng ngi Chm, c dn tng lm ch trc mnh, hnh thc cng t, ni dung th phng c voi c hon ton Vit ha hay ni chnh xc hn l c Hi An ha. Nguyn nhn th hai c ng thc s sng trong lng ng dn Hi An chnh l s tha nhn ca Nh nc phong kin. Bn cnh nhng vic lm t ra "ly dn lm gc" theo trit l o Khng, Nh nc phong kin cng thy r v bit li dng trit tn ngng ca ng cp thp. V vy c ng c vua tn knh sc phong. Quc
triu chnh bin tot yu chp rng vua Gia Long sc phong tc Nam Hi c tc ngc ln tn thn, v trong ln trn chy qun Ty Sn bng ng bin c c ng cu. i Thiu Tr (1891) li sc tng Dc bo trung hng trung ng thn cho ng dn thnh v th ti cc lng, dinh v c qui nh thm v vic th cng tr thnh thng l hng nm. V th nht thit phi c cc v chc sc cao nht trong lng ph vi trc linh sng hoc bi v c ng trong l t. H cng ngi chiu thng nm th thng ht B Tro cho a linh ng, hoc ngi bn quan cm di trng chin trong hi ua ghe, hoc cm chu trong nhng m ht b. Nh vy, l t c ng vn khi nim phn thc, tip thu nhng nghi l c truyn ca dn tc, c mu sc Pht gio, c chnh quyn phong kin ng h, c hi th ca o Nho. Song, cn nguyn vn l do dn, v dn nn t mt con vt c hnh ng ch li cho con ngi c nng cao ln thnh ng cu nhn th v tn sng, bit n nh cha m mnh./. N..M
L hi lng ng Yn
Nguyn Ngc Trch
Cng nh cc c dn vng ven bin, thn ng Yn, x Bnh Dng huyn

