Expansion

R or K temp absolute
T T
T T
F R
C K
0 0 .
273
273

+
+

Coefficient of expansion
volume
area
length

Linear Expansion
( ) T L L
T L L
L L L
o f
o
o f
+

1
Area Expansion
( )

2
1

+


T A A
T A A
A A A
o f
o
o f
Volume Expansion
( )

3
1

+


T V V
T V V
V V V
o f
o
o f
Liquid Expansion
( )
c L o
fc fL
T V V
V V V


c- container
L liquid
Thermal Stress:
T
A
F
strain
stress

Heat
T m
Q
c cap heat specific
Joules calorie
L m Q heat Latent
T c m Q heat sensible

: .
186 . 4 1
:
:
0
:
+
gain loss
q q
m Equilibriu Thermal
Heat Transfer:
( )
2
2
4
2
4
1
4
4 2
8
2
2
1
2
1
10 67 . 5
tan
mv KEe
kx PEe
T T A e P
T A e
t
Q
P
K m
w
t Cons Boltzman Stefan
y emisssivit e
current heat H
x
A T k
t
Q
H
T A e
t
Q
H
net

Wave / Frequency:
light of speed
s
m
c : 10 3
8

Oscillatory motion:

f
T t
d
v
f
T period
g
L
T
k
m
T

1
:
2
2
Velocity of transverse wave:
n f
T
L
n
f
L
f
T
f
f
T
f
T f n L
seg of ce dis d
n
L
den mass linear d n L
Tension T
T
v

2
1 1
1
2
1
. tan
2
.

,
_

Longitudinal Wave:

P
v gas
v liquid
v solid
E
V

:
:
:
Sound:
( ) t
s
m
v
s
m
v
air
air
6 . 0 332
332
+

,.... 3 , 2 , 1 ;
2
:
.. 5 , 3 , 1 ;
4
:

H
L
v H
f open
H
L
v H
f closed
air
air
Doppler Effect:
1
]
1

+

s air
L air
s L
v v
v v
f f

L-listener s- sound
Shock Wave:
( )
f v vk w k
T
t x
A t x y
v
V
no mach
V
v
no mach
s
s

,
_

2
2 cos ,
.
1
sin
.
Charges:
Gauss Law:

dA E
Electric potential energy
2
4
1
,
r
q q
F Force
o
o

Single charge:

,
_

r
q
V
o
1
4
Multiple charge:

,
_

i
i
o
r
q
r
q
V
1
4
Potential energy:

,
_

r
q q
o
o
1
4

Electricity:
I
V
R
y resistivit
A
L
R
IR V
dt
dQ
I

Series Circuit:
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
R R R R
V V V V
I I I I
T
T
T
+ +
+ +

Parallel Circuit:
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
1 1 1 1
R R R R
V V V V
I I I I
T
T
T
+ +

+ +
Power =
time
work
( )
cell by current
r R
E
I
r R I E
r I R I E
load external E
V V E
R
V
P
VI P
T
T
T T
r T
:
2
+

+
+

Combination of Cell
Series:
nR R
nE
I
r r r R
E E E
I
T
T
+

+ + + +
+ + +

......
......
3 2 1
3 2 1
n- number of cell in series
Parallel:
N
e
R
E
I
T
+

N- no. of branch
Series-Parallel:
N
I
I
N
r n
R
nE
I
T
cell
T

Kirchhoffs rule

0
:
0
:
V
rule loop
I
rule junction