Bnh Sn hng nm, xun thu nh k u t chc l cng c ng - nghinh ng lng vn. thn vn ng Yn, x Bnh Dng, theo s sch lu chp ca lng li th tc cng c ng c t nm Tn Mi Gia Long (1811) v cn gi mi tc ny cho n ngy nay. Ring lng c sa cha, trng tu qua 4 ln. Hng nm c n L Xun, hoc L Thu cc h ng dn trong vn chun b cc l vt cng: nhang, n, tht heo, tru cau, ru mui, hoa, tr. Ghe thuyn, qun o, m mo cho i ma, i cho, n, c, trng ... k c nhng nhc c phc v trong l cng. Trong ngy l, lng th c trang hong ht sc rc r, trang nghim, c chng n, c hoa rc r. Cc phng tin m thanh nh : Amply, micro, video iu khin l cng v phc v gii tr. Cc nh trong vn ghe u chun b bn hng n, trn c nhang, n, bnh tri, mm xi... hoc a xung thuyn cng. Cc tu thuyn u v tp trung u bn, trn mi chic u c dn sch s, gn gng ch ghe cng. Cc tu thuyn trong i nghinh ng c trang tr y c, kt hoa, n rc r. m n, bn din ra cnh nhn nhp, tng bng ca hi hoa ng cng vi tm lng n nc, phn khi ca ngi dn vn thuyn. Nu l l xun, cnh nhn nhp din ra t chiu ngy mng 6 cho n ht ngy mng 8 thng ging, cn vi l thu th t chiu ngy 14 n ht ngy 16 thng by m lch. V thi gian m l hi cng c ng Qung Ngi khng c ngy thng nht chung, m mi ni tu thuc vo ngy c ng "ly" hoc ngy nhn sc phong ca triu nh tin hnh l. Bnh Dng t chc 2 ngy mng 8 thng ging v 15 thng 7 m lch hng nm; x Bnh Thnh (Bnh Sn) th din ra vo 2 ngy 18 thng Ging v 15 thng 8; x Ngha An huyn T Ngha nhm vo ngy 16 thng ging; Ph Thnh (c Ph) ngy mng 3 thng ging m lch. Nh vy thi gian thng c t chc vo dp xun v thu trong nm. V nghi thc l nghinh ng hay cng c ng cng gn nh l cng nh hng nm do ban qu t ca lng c (vn) c ra iu hnh mi cng vic. y c l nghinh ng v l yt (tin thng). L nghinh ng thng xy ra trc m chnh l, thng xy ra tun t nh sau : L nghinh ng thn ng Yn x Bnh Dng - Bnh Sn c cc ng dn trong vn chi chun b c thng trc . Sp n ngy, lng c dn dp sch s, trang hong c lng, quc k, c phn. Cc ghe thuyn nh c cc ni u c tp trung v bn. Trn mi ghe, thuyn u c chng n, kt hoa, mt dy pho, trc mi
thuyn c bn hng n v mm l vt. Khng kh ngy hi bao trm t u lng n cui lng, n bn ghe to nn s n nc, phn khi. L nghinh ng c din ra lc 6 gi chiu ngy mng 7 thng ging. ng gi xut pht, cng vi nhng hi trng thc gic vang ln th on rc t lng i ra bn. i u l l c i, theo sau l i cho, qun o mu xanh, np , u i khn vng, np ; i gm o qun en, u i nn , vin vng, qun o np trng. Tip n l kiu c 4 ngi khing, trn thc cng gm: bn tru, ru, hng, hoa. Hai ngi cm phn v i k i hai bn. Theo sau kiu l hai t vn cng ch vn, ban nhc, i trng (c tiu c, i c), cc ban xm. Ra n bn on rc c chia ra cc ghe i nghinh. Ghe chnh l c t by hng n ch ch vn, t vn, ban nhc, i trng, cc ban xm. Hng t (c) ghe ch i cho; hng hu (li) ghe ch i gm; hng gia ghe ch i ln. Ghe chnh l c chn i u v cng l ghe c dn trong vn chn t trc. Phi l ghe nh bt c nhiu c, ch ghe l ngi c , uy tn, khng mc tang ... Sau khi on ngi xung ghe xong, tt c u n my, ghe chnh l dn u khi hnh, cc ghe khc ln lt i, tin v pha ca bin. Ting n ca my ghe cng ting trng, ting pho, ting h reo, hoan h to nn m thanh rn rng no nc. n im nh trc, ghe chnh l ra tn hiu gim tc , dng li v tt c cc ghe c neo li khn l, cng v th hng, giy, ru, mui, hoa. Khi on rc quay v th cc ghe ln lt t pho 1. Lc ny, tr, gi, trai gi trong xm t ra bn n on rc. Nghnh n m rc cng c t chc chu o c ch l, ban t chc v sp xp i ng v tr ca cc ban, i. - L tin thng (l yt): tin hnh lc 20 gi ngy 7 thng ging hng nm. Theo trnh t nh sau : + Ch l lm l. + Phn hin (c s hin, hin v chung hin). + Cc i cho, i gm, i ln ma theo nghi thc. chun b cho chnh l cc thc cng cn chun b y nh: heo sng, g, ru, mui, hng, hoa, tr. y, c nm c ma, lm n pht t th cng "sanh t" gm c: heo, g, ru, mui, hoa. Nu nm no lm n km, c ghe thuyn b lt, ngi cht th cng "tm tr" c : ru, tr, hoa. v tr in th c bi tr nh sau : - Chnh in (Long nh) : Thn Long hi. - Bn trong (t, hu): thnh thn, m binh, c hn. - Pha trc (bn ngoi) : Hi ng. Trc khi vo l, i trng im ba hi trng di bo ng tt c chun b. Lin theo , chnh ch l c bi vn t gm c: nin hiu (nm cng), ch l, l xun hoc l thu, cc mc thn v sau cng l mc cung dung tn thn. Trong lc ch l c vn t bn trong dt mt mc th bn ngoi di s iu khin ca hi ng, cc i gm, cho, ln, ln lt ma theo cc nghi thc ca l. Ting trng, ting nhc, ting kn to
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Chng ti ghi ch theo l tc xa, hin ti, nghi thc ny khng c na.
nn mt khng kh trang nghim v rc r trong bui chnh l. y vai tr ca t vn rt quan trng, ngha l trong lc hnh nghi (xng) cng nh cc hnh thc khc, t vn trn trong in c (iu ng) cc hot ng bn ngoi. Bi vn t c lu truyn ghi li s sch ti lng nh sau: Qung Ngi tnh, Bnh Sn huyn, Bnh Dng x, ng Ty an thn, ng Ty an vn, t ch "Nguyn Vn A" tnh k cc li nghip hi ni gian ngoi hi i tiu ng. Tu v xun l, nay cn dung ph lang tu cn dng sinh t bn son, ph tang tiu tiu kim ngn hng n thanh chc th phm chi nghi. Cm chiu co vu. Nam hi c tc ngc ln i lc t ch chi linh tn thn. Sc lnh t t chng linh tr tn dc bo trung hng thng ng thn. T dng thnh vn hu qun cng chi linh tn thn, bn x thnh hong i vng vn khnh hng hu bo an chi thn. c tin sinh, h tin sinh. C ban lit v ch tn thn: Thy long thnh phi ngc chn thi t chi linh tn thn, Kim mc thy ho th thnh phi chi thn, bn thn bn x chi v tn thn, ng phng h b thy quan tn thn. Cai ng linh thn H hi bc thip chi thn, thanh nha bch x hc din mc tr chi thn, Dng lch phu nhn hong ph qung t chi thn. Tin s to qun, th cng tr bch ch ngu mang vng chi thn. Tin hin khai khn hu hin khai c ch lit v. Lch i vn ni tin bi ch tin linh. D chi thin vong ng t ni ngoi s nht thit c thn, m hn ty lai phi hng. Cung di tn thn. c phi hng gian, n m vn v, ging tng lp phc din gian a lai ph tr. Mc tng n ph, bc hi lm nng bo h. T tc : xun thin, tit gii chnh ngot thi nh, cung tn l s, kinh ng v thin, nguyn k gim lm, phc thy mc h. Ngng li tn thn chi gia hu gi(1). Phc di cn co. Cng vi l thc nghinh ng, chnh l, trong 2 ngy t chc l xun, l thu x Bnh Dng c tr ht b tro lun gn vi tn ngng ca c dn vng bin khi c c ng "ly", hoc nhn dp l t c ng v trong cc l hi cu ma ca ng dn. Ht B Tro (cho b tro, h a linh, h hu linh) ngha l ht c ng tc ma (B: nm chc, Tro: mi cho). Mi i cho B Tro c khong 20 ngi v 4 nhc cng chi trng, sanh tin, nh, chp cho. Trong i cho c tng mi, tng khoang, tng li mc o thng xanh, tht dy lng iu, cn li con tro (bn cho) u cht khn, lng tht vi , chn i chn t, tay cm mi cho di 1,2m, sn en trng. Khi ht
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. Theo ti liu ghi chp ti lng vn ng Yn.
tng b tro lnh xng ri con tro ht theo. Khi a linh, ngi ta thng ht cc iu ht nam, ht khch trong tung. Lc lao ng thng dng cc iu h cho thuyn, h git ch, h hi, h l... Trc cch mng thng Tm tc ht b tro thng c t chc y hng nm. gc vn ngh dn gian, ht b tro l mt loi dn ca nghi l cung cp cho chng ta nhiu t liu qu bu v phong tc, tp qun, ngh thut. T lm c s nghin cu bn sc vn ho dn tc truyn thng xa xa. Ngh thut trnh din v ht b tro l s phi hp rt nhp nhng gia m nhc v li ca k c ng tc trnh din ca tng mi, tng khoang, tng li cng m bn cho di s iu khin thng nht ca tng mi. Mt s li ht c ni dung nh sau : Tng hu (xng) : n ni l nghi chnh tc. ng chc huy hong. Truyn cho b tro lng ban. Xp cho vo bi yt. Tro (ng thanh) : D ! Tng hu : Xun thu l tit. Thn niu thanh hng. Tu cc tr lan. H cc ng cung kin. b tro ! Ci khai thuyn hu tro. Tro (ng thanh) : D. (lc ny tt c ng dy, xc cho ln nch, theo ting phch ca tng tin, tin v ni trnh din). ng thanh : H thin quan thu sc. Ht nht chiu huy hong. Khai thuyn hu linh v. ng b tro qu vng ! ng b tro vng ! (Cc con tro lm ng tc cho) Tng hu (tay lc no cng lm ng tc gi cho li). Xng : Chi rng lai vng nht nguyt. Thm su mt gii giang h.
Ngn nm vang ting u ca. Mun thu n n bo b. Dng t l cu ng lc li. i hi nhun ly nh cha chan. iu nam ai : Cha chan ct mi cho. Cn li i cn. Anh em b tro i ! Phong pht nht, thy phau phau. Bum dong bin i, b sang mt su. Tri qua my dm b du. Ngn nm t sng su khn lng. Tng mi : Truyn cho b tro lng ban. n thanh ca nht loi(1) Con tro (ng ti ch) ng thanh : D ! ng dy tn ngng ca l hi cng c ng Lng Vn, ng Yn, Bnh Dng chnh l tn ngng th c Voi./. N.N.T
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Ca dao Nam Trung B - Nxb KHXH, 1994.
L hi cu ng Khnh Ha
Nguyn T Hi
Khnh Ho c l hi cu ng v cng lng ca cc c dn ven bin. Ngun gc l hi cu ng l tn ngng th c Voi, c ng ca ng dn. C Voi c ng dn gi l ng. Lng th c Voi thng xy a th cao, thong, hng ra ca bin, c tng bao quanh, xy dng nh mt qun th. gia l chnh in, trang tr hng l b uy nghi, in th, sau l quch, ng xng ng. Bn t th b Thin Yana thnh Mu. Bn hu th b Vn Lch. Gian rng th Tin hin. y l gian nh ca lng. Xa nh ring, lng ring, nay a dn nh vo lng tin b trng coi, hng khi. Tip l cc phng n khch, ni nu n cho l hi. i din in th chnh l sn khu din ht bi, tung th l, sau din cc pho tung cho dn xem. Vic cng t, nm no vn lch cng lm l dng hng, cn cng ln th thng l ba nm, nu vn lch no c iu kin, nm mt ln. Ngy xa Xun thu nh k, xun cng nh, thu cng lng. Nay xun-thu hp nht, lng - nh cng mt ln. Khi cng lng thng phi m 3 heo. Heo cng nh, heo cng lng ng, heo cng b Vn Lch, b Thin Yana. Thi gian cng ly ngy ng ly bng khng do b lo trong lch nh ngy, ri t thng l ng ngy gi m cng t. Trong l cu ng, c chi tin hai khon chnh, l l t v tin tr cho on ht bi. Tin ny do c vn lch ng gp, bt k ngnh ngh no, tu kinh doanh ln b, thuyn to, nh, giu, ngho, do b lo ca lch nh mc thu. Mi thnh vin trong vn lch u t nguyn ng np, v h cho l trch nhim, l bn phn. i din cc gia nh u c n n ung. Ngi ca vn lch, hoc du, r lm n xa c gi v tham gia cng t. Ngoi ra cn khch ca cc vn lch khc mi n tham d, gi l hnh bu. Trc ngy m l hi vn lch bu ra ban t chc, ban chnh t, bi t, hc tr l, i b tro. M u l hi l l nghnh rc sc phong vua ban. V d: Bnh Ty, Ninh Hi, Ninh Ho c 12 sc ch ca mi hai i vua phong sc cho nh - lng Bnh Ty. Nhng sc ny c lp miu th ring, hoc gi cha. Sau rc sc l l Nghinh Thy Triu, l rc linh hn ng Nam Hi ngoi ca bin v chnh in chun b cho t chnh. Trong nghi thc Nghinh Thy Triu c h B Tro, l tr din dn gian p mt, ngon mc, c o tnh khi qut ho cao trong ngh thut biu din. Vo phn t l, c t thnh sanh l m heo, ri n t chnh. T chnh: T nh trc, t b sau, cui cng t ng Nam Hi.
Vn t nh nu cng c tin hin khai khn hu hin khai c, nu cng lao cc anh hng lit s v dn v nc. Vn t b, nu cng n nui dy con ngi. Vn t ng Nam Hi nu cng c ca ng. Cui cng l li cu xin dn an quc thi, tn ti tn li i vi c vn lch. T vn s c t ln. ng chnh t lui li trnh trng h ln: Nhc v ca cng tu n tin khi din, tung th l bt u. Th l l phn tip theo ca l chnh. Trng chu bc vi iu, c lt ra trnh trng nh ba hi chn ting. i din on ht lm l c li cu chc vn lch ri din. Ht th l l ht cng, ht dng thn linh. Ni dung v tung phi ca ngi ngi anh hng bit trng nhn ngha v dn lm ngha c. Sng - thc u quang minh chnh i, con ngi y phi c hin thnh. Cc v thng ht v Quan Cng trch trong truyn Tam Quc Ch. Cc v th l thng l Tam anh chin ni v Quan Cng, Lu B, Trng Phi m L B. V Trng C Thnh, Quan Cng b To, trm lc tng, ph Nh Tu v H Nam. V Phc Hu Dung o Quan Cng bt c To li tha To Tho. Tuy nhn vt trong tung chu nhiu lao kh, xong phi thng, phi dit c c, phi tr c gian, yu t c hu l quan trng. Sau th l l l tn vng, phn t chnh n y l ht. Song c vn lch li ch ht xong trong my ngy m ri tn vng. Tn vng l phn cui cng ca l t. Trc tn vng trong v din bao gi cng phi trm c tng c, cho mun dn an lc, thi bnh u ca. Ni dung tn vng l ma t linh, ma ht mng vua tr ln ngi: Ly c v bn phng. Ra n nhun trm h. n y mi tm gi l chm dt phn l, chuyn sang hi. Tm l bi s quy nh sau tn vng mi chm dt phn t chnh, ch thc ra c yu t biu din ngh thut, c ngi xem l c hi ri, xong tm tch d b phn tch. Phn ht trong t chnh cc k quan trng Nht th l, nh tn vng, quan trng n mc so snh: Nht to gia, nh ca xng. Qua c my im chnh chng ta cn quan tm: Ngun gc l cu ng cng lng xut pht t trong yu cu ca lao ng, sn xut, mang tnh ngnh ngh v phc v lao ng. L hi cu ng l phong tc, tp qun l np sinh hot vn ho vi truyn thng o c ung nc nh ngun, tnh on kt cng ng ng nghip cao. Ngh thut tung c nh gi cao, thnh mt th l vt hin t. Ht bi trong ngy l cu ng l mt hnh thc sn khu dn gian m yu t hi h phong tc. Sau 3 gi th l n phn din cho mi ngi xem. Sn khu trng tri 3 mt, khng trang tr. Khn gi ngi chung quanh, trng chu 2 ci k pha trc.
V din do ng dn vn lch yu cu, ch yu l tung pho. Ni dung v phi c hu, yu t bi hng hi u c khn gi yu thch. Ch lun cao nhn ngha, ch trung ch hiu vn ton. Thi gian din tu thuc vo s tin dn gp. Thng ht t 20 n 50 gi lin tc ngy m. Xut pht t lng tin c thn linh chng gim, vn lch c lm l t y, c mi on ht hay cu mong c ma c. Ngi xem rt ng, hng ngn ngi, mi la tui, xem rt say m, ho hng. Khn gi, din vin v ting trng chu nh to nn cht men say cho ngi ngh s sng to ngh thut./. N.T.H
L hi Cn Gi
H Tng
x Cn Thnh, huyn Cn Gi, thnh ph H Ch Minh c mt c s tn ngng ca b con ng dn sng dc theo con lch Thch Phc, gi l Lng ng hay Dinh ng. Trong Lng ng, hng n chnh th Nam Hi Tng Qun, tc C Voi - v thn h mng ca ng dn. Ngoi ra cn c khnh th Thy Long thn n, cc hng n th nhng bc tin hin hu hin ca vng t ny, cng "t sinh lc o", cng nh c hai hp king ln cht y nhng xng ca c voi tng b ly (cht) tp vo b x Cn Thnh t trc n nay... Hng nm, nhn dn x Cn Thnh u c t chc l nghinh ng vo ngy 16 thng 8 m lch rt long trng. Trong dp ny, ngnh vn ha huyn Cn Gi phi hp t chc l rc n trung thu kh linh nh cho thiu nhi a phng, cng nh t chc cc hot ng vn ha khc nh: t pho bng, biu din vn ngh... phc v cho ngy l trng i ca b con ng dn ti y. Sng 16 thng 8 m lch, trong khi nhng hot ng vui chi din ra trc khu vc Lng ng nh: ko co, y cy, leo ct m, i c kheo... th hng trm chic ghe ca ng dn h tng chic ghe chnh ca Lng ra khi lm l Nghinh ng. Ghe no cng trang hong rc r c hoa v u c by hng n vi cc l vt nghinh ng nh: heo quay cng b lng, xi, go mui, tru cau xc giy, bnh trung thu, tri cy, bn, rau sng, da leo, kh, nc mm, hoa vn th, n cy, nhang, giy tin vng bc... c bit mi chic ghe u c treo nhng dy c bng vi mu di t ct bum xung tn mi ghe, lng lng bn trn bn hng n. Ring chic ghe Nghinh ng ca Lng c trang hong rc r hn c: dc hai bn thnh ghe l hnh hai con rng vng sn v ti tn, bn gc mui ghe l nhng b hoa vn th vng ng, bn cnh l c t quc cn c l c ng hnh c cm mi v ui ghe, hai tm honh vi thu cc ch nho "Quc thi dn an" v "Hin hch anh linh" phn pht cng trc gi cng chic bng vi ghi dng ch "Cung nghinh ng Thy Tng"... Trn ghe, bn cnh ban nhc l cng cc l sinh l ban qu t ca Lng ng, tt c u mc l phc dn tc rt trang trng, ng bn cnh mt hng n c linh v ca ng v cc l vt dng cng cng cc th... Khong mi mt gi, on ghe nghinh ng ra n khu vc nh n hai n Trng, ranh gii ca Cn Gi v Vng Tu th bt u dng li cng ng. Trn chic ghe nghinh ng, v ch t mc o di en, u i khn ng, chn i hi, ra lnh dng ba hi trng, ri lm l t theo nghi thc c truyn Nam B (dng hng, dng ru, dng tr), c vn t cu quc thi dn an, ma thun gi ho, bin nhiu tm c... Sau l nhng hi ching trng nh vang gia bin khi v cc ghe thuyn un ln, qun o nhiu vng trn bin ch hin tng nc bin xao ng, gi l "ln vi" - tc du hiu tng trng ng chng gim.
on ghe thuyn quay mi hng v t lin trong khi tt c b con ng dn vui v mi nhau tng ming tht, ru... trn tng ghe, thuyn. Cuc rc hng n ng t ghe nghinh din ra rt long trng sut t Bn Cy Me tr v Lng, vi rng, ln, nhc l, nhc ty v pho n tng bng. Mi ngi dn x ra nghinh ng nghn c li i. Sau khi lm l an v ng th t l tin hin, hu hin theo nghi thc c truyn Nam B c tin hnh ngay ti Lng, vi ban nghi l ca hi Lng, ban nhc l ng m, cc l sinh cng cc nghi thc: nim hng, dng hng, dng ru, c vn t, dng tr... Kt thc l l phn th lc ng, tc ba tic nghinh ng, din ra bnh ng i vi tt c mi ngi, to thnh mt bu khng kh m cng. L chnh t c hnh vo lc 24 gi m 16 thng 8 m lch. Thc cng thng l mt con heo trng, hai mm xi, ru, tr, hoa, qu. Nghi thc t l theo c truyn Nam B vi ban nghi l ca hi Lng, ban nhc l ng m, cc l sinh cng my c o thi. Xen gia l t c truyn l phn dng hng ca mi ng dn v phn biu din ngh thut ht bi vi cc v tung cao trung, hiu, tit, ngha, trc cng ng v sau l b con ng dn gii tr... Sut thi gian l hi, tt c b con ng dn Cn Gi u v lng d l v thp nhang cu nguyn mt ma tm c tt p, an lnh... i vi b con ng dn Cn Gi th l nghinh ng chnh l ngy Tt th hai vy. L nghinh ng cn thu ht ng o khch t phng v tham d: hoc dng hng chim bi, hoc tham quan, gii tr, nghin cu.../. H.T
Hi Vm Lng
Toan nh
Vm l ch ca sng. Vm Lng l ca rch Vm Lng thuc a phn x King Phc huyn G Cng tnh Tin Giang ni y c tc th v rc c Voi, hng nm dn chng m hi lm l rc c Voi vo m 15 rng ngy 16 thng 6 m lch. Theo li truyn tng li, khi Gia Long bn tu trn trnh qun Ty Sn, mt ln ngoi bin, ni pha trc ca sng Soi Rp, ngi gp mt trn bo ln. Thuyn ngi mun m, trong tnh trng thp phn nguy him. Ngi lm rm cu nguyn tri t v sau ngi c c Voi hin ti, che ch cho thuyn ngi, a ti b ti Vm Lng thuc x King Phc, huyn G Cng tnh Tin Giang. Sau ny, khi ngi thng qun Ty Sn, nh ti cng n C Voi cu ngi, ngi lin phong C Voi l Nam Hi i Tng Qun vi sc phong c gi ti lng ven duyn hi gn ni trc y nh Vua nh c Voi cu thot. Theo cc ng dn vng ny sc phong triu nh cp cho ba x Cn Gi tnh Gia nh, King Phc tnh G Cng, v Vnh Lung tnh Vnh Long. Cc sc phong ca ba x ni trn cho n thi trc nm 1940, x King Phc vn lu gi ti nh lng. Vi cc sc phong, nh vua ra lnh cho cc x lin h phi lp n th Nam Hi i Tng Qun cho xng ng. Nh trn trnh by, King Phc bao gm c Vm Lng l mt trong ba x nhn c sc phong ca vua Gia Long th phng c Voi. Ngoi sc phong, c Voi i vi Vm Lng cn c nhiu lin h khc. Dn chng ni y thut li rng trc y thi ng Hunh Vn Bnh lnh o, ng dn Vm Lng, c mt ln tri ma lin tip trong ba ngy. Theo kinh nghim, y l im bo c c voi dt vo b, lp tc ng ph t ca ng Bnh, ng Vn vt sng Soi Rp qua pha lng ng Ha thuc tnh Gia nh (thnh ph H Ch Minh) tm kim. ng thy mt xc c Voi, ch c mt khc gia, ring khc gia ny to bng mt chic thuyn ln. ng iu ng ng dn di chuyn khc xc ny v x King Phc v ch cho tht ra, ht ct vo mt chic quan ti th Vm Lng, ct ny cn tn ti cho ti ngy nay, lun lun c s tn knh ca dn lng. t lu sau, mt ng dn x Phc Hi, tnh B Ra ngy nay, ti Vm Lng iu nh xin mua li hi ct khc xc c Voi ni trn vi gi mt trm quan tin. Ng dn ny bo rng chnh ng qua mt cuc ngi ng bo cho dn x Phc Hi bit nguyn do ng phm li vi Thng b x ti cht lm ba khc ri rc ba ni: u Phc Hi, thn King Phc v ui Vng Tu. ng li cho bit nu dn x Phc Hi tp trung c c ba khc ca ng v th, lng x s thnh vng. Dn chng Vm Lng khng thun nhng li cho x Phc Hi hi ct ca ng, h gi li th v c s che ch ca ng.
Vm Lng th c Voi, hng nm c l rc c Voi trong m hm rm rng ngy 16 thng su m lch. ng Gamichon trong tp san Indochine, s 112, ngy 22-10-1942 c thut li bui l c c hnh trong thng su m lch nm , nm Nhm Ng, theo Ty lch l m 27 rng ngy 28 thng 7 nm 1942. Cuc l bt u ngay ni th phng ng vo lc 11 gi m, c cc nh s tng kinh. L vt gm vng m bnh tri by la lit trn mt chic gi t trc bn th. Ch s tng kinh vo khong mt ting ng h, sau vng m c em ha, bnh tri chia cho tr em trong lng. ng mt gi sng l l Nghinh ng: Mt chic thuyn trang hong lng ly c t bn th vi l mn, heo quay v cc l khc dng rc ng, ch ng Hng C, cc quan vin chp s, cc nhc cng v cc ca nhi tin trn rch Vm Lng v pha sng Soi Rp, ngng trc ca sng, pha bi bin cch Vm Lng c chng hai cy s. y, vng hng c t ln, ng Hng C v cc quan vin lm l nghinh ng. m nhc ni ln ha vi ging ca ca cc ca nhi. L tt, chic thuyn nghinh ng tr v theo l trnh c trn rch Vm Lng. Hai bn rch, thuyn ln thuyn nh u chng n vi cc mu sc rc r t khoang thuyn ln mui thuyn v ln c ct bum, t u thuyn ti cui thuyn. Trn b, ti cc nh dn chng hai bn, cc bn th c by ra n tip ng vi mt s hn hoan nng nhit ca mi ngi. Khi chic thuyn nghinh ng tr li ti rch, mt ting n o reo h ni ln lin tip cho ti khi thuyn gh trc ni th t, nhng trng pho lin tip n t cc thuyn ln nh n mng ng ang ng trn chic thuyn l. Rch Vm Lng c trng rm soi sng cng tng bng sng rc hn vi mun ngn ngn n lng sc s trn b, di sng. Thuyn l gh bn, nh trm c trnh trng rc v ni th phng lm l an v. L an v c hnh vi ng Hng C lm ch ngay trc bn th thn, ni nh tin t, theo nghi thc c truyn. Sau l l tc trc v l tc trc cng c hnh nh ti cc nh n khc trong nhng ngy hi". Theo dn chng Vm Lng, trong ngy hi c th ngoi khi c c ng v d, nu t trong b ngi ta thy xa xa nhng tia nc bn vt ln cao. Trong trng hp ny, dn chng vui mng lm, s hin din ca ng bo hiu mt nm thnh vng c ma c. Theo ng Thi Vn Kim trong ti liu dn, trong dp dn chng Vm Lng t chc rc ngc ct ca mt c Voi ly nm 1957, ngoi nhng nghi thc c hnh nh ngy hi ni trn, cn c mt m rc i quanh ph x ti nh v hng chc c nhim v gi gn sc phong ca triu nh. Sc phong
c t ln bn th, sau bn th c rc xung thuyn tin ra bin lm l nghinh ng./. T.A
L hi Bn Tre
Nguyn Ch Bn
1. Lng ng v in thn th c ng Khc vi thnh hong bn cnh c phng th nh lng, c ng c th lng. Trn a bn cc x ven bin Bn Tre c 9 lng ng. Ngoi l c mt lng nm rt xa b bin. l lng ng ti x Vang Qui Ty (huyn Bnh i) lng ny cch xa b bin ti non 20 km ng chim bay Tt c cc ni th trn u c mt nt chung l cc lng u c xng c ng. Cc b xng ny c bi tr ni hu cung. Theo ng dn th cc xng c em v t ni an tng c ng sau ba nm. Ngi dn min bin u coi nhng b xng y l s hin din ca c ng. Di y l mt s lng ng tiu biu. Lng ng ti x Bnh Thng gm ba gian nh lin nhau theo kiu "sp i". Mt quay v pha nam, gian u tin l nh v ca, k n l nh v qui, sau l gian chnh ng. Gian ny c ba ban th hi ng, st k l hai hng l b hai bn, gia l bn th by l. Trong cng l mt ban th ct ng gia, bn phi l ban th t ao, bn tri l ban th hu x. Mt sau ca ban th cch mt bc tng c ban th tin hin bn phi, ban th hu hin bn tri, gia l ban th tin s. Ngoi ca lng l i cu i : "T triu hu mc b nin bin i tng ng nguyn" v "Xun t thu thng thin c l vn qui nht bn". Trong khi , lng ng An Thu, huyn Ba Tri li c nhng im khc bit. Lng quay v pha ng, bn ngoi l mt bnh phong gia, hai bn l hai miu nh th b Cha X v ng H. Gian u tin l nh v ca, k n l gian th ng Bch thu, gian trong cng l mt ban th by l vt gia hai hng l b. St trong cng l ban th gia, hai bn l xng c ng. Mt sau ca ni xng c ng l ban th tin vng. x Bo Thnh, huyn Ba Tri, lng ng c phn n gin hn. Mt lng quay v hng nam, gia l ngai ng (ni ct ng), hai bn l t ban v hu ban. Pha sau l ban th tin hin. Theo li k ca ng Nguyn Khuyn, 72 tui vo nm 1994, ng ti p 8 (p Tri), lng ny do dn mi lm li, lng c c lm nm 1907 gm mt nh 5 gian k lin nhau: gian u tin l nh v ca, k n l nh v qui, ri n nh chnh ng, sau cng l nh i. Nh th, kin trc ca lng ng, c bn mang dng v nh mt ngi nh, ca c dn lm ngh trng la nc. N va mang chc nng tn ngng : l ni tr s ca thn linh, va mang chc nng th tc : l ni vui chi, gii tr, i khch trong ngy hi ca dn vn chi. Hin din ca i tng c tin, i vi nhng ngi dn chi, chnh l xng c ng trong lng. C th do thi gian, c th trc y, nhng lng ng ny do ngi dn lp ra, nn khng c sc phong ca triu nh nh Nguyn. 2. Cc l v hi. S th hin tn ngng th cng c ng i vi c dn vng bin l l hi th c ng. Trong i sng c dn ni ny, l cng c ng l l to nht. Nu mit vn, l
ng chung b chung, nu mit ging, l tt tru c ch trng th mit ven bin, l c ch trng li l l hi nghinh ng. Din bin ca mt l th c ng cc x ven bin Bn Tre, c bn khng c g khc nhau. S khc nhau gia l hi ca cc x trn, ch l khc nhau v mt thi gian. x Thi Thun, huyn Bnh i, l cng ng vo ngy 20-6 m lch, x Tha c cng huyn, l hi c m vo ngy 23-4 (m lch), Bo Thnh, Tn Thu thuc huyn Ba Tri, l nghinh ng c t chc vo ngy 15 v 16-6 (m lch). x Bnh Thng, huyn Bnh i, l nghinh ng cng c t chc vo hai ngy 15 v 16-6 (m lch). Di y, chng ti xin miu thut l "nghinh ng" lng ng x Bnh Thng, huyn Bnh i. Din trnh ca l ny bao gm ba phn : tc yt, nghinh ng, t tin hin, hu hin, l chnh t v xy chu i bi. Bt u l l tc yt, nghi thc ny c tin hnh rt n gin. Mi ngi dn trong vn lch, t nhng ngy trc gp tin lm l cng ng. ng gp nhiu hay t l tu tm lng ca tng gia ch ng dn m khng c mt s bt buc no, v cng khng c s phn bit gia ngi c ng tin v ngi khng ng tin. m u tin ca ngy l hi ny c mt nghi thc khng hon ton bt buc, tu theo ban t chc. l l cu an. ng chnh nim hng v ph nim hng phi tham gia l ny. Bt u vo l, ng chnh nim hng quay mt vo in thn, khn vi, xin s chng kin ca Nam Hi ngc ln tn thn. ng ph nim hng i t s xin cu an ln u, qu ly. Tm nh s ng thnh hai hng qu ly pha sau, sau cc nh s ng ln, c kinh nht tng lm l cu an cho vn lch. Cui bui l cu an, l s c em t. Sng hm sau l nghi thc nghinh ng. Nghi thc ny c tin hnh vi s tham gia ng o ca tt c ng dn trong vn chi. on ngi ra khi nghinh ng gm c ng chnh nim hng, ph nim hng, 4 hc tr l, 4 o thi (2 o nam v 2 o n), 8 ngi mang bt bu chp kch, mt ngi vc c c ch Nam Hi, bn ngi khnh long nh, hai ngi khnh lng, mt ngi vc l c ln, cng vi phng bt m. Tt c nhng ngi ny khnh long nh, cng tt c l, t lng tin ra ca sng xung mt ghe ring c chn sn, gi l ghe l. Thng thng chic ghe c chn ny l ghe ca gia ch song ton, khng vng mc g, lm n pht t, v ghe mang s chn. Trn ghe ny cn mt bn by cc l vt, gm c mt con heo quay, hai a lng, gan heo (mt a sng, mt a chn), mt a bnh hi, cng hoa qu. Hai bn cnh con heo quay l 12 chic chn (bt) cng 12 i a. Sau ghe l l ghe ch on ma ln. ng sau hai ghe ny l tt c mt on ghe hng trm chic ca ng dn trong vn lch. Trn tng chic ghe u c by l nh ghe chnh. Tt c cng tin ra ngoi bin, nghinh ng. C ghe l, ghe ch on ma ln v cc ghe ca ng dn, u c th mt si dy xung nc, cui si dy l mt ci gi. Ngi dn th tri chic gi ny trn mt nc. Khi c on ghe ra ti ch gip nc (ni nc sng v nc bin gp nhau), ng chnh nim hng bt u lm th tc xin s linh ng ca c ng. C on ghe hi hp ch ng ln vi. Ng dn tin rng, nm no on ghe ra khi nghinh ng, gp ng ln vi, l nm vn lch gp may mn, lm n pht ti. Trng hp, ng khng ln vi, ng chnh nim hng s xin m dng. Nu mt trong hai ng tin m ng chnh nim hng tung ln, ri xung a, c mt ng sp, mt ng nga, coi nh ng Nam Hi chng lng thnh ca ng dn. Lin ngay , ghe l thi t v vang ng mt vng sng, v bt u t pho. Tt c hng trm chic ghe i sau ghe l, u
t pho. S hng khi tt ca ng dn khin tt c cc ghe chy o o hn n. C ghe va chm vo ghe khc, khng sao, ngi dn chp nhn s n o v hn n ny. on ghe no nc quay tr v bn. i u vn l chic ghe l. Ti bn, ngi ta khnh long nh, hng n v tt c cc l ln b, rc v lng. Ti lng, ngi chnh nim hng, cng ph nim hng khnh bt hng va mang ra khi nghinh ng, t ln bn th. Sau khi lm cc nghi thc an v, a bt hng ln, lm cc th tc khn vi, nghi thc nghinh ng mi chm dt. Ng dn tin rng ng Nam Hi v ng ti in thn, chng cho lng thnh ca h. Sau , l t tin hin, hu hin bt u. L vt ni th cng tin hin l l mn, nh mi m gi t tin, c 4 mm xi (3 mm xi trng, 1 mm xi ). Sau mt hi ching, mt hi trng v nhc l, ng chnh nim hng, ph nim hng lau tay, mt, cc bi t dng a nn v hoa. Sau , chnh nim hng vo khn vi, dng thc n dng ru, v c vn t tin hin. Ngoi nhng th tc c tnh cht "hnh chnh" nh nm thng cng, nhng ngi tham gia cng, l vt cng, vn t tin hin nh sau : "tin hin khai khn chi linh v, hu hin khai c chi linh v, t ban hu ban chi v, ng thanh tin linh cp c hn ng lai phi hng. Vit : cung v tn thn khc kim khc cn ni vn ni v sanh thnh hu th t c sng to vi chi s ph khai cng trt l ti bi hu th qui m lp p chiu dn ch thnh hn h cu nh kin miu lu hng ho b nin, l ngha an nhn th phong thanh vn c, t nhn o l vin u, din ph nghi v biu thnh tm thc thu bo h chi an khnh d Phc duy thng hng". ng Trng c Qu, cn b Vin nghin cu Hn Nm dch l : "Dm xin knh co n trc vong linh cc bc tin hin khai khn u tin, cc bc xy nn tip sau, trc linh v t ban hu ban. Xin vong hn t tin cng cc c hn cng v chung hng. Knh cn m khn rng : Tn thn chuyn kim chuyn cn, gii vn, gii v, sinh thnh nn mnh t ny, sng to, tn lm s ph, m b ci, dng k cng, ti bi quy m cng y. Lp p chiu dn t thnh lng xm. Dng nh, xy miu, n hng lu mi trm nm. L ngha an nhn, vun trng tc hay vn c. Nay nhn dp n k t l, nghi thc ph by, th hin thnh tm. Ci xin (cc v tin hin, hu hin, cng t tin) bo h cho trong thn dn c yn vui thnh vng. Knh bi thng hng". c vn t xong, bi t dng ru ln hai, dng tr ri t vn t. Nghi thc xy chu i bi l nghi thc khng c nh, ngha l ph thuc vo ban t chc c mi on ht bi hay khng ?Ni din ra ht bi l gian nh v ca. Trc khi vo xy chu, cc o thi ly trc in th ng Nam Hi. L vt ti ban th lc ny l mt con ln trng, m, co sch lng, quay u v pha ban th ng, bt huyt, t bn cnh, l m chi ph ln u con ln. Ngi cm chu l ng chnh t. Dn chng trong vn chi ngi xem ht bi ngay nh v ca. Cc o thi ht, ma cho dn chng xem, cng vi ngha, ht ma cho ng Nam Hi vui lng. Nghi thc l chnh t c tin hnh vo gia m 16-6 m lch, vo lc giao im gia hai ngy, kt thc mt ngy c, bt u mt ngy mi. Sau cc nghi thc thng
thng nh c sot t vt, tu v, chnh y, m u bui l chnh t, ban t chc chn mt ngi c tui, c c song ton, c mi c dn trong vn lch knh trng, lm nhim v khai m. K n l nghi thc khai ching, ri khai trng. Ba nhc c ny u c nh theo hi, theo nhp qui nh, khi dt nhp trng l dn nhc l bt u vo nhp. Phn t bt u. ng bi t dng nn, hoa cho ng chnh nim hng. ng ny gi my nn nhang trong tay ln ngang trn, va khn vi va c: "Nht nhn t l o thi thun, ht h sang thu l cu an, kin an tu trong thn p u kin nguyn. Nht nguyn hng, Vit Nam cng c, quc diu thi sng phong iu ho thun, vn th v cng. Nh nguyn hng binh linh ng trng, ng tr canh mc s. nng cng thng, b tnh nghinh tng nhn dn ng thnh li. Tam nguyn hng ct kin ng trng thnh an k nghip, Nam Hi chng minh h, ph tr trong thn p, tnh tam chc nguyn". Sau , ng thp nhang ln bn th. Theo sau hc tr l l cc o thi, va i t tri sang phi theo chiu kim ng h ca in thn va ht nhng cu ht chc thn. Tip theo l nghi thc dng ru, v chnh nim hng rt ru ra chn (ly), va lm nghi thc vi ly, va c : "Qunh tng tin d ngc hin l chc s tnh thn tnh t n chc h linh tn tc". Hc tr l nhn ru t tay ng chnh nim hng, i ln dng thn. Cc o thi va i ng sau hc tr l, va ht chc thn. Ba ln dng ru, u c tin hnh nh trn. Ht tun ru th nht, v chnh t bt u c vn t ng Nam Hi. Bi vn t m chng ti ghi l cng c ng ti lng ng x Bnh Thng nh sau : "T nhn tit gii o l t vin cn v can lp sanh l hng ng thanh chc th phm chi nghi, cm chiu co vu, sc t quc gia nam hi quyn phong c tc ngc ln tn thn, t l ng chi v, hu l lc chi v, ng Yu ng gc chi v, h b long vng chi v, thu long thn n chi v, T hi long vng chi v, ng Nam st hi chi v ng ch thu c tn linh ng lai phi hng. Vit : Cung di tn linh hi h dc t nhc c ch tinh trn hi ngoi hng phong ng h n thu qun thu trung c t knh ngc khu u bin ho hin vinh t nhn phong v chi trung, lai ging kinh ph cu chng du sa o chi ni ni nin ti nguyn n trnh l kin cung hin din knh thnh ngng li tn linh gin phc bn thn bn p da chi hu d. Phc duy thng hng". ng Trng c Qu, cn b Vin nghin cu Hn Nm dch l: "Nay tit va ng l khai l t, knh cn sm sa n nn hng trm, ru ngon cng phm vt theo nh nghi thc. Dm xin knh co n : tn thn quc gia sc phong Nam Hi quyn phong c tc ngc ln, cc linh v t l ng, hu l lc, ng Yu, ng Gc, H B long vng, Thu long thn n, t hi long vng, ng Nam st hi cng cc tn linh thu tc cng v chung hng. Knh cn (khn) trc cc tn linh :
Bin sng dinh dng, g sui tr nui, trn hng phong ngoi bin c, c tm bi th, qun cha t ni thu cung, knh ngc ci u. Bin ho hin linh, gip ngi trong cn ma bo. i n nh nhng, cu nhn gia lc sng dng. Bin nay li nguyn dng trnh, l nh hin cung, thnh tm knh bi. Ngng nh tn linh gia cn ging phc cho p, cho thn. Ci xin thng hng !". Sau khi c vn t, chnh nim hng li dng tip hai tun ru. Ri dng tun tht, cng li khn: "m t phc thin thu thin thi, t nam hi chng minh, chng cho thn t nht kh minh, ngng li min trng m phc". Cng lc , nhng ngi trong ban khnh tit, li bn by con ln t thn, lt nga con ln, mt lt ri mang con ln ra ngoi, x tht dng sau l chnh t. Nghi thc cui ca vic dng l vt l dng tr. Ngi chnh nim hng dng tr cng li khn : " kim long phng pht thit thit im tr than, kim cc ngc nh an t". Sau khi dng tr, bn o thi vi ly trc bn th ng. Cui cng l nghi thc t vn t. Tt c ban khnh tit, hc tr l, o thi vi ly ng ln cui. Nghi thc chnh t kt thc, ng thi cng l kt thc l hi nghinh ng ca ngi dn vn lch. Din trnh l cng ng ca cc lng khc, cn bn ging nh cc nghi thc lng ng Bnh Thng. Ring lng ng p 8 (p Tri) thuc x Bo Thnh huyn Ba Tri c hi khc cht t v i tng th cng, v phm vt dng cng. y, ng dn cng ng vo cc ngy 15, 16, 17 thng 6 m lch. Ti ngy 15 thng 6, ngi dn cng b vi xi ch v hoa tri, sng 16 thng 6, nghinh ng, khuya ngy 17 l chnh t. L vt cng b l tht heo, cn l vt cng ng l u heo./. N.C.B
Hi nh - n Bng in
Nguyn Thanh
Bng in, vn l a danh dng t cho mt hng ca mt vng t nm k t ngn sng Hng vo thi L; c thi k dng lm a danh ca mt huyn sau i thnh Th Tr, xa c tn l trang Bng in. Vo thi Nguyn lng Bng in thuc tng Bng in, huyn Th Tr, nay thuc x Tn Lp, huyn V Th, tnh Thi Bnh. Trung tm ca trang Bng in xa thuc lng Hng ng, nay thuc x Vit Hng, ni t Lng m Qu Hoa, n tng thi Hai B Trng. nh Bng in ca lng Bng in nay th nh v i vng, hai v tng thi Hng, n Bng in th Qu Hoa cng cha. C dn lng Bng in xa a phn c gc gc t Hng ng xung khai ph lp lng cch ngy nay trn di 300 nm. L hi lng Bng in c lin quan n nhiu lng ph cn m m rc t nh n Bng in v lng m b Qu Hoa Hng ng vn c gi tn l m rc v lng. Hin ti, Thi Bnh t ni cn lu gi c c mt qun th y cc thit ch lin hon ca lng l nh- n - cha - vn ch nh lng Bng in. Qun th di tch c xy dng trn din tch 16.000 mt vung, thu trc cn c mt ao nh rng gn 10.000 mt vung nm st chn sng Hng m hi vi sc cha hng ngn ngi tham gia hnh l v cc hot ng ua ti gii tr trong ngy hi. Theo truyn thng, hng nm lng Bng in m hi vo mng 10 thng 3, chnh hi l hai ngy 14 v 15 thng 3. Nghi l ln nht, c s quan tm v chm lo ca c lng Bng in v cc lng ln cn l m rc v lng vo ngy 15 thng 3. Khai hi ngy 14 thng 3 l m rc nc Kiu thnh mang bi v thnh hong lng c rc t nh ra n Vn Chi (cn tn l n Hng Vn) vi qung ng chng hn 1km. Khi kiu Thnh n n Vn Chi th h kiu, dn lng lm l bi vng ri a l nc xung thuyn c on thuyn h gi xui dng n Ng ba sng ni sng Hng vo sng V Hong th lm nghi l nc c xung, mc nc mi ln a v t ln kiu rc v nh th. Sau nghi l rc nc l cuc ua tri vt sng Hng ca cc lng Bng in, Vn Chi, ng An. Bui chiu 14 cc tri c a v ua ti ao nh. Cng ti ao nh, cuc thi bi ca trai trng cc gip trong lng c t chc. Trn sn nh l cc tr vt, chi g, p niu, c ngi... di ao nh sau cuc ua chi, thi bi l tr bt vt. Ti Vn ch ca lng l l t ln sng, huyt mao ca hi t vn. Ti nh l cuc t ca tng gip theo ln lt 12 gip ca lng.
274
Cng vo chiu 14 cc lng Vn Chi, ng An rc kiu t lng mnh n n Bng in lm cc nghi l t thnh v chun b m rc vo sng hm sau. Sng 15 thng 3 m rc vi nghi thc trng th t nh Bng in ln lng th Qu Hoa ti Hng ng vi qung ng hn 4km, c i v v chng gn 10km cun ht c dn cc lng Bng in, Vn Chi, ng An, Hng ng cng tham gia. Ngoi kiu Pht, kiu vng l kiu thnh ca cc lng. Mt m rc khng l t m sng ngy 15 c t chc xut pht t nh - n Bng in dc sng Hng tin ngc ln Hng ng, dc ng i kiu ca cc lng thng quay xui ngc dc ngang, vic iu hnh m rc l c mt ngh thut thng nht cao theo hiu lnh ch huy. Ring vi lng Bng in, lo c ngi vo ph gi phi chn n ng trinh sch ngi, sch nt, sch tang. Cc gip lo c trai trng gip mnh vo ph gi. Ring hai n cm l soi v hai nam cm c va phi l nhng ngi p nht lng. C bn ngi cm lng i che cho ngi cm l soi v cm c va. Khi m rc ti a phn lng ng An gia khong cch lng Bng in v lng Hng ng th dng kiu. Theo tc xa c lng ng An nh no nh ny, giu dy kh mng nu xi ch hoc lm c sn ch nhng ngi i rc vo n, khng k l c thn thit hay khng. Nh no khng c ngi vo n coi nh b xi quy, b d lun ci ch cho nn khi va dng kiu dn lng ng An ra mi cho, li ko s nh mnh c. Khi rc n lng b Qu Hoa ti Hng ng th t chc t l v rc t v nh n. m rc thng din ra c ngy, c nm ti xm mi rc v n nh n Bng in v phi t chc t m, sau cc lng Vn Chi, ng An li rc kiu t nh n Bng in v n lng mnh. Do quy m rc t trn khng gian rng my lng nh th nn l hi nh n Bng in c nh hng rng v mang tnh cht ca mt hi vng. Nhng nm gn y, ao nh b lp quai , tc ua chi khng c duy tr nhng s rc t vn theo nh l c. V trong x Tn Lp c ba lng u m hi nn l hi Bng in c ba nm mi rc v lng mt ln. T thn nhng hnh ng hi trong hi nh n Bng in to ra tnh cng ng, cng cm ca hng vn c dn cc lng xa vn cng trang Bng in vi tm thc chung mt ci ngun./. N.T
275
Contents
______
Page 9 11 15
- Foreword - To Readers - An Overview of the Treasure of Vietnamese Traditional Ceremonies - Photographs of Ceremonies - Ceremonies : 1. Cultural Tet and Tet Culture
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Nguyen Chi Ben
Tran Quoc Vuong
51 85 101 107 114 117 123
A. Tay Bac, Viet Bac Region : Peace Praying Ceremony for ban and Quynh Chi muong (Small Villages) Ceremony for Worshipping the souls Vang Chung Thung of the Forest ooc Moong Ceremony of the Mng Nguyen Huu Thuc in Phong Ph Village Gau tao Ceremony Ma A Lenh - Ly Seo Chung Sac bua Ceremony (a Kind of Sring Vu Hoa Time Ceremony) of the Muong Ban Blossom in Season Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu K'Ho - IGia - IGia Ceremony Xuan Mai - Giang Xuan Mui Quang Huynh Le Hong Ly Nguyen Huu Thuc I Ly Vang Thung Chung
8. 9.
136 141 150 155 164 172 179
Spring time Ceremony of Lang Giang 10.Initiation Ceremony 11.Ceremony of Phoenix Feather Dances in Tu Ly Region 12.Moon Ceremony 13.Ceremony on the First Day of the 7th
1434
Lunar Month 14.Bamboo Shoot Growing Ceremony 15.New house Celebrating Ceremony
16.Lion
dancing Ceremony 17.Rong Pooc Ceremony 18.Going to the Fields Ceremony
Song Pham Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu La Van Lo San Chang Tran Huu Son
190 193 196 198 205 221 225 233 235 241 246 252 258
B. The Red River Delta Region 19.Ceremony of An Co village Pham Minh uc - Pham Communal House Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan 20.An Dng Vng Temple Vo Hoang Lan Ceremony 21.Ba Xa Temple Ceremony Vu uc Cuong 22.Ba Tam Temple Ceremony Le Hong Ly 23.Kite Flying Ceremony in Ba Giang Minh Nhng 24.Bach Hac Ceremony Toan Anh 25.Bach Tru Villlage Ceremony Nguyen Ngoc Thanh 26.Bat Trung Village Ceremony and Nguyen Thanh Custom of Rice-cooking Competition 27.Bac Le Temple Ceremony Vo Hoang Lan 28.Bi Pagoda Ceremony Le Ngoc Canh 29.Bong ien Temple Ceremony Nguyen Thanh 30.Con Temple Ceremony Yen Ly 31.Cuong Temple Ceremony Tran Minh Sieu 32.Banh via Procession in Binh a Le Trung Vu Ceremony 33.Boi Khe Pagoda and Ceremony Tran Lam Bien 34.Canh Hoch Village Ceremony Nguyen Huu Thuc 35.Con Giang Temple Ceremony Ly Linh Hoang 36.Chem Temple Ceremony Minh Thang 37.Buffalo - Fighting Ceremony in Do Song Pham Son
262 267 274 277 280 286 290 298 306 308 313
1435
38.Chieu
Trung Temple Ceremony 39.Chuong Village Fair 40.Chu Dong Tu Temple Ceremony
41.Chu
Xa Ceremony 42.Da Trach Temple Ceremony

43.Dau
Pagoda Ceremony 44.Diem Village Ceremony

45.Do
Ceremony 46.Fish Worshipping Ceremony of Duong Xa 47.Da Si Village Ceremony 48.Dam Village Ceremony 49.Dao Xa Ceremony 50.Dinh Bang Village Ceremony 51.Ceremony of Communal House on the River 52.Dong Bo Dau Temple Ceremony 53.Dong Linh Village Ceremony 54.Dong Quang Village Ceremony 55.Doan Thuong Temple Ceremony 56.Dong Bang Temple Ceremony 57.Dong Ky Ceremony
58.Dong Nhan
Thao Nguyen Phuong Vu Nguyen Minh San Nguyen Chi Ben o Lan Phuong Nguyen Chi Ben Nguyen Minh San Le Trung Vu Nguyen Minh Hoang ang Mai Hong Kieu Thu Hoach Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Le Ngoc Canh Le Hong Ly Bui Xuan inh Le Van Ky Le Ngoc Canh Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Thanh Toan Anh Toan Anh Bui Ngoc Dung Toan Anh - Nguyen Thu Minh Ha My Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Minh Nhng Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Chi Ben
323 328 334 347 358 367 373 377 381 385 390 402 408 419 425 431 435 440 443 452 459 464 474 477 483
Temple Ceremony 59.Dong Xam Ceremony

60.Rice
- cooking Competition in Dong Van 61.Dong Phi Village Ceremony 62.Gia Ceremony
1436
63.Story and Performance of Gia La
Yen Giang Chu Huy Nguyen Minh Hoang Ha My Pham Vu Dung Nguyen Hoang Nguyen Xuan Kinh Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Minh Hoang Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Nt - Pham Thi Lan Le Hong Ly Kim Chung Nguyen Huu Thuc - Le Trung Vu Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Hai Yen Chu Huy Le Hong Ly Tran Thi Hue Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Vinh Phuc Duong Van Tham Hoang Thi Nhung Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Hang Mai
492 497 502 505 512 522 528 539 543 549 552 561 564 580 588 592 598 602 607 624 628 640 649 654 658
Ceremony 64.Ha Hoi Titulary Procession Ceremony 65.Ha Temple Ceremony 66.Ha Loi Temple Ceremony 67.Ha Thai Village Ceremony 68.Hat Mon Temple Ceremony 69.Cheo Tau Singing Ceremony 70.Het Temple Ceremony 71.Hien Quan Village Ceremony 72.Hoi Village's Mats Ceremony
73.Hung Temple Ceremony 74.Hung Lo
Temple Ceremony 75.Huong Pagoda Ceremony

76.Keo
Pagoda Ceremony - Arranging Ceremony
77.Letter 78.Kiep
Bac Temple Ceremony 79.Khe Hoi Village Ceremony 80.Khe Thuong Village Ceremony 81.La Phu Village Ceremony 82.Lai Tri Village Ceremony 83.Lang Ceremony 84.Fish - Catchingg Ceremony of Lang Tho 85.Lang Ceremony 86.Ceremony at Temple worshipping King L 87.Le Mat Village Ceremony
1437
88.Lim
Ceremony 89.Lien Bat Village Ceremony 90.Lieu oi Traditional Wrestling Ceremony 91.Linh am Village Ceremony 92.Lo Temple - its Legend and Ceremony 93.Long Khe Village Ceremony
94.Lo
Ngoc Luu Ly Hung Minh Le Ky Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Minh San Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Yen Ly Van Nghe Hung Minh Kieu Thu Hoach Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Hoa Mi Nguyen Huu Thuc
663 670 675 687 693 703 707 710 718 722 725 727 731 735
Ceremony
95.Luong Quy Village Ceremony
ng Village Ceremony 97.Mang Son Temple Ceremony 98.Fish - Catching Ceremony of Me Village 99.Ceremony of Craft Presentation in Mien Village 100.Mieng Ha Village Ceremony 101.Tiger C loak Procession - An Ancient Performance of Minh Cuong Village 102.Veil Taking - off Ceremony 103.Kite - Flying Ceremory of Na Pagoda 104.Ninh Hiep Village Ceremony
105.Niem
96.Mai
Nguyen Hong Ha Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Thi Huong Lien Toan Anh Nguyen Huu Thuc Truong Nguyen Nguyen Vinh Phuc Vo Quang Trong
739 744 750 757 761 766 771 783
Thuong Ceremony 106.Ngu Giap Temple Ceremony 107.Nghe Temple Ceremony 108.False King Procession Ceremony (Nhoi Ceremony) 109.Boat- Racing Ceremony of Nhuong Ban Village
1438
110.Pha
Lai Water Procession Ceremony Tran Quoc Thinh 111.Phu Dong Ceremony Nguyen Van Huyen
112.Phu 113.Phu
788 793 809 812 819 822 829 832 835 846 859 864 870 877 881 893 898 905 911 920 928 931 937
1439
Ung Temple Ceremony
Giay Ceremony 114.Quan lon tuan tranh Temple Ceremony 115.Quang Lang Ceremony 116.Quang Ba Village Ceremony 117.Ceremony in Qung Ninh
118.Giam
Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ngo uc Thinh Toan Anh Tran Thanh Phuong Nam Ha ien Nam - Tran Nhuan Minh Nguyen Huu Thu Vo Hoang Lan Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Nguyen Thuy Lien Chau Giang Yen Giang Duong Huy Thien - Bui Huy Luan Bui Xuan inh Tran Quang Minh Duong Huy Thien Tran Lam Bien Tu Son Nguyen Te Nhi - Hoang Phu Le Hong Ly Nguyen Huong Toan Anh Toan Anh
- Singing Ceremony of Quyen Son Village 119.Ram Temple Ceremony 120.Kite - Flying Competition
121.Sam 122.Son
Temple Ceremony
Dong Village Ceremony 123.Son Vi Village Ceremony

124.Tam
Son Pagoda Ceremony 125.Horse- Bathing Ceremony

126.Tay Phuong Pagoda with
its Ceremony 127.Pigeon Releasing Ceremony 128.Ceremony around Thanh Liem, Ha Nam Moutainous region 129.Thay Pagoda Ceremony 130.Tho Ha Village communal house Ceremony 131.Tho Tang Ceremony 132.Thi Cau Village Ceremony
133.Thuong Liet 134.Tien
Village Ceremony
La Temple Ceremony Ceremony of Tong Vu
135.Spring time
Le Si Giao - o Thanh Thuy Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Thanh Toan Anh Bui Van Vuong Vu Hong Thuat Chu Quang Tru LeTrung Vu- Tran Duy Hai Le Hong Ly Nguyen Nhi Ha Nguyen Huu Thuc Toan Anh Toan Anh Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Van Huyen Duong Huy Thien Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Nguyen Thanh
944 956 961 963 967 976 981 988 994 999 1008 1017 1027 1029 1035 1041 1047 1055 1058
Village 136.Clay Fire-Cracker Competition of Tuc Village 137.Ceremony at Temple Worshipping Le Phung Hieu 138.Tra Co Village Ceremony 139.Tram Village Ceremony 140.Tram Gian Pagoda Ceremony 141.Trieu Khuc Ceremony
142.Truong Yen Ceremony and Ancient
Capital Hoa Lu 143.Tu Nhien Village Ceremony 144.Va Temple Ceremony 145.Van Nien Ceremony 146.Van Trung Ceremony 147.Van Sa Ceremony 148.Vong Lo Village Ceremony 149.Vu Lao Village Ceremony
150.Vu 151.Vu
Lang Village Ceremony
Nghi Village Ceremony and Nong (Flat,Large Drying Basket) Weaving Competition 152.Wrestling Ceremony of Yen Noi Village 153.Yen The Ceremony
Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen ac Nong
1060 1066
C. Duyn Hi Region - The Central Vietnam
1440
154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160.
Season Transition Ceremony Dinh Thay Ceremony O Loan Swamp Ceremony Gian (Wooden Stage) Tearing down Ceremony Boat- Racing Ceremony Go Market Spring time Ceremony
Gia Lac Spring Fair 161. Hon Chen Sanctuary Ceremony Long Chu Ceremony in Hoi An 163. Ly Hai Village Communal House Ceremony 164. Mbang Ka Te Ceremony
162.
Ngo Van Doanh Toan Anh Nam Phong - Huu Binh Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen Ngoc Trach Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ton That Binh Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen uc Minh Nguyen Ngoc Trach Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen Ngoc Trach Ton That Binh Nguyen Ngoc Trach Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen Ngoc Trach
1073 1086 1090 1093 1096 1001 1104 1109 1115 1121 1128 1133 1139 1159 1166 1169 1172 1176 1182 1193 1197 1200
1441
Ong Pagoda Ceremony 166. Pho Trach Ceremony 167. Some Ceremonies of the Ethnicities in Qung Ngi Province 168. Le Roya Idil Adha
165.
Fish Catching Ceremony in Sa Huynh 170. Tay Son Ceremony

169. 171. 172. 173.
174. 175.
Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Thai Duong Ha Village Ceremony Ton That Binh Thap Ba Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Thuong Phuoc Village Ceremony Ton That Binh D. Ty Nguyn Region New Rice Eating Ceremony Thach Phuong- Le Trung Vu Grave - Abandoning Ceremony of Ngo Van Doanh
176. 177. 178. 179. 180.
the Bana Konkdeh Grave - Abandoning Ceremony of the Gia Rai Mthur Funeral House Abandoning Ceremony Buffalo - Offering Ceremony Elephant Racing Ceremony
Ngo Van Doanh Pham Hong Thu I Ly Thach Phuong- Le Trung Vu Trung Vu Thach Phuong- Le Trung Vu
1215 1210 1217 1228 1232 1240
K Pan Ceremony 181. Grown - up Ceremony
182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191.
192.
193. 194.
E. Nam B (Southern Vietnam) Region Ba chua Xu Ceremony Tran Van ong Ba Pagoda Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ba Pagoda Ceremony, Thu Dau Mot Ho Tuong Town Ong Pagoda Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ong Bon Pagoda Ceremony Hoa Ha Ngoc Hoang Pagoda Ceremony Ho Tuong Dinh Co Ceremony Huynh Toi Donta Ceremony of the Khome Thach Anh Village Communal House Nguyen Chi Ben Ceremony in Bn Tre Ceremony on the Occasion of Ho Tuong Anniversary of hat boi and cai luong Artistes' Deaths in Nam Bo Ceremony on the Occasion of Ho Tuong Anniversary of Jewllery Father's Death K Yn Ceremony at Chu Ph Nguyen Thi Minh Hoa Temple Ong Dia Temple Ceremony Ho Tuong
1247 1255 1263 1269 1274 1278 1281 1285 1288 1305
1308
1311 1315
1442
195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202.
Lang Ong Ceremony Ok Om Bok Ceremony Ceremony on 15 of the 7th Lunar Month New Year Welcoming Ceremony of the Khome Via ba Ceremony in Con Dao Via ba Ceremony in Thanh An Via Linh Son Thanh Mau Ceremony Yang (Heaven) Worshipping Ceremony of the Ch'ro
Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ho Tuong I Ly Ho Tuong Ho Tuong Ho Tuong Phan inh Dung
1318 1323 1328 1334 1339 1342 1346 1352
G. Whale - Worshipping Ceremonies - About Fish Species and the Nguyen Chi Ben Sanctification 203. Xuan Hoi Village Ceremony Le Trung Vu 204. Ha Village Ceremony Ton That Binh 205. Ceremony in An Bang Village Ton That Binh 206. Ceremony of Ca Ong Voi in Phu Ton That Binh Tan Village 207. Ceremony in Hoi An Nguyen uc Minh 208. ong Yen Village Ceremony Nguyen Ngoc Trach 209. Whale - Worshipping Ceremony in Nguyen Tu Hai Khanh Hoa 210. Ceremony in Can Gio Ho Tuong 211. Vam Lang Ceremony Toan Anh 212. Ceremony in Ben Tre Nguyen Chi Ben - Collections and Studies on Vietnamese Traditional Ceremonies - Contents in Vietnamese - Contents in English
1361 1367 1373 1375 1377 1382 1388 1995 1399 1402 1405 1412 1424 1434
1443
1444
Mc lc
______
Trang 9 11 Nguyn Ch Bn
15 51 85
- Li gii thiu - Cng bn c - Tng quan v kho tng l hi c truyn Vit Nam - nh l hi - Cc l hi : 1. Tt vn ha v vn ha Tt
Trn Quc Vng
A. Vng Ty Bc, Vit Bc : 2. L hi cu an bn mng Qunh Chi 3. L hi cng rng Vng Thung Chng 4. Hi oc Moong ngi Mng Nguyn Hu Thc x Phong Ph 5. L hi gu to M A Lnh - L Seo Chng 6. Hi ht sc ba ngi Mng V Hoa 7. Hi hoa ban Thch Phng - L Trung V 8. L hi K'H - IGi - IGi Xun Mai - Ging Xun Mi 9. L hi xun nh Lng Ging Quang Huynh 10. L hi lp tch L Hng L 11. Hi ma lng cng vng Tu L Nguyn Hu Thc 12. L hi ln hai I Ly 13. L Tt mng mt thng by Vng Thung Chng 14. Hi mng ma mng mc Song Phm 15. Hi mng nh mi Thch Phng - L Trung V
101 107 114 117 123 136 141 150 155 164 172 179 188 190
1424
Hi ma s t 17. Hi Rng Poc 18. Hi xung ng

16.
L Vn L Sn Chng Trn Hu Sn
196 198 205
B. Vng chu th Bc B 19. Hi nh lng An C Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan 20. Hi n An Dng Vng V Hong Lan 21. L hi n Ba X V c Cng 22. L hi n B Tm L Hng L 23. Hi th diu B Giang Minh Nhng 24. Hi Bch Hc Toan nh 25. L hi lng Bch Tr Nguyn Ngc Thanh 26. Hi lng Bt Trung v tc thi nu Nguyn Thanh cm cn 27. L hi n Bc L V Hong Lan 28. L hi cha Bi L Ngc Canh 29. Hi nh n Bng in Nguyn Thanh 30. L hi n Cn Yn Ly 31. L hi n Cung Trn Minh Siu 32. Rc bnh va hi Bnh L Trung V 33. Cha v hi Bi Kh Trn Lm Bin 34. L hi lng Canh Hoch Nguyn Hu Thc 35. L hi n Cn Giang L Linh Hong 36. Hi n Chm Minh Thng 37. L hi chi tru Sn Song Phm 38. L hi n Chiu Trng Tho Nguyn 39. Hi ch lng Chung Phng V 40. Hi n Ch ng T Nguyn Minh San Nguyn Ch Bn 41. L hi Ch X Lan Phng 42. Hi n ha D Trch Nguyn Ch Bn Nguyn Minh San
221 225 233 235 241 246 252 258 262 267 274 277 280 286 290 298 306 308 313 323 328 334 347 358
1425
Hi cha Du 44. L hi lng Dim

43.
Hi D 46. Hi t c Dng X
45.
Hi lng a S 48. Hi lng m 49. L hi o X 50. Hi lng nh Bng 51. Hi nh trn sng 52. L hi n ng B u 53. Hi lng ng Linh 54. Hi lng ng Quang 55. Hi n tng qun on Thng 56. L hi n ng Bng 57. Hi ng K
47.
L Trung V Nguyn Minh Hong ng Mai Hng Kiu Thu Hoch Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan L Ngc Canh L Hng L Bi Xun nh L Vn K L Ngc Canh Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Thanh Toan nh Toan nh Bi Ngc Dng Toan nh - Nguyn Thu Minh H My Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Minh Nhng Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Ch Bn Yn Giang Chu Huy Nguyn Minh Hong H My Phm V Dng Nguyn Hong Nguyn Xun Knh Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Minh Hong
367 373 377 381 385 390 402 408 419 425 431 435 440 443 452 459 464 474 477 483 492 497 502 505 512 522 528 539 543
Hi n ng Nhn 59. L hi ng Xm
58.
Hi thi cm thi ng Vn 61. Hi lng ng Ph 62. Hi Gi 63. S tch v tr din m hi Gi La 64. Hi rc thnh hong tng H Hi 65. L hi n H 66. Hi n H Li 67. Hi lng H Thi 68. L hi n Ht Mn 69. Hi ht cho Tu 70. Hi n Ht 71. L hi lng Hin Quan
60.
1426
72. 73.
Hi chiu Hi
Hi n Hng 74. L hi n Hng L 75. Hi cha Hng

76. 77. 78.
Hi cha Keo Hi ko ch
Hi n Kip Bc 79. Hi lng Kh Hi v tr thy chin ca nh 80. Hi lng Kh Thng 81. Hi lng La Ph 82. Hi lng Li Tr 83. Hi Lng 84. Hi nh c Lng Th 85. Hi Lng 86. Hi n vua L Hi lng L Mt 88. L hi Lim 89. Hi lng Lin Bt 90. Hi vt v Liu i 91. L hi lng Linh m 92. n L - truyn thuyt v l hi 93. Hi lng Lng Kh
87. 94. 95.
Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan L Hng L Kim Chung Nguyn Hu Thc L Trung V Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Hi Yn Chu Huy L Hng L Trn Th Hu Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Vinh Phc Dng Vn Thm Hong Th Nhung Thch Phng - L Trung V Hng Mai Ngc Lu Ly Hng Minh L K Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Minh San Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Yn Ly Vn Ngh
549 552 561 564 580 588 592 598 602 607 624 628 640 649 654 658 663 670 675 687 693 703 707 710 718
Hi L
L hi lng Lng Quy 96. Hi lng Mai ng
1427
L hi n Mng Sn 98. Hi nh c lng Me 99. Hi trnh ngh lng Min

97.
L hi lng Ming H 101. Rc lt h - tr din c x Minh Cng 102. Hi m mt 103. Hi th diu phn Pht cha N 104. L hi lng Ninh Hip
100.
Hng Minh Kiu Thu Hoch Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Ha M Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Hng H Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Th Hng Lin Toan nh Nguyn Hu Thc Trng Nguyn Nguyn Vinh Phc V Quang Trng Trn Quc Thnh Nguyn Vn Huyn Thch Phng - L Trung V Ng c Thnh Toan nh Trn Thanh Phng Nam H in Nam - Trn Nhun Minh Nguyn Hu Thu V Hong Lan Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Nguyn Thy Lin Chu Giang Yn Giang
722 725 727 731 735 739 744 750 757 761 766 771 783 788 793 809 812 819 822 829 832 835 846 859 864 870
Hi Nim Thng 106. Hi nh Ng Gip 107. L hi n Ngh 108. Hi rc vua gi (Hi Nhi) 109. Hi ua thuyn lng Nhng Bn 110. Hi rc nc Ph Li 111. Hi Ph ng 112. Hi n Ph ng
105.
Hi Ph Giy 114. Hi n Quan ln tun tranh 115. Hi Quang Lang 116. Hi lng Qung B 117. Nhng l hi Qung Ninh
113.
Hi ht gim lng Quyn Sn 119. L hi n Rm 120. Hi so n

118. 121. 122.
L hi nh Sm L hi lng Sn ng
1428
123. 124.
L hi lng Sn Vi
Hi cha Tam Sn 125. L hi tm nga Cha Ty Phng vi l hi 127. Hi th chim cu 128. Hi l quanh vng ni t Thanh Lim, H Nam 129. Hi cha Thy 130. L hi nh Th H 131. Hi Th Tang 132. Hi lng Th Cu 133. L hi lng Thng Lit
126. 134. 135.
Dng Huy Thin Bi Huy Lun Bi Xun nh Trn Quang Minh Dng Huy Thin Trn Lm Bin T Sn Nguyn T Nh Hong Ph L Hng L Nguyn Hng Toan nh Toan nh L S Gio - Thanh Thy Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Thanh Toan nh Bi Vn Vng V Hng Thut Chu Quang Tr L Trung V - Trn Duy Hi L Hng L Nguyn Nh H Nguyn Hu Thc Toan nh Toan nh Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Thanh
857 881 893 898 905 911 921 928 931 937 944 956 961 963 967 966 981 988 994 999 1008 1017 1027 1029 1035 1041
Hi n Tin La
Hi xun lng Tng V 136. Hi thi pho t lng Tuc 137. Hi n th ng L Phng Hiu 138. L hi lng Tr C 139. L hi lng Trm 140. L hi cha Trm Gian 141. Hi Triu Khc Hi Trng Yn v c Hoa L 143. Hi x T Nhin 144. Hi n V 145. Hi Vn Nin 146. Hi Vn Trng 147. L hi Vn Sa 148. L hi Tun tng s tch lng Vng L
142.
1429
149. 150. 151.
L hi lng V Lao Hi lng V Lng
Hi lng V Ngh v tc thi an nong 152. Hi vt lng Yn Ni 153. L hi Yn Th
Nguyn Vn Huyn Dng Huy Thin Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn c Nng
1047 1055 1058 1060 1066
C. Vng duyn hi Trung B 154. L hi chuyn ma Ng Vn Doanh Toan nh 155. Hi Dinh Thy 156. L hi m Loan Nam Phong - Hu Bnh 157. Hi gin Thch Phng - L Trung V 158. L hi ua thuyn Nguyn Ngc Trch 159. Hi xun ch G Thch Phng - L Trung V 160. Hi ch xun Gia Lc Tn Tht Bnh 161. L hi in Hn Chn Thch Phng - L Trung V 162. L hi Long Chu Hi An Nguyn c Minh 163. L hi nh lng L Hi Nguyn Ngc Trch 164. L hi Mbng Ka T Thch Phng - L Trung V 165. L hi cha ng Nguyn Ngc Trch 166. Hi Ph Trch Tn Tht Bnh 167. Mt s l hi ca ng bo cc dn Nguyn Ngc Trch tc t ngi Qung Ngi 168. L Roya Idil Adha Thch Phng - L Trung V 169. L hi ra qun nh bt Sa Hunh Nguyn Ngc Trch 170. Hi Ty Sn Thch Phng - L
1073 1086 1090 1093 1096 1101 1104 1109 1115 1121 1128 1133 1139 1159 1166 1169 1172
1430
L hi lng Thi Dng H 172. L hi Thp B

171. 173.
L hi lng Thng Phc
Trung V Tn Tht Bnh Thch Phng - L Trung V Tn Tht Bnh
1176 1182 1193
D. Vng Ty Nguyn 174. L n cm mi Thch Phng- L Trung V 175. L b m ca ngi Bana Ng Vn Doanh Konkdeh 176. L b m ca ngi Gia Rai Mthur Ng Vn Doanh 177. L hi b nh m Phm Hng Thu 178. L hi dng tru I Ly 179. Hi ua voi Thch Phng- L Trung V 180. L hi K Pan Trung V 181. L ln khn Thch Phng- L Trung V E. Vng Nam B 182. L hi B cha X Trn Vn ng 183. L hi cha B Thch Phng - L Trung V 184. L hi cha B, th x Th Du Mt H Tng 185. L hi cha ng Thch Phng - L Trung V 186. Hi cha ng Bn Hoa H 187. L hi cha Ngc Hong H Tng 188. L hi Dinh C Hunh Ti 189. L nta ca ngi Khme Thch Anh 190. L hi nh lng Bn Tre Nguyn Ch Bn 191. L hi gi t gii ht bi v ci H Tng lng Nam B 192. L hi gi t ngh kim hon H Tng
1197 1200 1205 1210 1217 1228 1232 1240
1247 1255 1263 1269 1274 1278 1281 1285 1288 1305 1308
1431
L K Yn nh Chu Ph 194. L hi miu ng a 195. L hi Lng ng

193. 196. 197.
L hi Ok Om Bok
L hi rm thng by 198. L vo nm mi ca ngi Khme 199. L hi va b Cn o 200. L hi va b Thnh An 201. L hi va Linh Sn Thnh Mu 202. L cng Yang ca ngi Ch'ro
Nguyn Th Minh Hoa H Tng Thch Phng - L Trung V Thch Phng - L Trung V H Tng I Ly H Tng H Tng H Tng Phan nh Dng
1311 1315 1318 1323 1328 1334 1339 1342 1346 1352
G. Cc l hi th c voi - V loi c v qu trnh thing ha Nguyn Ch Bn 203. L hi x Xun Hi L Trung V 204. Hi lng H Tn Tht Bnh 205. L hi lng An Bng Tn Tht Bnh 206. L hi m tang c ng voi lng Tn Tht Bnh Ph Tn 207. L hi Hi An Nguyn c Minh 208. L hi lng ng Yn Nguyn Ngc Trch... 209. L hi cu ng Khnh Ha Nguyn T Hi 210. L hi Cn Gi H Tng Toan nh 211. Hi Vm Lng
212.
1361 1367 1373 1375 1377 1382 1388 1395 1399 1402 1405 1412 1424 1434
L hi Bn Tre - Nhng cng trnh su tm nghin cu v l hi c truyn Vit Nam - Mc lc ting Vit - Mc lc ting Anh
Nguyn Ch Bn
1432
Contents
______
Page 9 11 15
- Foreword - To Readers - An Overview of the Treasure of Vietnamese Traditional Ceremonies - Photographs of Ceremonies - Ceremonies : 1. Cultural Tet and Tet Culture
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Nguyen Chi Ben
Tran Quoc Vuong
51 85 101 107 114 117 123
A. Tay Bac, Viet Bac Region : Peace Praying Ceremony for ban and Quynh Chi muong (Small Villages) Ceremony for Worshipping the souls Vang Chung Thung of the Forest ooc Moong Ceremony of the Mng Nguyen Huu Thuc in Phong Ph Village Gau tao Ceremony Ma A Lenh - Ly Seo Chung Sac bua Ceremony (a Kind of Sring Vu Hoa Time Ceremony) of the Muong Ban Blossom in Season Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu K'Ho - IGia - IGia Ceremony Xuan Mai - Giang Xuan Mui Quang Huynh Le Hong Ly Nguyen Huu Thuc I Ly Vang Thung Chung
8. 9.
136 141 150 155 164 172 179
Spring time Ceremony of Lang Giang 10.Initiation Ceremony 11.Ceremony of Phoenix Feather Dances in Tu Ly Region 12.Moon Ceremony 13.Ceremony on the First Day of the 7th
1434
Lunar Month 14.Bamboo Shoot Growing Ceremony 15.New house Celebrating Ceremony
16.Lion
dancing Ceremony 17.Rong Pooc Ceremony 18.Going to the Fields Ceremony
Song Pham Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu La Van Lo San Chang Tran Huu Son
190 193 196 198 205 221 225 233 235 241 246 252 258
B. The Red River Delta Region 19.Ceremony of An Co village Pham Minh uc - Pham Communal House Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan 20.An Dng Vng Temple Vo Hoang Lan Ceremony 21.Ba Xa Temple Ceremony Vu uc Cuong 22.Ba Tam Temple Ceremony Le Hong Ly 23.Kite Flying Ceremony in Ba Giang Minh Nhng 24.Bach Hac Ceremony Toan Anh 25.Bach Tru Villlage Ceremony Nguyen Ngoc Thanh 26.Bat Trung Village Ceremony and Nguyen Thanh Custom of Rice-cooking Competition 27.Bac Le Temple Ceremony Vo Hoang Lan 28.Bi Pagoda Ceremony Le Ngoc Canh 29.Bong ien Temple Ceremony Nguyen Thanh 30.Con Temple Ceremony Yen Ly 31.Cuong Temple Ceremony Tran Minh Sieu 32.Banh via Procession in Binh a Le Trung Vu Ceremony 33.Boi Khe Pagoda and Ceremony Tran Lam Bien 34.Canh Hoch Village Ceremony Nguyen Huu Thuc 35.Con Giang Temple Ceremony Ly Linh Hoang 36.Chem Temple Ceremony Minh Thang 37.Buffalo - Fighting Ceremony in Do Song Pham Son
262 267 274 277 280 286 290 298 306 308 313
1435
38.Chieu
Trung Temple Ceremony 39.Chuong Village Fair 40.Chu Dong Tu Temple Ceremony
41.Chu
Xa Ceremony 42.Da Trach Temple Ceremony

43.Dau
Pagoda Ceremony 44.Diem Village Ceremony

45.Do
Ceremony 46.Fish Worshipping Ceremony of Duong Xa 47.Da Si Village Ceremony 48.Dam Village Ceremony 49.Dao Xa Ceremony 50.Dinh Bang Village Ceremony 51.Ceremony of Communal House on the River 52.Dong Bo Dau Temple Ceremony 53.Dong Linh Village Ceremony 54.Dong Quang Village Ceremony 55.Doan Thuong Temple Ceremony 56.Dong Bang Temple Ceremony 57.Dong Ky Ceremony
58.Dong Nhan
Thao Nguyen Phuong Vu Nguyen Minh San Nguyen Chi Ben o Lan Phuong Nguyen Chi Ben Nguyen Minh San Le Trung Vu Nguyen Minh Hoang ang Mai Hong Kieu Thu Hoach Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Le Ngoc Canh Le Hong Ly Bui Xuan inh Le Van Ky Le Ngoc Canh Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Thanh Toan Anh Toan Anh Bui Ngoc Dung Toan Anh - Nguyen Thu Minh Ha My Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Minh Nhng Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Chi Ben
323 328 334 347 358 367 373 377 381 385 390 402 408 419 425 431 435 440 443 452 459 464 474 477 483
Temple Ceremony 59.Dong Xam Ceremony

60.Rice
- cooking Competition in Dong Van 61.Dong Phi Village Ceremony 62.Gia Ceremony
1436
63.Story and Performance of Gia La
Yen Giang Chu Huy Nguyen Minh Hoang Ha My Pham Vu Dung Nguyen Hoang Nguyen Xuan Kinh Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Minh Hoang Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Nt - Pham Thi Lan Le Hong Ly Kim Chung Nguyen Huu Thuc - Le Trung Vu Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Hai Yen Chu Huy Le Hong Ly Tran Thi Hue Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Vinh Phuc Duong Van Tham Hoang Thi Nhung Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Hang Mai
492 497 502 505 512 522 528 539 543 549 552 561 564 580 588 592 598 602 607 624 628 640 649 654 658
Ceremony 64.Ha Hoi Titulary Procession Ceremony 65.Ha Temple Ceremony 66.Ha Loi Temple Ceremony 67.Ha Thai Village Ceremony 68.Hat Mon Temple Ceremony 69.Cheo Tau Singing Ceremony 70.Het Temple Ceremony 71.Hien Quan Village Ceremony 72.Hoi Village's Mats Ceremony
73.Hung Temple Ceremony 74.Hung Lo
Temple Ceremony 75.Huong Pagoda Ceremony

76.Keo
Pagoda Ceremony - Arranging Ceremony
77.Letter 78.Kiep
Bac Temple Ceremony 79.Khe Hoi Village Ceremony 80.Khe Thuong Village Ceremony 81.La Phu Village Ceremony 82.Lai Tri Village Ceremony 83.Lang Ceremony 84.Fish - Catchingg Ceremony of Lang Tho 85.Lang Ceremony 86.Ceremony at Temple worshipping King L 87.Le Mat Village Ceremony
1437
88.Lim
Ceremony 89.Lien Bat Village Ceremony 90.Lieu oi Traditional Wrestling Ceremony 91.Linh am Village Ceremony 92.Lo Temple - its Legend and Ceremony 93.Long Khe Village Ceremony
94.Lo
Ngoc Luu Ly Hung Minh Le Ky Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Minh San Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Yen Ly Van Nghe Hung Minh Kieu Thu Hoach Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Hoa Mi Nguyen Huu Thuc
663 670 675 687 693 703 707 710 718 722 725 727 731 735
Ceremony
95.Luong Quy Village Ceremony
ng Village Ceremony 97.Mang Son Temple Ceremony 98.Fish - Catching Ceremony of Me Village 99.Ceremony of Craft Presentation in Mien Village 100.Mieng Ha Village Ceremony 101.Tiger C loak Procession - An Ancient Performance of Minh Cuong Village 102.Veil Taking - off Ceremony 103.Kite - Flying Ceremory of Na Pagoda 104.Ninh Hiep Village Ceremony
105.Niem
96.Mai
Nguyen Hong Ha Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Thi Huong Lien Toan Anh Nguyen Huu Thuc Truong Nguyen Nguyen Vinh Phuc Vo Quang Trong
739 744 750 757 761 766 771 783
Thuong Ceremony 106.Ngu Giap Temple Ceremony 107.Nghe Temple Ceremony 108.False King Procession Ceremony (Nhoi Ceremony) 109.Boat- Racing Ceremony of Nhuong Ban Village
1438
110.Pha
Lai Water Procession Ceremony Tran Quoc Thinh 111.Phu Dong Ceremony Nguyen Van Huyen
112.Phu 113.Phu
788 793 809 812 819 822 829 832 835 846 859 864 870 877 881 893 898 905 911 920 928 931 937
1439
Ung Temple Ceremony
Giay Ceremony 114.Quan lon tuan tranh Temple Ceremony 115.Quang Lang Ceremony 116.Quang Ba Village Ceremony 117.Ceremony in Qung Ninh
118.Giam
Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ngo uc Thinh Toan Anh Tran Thanh Phuong Nam Ha ien Nam - Tran Nhuan Minh Nguyen Huu Thu Vo Hoang Lan Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Nguyen Thuy Lien Chau Giang Yen Giang Duong Huy Thien - Bui Huy Luan Bui Xuan inh Tran Quang Minh Duong Huy Thien Tran Lam Bien Tu Son Nguyen Te Nhi - Hoang Phu Le Hong Ly Nguyen Huong Toan Anh Toan Anh
- Singing Ceremony of Quyen Son Village 119.Ram Temple Ceremony 120.Kite - Flying Competition
121.Sam 122.Son
Temple Ceremony
Dong Village Ceremony 123.Son Vi Village Ceremony

124.Tam
Son Pagoda Ceremony 125.Horse- Bathing Ceremony

126.Tay Phuong Pagoda with
its Ceremony 127.Pigeon Releasing Ceremony 128.Ceremony around Thanh Liem, Ha Nam Moutainous region 129.Thay Pagoda Ceremony 130.Tho Ha Village communal house Ceremony 131.Tho Tang Ceremony 132.Thi Cau Village Ceremony
133.Thuong Liet 134.Tien
Village Ceremony
La Temple Ceremony Ceremony of Tong Vu
135.Spring time
Le Si Giao - o Thanh Thuy Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Thanh Toan Anh Bui Van Vuong Vu Hong Thuat Chu Quang Tru LeTrung Vu- Tran Duy Hai Le Hong Ly Nguyen Nhi Ha Nguyen Huu Thuc Toan Anh Toan Anh Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen Thanh Nguyen Van Huyen Duong Huy Thien Pham Minh uc - Pham Thi Net - Pham Thi Lan Nguyen Thanh
944 956 961 963 967 976 981 988 994 999 1008 1017 1027 1029 1035 1041 1047 1055 1058
Village 136.Clay Fire-Cracker Competition of Tuc Village 137.Ceremony at Temple Worshipping Le Phung Hieu 138.Tra Co Village Ceremony 139.Tram Village Ceremony 140.Tram Gian Pagoda Ceremony 141.Trieu Khuc Ceremony
142.Truong Yen Ceremony and Ancient
Capital Hoa Lu 143.Tu Nhien Village Ceremony 144.Va Temple Ceremony 145.Van Nien Ceremony 146.Van Trung Ceremony 147.Van Sa Ceremony 148.Vong Lo Village Ceremony 149.Vu Lao Village Ceremony
150.Vu 151.Vu
Lang Village Ceremony
Nghi Village Ceremony and Nong (Flat,Large Drying Basket) Weaving Competition 152.Wrestling Ceremony of Yen Noi Village 153.Yen The Ceremony
Nguyen Huu Thuc Nguyen ac Nong
1060 1066
C. Duyn Hi Region - The Central Vietnam
1440
154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160.
Season Transition Ceremony Dinh Thay Ceremony O Loan Swamp Ceremony Gian (Wooden Stage) Tearing down Ceremony Boat- Racing Ceremony Go Market Spring time Ceremony
Gia Lac Spring Fair 161. Hon Chen Sanctuary Ceremony Long Chu Ceremony in Hoi An 163. Ly Hai Village Communal House Ceremony 164. Mbang Ka Te Ceremony
162.
Ngo Van Doanh Toan Anh Nam Phong - Huu Binh Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen Ngoc Trach Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ton That Binh Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen uc Minh Nguyen Ngoc Trach Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen Ngoc Trach Ton That Binh Nguyen Ngoc Trach Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Nguyen Ngoc Trach
1073 1086 1090 1093 1096 1001 1104 1109 1115 1121 1128 1133 1139 1159 1166 1169 1172 1176 1182 1193 1197 1200
1441
Ong Pagoda Ceremony 166. Pho Trach Ceremony 167. Some Ceremonies of the Ethnicities in Qung Ngi Province 168. Le Roya Idil Adha
165.
Fish Catching Ceremony in Sa Huynh 170. Tay Son Ceremony

169. 171. 172. 173.
174. 175.
Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Thai Duong Ha Village Ceremony Ton That Binh Thap Ba Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Thuong Phuoc Village Ceremony Ton That Binh D. Ty Nguyn Region New Rice Eating Ceremony Thach Phuong- Le Trung Vu Grave - Abandoning Ceremony of Ngo Van Doanh
176. 177. 178. 179. 180.
the Bana Konkdeh Grave - Abandoning Ceremony of the Gia Rai Mthur Funeral House Abandoning Ceremony Buffalo - Offering Ceremony Elephant Racing Ceremony
Ngo Van Doanh Pham Hong Thu I Ly Thach Phuong- Le Trung Vu Trung Vu Thach Phuong- Le Trung Vu
1215 1210 1217 1228 1232 1240
K Pan Ceremony 181. Grown - up Ceremony
182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191.
192.
193. 194.
E. Nam B (Southern Vietnam) Region Ba chua Xu Ceremony Tran Van ong Ba Pagoda Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ba Pagoda Ceremony, Thu Dau Mot Ho Tuong Town Ong Pagoda Ceremony Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ong Bon Pagoda Ceremony Hoa Ha Ngoc Hoang Pagoda Ceremony Ho Tuong Dinh Co Ceremony Huynh Toi Donta Ceremony of the Khome Thach Anh Village Communal House Nguyen Chi Ben Ceremony in Bn Tre Ceremony on the Occasion of Ho Tuong Anniversary of hat boi and cai luong Artistes' Deaths in Nam Bo Ceremony on the Occasion of Ho Tuong Anniversary of Jewllery Father's Death K Yn Ceremony at Chu Ph Nguyen Thi Minh Hoa Temple Ong Dia Temple Ceremony Ho Tuong
1247 1255 1263 1269 1274 1278 1281 1285 1288 1305
1308
1311 1315
1442
195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202.
Lang Ong Ceremony Ok Om Bok Ceremony Ceremony on 15 of the 7th Lunar Month New Year Welcoming Ceremony of the Khome Via ba Ceremony in Con Dao Via ba Ceremony in Thanh An Via Linh Son Thanh Mau Ceremony Yang (Heaven) Worshipping Ceremony of the Ch'ro
Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Thach Phuong - Le Trung Vu Ho Tuong I Ly Ho Tuong Ho Tuong Ho Tuong Phan inh Dung
1318 1323 1328 1334 1339 1342 1346 1352
G. Whale - Worshipping Ceremonies - About Fish Species and the Nguyen Chi Ben Sanctification 203. Xuan Hoi Village Ceremony Le Trung Vu 204. Ha Village Ceremony Ton That Binh 205. Ceremony in An Bang Village Ton That Binh 206. Ceremony of Ca Ong Voi in Phu Ton That Binh Tan Village 207. Ceremony in Hoi An Nguyen uc Minh 208. ong Yen Village Ceremony Nguyen Ngoc Trach 209. Whale - Worshipping Ceremony in Nguyen Tu Hai Khanh Hoa 210. Ceremony in Can Gio Ho Tuong 211. Vam Lang Ceremony Toan Anh 212. Ceremony in Ben Tre Nguyen Chi Ben - Collections and Studies on Vietnamese Traditional Ceremonies - Contents in Vietnamese - Contents in English
1361 1367 1373 1375 1377 1382 1388 1995 1399 1402 1405 1412 1424 1434
1443
1444
Mc lc
______
Trang 9 11 Nguyn Ch Bn
15 51 85
- Li gii thiu - Cng bn c - Tng quan v kho tng l hi c truyn Vit Nam - nh l hi - Cc l hi : 1. Tt vn ha v vn ha Tt
Trn Quc Vng
A. Vng Ty Bc, Vit Bc : 2. L hi cu an bn mng Qunh Chi 3. L hi cng rng Vng Thung Chng 4. Hi oc Moong ngi Mng Nguyn Hu Thc x Phong Ph 5. L hi gu to M A Lnh - L Seo Chng 6. Hi ht sc ba ngi Mng V Hoa 7. Hi hoa ban Thch Phng - L Trung V 8. L hi K'H - IGi - IGi Xun Mai - Ging Xun Mi 9. L hi xun nh Lng Ging Quang Huynh 10. L hi lp tch L Hng L 11. Hi ma lng cng vng Tu L Nguyn Hu Thc 12. L hi ln hai I Ly 13. L Tt mng mt thng by Vng Thung Chng 14. Hi mng ma mng mc Song Phm 15. Hi mng nh mi Thch Phng - L Trung V
101 107 114 117 123 136 141 150 155 164 172 179 188 190
1424
Hi ma s t 17. Hi Rng Poc 18. Hi xung ng

16.
L Vn L Sn Chng Trn Hu Sn
196 198 205
B. Vng chu th Bc B 19. Hi nh lng An C Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan 20. Hi n An Dng Vng V Hong Lan 21. L hi n Ba X V c Cng 22. L hi n B Tm L Hng L 23. Hi th diu B Giang Minh Nhng 24. Hi Bch Hc Toan nh 25. L hi lng Bch Tr Nguyn Ngc Thanh 26. Hi lng Bt Trung v tc thi nu Nguyn Thanh cm cn 27. L hi n Bc L V Hong Lan 28. L hi cha Bi L Ngc Canh 29. Hi nh n Bng in Nguyn Thanh 30. L hi n Cn Yn Ly 31. L hi n Cung Trn Minh Siu 32. Rc bnh va hi Bnh L Trung V 33. Cha v hi Bi Kh Trn Lm Bin 34. L hi lng Canh Hoch Nguyn Hu Thc 35. L hi n Cn Giang L Linh Hong 36. Hi n Chm Minh Thng 37. L hi chi tru Sn Song Phm 38. L hi n Chiu Trng Tho Nguyn 39. Hi ch lng Chung Phng V 40. Hi n Ch ng T Nguyn Minh San Nguyn Ch Bn 41. L hi Ch X Lan Phng 42. Hi n ha D Trch Nguyn Ch Bn Nguyn Minh San
221 225 233 235 241 246 252 258 262 267 274 277 280 286 290 298 306 308 313 323 328 334 347 358
1425
Hi cha Du 44. L hi lng Dim

43.
Hi D 46. Hi t c Dng X
45.
Hi lng a S 48. Hi lng m 49. L hi o X 50. Hi lng nh Bng 51. Hi nh trn sng 52. L hi n ng B u 53. Hi lng ng Linh 54. Hi lng ng Quang 55. Hi n tng qun on Thng 56. L hi n ng Bng 57. Hi ng K
47.
L Trung V Nguyn Minh Hong ng Mai Hng Kiu Thu Hoch Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan L Ngc Canh L Hng L Bi Xun nh L Vn K L Ngc Canh Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Thanh Toan nh Toan nh Bi Ngc Dng Toan nh - Nguyn Thu Minh H My Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Minh Nhng Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Ch Bn Yn Giang Chu Huy Nguyn Minh Hong H My Phm V Dng Nguyn Hong Nguyn Xun Knh Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Minh Hong
367 373 377 381 385 390 402 408 419 425 431 435 440 443 452 459 464 474 477 483 492 497 502 505 512 522 528 539 543
Hi n ng Nhn 59. L hi ng Xm
58.
Hi thi cm thi ng Vn 61. Hi lng ng Ph 62. Hi Gi 63. S tch v tr din m hi Gi La 64. Hi rc thnh hong tng H Hi 65. L hi n H 66. Hi n H Li 67. Hi lng H Thi 68. L hi n Ht Mn 69. Hi ht cho Tu 70. Hi n Ht 71. L hi lng Hin Quan
60.
1426
72. 73.
Hi chiu Hi
Hi n Hng 74. L hi n Hng L 75. Hi cha Hng

76. 77. 78.
Hi cha Keo Hi ko ch
Hi n Kip Bc 79. Hi lng Kh Hi v tr thy chin ca nh 80. Hi lng Kh Thng 81. Hi lng La Ph 82. Hi lng Li Tr 83. Hi Lng 84. Hi nh c Lng Th 85. Hi Lng 86. Hi n vua L Hi lng L Mt 88. L hi Lim 89. Hi lng Lin Bt 90. Hi vt v Liu i 91. L hi lng Linh m 92. n L - truyn thuyt v l hi 93. Hi lng Lng Kh
87. 94. 95.
Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan L Hng L Kim Chung Nguyn Hu Thc L Trung V Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Hi Yn Chu Huy L Hng L Trn Th Hu Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Vinh Phc Dng Vn Thm Hong Th Nhung Thch Phng - L Trung V Hng Mai Ngc Lu Ly Hng Minh L K Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Minh San Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Yn Ly Vn Ngh
549 552 561 564 580 588 592 598 602 607 624 628 640 649 654 658 663 670 675 687 693 703 707 710 718
Hi L
L hi lng Lng Quy 96. Hi lng Mai ng
1427
L hi n Mng Sn 98. Hi nh c lng Me 99. Hi trnh ngh lng Min

97.
L hi lng Ming H 101. Rc lt h - tr din c x Minh Cng 102. Hi m mt 103. Hi th diu phn Pht cha N 104. L hi lng Ninh Hip
100.
Hng Minh Kiu Thu Hoch Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Ha M Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Hng H Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Th Hng Lin Toan nh Nguyn Hu Thc Trng Nguyn Nguyn Vinh Phc V Quang Trng Trn Quc Thnh Nguyn Vn Huyn Thch Phng - L Trung V Ng c Thnh Toan nh Trn Thanh Phng Nam H in Nam - Trn Nhun Minh Nguyn Hu Thu V Hong Lan Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Nguyn Thy Lin Chu Giang Yn Giang
722 725 727 731 735 739 744 750 757 761 766 771 783 788 793 809 812 819 822 829 832 835 846 859 864 870
Hi Nim Thng 106. Hi nh Ng Gip 107. L hi n Ngh 108. Hi rc vua gi (Hi Nhi) 109. Hi ua thuyn lng Nhng Bn 110. Hi rc nc Ph Li 111. Hi Ph ng 112. Hi n Ph ng
105.
Hi Ph Giy 114. Hi n Quan ln tun tranh 115. Hi Quang Lang 116. Hi lng Qung B 117. Nhng l hi Qung Ninh
113.
Hi ht gim lng Quyn Sn 119. L hi n Rm 120. Hi so n

118. 121. 122.
L hi nh Sm L hi lng Sn ng
1428
123. 124.
L hi lng Sn Vi
Hi cha Tam Sn 125. L hi tm nga Cha Ty Phng vi l hi 127. Hi th chim cu 128. Hi l quanh vng ni t Thanh Lim, H Nam 129. Hi cha Thy 130. L hi nh Th H 131. Hi Th Tang 132. Hi lng Th Cu 133. L hi lng Thng Lit
126. 134. 135.
Dng Huy Thin Bi Huy Lun Bi Xun nh Trn Quang Minh Dng Huy Thin Trn Lm Bin T Sn Nguyn T Nh Hong Ph L Hng L Nguyn Hng Toan nh Toan nh L S Gio - Thanh Thy Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Thanh Toan nh Bi Vn Vng V Hng Thut Chu Quang Tr L Trung V - Trn Duy Hi L Hng L Nguyn Nh H Nguyn Hu Thc Toan nh Toan nh Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn Thanh
857 881 893 898 905 911 921 928 931 937 944 956 961 963 967 966 981 988 994 999 1008 1017 1027 1029 1035 1041
Hi n Tin La
Hi xun lng Tng V 136. Hi thi pho t lng Tuc 137. Hi n th ng L Phng Hiu 138. L hi lng Tr C 139. L hi lng Trm 140. L hi cha Trm Gian 141. Hi Triu Khc Hi Trng Yn v c Hoa L 143. Hi x T Nhin 144. Hi n V 145. Hi Vn Nin 146. Hi Vn Trng 147. L hi Vn Sa 148. L hi Tun tng s tch lng Vng L
142.
1429
149. 150. 151.
L hi lng V Lao Hi lng V Lng
Hi lng V Ngh v tc thi an nong 152. Hi vt lng Yn Ni 153. L hi Yn Th
Nguyn Vn Huyn Dng Huy Thin Phm Minh c - Phm Th Nt - Phm Th Lan Nguyn Thanh Nguyn Hu Thc Nguyn c Nng
1047 1055 1058 1060 1066
C. Vng duyn hi Trung B 154. L hi chuyn ma Ng Vn Doanh Toan nh 155. Hi Dinh Thy 156. L hi m Loan Nam Phong - Hu Bnh 157. Hi gin Thch Phng - L Trung V 158. L hi ua thuyn Nguyn Ngc Trch 159. Hi xun ch G Thch Phng - L Trung V 160. Hi ch xun Gia Lc Tn Tht Bnh 161. L hi in Hn Chn Thch Phng - L Trung V 162. L hi Long Chu Hi An Nguyn c Minh 163. L hi nh lng L Hi Nguyn Ngc Trch 164. L hi Mbng Ka T Thch Phng - L Trung V 165. L hi cha ng Nguyn Ngc Trch 166. Hi Ph Trch Tn Tht Bnh 167. Mt s l hi ca ng bo cc dn Nguyn Ngc Trch tc t ngi Qung Ngi 168. L Roya Idil Adha Thch Phng - L Trung V 169. L hi ra qun nh bt Sa Hunh Nguyn Ngc Trch 170. Hi Ty Sn Thch Phng - L
1073 1086 1090 1093 1096 1101 1104 1109 1115 1121 1128 1133 1139 1159 1166 1169 1172
1430
L hi lng Thi Dng H 172. L hi Thp B

171. 173.
L hi lng Thng Phc
Trung V Tn Tht Bnh Thch Phng - L Trung V Tn Tht Bnh
1176 1182 1193
D. Vng Ty Nguyn 174. L n cm mi Thch Phng- L Trung V 175. L b m ca ngi Bana Ng Vn Doanh Konkdeh 176. L b m ca ngi Gia Rai Mthur Ng Vn Doanh 177. L hi b nh m Phm Hng Thu 178. L hi dng tru I Ly 179. Hi ua voi Thch Phng- L Trung V 180. L hi K Pan Trung V 181. L ln khn Thch Phng- L Trung V E. Vng Nam B 182. L hi B cha X Trn Vn ng 183. L hi cha B Thch Phng - L Trung V 184. L hi cha B, th x Th Du Mt H Tng 185. L hi cha ng Thch Phng - L Trung V 186. Hi cha ng Bn Hoa H 187. L hi cha Ngc Hong H Tng 188. L hi Dinh C Hunh Ti 189. L nta ca ngi Khme Thch Anh 190. L hi nh lng Bn Tre Nguyn Ch Bn 191. L hi gi t gii ht bi v ci H Tng lng Nam B 192. L hi gi t ngh kim hon H Tng
1197 1200 1205 1210 1217 1228 1232 1240
1247 1255 1263 1269 1274 1278 1281 1285 1288 1305 1308
1431
L K Yn nh Chu Ph 194. L hi miu ng a 195. L hi Lng ng

193. 196. 197.
L hi Ok Om Bok
L hi rm thng by 198. L vo nm mi ca ngi Khme 199. L hi va b Cn o 200. L hi va b Thnh An 201. L hi va Linh Sn Thnh Mu 202. L cng Yang ca ngi Ch'ro
Nguyn Th Minh Hoa H Tng Thch Phng - L Trung V Thch Phng - L Trung V H Tng I Ly H Tng H Tng H Tng Phan nh Dng
1311 1315 1318 1323 1328 1334 1339 1342 1346 1352
G. Cc l hi th c voi - V loi c v qu trnh thing ha Nguyn Ch Bn 203. L hi x Xun Hi L Trung V 204. Hi lng H Tn Tht Bnh 205. L hi lng An Bng Tn Tht Bnh 206. L hi m tang c ng voi lng Tn Tht Bnh Ph Tn 207. L hi Hi An Nguyn c Minh 208. L hi lng ng Yn Nguyn Ngc Trch... 209. L hi cu ng Khnh Ha Nguyn T Hi 210. L hi Cn Gi H Tng Toan nh 211. Hi Vm Lng
212.
1361 1367 1373 1375 1377 1382 1388 1395 1399 1402 1405 1412 1424 1434
L hi Bn Tre - Nhng cng trnh su tm nghin cu v l hi c truyn Vit Nam - Mc lc ting Vit - Mc lc ting Anh
Nguyn Ch Bn
1432
Nhng cng trnh su tm, nghin cu v l hi c truyn Vit Nam

1. Phan An: Cha Hoa, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1990. 2. Phan K Anh: Lng - miu L Vn Duyt trong i sng vn ha ngi dn thnh ph H Ch Minh (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni- H.1997. 3. Toan nh: Hi h nh m (Quyn thng v quyn h), ti bn, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1992. 4. Nguyn Ch Bn, Nguyn Minh San: n Ha D Trch, Tp ch Nghin cu VHNT, H. 1993. 5. Nguyn Ch Bn: Tm hiu mt s hin tng vn ha dn gian Bn Tre, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1997. 6. Phan Xun Bin, Phan An, Phan Vn Dp: Vn ha Chm, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H Ni, 1992. 7. Nguyn Cng Bnh, L Xun Dim, Mc ng: Vn ha c dn ng bng sng Cu Long, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1990. 8. Cao c Bnh : L hi Vn n - truyn thng v hin i (lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H, 1998. 9. Tn Tht Bnh: L hi dn gian Bnh Tr Thin, S VHTT Bnh Tr Thin, 1988. 10. Tn Tht Bnh : Hu - l hi dn gian - Hi vn ngh Tha Thin Hu -Hu 1997. 11. Phan K Bnh: Vit Nam phong tc, ti bn, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1990. 12. B Vn ha Thng tin : Quy ch l hi, 1994 13. Bi Hnh Cn, L Trn: Ch Ving hi Ph, Nxb Gio dc, H. 1993. 14. Tun Cu, V Mn: Hi ma, Nxb Vn ha, H. 1963.
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15. Nguyn ng Chi (ch bin) v nhiu tc gi khc: a ch vn ha dn gian Ngh Tnh, Nxb Ngh An, 1995. 16. L nh Chi : L hi Thp B Nha Trang (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni - H.1997. 17. Trn B Ch: Hi Dng n Sc, y ban nhn dn huyn Sc Sn, H. 1986. 18. on Vn Chc: Vn ha hc, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1997. 19. L Th Chung: L hi n B Cha Kho H Bc, (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s), Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, H. 1994. 20. Bi Vn Cng, Nguyn T Nh: Kho st vn ha truyn thng Liu i, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1982. 21. Phan Hu Dt (ch bin) v cc tc gi khc: Vn ha l hi ca cc dn tc ng Nam , Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1992. 22. Phan Hu Dt: L cu ma ca cc dn tc Vit Nam, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1994. 23. Ng Vn Doanh: L hi b m Bc Ty Nguyn, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1995. 24. Ng Vn Doanh, V Quang Thin (su tm, tuyn chn, gii thiu): Phong tc cc dn tc ng Nam , Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1997. 25. Phm c Dut v tc gi khc: Cha Keo, S VHTT Thi Bnh, 1985. 26. Thch Thanh Du: Dng hng, tp tc v nghi l, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1995. 27. G.Dumoutier: Une fte religieuse annamite au village de Phu dong, Extrait de la Revue de L'histoire des relligions, XXVIII, Paris, 1893. (Bn dch: Mt l hi tn gio An Nam Ph ng). 28. L Hng Dng (ch bin) v cc tc gi khc: a ch H Bc, S VHTT H Bc, 1982. 29. B Vit ng, Nguyn Khc Tng, Nng Trung, Nguyn Nam Tin: Ngi Dao Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1971. 30. Cao Huy nh: Ngi anh hng lng Dng, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1969. 31. Bng on, Trng Hu: Nhng i l v v khc ca vua cha Vit Nam, Hoa L xut bn, S. 1968.
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32. o Th c: L hi hnh hng Yn T - (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s) - Trng i hc tng hp H Ni, H, 1993. 33. L S Gio: S b kho st hi Lim Bc Ninh trc cch mng thng Tm 1945 - (Lun vn tt nghip khoa lch s), Trng i hc tng hp, H Ni H, 1973. 34. Cao c Hi, Tn ngng th thy thn ca ng dn vng Cc ng Trung B (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc vn ha H Ni -H.1997. 35. Th Ho: Lng i Bi g ng, Hi vn ngh dn gian Vit Nam, H. 1987. 36. Th Ho: Lng V v ngh c ng truyn thng, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1991. 37. Nguyn Vn Hu: Tm hiu biu tng vn ha trong i sng vn ha x hi (Lun vn Thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 38. Trnh Minh Hin (ch bin): Hi Phng, di tch lch s, vn ha, Nxb Hi Phng, Hi Phng, 1993. 39. Nguyn Hu Hip: Dn ta n tt: vn ha v i sng, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1995. 40. Nay K Hip: L b m ca ngi Gia rai M'thur - Mt gi tr vn ha (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 41. H Th Hong Hoa: L hi truyn thng Vit Nam nhn t gc thm m (Lun n PTS khoa hc trit hc), Hc vin chnh tr quc gia H Ch Minh, H. 1995. 42. L Ngc Ha: L hi Cao i Ty Ninh (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 43. Lng Khi Hon: n Cung - di tch v l hi (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 44. Hi vn ngh dn gian Vit Nam: 50 nm su tm, nghin cu ph bin vn ha, vn ngh dn gian (k yu hi tho khoa hc), Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1997. 45. Trn Th Hu: L hi lng La Ph, Hoi c, H Ty, (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s), Trng i hc KHXH v NV, H. 1996.
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46. Nguyn Vn Huy: Vn ha v np sng ca ngi H Nh, L L, Nxb Vn ha, H. 1985. 47. Nguyn Vn Huy: Vn ha truyn thng ngi La Ch, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1991. 48. Nguyn Vn Huyn: Gp phn nghin cu vn ha Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1996 (tp II). 49. Trn Bo Hng, Nguyn ng He: Ht d, ht cho tu, Ty Vn ha H Sn Bnh, 1978. 50. Phan Lan Hng: Di tch v hi l Triu Khc, Vin Nghin cu vn ha dn gian, H. 1996. 51. Thanh Hng - Phng Anh: H Bc nghn nm vn hin - Ty Vn ha Thng tin H Bc, Tp I, 1973. 52. Nguyn Xun Hng: Tc th cng c ng ca ng dn vng bin Qung Nam Nng (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 53. Phan Khanh: Bo tng di tch l hi, Nxb Thng tin, H. 1992. 54. inh Gia Khnh: Trn ng tm hiu vn ha dn gian, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1989. 55. inh Gia Khnh (ch bin), Trn Tin (ng ch bin) a ch vn ha dn gian Thng Long - ng - H Ni. S Vn ha Thng tin H Ni, H.1991. 56. inh Gia Khnh, L Hu Tng (ch bin): L hi truyn thng trong i sng x hi hin i, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1993. 57. inh Gia Khnh: Vn ha dn gian Vit Nam vi s pht trin ca x hi Vit Nam, Nxb Chnh tr quc gia, H. 1995. 58. V Ngc Khnh, Ng c Thnh: T bt t, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1990. 59. L Vn K: Mi quan h gia truyn thuyt ngi Vit v hi l v cc anh hng, (Lun n PTS khoa hc ng vn), trng i hc khoa hc x hi v nhn vn, i hc quc gia H Ni, H. 1995. 60. Nguyn Quang L: L hi c truyn, ni dung lch s v phng php khai thc s liu, (Lun n PTS khoa hc lch s - chuyn ngnh bin son lch s v s liu hc), Trng i hc S phm, H. 1996.
1415
61. Trn Th Lin: Tr din dn gian vng ng Sn, Nxb Vn ha Thng tin, H. 1991. 62. Thu Linh, ng Vn Lung: L hi, truyn thng v hin i Nxb Vn ha, H. 1984. 63. L Th Kim Loan: Tc th T php ca ngi Vit (qua kho st Bc Ninh v mt s vng ph cn), (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 64. Phm Vit Long (ch bin): Mt s gi tr vn ha truyn thng vi i sng vn ha c s nng thn hin nay, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1988. 65. Phm Vn Li: L hi chi tru Sn - (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s)- Trng i hc tng hp H Ni, H, 1993. 66. Trng Lu (ch bin): Vn ha ngi Khmer vng ng bng sng Cu Long, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1993. 67. Trng Lu (ch bin): Vn ha v pht trin, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1995. 68. L Hng L, Nguyn Hng Lin: L hi lch s ng bng v trung du Bc B, Vin nghin cu Vn ha dn gian , H. 1996. 69. Nguyn Ngc Mai: L hi n Trn Tc Mc (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s), Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, H. 1994. 70. Phng Nam: Nguyn y tit l Vit Nam, Ta tu th ph thng s Bc K, H. 1938. 71. Ng Quang Nam, Xun Thim (ch bin): a ch Vnh Ph, S VHTT Vnh Ph, 1986 72. Sn Nam: Lng ng b Chiu v l hi vn ha dn gian, Nxb Long An, 1990. 73. Sn Nam: nh miu v l hi dn gian, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1992. 74. Sn Nam: ng bng sng Cu Long nt sinh hot xa, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1993. 75. Phm Th Nt, Phm Minh c, Phm Th Lan: Hi l dn gian Thi Bnh, S VHTT Thi Bnh, 1991. 76. Tng Kim Ngn: n Nguyn Phi Lan, y ban nhn dn x Dng X, 1994.
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77. L Quang Nghim: Tc th cng ca ng ph Khnh Ha, tc gi xut bn, S. 1970. 78. Nguyn Ngha Nguyn: T C Loa n n Cung, Nxb Ngh An, Ngh An, 1993. 79. Quch Thu Nguyt: Hi nh ca ngi Vit thnh ph H Ch Minh (Lun n PTS) - Vin Khoa hc x hi thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1996. 80. Nhiu tc gi: H Bc ngn nm vn hin tp II, tp III, Ty Vn ha H Bc, H Bc, 1976. 81. Nhiu tc gi: Tc chi xun Thanh Ha, Ty Vn ha Thanh Ha, 1974 82. Nhiu tc gi: Thi i Hng Vng, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, in ln th 2, H. 1976. 83. Nhiu tc gi: Tr Ng, Ty Vn ha Thanh Ha, 1978. 84. Nhiu tc gi: Nng thn Vit Nam trong lch s, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1978. 85. Nhiu tc gi: K yu k nim 10 nm thnh lp Vin Dn tc hc (1968-1978). Vin Dn tc hc, H. 1979. 86. Nhiu tc gi: Vng ven sng Nh, Nxb H Ni, H. 1979. 87. Nhiu tc gi: Ht ca nh L Kh, S Vn ha Thng tin H Ni, H. 1980. 88. Nhiu tc gi: Xy dng i sng vn ha c s, Vin Vn ha, H. 1984. 89. Nhiu tc gi: Hi x Bc, S Vn ha Thng tin H Bc, tp I: 1986; tp II: 1988. 90. Nhiu tc gi: Cc nhm dn tc Ty, Nng, Thi Vit Nam , Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1988. 91. Nhiu tc gi: Ngi Mng vi vn ha c truyn Mng Bi, y ban nhn dn huyn Tn Lc, S Vn ha Thng tin H Sn Bnh, 1988. 92. Nhiu tc gi: Tm hiu vn vn ha c truyn Thi Mai Chu, S Vn ha Thng tin H Sn Bnh, 1988. 93. Nhiu tc gi: Tm hiu vn vn ha dn tc Khmer Nam B, Nxb Tng hp Hu Giang, 1988.
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94. Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha dn gian, nhng lnh vc nghin cu, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1989. 95. Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha Vit Nam tng hp 1989 - 1995, Ban Vn ha vn ngh Trung ng, H. 1989. 96. Nhiu tc gi: th c Hi An, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1991. 97. Nhiu tc gi: S tay cng tc vn ha thng tin, S Vn ha Thng tin H Ni, H. 1991. 98. Nhiu tc gi: Vn ngh dn gian, Hi vn ngh dn gian Vnh Ph, 1992. 99. Nhiu tc gi: n Cao, Hi Vn hc ngh thut Hi Hng, 1992. 100.Nhiu tc gi: L hi H Ni, S Vn ha Thng tin H Ni, 1993. 101.Nhiu tc gi: (ch bin: H S Vnh): Tm v bn sc dn tc ca vn ha, Tp ch Nghin cu vn ha ngh thut, H. 1993. 102.Nhiu tc gi: (ch bin: H S Vnh): Vn ha v con ngi, Nxb Vn ha, Tp ch Vn ha ngh thut, H. 1993. 103.Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha truyn thng Ty Nng, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1993. 104.Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha dn gian Cao Bng, Hi Vn ngh Cao Bng, H. 1993. 105.Nhiu tc gi: Hi ngh hi tho v l hi (K yu), V vn ha qun chng v th vin, B Vn ha Thng tin, H. 1993. 106.Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha truyn thng cc tnh Bc Trung B, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1997. 107.Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha ngh thut Nam B, Tp ch Vn ha ngh thut, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1997. 108.Nhiu tc gi: Vn ha ngh thut Trung B, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, Tp ch Vn ha ngh thut, H. 1998. 109.Ng Vn Ph: Hng Vng v l hi n Hng, Nxb Hi Nh vn, H. 1996. 110.Thch Phng, H L, Hunh La, Nguyn Quang Vinh: Vn ha dn gian ngi Vit Nam B, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1992. 111.Thch Phng, L Trung V: 60 l hi truyn thng Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1995.
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112.Giang Qun, Phan Tt Lim: Du tch kinh thnh, Nxb H Ni, H. 1987. 113.Nguyn Qun, Phan Cm Thng: M thut lng, Nxb M thut, H. 1990. 114.Nguyn nh San: Vic phng th Mu Liu Ph Giy (Lun n PTS. KHLS) Vin Vn ha ngh thut Vit Nam, H. 1996 115.Nguyn Minh San, Nguyn Ch Bn: n Ch ng T, Tp ch Nghin cu vn ha ngh thut, H. 1993. 116.Nguyn Minh San: Nhng thn n danh ting trong vn ha tn ngng Vit Nam, Nxb Ph n, H. 1996. 117.Vng Hng Sn: Si Gn nm xa, Nxb Khai tr, S. 1968. 118. Srya: L hi Khmer Nam B, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1988. 119.Trn Hu Sn: Vn ha dn gian Lo Cai, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1997. 120.L Sn: Hi nh Thng Ty Hi G Vp trong bi cnh hi nh lng Nam B (Lun n PTS Khoa hc lch s - chuyn ngnh Dn tc hc), Vin Khoa hc X hi thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1996. 121.L Vn Thanh Tm: L hi trong i sng x hi hin i thnh ph H Ch Minh (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni - H.1997. 122.T Ngc Thanh v cc tc gi khc: Folklore Bhnar, S Vn ha Thng tin Gia Lai Kon Tum, 1988. 123.H nh Thnh: Ph Ty H, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1993. 124.Nguyn Phng Tho: Vn ha dn gian Nam B - Nhng phc tho, Nxb Gio dc, H, in ln 1, 1994, in ln 2, 1997. 125.Trng Thn (ch bin): Hi h Vit Nam, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1990. 126.Trng Thn (ch bin), Nguyn Ch Bn, Tn Tht Bnh, Nguyn Minh San: Vn ha phi vt th x Hu, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1996. 127.Bi Thit: Try hi non sng, Nxb Ph n, H. 1987. 128.Bi Thit: T in hi l Vit Nam, Nxb Vn ha, H. 1993. 129.Ng c Thnh (ch bin): Vn ha dn gian , Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1992.
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130.Ng c Thnh (ch bin): Vn ha dn gian M'nng, Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1993. 131.Ng c Thnh (ch bin): Vn ha vng v phn vng vn ha Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1993. 132.Ng c Thnh (ch bin): o Mu Vit Nam, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1996 (tp I). 133.Nguyn Hu Thu: Hi cho vng Gi, Hi Vn ngh dn gian xut bn, H. 1982. 134.Nguyn Hng Thy: L hi cha Lng x Yn Lng huyn T Lim, H Ni (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s - chuyn ngnh dn tc hc), Trng i hc KHXH v NV, i hc quc gia H Ni, H. 1995. 135. Thanh Thy: L hi ma gio c gio qut lng Ging x ng Tn, huyn ng Hng, Thi Bnh (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s), Trng i hc KHXH v NV HQG H Ni H. 1996. 136.H Hng Tin: L hi v danh nhn lch s Vit Nam, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1997. 137.Bi Huy Ton: L hi n K Sm Ha An, Cao Bng (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s), Trng i hc tng hp, H. 1994. 138.Lng Vn Ton: L hi cu ma ca ngi Thi Mng Tc (Ph Yn - Sn La), (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s). Trng i hc tng hp H Ni, H, 1993. 139.Hunh Vn Ti: Nhng sinh hot vn ha tn ngng dn gian ca c dn Vit ng Nai, (Lun n PTS Khoa hc lch s - chuyn ngnh lch s vn ha v ngh thut), Vin Vn ha ngh thut Vit Nam, H. 1996. 140.Hunh Lam Tr: L hi C Loa (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s chuyn ngnh dn tc hc), Trng i hc KHXH v NV, i hc quc gia H Ni, H. 1995. 141.Bi Th Ngc Trang: Lng T qun L Vn Duyt - Ngh thut kin trc, trang tr, l hi, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1995. 142.Hunh Ngc Trng, Trng Ngc Tng, H Tng: nh Nam B, tn ngng v nghi l, Nxb thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, 1993.
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143.L Huy Trm v nhiu tc gi khc: Vn ha dn gian truyn thng x nh Tng, S Vn ha Thng tin Thanh Ha, 1983. 144.L Huy Trm: K Ry, K Ch, Nxb Thanh Ha, 1987. 145.Vi Thanh Tun : Mt vi l hi v l nghi truyn thng ngi Thi Qy Chu - Ngh Tnh (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s) - Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni, H-1990. 146.Duy T, V Vng: L hi cung nh triu Nguyn, Nxb Thun Ha, Hu, 1993. 147.H Vn Tng: Ngi nh thnh ph H Ch Minh (Lun vn thc s vn ha hc) - Trng i hc Vn ha H Ni, H.1997. 148.Tng Vn: Nhng ngy l hi miu B Cha X ni Sam, Nxb Vn ngh Chu c, An Giang, 1990. 149.Trn i Vinh: Tn ngng dn gian Hu, Nxb Thun Ha, 1995. 150.Nguyn Th Vinh: L hi c Thnh Trn, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1993. 151.H S Vnh, Phng V (ch bin): L hi c truyn H Ty, S VHTT H Ty, 1995. 152.L Trung V, L Hng L: Hi pho Bnh , Vin Vn ha dn gian, H. 1990. 153.L Trung V (ch bin): L hi c truyn, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1992. 154.L Trung V (ch bin): Tt c truyn ngi Vit, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1996. 155.L Trung V: L hi dn gian , Nxb Vn ha dn tc, H. 1996. 156.L Trung V, Nguyn Hng Dng: Lch l hi, Nxb Vn ha thng tin, H. 1997. 157.Trn Quc Vng, V Tun Sn: H Ni ngn xa, Nxb H Ni, H. 1975. 158.Trn Quc Vng, L Vn Ho, Dng Tt T: Ma xun v phong tc Vit Nam, Nxb Vn ha, H. 1976. 159.Trn Quc Vng (ch bin): Vn ha hc i cng v c s vn ha Vit Nam, Nxb Khoa hc x hi, H. 1996.
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160.Phm Vn Xng: L hi lng Ph ng, huyn n Thi, Hng Yn (Lun vn c nhn khoa hc lch s), Trng i hc KHXH v NV, i hc quc gia H Ni, H. 1997. 161.Nguyn Th Yn: L hi Nng Hai ca ngi Ty Cao Bng (Lun vn thc s khoa hc vn ha) - Trng i hc Vn ha H NiH.1997. ..
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cc l hi
kho tng l hi c truyn Vit Nam
nhiu tc gi
Nh xut bn Vn ha dn tc Tp ch Vn ha ngh thut
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Chu trch nhim xut bn: PGS, TS Hong Nam TS Nguyn Ch Bn Bin tp: Trn Phng Trinh, TS Nguyn Ch Bn, PGS,TS Trn Lm Bin, TS Nguyn Minh San, TS Lai Thy, ThS V Hong Lan, Phm V Dng, Nguyn ng Ngh. Ba : Trn Quang Vinh Trnh by, sa bn in: V Thu H, Trn Thanh Thy, Phm Lan Oanh, Nguyn Tr My, Cng Thy Anh.
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In . cun, ti Giy php xut bn s 30/XB- QLXB cp ngy14/01/1999. In xong v np lu chiu thng 4 nm 2000.

Kho tàng lễ hội cổ truyền Việt Nam - Phần 6

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Kho tàng lễ hội cổ truyền Việt Nam - Phần 6

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